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Cellulose Nitrate Plastic (Celluloid) in Archaeological Assemblages: Identification and Care Megan E

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Cellulose Nitrate Plastic (Celluloid) in Archaeological Assemblages: Identification and Care Megan E Northeast Historical Archaeology Volume 26 Article 5 1997 Cellulose Nitrate Plastic (Celluloid) in Archaeological Assemblages: Identification and Care Megan E. Springate Follow this and additional works at: http://orb.binghamton.edu/neha Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Springate, Megan E. (1997) "Cellulose Nitrate Plastic (Celluloid) in Archaeological Assemblages: Identification and Care," Northeast Historical Archaeology: Vol. 26 26, Article 5. https://doi.org/10.22191/neha/vol26/iss1/5 Available at: http://orb.binghamton.edu/neha/vol26/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB). It has been accepted for inclusion in Northeast Historical Archaeology by an authorized editor of The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB). For more information, please contact [email protected]. Cellulose Nitrate Plastic (Celluloid) in Archaeological Assemblages: Identification and Care Cover Page Footnote Several people have been extremely helpful in preparing this paper. My thanks to Heather Henderson, for first sparking my interest and for supplying refernces, and to both Mary Ann Elliott nda Gayle McIntyre of the Collections Conservation and Management program at Sir Sandford Fleming College, Peterborough, Ontario for their support, editorial assistance, and the use of their personal libraries. I would also like to express my thanks to the editorial staff of orN theast Historical Archaeology, including Mary C. Beaudry, Cassandra Michaud, and Ann-Eliza H. Lewis who were all very helpful in the preparation of this paper. My gratitude also to the two anonymous reviewers who provided extremely helpful feedback. All errors are my own. Last but not least, special thanks to my family, especially Marcia. This article is available in Northeast Historical Archaeology: http://orb.binghamton.edu/neha/vol26/iss1/5 Nortlzcnst Historical Arc/wcologyNol. 26, 1997 63 Research Notes Cellulose Nitrate Plastic (Celluloid) in Archaeological Assemblages: Identification and Care Megan E. Springate Invented in the mid-19th century, cellulose nitrate is commonly regarded as the earliest synthetic polymer or plastic. As increasing numbers of historical sites dating from the mid-1800s are excavated, cellu­ lose nitrate objects are more frequently found in archaeological assemblages. The inherent instability of cellu­ lose nitrate makes proper handling, storage, and display conditions vital to the longevity of recovered objects. In this paper, the composition, manufacture, and means of identifying cellulose nitrate arc summarized. The processes of degradation and means of slowing those processes are elaborated, as well. Invente au milieu du XIX' siecle, le nitrate de cellulose est considere comme le plus ancien polymere synthetique, ou plastique. A mesure qu 'on fouille des sites historiques datant du milieu des annees 1800, on trouve de plus en plus frequemment des objets en nitrate de cellulose dans des assemblages archeologiques. A cause de l'instabilite inherente du nitrate de cellulose, de bonnes conditions de manipula- Introduction which is generally accepted to be the first plastic, were displayed at the 1862 Interna­ The earliest synthetic plastics, including tional Exhibition. Celluloid, a less flammable Celluloid and Bakelite, have been in existence cellulose nitrate plastic than Parkesine, made for almost a century and a half. As a result, with a camphor plasticizer, was first registered they are found with increasing frequency in in the United States by Hyatt in 1872; in 1877, archaeological assemblages. Unfortunately, the British Xylonite company was established there has not been a corresponding increase in to manufacture Celluloid in Britain (Katz 1986: the archaeological literature regarding these 19; Morgan 1991: 21; Mossman 1993: 26; substances-their composition, manufacture, Williams 1997a). means of identification, processes of degrada­ Until about 1920, cellulose nitrate was the tion, and how best to store them to prevent only commonly available colorless, trans­ deterioration. This paper will focus on the ear­ parent plastic (Williams 1997a); it was also liest synthetic plastic, cellulose nitrate. easily dyed, and the range of colors possible Also known as nitrocellulose, trade names was virtually unlimited (Morgan 1991: 21). In for this plastic include Celluloid, Collodion, fact, cellulose nitrate has been used as a con­ Pyralin, Pyroxylin, Xylonite, HMG, Parkesine, vincing imitation of ivory, tortoiseshell, bone, Fabrikoid, Viscoloid, Ivoride and French Ivory horn, mother-of-pearl, coral, and leather. (Clydesdale 1982; Katz 1986: 19; Morgan 1991: Objects made from cellulose nitrate included: 21; Williams 1997a). It can be found in many combs, dresser ware, boxes, toys, cutlery han­ forms, depending on the amount of nitrogen dles, jewelry, drafting set-squares, drawing present, in items ranging from gun powders to templates, spectacle frames, buttons, and toilet photographic films to fabrics to the focus of seats (FIG. 1) (Katz 1986: 19; Williams 1997a). this paper, plastic objects. The versatility, low cost, and world-wide Used in explosives and photographic films availability of cellulose nitrate made it one of from the 1840s, cellulose nitrate was first made the most widely used plastics for almost 100 into a plastic in 1856 by Birmingham inventor years. Still in production, cellulose nitrate has Alexander Parkes using a solvent casting been surpassed in popularity by other more process. Samples of the resulting Parkesine, stable plastics (Fenn 1994: 46; Williams 1997a). 64 Cellulose Nitrate Plastic ldentifiaction and Care/Springate Figure 1. Celluloid handled straight razors .Deterioration is causing darkening. and crazing (not visible). The bottom razor has a dark-brown handle. Note the whitish blooms, md1catmg detenorahon. (From the author's collection) The Chemistry of Cellulose Nitrate nitrated cellulose, known as guncotton, is used as both an explosive and a propellant (Gille­ Cellulose nitrate does not have a fixed spie et a! 1989: 1096). The reactive sites of cel­ chemical formula; rather, it is "a polynitrate lulose nitrate are the nitrate groups (Williams ester of the natural polysaccharide, cellulose" 1997a). (Selwitz 1988: 1). This semi-synthetic or chemi­ During the manufacture of cellulose nitrate cally modified natural polymer is created plastic, plasticizers such as camphor and when cellulose in the form of cotton or wood castor oil are added. These plasticisers are rel­ pulp is reacted with nitric acid (Clydesdale atively involatile substances which separate 1982; Morgan 1991: 21). During this reaction, the molecules of individual polymers. This some hydroxyl (-OH) groups of each glucose weakens the inter-molecular bonds and allows unit in the cellulose are replaced by nitrate the long molecular chains of the plastic to (-ON0 ) 2 groups. The number and position of move relative to one another. Cellulose nitrate these groups varies, which is why there is no on its own is a hard, brittle plastic at ordinary definitive chemical formula. temperatures; with a plasticizer, it becomes The amount of nitration dictates both the more resilient and easier to work (The Conser­ form and the stability of cellulose nitrate: plas­ vation Unit 1987: 43-44). tics and lacquers contain 10.5 to 11.5 percent nitrogen; lacquers, films, and sheets contain Manufacturing Processes between 11.5 and 12.3 percent nitrogen; while explosives and gun powders contain 12.4 to As cellulose nitrate plastic could not easily 13.5 percent nitrogen (Williams 1997a). Fully be molded into objects, thin sheets were sliced Northeast Historical Arclwco/ogy/Vol. 26, 1997 65 from blocks of material. Parallel lines or Identification of Cellulose Nitrate scratches caused by the cutting blade can often be seen on the surfaces of cellulose nitrate When dealing with collections of plastics, objects, especially when examining unfinished it is crucial that they be properly identified so surfaces with a lOX magnifying lens (Morgan that the appropriate cleaning, stabilization, 1991: 21; Williamson 1992: 4). Objects were and storage measures may be observed. then formed from these thin sheets by thermo­ Infrared spectroscopy is by far the most accu­ forming or blow molding. rate means to identify cellulose nitrate; how­ In the thermoforming process, the thin ever, this method may not always be acces­ sheets of cellulose nitrate were heated using sible. Following are some other observations an oven, hot water or hot oil bath, or the use of and tests to aid in the identification of cellu­ infra-red or dielectric heating. These plastic lose nitrate. sheets were then shaped by bending or forcing them into a mold using a vacuum, air pres­ Visual Appearance sure, or a matched tool in a process similar to While cellulose nitrate was the earliest press molding (Morgan 1991: 47). clear plastic, later polymers such as cellulose Blow molding involved the clamping acetate, plasticized poly (vinyl chloridP.), poly together of two warmed sheets of cellulose (methyl methacrylate), polystyrene and poly­ nitrate between mold faces. Air was then ester are all now commonly used to produce blown between the sheets, forcing them into clear materials. Neither is the presence of a the mold. In some cases, plaster was used to high gloss sufficient to distinguish cellulose fill the resulting hollow to give the objects nitrate. Other plastics, including poly (methyl more weight (Morgan 1991: 47). Ping
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