DANSKAMMER ENERGY. LLC

DANSKAMMER ENERGY CENTER

Case No. 18-F-0325

1001.20 Exhibit 20

Cultural Resources Contents

Exhibit 20: Cultural Resources ...... 1

20(a) Study of the Impacts of Construction and Operation on Archaeological Resources ...... 3

(1) Summary of Probable Impacts on Archaeological Resources ...... 3

(2) Phase IA Archaeological/Cultural Study ...... 3

(3) Phase IB Archaeological Survey...... 7

(4) Phase II Archaeological Studies ...... 7

(5) Archaeological Artifact Processing and Curation ...... 7

(6) Unanticipated Discovery Plan ...... 7

(7) Shapefiles ...... 10

20(b) Study of the Impacts on Historic Architectural Resources ...... 10

(1) SHPO Consultation and APE Definition ...... 10

(2) Background Research ...... 11

(3) Architectural Field Survey ...... 13

Tables

Table 20-1. Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites in a 1-Mile Radius of the Project Site .... 4 Table 20-2. Previously Identified Listed and Eligible Architectural Historic Properties Inside the APE ...... 11 Table 20-3. Identified NRHP-Listed, Eligible, and Recommended Eligible Architectural Resources Within the APE ...... 15

Appendices

Appendix 20-1. Agency Correspondence Appendix 20-2. Historical Architectural Survey and Effects Report Appendix 20-3. Phase IA Archaeological Survey Report

EXHIBIT 20 Danskammer Energy, LLC Page i Danskammer Energy Center Exhibit 20: Cultural Resources

Introduction and Record of Consultation

This Exhibit addresses 16 New York Codes, Rules and Regulations (NYCRR) section1001.20, which requires a study of the potential impacts of the construction and operation of the Project, interconnection, and related facilities on cultural resources (archaeological and historic architecture).

The New York Historic Preservation Act (NYHPA) of 1980 (Chapter 354 of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation Law) requires a review for State agency activities that may affect historic or cultural properties, which requires consultation with the Commissioner of the Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation (OPRHP), which serves as the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO). Under NYHPA Section 14.09, the OPRHP review process follows Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and its implementing regulations at 36 Code of Federal Regulations section 800 (Public Law 89-665, as amended by Public Law 96-515; 16 USC 470 et seq.). Section 106 requires that agencies with jurisdiction over a proposed Project account for the effect of the undertaking on cultural resources listed in or eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and provide the SHPO and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) the ability to provide feedback.

The NYHPA requires Project sponsors to consult with OPRHP if it appears that a proposed Project may cause any change, beneficial or adverse, in the quality of any historic, architectural, archaeological, or cultural property that is listed in the NRHP or in the State Register of Historic Places (SRHP), or that is determined by the Commissioner to be eligible for listing in the NRHP or SRHP. It requires that Project sponsors, to the fullest extent practicable, be consistent with other provisions of the law and fully explore feasible and prudent alternatives to avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse impacts.

OPRHP-SHPO Consultation

Consistent with 16 NYCRR section 1001.20, Danskammer, through its consultant TRC, initiated formal consultation with the OPRHP to develop the scope and methodology for cultural resources studies for the Project. The consultants exceed the Secretary of the Interior’s professional qualifications standards (36 CFR 61) for Archaeologists, Historians, and Architectural Historians in their respective disciplines. To date, formal consultation with the

EXHIBIT 20 Danskammer Energy, LLC Page 1 Danskammer Energy Center OPRHP has included submissions through OPRHP’s Cultural Resources Information System (CRIS) website consisting of the following technical documents for OPRHP review:

• Request for Consultation Letter of December 3, 2018: Proposed Danskammer Energy Center, Town of Newburgh, Orange County; • Project shapefiles that present the preliminary Project layout; and • Phase IA Archaeological Survey and Sensitivity Assessment submitted to OPRHP June 28, 2019.

On December 14, 2018, the OPRHP requested a Phase IA archaeological investigation of the Project Site. The Phase IA Archaeological Survey and Sensitivity Assessment (“Phase IA Study”), recommending no archaeological survey due to extensive previous disturbance, was submitted to the OPRHP on June 28, 2019 (Appendix 20-3). On July 9, 2019, the OPRHP concurred with the Phase IA Study results. Fieldwork for the reconnaissance-level architectural survey was conducted in September 2019. Details of work completed to-date and pending surveys are provided in this document. An Unanticipated Discovery Plan that identifies the actions to be taken in the unexpected event that resources of cultural, historical, or archaeological importance are encountered during the excavation process is included in Section 20(b)(6).

THPO Consultation

Danskammer has initiated consultation with local Native American Tribes, identified below, through submittal of initial consultation letters to the Tribes, which were sent on October 7, 2019. Based on the Project’s geographical location and guidance from the NYS OPRHP and the Indian Nations of New York State, Danskammer is consulting with the following Federally Recognized Tribes: Delaware Nation, Delaware Tribe of Indians, Mohican Nation Stockbridge- Munsee Band (Stockbridge Munsee Community), and the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe. Two State- Recognized Tribes with connections to the area were also consulted: the Ramapough Lenape Nation and the Schaghticoke Tribe. The Tribal consultation procedures include preparing correspondence to each Tribal Historic Preservation Office (THPO) that describes the Project’s location and design. Danskammer has requested comments on any potential effects from the Project on Tribal resources or Tribal lands. Documentation of these consultations is included in the Application in Appendix 20-1.

EXHIBIT 20 Danskammer Energy, LLC Page 2 Danskammer Energy Center 20(a) Study of the Impacts of Construction and Operation on Archaeological Resources

(1) Summary of Probable Impacts on Archaeological Resources

This section summarizes the nature of the Project’s probable impact to archaeological/cultural resources identified and addresses how those impacts will be avoided or minimized. Measures to avoid impacts to any potentially significant archaeological resources will be taken throughout Project design.

If resources are identified within 100 feet (31 meters) of the proposed Project Site that can be avoided, Danskammer will identify their locations as “Environmentally Sensitive Areas” on the final Project construction drawings. Locations will be marked in the field by construction fencing with signs depicting restricted access. These are adequate measures to avoid impacts to potentially significant archaeological resources.

(2) Phase IA Archaeological/Cultural Study

This section includes an archaeological/cultural resources review for the Area of Potential Effect (APE) and any areas to be used for interconnections or related facilities, including a description of the study methodology. For archaeology, the APE is defined as any area where there is potential for ground disturbance.

Phase IA Study Methods and Results

Research included a review of the Project Site-related documents at the OPRHP, online CRIS database, and the NRHP database. This review provided information on recorded sites and previous cultural surveys in the area surrounding the Project Site. In addition to these databases, local histories, cartographic data, and other relevant information on the prehistoric and historic archaeological sites in the area were perused. The USDA NRCS Soil Survey Geographic Database was queried to review soil types in the Project Site, as they inform on archaeological sensitivity. The historical assessment of the Project Site included a review of historical maps, aerial photographs, a literature search, and a review of county historical documents located at the New York State and County repositories. This work developed historic and prehistoric contexts of the Project Site, which are presented in detail in the Phase IA Study (see Appendix 20-1). A cultural synopsis is provided in the next subsection.

The OPRHP CRIS database indicates that the Project Site is located within an archaeologically sensitive area. The OPRHP records confirm there are no NRHP-listed or eligible archaeological

EXHIBIT 20 Danskammer Energy, LLC Page 3 Danskammer Energy Center sites within the APE for archaeological resources, which includes areas of the Project with potential ground disturbance. As part of the Phase IA Study, a search of OPRHP records indicated that ten archaeological investigations have been conducted and six archaeological sites have been previously recorded in a 1-mile radius of the Project Site (Table 20-1).

Table 20-1. Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites in a 1-Mile Radius of the Project Site

Site Number Site Name Description NRHP Status 02719.000028 Chelsea River Rd. Foundation Site Historic Undetermined 02719.000211 MPR Locus A Pre-contact Undetermined 02719.000224 East Connection Site Scatter Historic Not Eligible 07114.000142 Gomez House Root Cellar Locus Historic Undetermined 07114.000143 West Branch Tunnel midden site Historic Undetermined 07140.000246 DANSKAMMER Multicomponent Undetermined Source: OPRHP site files April 2019.

An archaeological sensitivity analysis of the Project Site determined that, due to extensive disturbance associated with the construction and prior expansion of the Danskammer Generating Station, the Project Site is considered to have low sensitivity for archaeological resources.

Cultural Synopsis

A synopsis of the prehistoric and historic periods is presented below to provide a context for interpreting cultural resources of the Project Site. The central region of New York State has been occupied since about 12,500 years ago. The prehistory of this region is conventionally divided into the Paleoindian, Archaic, Woodland, and Contact cultural periods. The history of the Project Site region ranges from early exploration through modern-day development.

Prehistoric Overview

The Paleoindian period is the earliest human occupation in the northeastern United States. Paleoindian populations were highly mobile hunter-gatherers specialized in hunting large game (Funk 1976). Subsistence patterns included hunting a variety of smaller game, fishing, and the exploitation of available plant foods (McNett 1985; Nicholas 1983 and 1987). Fluted projectile points are characteristic of Paleoindian peoples. Paleoindian sites in this region have been

EXHIBIT 20 Danskammer Energy, LLC Page 4 Danskammer Energy Center classified as either camps or quarry workshops, although many “sites” consist merely of isolated fluted point finds (Ritchie and Funk 1973).

The Archaic Period includes the early cultures in the New York region that had not yet developed ceramic technology and were dependent on hunting, gathering, and fishing for subsistence (Ritchie 1980; Ritchie and Funk 1973). The subsistence and technological changes associated with the end of the Pleistocene are reflected in new technologies and tool types that define the increasing resource use of the Archaic Period. The Terminal Archaic, approximately 1700 to 700 BC, was a transitional period in which subsistence and settlement systems changed and new artifact types were introduced.

The Woodland Period is denoted by the appearance of new cultural traits, such as the widespread use of ceramics, as well as the intensification of older traits that were carried over from the Late and Terminal Archaic subperiods (Ritchie 1980; Ritchie and Funk 1973). During the Woodland period (1000 BC to AD 1600), the adoption of horticulture played an integral part in population growth, subsistence, and settlement systems as well as in the establishment of large villages in mostly riverine settings. The Lenape tribe inhabited the area that would become Orange County at the time of European contact. The Lenape hunted and traded throughout the mid-Atlantic and played a significant role in colonial affairs and commerce from New Jersey to New York with the English, Dutch, and Swedish colonies. The replacement of tools and other materials manufactured by Native American technologies by those manufactured by Europeans (brass kettles, iron knives, glass beads, etc.) defines the Contact Period (Wray 1973).

Historic Overview

The first Europeans settled in the area in the late-seventeenth century as part of Ulster County. Settlements were generally organized by ethnicity and religious affiliation, with the Newburgh area settled by Palatine Germans (Booth 1976). Populations slowly increased as early settlers focused on subsistence agriculture and local industry. By 1700, 19,000 colonists were living in the colony of New York (Purvis 1997). Occupying a strategic location along the Hudson River, Orange County played an important role in the Revolutionary War. Several forts were constructed along the banks of the Hudson, including Fort Montgomery, Fort Independence, Fort Clinton, and Fort Hill. Thousands of George Washington’s troops were quartered in Orange County from October 28, 1782 to June 23, 1783, while Washington occupied a residence in the Town of Newburgh (Corning 1946). In 1850, Washington’s headquarters became the first Registered National Historic Landmark in the United States (Orange County 2019).

EXHIBIT 20 Danskammer Energy, LLC Page 5 Danskammer Energy Center Orange County remained an agricultural center throughout the early to mid-nineteenth century, providing grain, produce, and dairy products to New York City. Transportation improvements, including expanded roads, canals, and railroads, helped bring industry and wealth, transforming the County from rural agricultural to suburban industrial by the late nineteenth century (Booth 1976; Corning 1946). The United States Military Academy of West Point has provided military leadership to armed forces since 1802. The 2010 census counted a population of 372,813 (US Census 2010) and the county is one of the fastest growing suburbs of the New York City metropolitan area.

The Project Site lies within the Town of Newburgh, which borders the City of Newburgh in Orange County. The area was noted by Henry Hudson during his 1609 expedition, though it was not settled by Europeans until the early eighteenth century (Historical Society of Newburgh Bay & the Highlands 2015). During his voyage, Hudson and his crew spotted a group of American Indians gathered on a point of land jutting out into the river (part of the current Project Site) engaged in what appeared to be a ceremonial dance. Hudson named the point Danskammer. The area was historically documented as a meeting place for local American Indian tribes (Pritchard 2002; Ruttenber 1992).

The area was first settled in 1709 by a group of Palatine refugees. In 1752, the Town was surveyed by Cadwallader Colden and named Newburgh (City of Newburgh 2019; Nutt 1891). The Town served as the headquarters for the Continental Army during the American Revolution from March 1782 through 1783. The Newburgh Conspiracy, a plan to overthrow the nascent government by senior officers, began at this camp and was ended by General George Washington (DuBois 1883). Travel and transportation of people and goods played a large role in the economy of Newburgh. The arrival of turnpikes, steamboats, and railroads helped boost the local economy. Newburgh was a transportation hub and industrial center, housing diverse industries including fabric manufactories, brick yards, automobile makers, perfumes, foundries, tanneries, and furniture makers.

The late twentieth century saw economic and population decline as industries relocated, the Hudson River lost shipping traffic, and the construction of I-84 bypassed Newburgh, resulting in population migration to the suburbs. The area remains economically depressed, though the twenty-first century shows an economic resurgence. As of the 2010 Census, the population of Newburgh was approximately 28,866 (US Census 2010).

EXHIBIT 20 Danskammer Energy, LLC Page 6 Danskammer Energy Center (3) Phase IB Archaeological Survey

Due to extensive disturbance associated with the prior construction and expansion of the Danskammer Generating Station, the Project Site is considered to have low sensitivity for archaeological resources and archaeological fieldwork is not recommended. In a letter dated July 9, 2019, OPRHP concurred with this recommendation (see Appendix 20-1).

(4) Phase II Archaeological Studies

Because Phase IB field excavations are not recommended for this Project, as per OPRHP concurrence with the Phase IA Study results, Phase II archaeological investigations are not anticipated.

(5) Archaeological Artifact Processing and Curation

Because field excavations are not recommended for this Project, no artifacts are expected to be collected or processed. If archaeological materials are recovered during construction, they will be cleaned, catalogued, inventoried, and curated according to New York Archaeological Council Standards and will be temporarily stored at the TRC archaeological laboratory in Lanham, Maryland, until a permanent curatorial facility is identified, in accordance with the Unanticipated Discovery Plan outlined below.

(6) Unanticipated Discovery Plan

Archaeological resources could be possibly discovered during construction at the Project Site. As such, this Unanticipated Discovery Plan presents the approach to address such emergency discoveries to ensure that potentially significant archaeological resources are handled in full accordance with state and federal requirements, including the most recent Standards for Cultural Resource Investigations and Curation of Archaeological Collections in New York State. This approach would also ensure that procedures and lines of communication with the appropriate government authorities are clearly established prior to the start of construction so that discoveries can be addressed quickly and minimize the impacts to the construction schedule if possible.

Currently, one previously recorded archaeological site (site 07140.000246) has been identified within the Project Site. However, the location of the recorded site is tenuous because it was reported by an informant and has never been field verified. Moreover, the depicted location is on Urban Land and may be incorrectly plotted in the OPRHP Cultural Resource Information

EXHIBIT 20 Danskammer Energy, LLC Page 7 Danskammer Energy Center System (CRIS) as the section of the peninsula where the Site is located did not exist prior to development of the existing Danskammer Generating Station. Based on the background research conducted on CRIS, the Project Site is considered archaeologically sensitive. However, the extensive disturbance associated with the construction and expansion of the Danskammer Generating Station reduces the likelihood of in situ archaeological resources. Therefore, involved personnel will follow standardized procedures in accordance with state and federal regulations detailed below.

Both the environmental inspectors and the construction personnel will be provided with a preconstruction briefing regarding potential cultural resources indicators. These indicators will include items such as recognizable quantities of bone, unusual stone or ash deposits, or black- stained earth that could be evident in spoil piles or trench walls during construction. In the event that potentially significant cultural resources or human remains are discovered during construction, the environmental monitors and construction personnel will be instructed to follow the specific requirements and notification procedures outlined below. Cultural resource discoveries that require reporting and notification include any human remains and any recognizable, potentially significant concentrations of artifacts or evidence of human occupation.

If construction personnel discover cultural resources indicators (find spot), the construction supervisor will be notified immediately. The supervisor, in turn, will notify the environmental inspector, who will notify a designated archaeologist that will be available to respond to this type of find. Based on the information provided, the archaeologist will determine if a visit to the area is required and, if so, will inform the construction crews. No construction work that could affect the artifacts or find spot will be performed until the archaeologist reviews the subject area. The find spot will be flagged as being off-limits for work but will not be identified as an archaeological site per se in order to protect the resource. The archaeologist will conduct a review of the find and examine as necessary. The archaeologist will determine, based on the artifacts found and on the cultural sensitivity of the area in general, whether the find spot is potentially significant and will consult with the OPRHP regarding clearance for re-commencing construction in that area of the Project Site.

Discovery of Human Remains

If Native American human remains are encountered, procedures for such discoveries will be followed in accordance with state regulations. This will involve consultation with the SHPO or THPO) and appropriate interested parties in an effort to identify and notify next of kin, closest

EXHIBIT 20 Danskammer Energy, LLC Page 8 Danskammer Energy Center lineal descendant, or the Indian tribes who may be culturally affiliated with the remains, and to determine appropriate treatment and disposition of the remains.

If human remains are encountered, work in the near vicinity of the remains will cease and reasonable efforts will be made to avoid and protect the remains from additional impact. In cases of inclement weather, the human remains will be protected with tarpaulins. The County Medical Examiner will be notified of the discovery. If the remains are found to be other than human, construction will be cleared to proceed. If the remains are human, and are less than 75 years old, the Medical Examiner and local law enforcement officials will assume jurisdiction.

If the remains are found to be human and older than 75 years, the OPRHP will be notified and may assume jurisdiction of the remains. If jurisdiction is assumed by the OPRHP, they will a) determine whether the human remains represent a significant archaeological resource, and b) make a reasonable effort to identify and locate persons who can establish direct kinship, tribal community, or ethnic relationship with the remains. If such a relationship cannot be established, then the OPRHP may consult with a committee to determine the proper disposition of the remains. This committee shall consist of a human skeletal analyst, Native American members of current State tribes recommended by the Governor’s Council on Indian Affairs, and “an individual who has special knowledge or expertise regarding the particular type of the unmarked human burial.”

A plan for the avoidance of further impacts to the human remains and/or mitigative excavation, re-interment, or a combination of these treatments will be developed in consultation with the OPRHP and if applicable, appropriate Native American tribes or closest lineal descendants. Involved parties will be expected to respond with advice and guidance in an efficient time frame. The plan will be implemented once agreed upon by the involved parties.

The plan will include a provision for work stoppage upon the discovery of possible archaeological or human remains. Evaluation of such discoveries, if warranted, will be conducted by a professional archaeologist, qualified according to the NYAC Standards. The Unanticipated Discovery Plan will specify the degree to which the methodology used to assess any discoveries follows the NYAC Standards.

EXHIBIT 20 Danskammer Energy, LLC Page 9 Danskammer Energy Center (7) Shapefiles

Danskammer will provide shapefiles of archaeological and historic resource survey locations, attribute data, and results, will be provided, upon request, confidentially, pursuant to Section 87(2)(d) of the Public Officers Law and Section 6-1.3 of the Commission’s regulations.

20(b) Study of the Impacts on Historic Architectural Resources

This section sets forth an identification, evaluation, and assessment of effects from the construction and operation of the Project and the interconnections and related facilities on architectural historic properties listed in or eligible for listing in the NRHP, and a discussion of measures to minimize or mitigate adverse effects, if required. TRC completed a Historic Architecture Reconnaissance Survey (“Historic Architecture Survey”) for the Project consistent with Section 106 of NHPA and OPRHP Guidelines (Appendix 20-2). The goal of the Historic Architecture Survey was to document the previously recorded and newly identified above- ground architectural resources 50 years of age or older within the Project APE, as described more fully below, and evaluate their eligibility for listing in the NRHP in consultation with OPRHP. For those resources listed in or eligible for listing in the NRHP, TRC provided a preliminary assessment of Project effects. A copy of the complete Historic Architecture Survey draft report is located in Appendix 20-2. A summary of the survey methods, findings, and recommendations follows.

(1) SHPO Consultation and APE Definition

SHPO Consultation

TRC consulted with OPRHP beginning with an initial consultation letter dated December 3, 2018. OPRHP reviewed the letter and indicated on December 21, 2018, that a Historic Architecture Survey is warranted in the Project APE due to sensitivity of the Project Site for historic architectural resources. To determine the extent of the APE, level of survey effort, and historic architectural survey areas, OPRHP requested a draft work plan for the Historic Architecture Survey. TRC provided a work plan on June 28, 2019. On July 3, 2019, OPRHP approved TRC’s work plan for the Historic Architecture Survey. Correspondence with OPRHP is included in Appendix 20-1.

Definition of APE

TRC delineated the APE for direct effects pursuant to 36 CFR section 800.16(d). This comprises the Project’s area of physical disturbance, including building and structure sites.

EXHIBIT 20 Danskammer Energy, LLC Page 10 Danskammer Energy Center Following OPRHP Guidelines, the APE for the Project is defined as the area within which bare- earth topography visibility modeling suggests that the Project may be visible within a five-mile radius of the Project’s LOD. These communications regarding APE and survey methodology are available in the Project’s CRIS database.

To locate and plot areas of visibility, TRC conducted a viewshed analysis using a computerized Geographical Information System (GIS) desktop analysis based on bare-earth topography. The results of the viewshed analysis are plotted on a set of APE maps depicted in Appendix A of the Historic Architecture Survey report (see Appendix 20-2). Each map plotted the location of previously identified historic properties listed in or eligible for listing in the NRHP, as well as previously surveyed resources not yet evaluated or found not eligible for listing in the NRHP.

The 5-mile-radius above-ground resource study area for the Project includes parts of the Towns of Marlborough and Plattekill, Ulster County, the Towns of Poughkeepsie, Fishkill, and Wappinger, and the Villages of Wappingers Falls and Fishkill, and the City of Beacon, Dutchess County, and the Town of Newburgh and the City of Newburgh, Orange County.

(2) Background Research

To locate previously identified historic resources, TRC conducted an initial desktop analysis using the OPRHP’s CRIS and the NRHP online database. The initial review of previously identified resources located 22 listed and 10 eligible historic properties within the APE. An additional 93 resources were previously recorded but unevaluated. The remainder of the previously identified resources inventoried in the CRIS system were determined not eligible.

Table 20-2 lists the previously identified listed and eligible architectural historic properties.

Table 20-2. Previously Identified Listed and Eligible Architectural Historic Properties Inside the APE Current USN Name Address* MCD NRHP Status 02714.000196 Abraham Brower House 2 Water Street Poughkeepsie Listed 02714.000202 Adolph Brower House 1 Water Street Poughkeepsie Listed 02719.000193 Captain Moses W. Collyer River Road South Poughkeepsie Listed House (Driftwood) 02719.000058 Chelsea Grammar School Liberty Street Wappinger Listed 02719.000192 Cornelius Carman House River Road South Wappinger Listed

EXHIBIT 20 Danskammer Energy, LLC Page 11 Danskammer Energy Center Table 20-2. Previously Identified Listed and Eligible Architectural Historic Properties Inside the APE Current USN Name Address* MCD NRHP Status 07140.000060 Crawford, David, House 189 Montgomery Street Newburgh Listed 02744.000087 Duchess Company 120 Market Street Wappinger Listed Superintendent's House 07140.002593 East End Historic District Multiple Newburgh Listed 02741.000008 Eustatia 12 Monell Place Beacon Listed 07114.000068 Maple Lawn 24 Downing Street Newburgh Listed 02714.000236 Main Street Historic District Multiple Poughkeepsie Listed 07140.002592 Montgomery-Grand-Liberty Multiple Newburgh Listed Streets Historic District 02706.000010 Mount Gulian & The 145 Sterling Street Fishkill Listed Verplanck House and Barn 02714.000161 Shay’s Warehouse and 32 Point Street Poughkeepsie Listed Stable 02719.000057 St. Mark's Episcopal Church Liberty Street Wappinger Listed 02714.000205 St. Nicholas Episcopal 37 Point Street Poughkeepsie Listed Church (Zion Memorial Chapel) 02714.000235 Stone Street Historic District Multiple Poughkeepsie Listed 02714.000237 Union Free School Academy Street Poughkeepsie Listed 02744.000143 United States Post Office of 2 South Avenue Wappinger Listed Wappingers Falls 02744.000252 Wappingers Falls Historic Multiple Wappinger Listed District 02714.000165 William Shay Double House 18 Point Street Poughkeepsie Listed 2719.000231 Wheeler Hill Historic District Multiple Wappinger Listed 02741.000500 Matteawan State Hospital 18 Strack Drive Beacon, Fishkill Eligible 02719.000223 Farmhouse 225 River Road North Wappinger Eligible 07140.002585 Mount St. Mary's College 320 Powell Avenue, Newburgh Eligible Gidney Avenue, Liberty Street 07114.000220 Newburgh Beacon Bridge I-84/NY 52 over Hudson Newburgh, Eligible North Span River Beacon 07140.000006 Newburgh Steam Mills 300 Water Street Newburgh Eligible (Regal Bag Company) 07140.002483 NFA North (North Junior 301 Robinson Avenue Newburgh Eligible High School)

EXHIBIT 20 Danskammer Energy, LLC Page 12 Danskammer Energy Center Table 20-2. Previously Identified Listed and Eligible Architectural Historic Properties Inside the APE Current USN Name Address* MCD NRHP Status 07114.000210 Our Lady of Mercy Roman 977 River Road Newburgh Eligible Catholic Church 07114.000208 Residence (Bungalow) and 51 Old Post Road Newburgh Eligible barn 02741.000467 Building 51 North Street Beacon Eligible 02741.000468 Building 55 North Street Beacon Eligible

(3) Architectural Field Survey

Consistent with OPRHP Guidelines, the Historic Architecture Survey re-examined the 22 previously identified NRHP-listed historic properties, the 10 previously identified NRHP-eligible historic properties, the 93 previously recorded but unevaluated resources, and the newly identified districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects 50 years of age or older within the APE as determined by the bare-earth topography viewshed analysis. Preparatory to fieldwork, TRC plotted the locations of the extant resources over 50 years of age using GIS. Building ages and conditions were then confirmed or corrected during the reconnaissance effort through a combination of visual observations and analysis of stylistic evidence, construction materials, historic photographs, communication with property owners, and county tax assessor’s records.

Each resource was documented via photography and with field notes recording dates, form/style, current conditions, and locations. Based on field verification, resources not in the line of sight were excluded from the visual effects APE and were not surveyed. Resources located partially within the viewshed or adjoining the line-of-sight boundary were typically included in the survey to be abundantly cautious. In cases of potential historic districts or cultural landscapes, the reconnaissance survey recorded the potential contributing elements and identified general justifiable boundaries. If the boundaries of a potential historic district extended outside the visual effects APE for the present investigation, the architectural survey identified an overall general district boundary but limited survey efforts only to resources located inside the viewshed. The architectural survey examined 85 newly identified individual resources, some of which contribute to existing historic districts, or are recommended not eligible, and two newly proposed historic districts. Of the 87 newly identified resources, TRC selected 33 for more detailed analysis and evaluation based on their high potential significance and degree of integrity and were

EXHIBIT 20 Danskammer Energy, LLC Page 13 Danskammer Energy Center recommended eligible for listing in the NRHP. Additionally, two NRHP-listed resources were recommended not eligible due to loss of integrity, and nine previously identified resources with undetermined eligibility status were recommended NRHP-eligible.

Identification of Historic Properties

Historic properties are defined as districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that are at least 50 years old and meet at least one NRHP criterion. A property eligible for listing in the NRHP must possess a quality of significance in American history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, or culture. This significance can be present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, or objects:

A. That are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; B. That are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; C. That embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or D. That have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.

There are several additional applicable Criteria Considerations that pertain to religious properties, moved properties, birthplaces or gravesites, cemeteries, reconstructed buildings, commemorative properties, and properties that have achieved significance within the past 50 years.

A historic property must also possess integrity to convey its significance. Integrity is defined as seven aspects: location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. To retain historic integrity, a property will possess several, if not all, of these seven aspects. Historic properties that do not illustrate their significance by retaining their integrity are ineligible for listing.

As a result of the Historic Architecture Survey, TRC identified a total of 219 architectural resources aged 50 years or older in the APE. Of the 219 surveyed historic resources, 72 are listed, eligible, or recommended eligible for NRHP listing. TRC identified two potential NRHP- eligible historic districts during the survey. Listed, eligible, or recommended eligible properties identified during the survey are summarized in Table 20-3 below.

EXHIBIT 20 Danskammer Energy, LLC Page 14 Danskammer Energy Center Table 20-3. Identified NRHP-Listed, Eligible, and Recommended Eligible Architectural Resources Within the APE

House Name Street City Eligibility Number Abraham Brower 2 Water Street New Hamburg Listed House Adolph Brower 1 Water Street New Hamburg Listed House Captain Moses W. Collyer House River Road South Wappinger Listed (Driftwood) Chelsea Grammar 17 Liberty Street Chelsea Listed School Listed, Cornelius Carman Recommended Not- River Road South Wappinger House Eligible, ruinous condition Crawford, David, 189 Montgomery Street Newburgh Listed House Duchess Company Wappingers Superintendent's 120 Market St Listed Falls House Eustatia 12 Monell Place Beacon Listed Obercreek, Elmhurst, Edge Hill, Henry Wheeler Hill Suydam Estate, William Wappinger Listed Historic District Crosby Estate, and Carnwath Farms Main Street Historic Multiple New Hamburg Listed District Maple Lawn 24 Downing Street Newburgh Listed Montgomery- Grand-Liberty Multiple Newburgh Listed Historic District Mount Gulian & The Verplanck 145 Sterling Street Fishkill Listed House and Barn Listed, Shay's Warehouse Recommended Not 32 Point Street New Hamburg and Stable Eligible due to Alterations St Mark's Episcopal Liberty Street Wappinger Listed Church St. Nicholas Episcopal Church 37 Point Street New Hamburg Listed (Zion Memorial Chapel)

EXHIBIT 20 Danskammer Energy, LLC Page 15 Danskammer Energy Center Table 20-3. Identified NRHP-Listed, Eligible, and Recommended Eligible Architectural Resources Within the APE

House Name Street City Eligibility Number Stone Street Stone Street New Hamburg Listed Historic District Union Free School 22 Academy Street New Hamburg Listed United States Post Wappingers Office of 2628 South Avenue Listed Falls Wappingers Falls William Shay 18 Point Street New Hamburg Listed Double House Matteawan State 18 Strack Drive Beacon Eligible Hospital Farmhouse 225 River Road North Wappinger Eligible Powell Avenue, Gidney Mount St. Mary's 320 Newburgh Eligible Avenue, Liberty Street Newburgh Beacon I-84/NY-2 over Hudson Newburgh / Eligible Bridge North Span River Beacon Newburgh Steam Mills (Regal Bag 300 Water Street Newburgh Eligible Company) NFA North (North 301 Robinson Avenue Newburgh Eligible Junior High School) Our Lady of Mercy 977 River Road Newburgh Eligible RC Church Residence (Bungalow) and 51 Old Post Road Newburgh Eligible barn House 51 North Street Beacon Eligible Recommended Building 33 Cliff Street Beacon Eligible Recommended Building 30 South Avenue Beacon Eligible Recommended Building 376 River Rd S Chelsea Eligible Recommended Building 15 Conklin Street New Hamburg Eligible Recommended Building 20 Main Street New Hamburg Eligible Recommended Building 2 Balmville Road Newburgh Eligible College Heights Recommended Historic District Multiple Newburgh Eligible (Proposed)

EXHIBIT 20 Danskammer Energy, LLC Page 16 Danskammer Energy Center Table 20-3. Identified NRHP-Listed, Eligible, and Recommended Eligible Architectural Resources Within the APE

House Name Street City Eligibility Number East End Historic District (and Recommended Multiple Newburgh Proposed Eligible Expansion) Wappingers Falls Historic District Wappingers Recommended Multiple (and Proposed Falls Eligible Expansion) Point Street Recommended Historic District Point Street New Hamburg Eligible (Proposed) Stone Street Historic District Recommended Stone Street New Hamburg (and Proposed Eligible Expansion) Recommended Building 42 Downing Avenue Newburgh Eligible Recommended Building 18 Grand Avenue Newburgh Eligible Recommended Building 505 Grand Avenue Newburgh Eligible Recommended Building 511 Grand Avenue Newburgh Eligible Recommended Building 512 Grand Avenue Newburgh Eligible Recommended Building 514 Grand Avenue Newburgh Eligible Recommended Building 519 Grand Avenue Newburgh Eligible Recommended Building 521 Grand Avenue Newburgh Eligible Recommended Building 522 Grand Avenue Newburgh Eligible Recommended Building 527 Grand Avenue Newburgh Eligible Recommended Building 533 Grand Avenue Newburgh Eligible Recommended Building 559 Grand Avenue Newburgh Eligible 532 & Recommended Building Grand Avenue Newburgh 536 Eligible Recommended Building 153 Holmes Road Newburgh Eligible

EXHIBIT 20 Danskammer Energy, LLC Page 17 Danskammer Energy Center Table 20-3. Identified NRHP-Listed, Eligible, and Recommended Eligible Architectural Resources Within the APE

House Name Street City Eligibility Number Recommended Building 145 North Road West Fishkill Eligible Recommended Building 8 Park Place Newburgh Eligible Recommended Building 10 Park Place Newburgh Eligible Recommended Building 12 Park Place Newburgh Eligible Recommended Building 14 Park Place Newburgh Eligible Recommended Building 17 Park Place Newburgh Eligible Recommended Building 20 Park Place Newburgh Eligible Recommended Building 3 West Stone Street Newburgh Eligible City of New York Delaware Water Recommended 199 River Road North Chelsea Supply, Chelsea Eligible Pumping Station East Shore Recommended multiple multiple Railroad Eligible West Shore Recommended multiple multiple Railroad Eligible Recommended Every Residence 3 Conklin Street New Hamburg Eligible Recommended Residence 25 Main Street New Hamburg Eligible Johnes-Holden Recommended 11 Old Balmville Road Newburgh Home Eligible Recommended Residence 856 River Road Newburgh Eligible Zion Church Wappingers Recommended Rectory 12 Satterlee Place Falls Eligible 02744.000140 Saint Andrew Recommended 17 South Avenue Beacon Episcopal Church Eligible Recommended Reese Estate 20 South Avenue Beacon Eligible Recommended House 22 South Avenue Beacon Eligible

EXHIBIT 20 Danskammer Energy, LLC Page 18 Danskammer Energy Center Table 20-3. Identified NRHP-Listed, Eligible, and Recommended Eligible Architectural Resources Within the APE

House Name Street City Eligibility Number O’Connor Recommended 352 Verplanck Avenue Beacon Residence Eligible Wappingers Recommended Lyons Residence 15 West Academy Street Falls Eligible

Preliminary Assessment of Effects

TRC’s Historic Architecture Survey included a preliminary assessment of effects to architectural historic properties pursuant to Section 106 and Article 10. The methodology for assessing potential Project effects used the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties in combination with the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation’s Criteria of Adverse Effect (36 CFR section 800.5 [a]). Additional guidance derives from the Council of Environmental Quality’s Regulations for Implementing the Procedural Provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act (40 CFR section 1500 – 1508).

An adverse effect finding is defined as when a project may alter, directly or indirectly, the historic property or object’s characteristics that would make it eligible for listing in the NRHP and diminish the integrity of the property. Qualifying characteristics of a historic property are evaluated including previously identified attributes of the property’s eligibility for the NRHP (or SRHP). Adverse effects may include reasonably foreseeable effects caused by the undertaking that may occur later, be further removed in distance, or be cumulative. Physical destruction, alteration inconsistent with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties, removal, change in character of use or setting, introduction of visual, atmospheric, or audible elements that diminish integrity of significance, deterioration from neglect, and transfer by sale or lease out of federal ownership are examples of adverse effects. An adverse effect finding may be resolved through agreed-upon measures to avoid, minimize, or mitigate the adverse effect.

Currently, construction of the Project is not expected to require the demolition or physical alteration of any noteworthy buildings or other potential historic resources. No direct physical impacts to architectural historic properties are anticipated as a result of the Project. The existing Danskammer Generating Station on the Project Site has been determined not eligible for NRHP listing.

EXHIBIT 20 Danskammer Energy, LLC Page 19 Danskammer Energy Center The Project may potentially create indirect visual effects on NRHP-listed and eligible historic properties inside the 5-mile-radius bare-earth visibility APE; though effects do not need to be adverse. The Project’s potential effect on a historic property depends primarily on the qualities that make that property eligible for listing in the NRHP. If a historic property’s setting is less important than its historic or architectural qualities, then alterations to the setting may not adversely affect the qualities or character-defining features that qualify the historic property for inclusion in the NRHP.

Potential visual effects are also highly variable. Intervening trees, foliage, buildings, objects, modern intrusions, and other visual clutter, such as telephone poles and advertisement signs, impact setting and line-of-sight views from a historic property toward the Project. The optical effects of distance, diminishing perspective, and atmospheric conditions can also reduce overall visual impacts on historic properties, especially those located further away from the Project. In general, the Project will have a greater potential for visual effects on historic properties located closest to the Project, either adjacent to the power plant or directly across the Hudson River from the power plant.

For the purposes of this preliminary assessment, TRC finds that due to the proposed shorter exhaust stack as compared to the existing exhaust stacks, the potential visual impacts to the identified historic properties within the APE, including those within clear view of the Project, are negligible and will not diminish the identified architectural and historic significance and qualifying characteristics of any historic property. Danskammer, through its consultant TRC, has concluded the Project will have no effect to the historic properties within the APE with no clear view of the Project, and that the Project will have no adverse effect to the historic properties within the APE within a clear line of sight of the Project.

Regarding potential future effects, the completed Project is not expected to require additional land acquisition, construction, or alteration. Future project effects to historic properties are typically the result of changing land use patterns and shifting populations attributable back to the undertaking. Danskammer, through its consultant TRC, concludes that the potential for future effects relative to the Project is unlikely and the Project will have no reasonably foreseeable future effect on nearby historic properties.

This preliminary assessment concludes that the proposed Project will not directly or indirectly alter the characteristics, significance, and/or integrity of identified historic properties that

EXHIBIT 20 Danskammer Energy, LLC Page 20 Danskammer Energy Center qualifies them for listing in the NRHP. Accordingly, Danskammer’s consultant TRC offers preliminary recommendations of no effect and no adverse effect to historic properties.

Mitigation

Based on TRC’s findings, Danskammer has concluded that the Project will not affect or adversely affect historic properties listed in or eligible for listing in the NRHP. No avoidance, minimization, or mitigation measures are currently required for the Project.

Further Actions

The Historic Architecture Survey has been summarized and submitted to OPRHP for its approval (see Appendix 20-2). The Historic Architecture Survey will be uploaded directly into CRIS. Individual records and photographs of resurveyed previously identified eligible and unevaluated resources, as well as the list of newly identified eligible historic properties, will be uploaded to CRIS, as required by OPRHP. Shapefiles will also be provided upon request, confidentially, pursuant to Section 87(2)(d) of the Public Officers Law and Section 6-1.3 of the Commission’s regulations.

After OPRHP completes its review of the Historic Architecture Survey report and recommendations of eligibility, it may direct Danskammer, through its consultant TRC, to conduct an additional architectural survey or revise the assessment of Project effects for its review and concurrence. Additional required documents or addendums will be submitted as part of a future supplement to this Article 10 Application.

References

Booth, M. 1976. A Short History of Orange County, New York. The Orange County Chamber of Commerce & Greentree Publishing Corporation.

City of Newburgh, New York. 2019. Early Days. https://www.cityofnewburgh-ny.gov/city- history/pages/early-days. Accessed April 8, 2019.

Corning, Rev. E. 1946. The Concise History of Orange County. Available URL: http://www.hopefarm.com/orange.htm. Accessed April 4, 2019. Hope Farm Press, Saugerties, New York.

Funk, R. E. 1976. Recent Contributions to Hudson Valley Prehistory. New York State Museum and Science Service Memoir 22. New York State Museum, Albany.

EXHIBIT 20 Danskammer Energy, LLC Page 21 Danskammer Energy Center Historical Society of Newburgh Bay & the Highlands. 2015. Newburgh History. http://www.newburghhistoricalsociety.com/history/newburgh-history/. Accessed April 4, 2019.

McNett, C. (editor). 1985. Shawnee-Minisink: A Paleoindian-Early Archaic Site in the Upper Delaware Valley of Pennsylvania. Academic Press, New York.

New York Archaeological Council. 1994. Standard for Cultural Resource Investigations and the Curation of Archeological Collections in New York State. Adopted by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation.

Nicholas, G. P. 1983. A Model for the Early Postglacial Settlement of the Central Merrimack River Basin, New Hampshire. Man in the Northeast, 25: 43–63.

Nicholas, G. P. 1987. Rethinking the Early Archaic. Archaeology of Eastern North America, 15: 99–124.

Nutt, J.J. 1891. Newburgh, her Institutions, Industries, and Leading Citizens. Ritchie & Hull, Newburgh, New York.

Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation, New York State [OPRHP]. 2006. OPRHP Guidelines for Wind Farm Development Cultural Resources Survey Work.

Orange County (2019). About Orange County. https://www.orangecountygov.com/819/About- Orange-County. Accessed April 10, 2019.

Pritchard, E.T. (2002). Native New Yorkers: The Legacy of the Algonquin People of New York. Chicago Review Press.

Purvis, T. L. (1997). A Dictionary of American History. Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 1997. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (April 4, 2019).

Ritchie, W. A. (1980). The Archaeology of New York State (revised edition). Harbor Hill Books, Harrison, New York.

Ritchie, W. A., and R. E. Funk. 1973. Aboriginal Settlement Patterns in the Northeast. New York State Museum and Science Service Memoir No. 20. New York State Museum, Albany, New York.

EXHIBIT 20 Danskammer Energy, LLC Page 22 Danskammer Energy Center Ruttenber, E.M. (1992). The History of Indian Tribes of Hudson’s River, volumes 1 and 2. Hope Farm Press.

United States Census Bureau. 2010. New York: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts. Electronic document, https://www.census.gov/search- results.html?q=Orange+County%2C+NY&page=1&stateGeo=none&searchtype=web&cs sp=SERP&_charset_=UTF-8. Accessed April 4, 2019.

Wray, C. F. (1973). Manual for Seneca Iroquois Archaeology. Cultures Primitives, Inc., Rochester.

EXHIBIT 20 Danskammer Energy, LLC Page 23 Danskammer Energy Center

APPENDIX 20-1

AGENCY CORRESPONDENCE

0 TRC

4425 Forbes Boulevard Lanham, Maryland 20706

Main 301-306-6981 Fax 301-306-6986

December 3, 2018

Ms. Ruth Pierpont, Deputy Commissioner/Deputy SHPO New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation Historic Preservation Field Services Bureau Peebles Island Resource Center, PO Box 189 Waterford, NY 12188-0189

RE: Request for Consultation: Proposed Danskammer Energy Center, Town of Newburgh Orange County, New York

Dear Ms. Pierpont,

Danskammer Energy, LLC (Danskammer Energy) is proposing to repower its Danskammer Generating Station (Station) located in the Town of Newburgh, Orange County, New York (Figures 1 and 2 attached). The proposed repowering will result in a new modern energy center known as the Danskammer Energy Center (Project). The Project will be licensed by the New York Public Service Commission (PSC) under Article 10 of the Public Service Law (PSL). Danskammer Energy owns and operates the existing 180-acre Station and will make improvements through the installation of a new, state-of-the-art electric generator at the existing site. The Station has provided energy and capacity in the lower Hudson Valley for more than 50 years and is connected to the Central Hudson 115 kilovolt (kV) transmission loop.

TRC Environmental Corporation (TRC) has been retained by Danskammer Energy to provide environmental review and licensing services in support of the Project. The purpose of this letter is to initiate consultation with your agency in determining potential impacts to cultural resources that could result from the Project. TRC will be undertaking cultural resource studies/surveys (Archaeology and Historic Architecture) as necessary in support of Project review. To that end, TRC plans to conduct a Phase IA archaeological survey and, if deemed necessary a Phase IB field survey, in addition to any necessary historic architectural surveys required in support of the Project.

Project Overview

The proposed Project consists of the construction and operation of a commercial-scale major electric generating station, together with the associated electrical infrastructure (above and below grade), access roads, and operation and maintenance facilities. The proposed site has been selected in part due to the availability of the existing infrastructure, including the on-site substation. As such, no additional off-site electrical transmission system right-of-way will be required. The existing site contains a combination of industrial, maintained, and natural vegetation. The exhaust gas from the new heat recovery steam generator will flow into an above grade stack. Final stack height and stack diameter will be determined based on the air quality modeling protocol. Based on preliminary analysis, the stack for the combined cycle unit is anticipated to be comparable to or less than the existing stacks. For comparison, two of the existing stacks are 220 feet above grade and the other two stacks are 240 feet above grade. The exhaust stack will include platforms to facilitate testing and lighting requirements. The primary cooling system will be an air-cooled condenser, and the secondary cooling system will be a fin-fan cooler. At present, there are no detailed design drawings available for review. As the project design unfolds, more detail on site construction will be developed and disclosed.

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Archaeology

Based on a review of CRIS, the Project area is located within an archaeologically sensitive area (Figure 3). There is one previously recorded archaeological site within the Project area boundary and five previously recorded archaeological sites located within a one-mile radius; however, three of these archaeological sites are located across the Hudson River (Table 1). The objective of the Phase IA study will be to identify the archaeological sensitivity through review of known archaeological data, archival data, site file information, and previous cultural surveys. The goal of this review will be to identify where archaeological field testing (Phase IB) may be needed to identify archaeological resources within proposed construction areas.

Table 1 - Danskammer Energy - Archaeological Sites within One Mile

Distance from Project USN Name Type NRHP Status Area Chelsea River Rd. 0.73 mi southeast (across 02719.000028 Historic Undetermined Foundation Site Hudson River) 0.8 mi southeast (across 02719.000211 MPR Locus A Prehistoric Undetermined Hudson River) East Connection Site 0.71 mi southeast (across 02719.000224 Historic Not Eligible Scatter Hudson River) Gomez House Root 07114.000142 Historic 0.97 mi northwest Undetermined Cellar Locus West Branch Tunnel 07114.000143 Historic 0.45 mi west Undetermined midden site 07140.000246 DANSKAMMER Multicomponent Within Project area Undetermined

Historic Architecture

Review of State Register (SRHP) and NRHP files maintained by your agency and the National Park Service (NPS) indicates there are 168 listed NRHP and SRHP historic properties previously recorded within a three- mile radius of the Project site. Within a two-mile radius, there are 32 historic properties, and within a one-mile radius, there are three (3) historic properties. A previous survey of the Station itself conducted in 2015 determined it as ineligible for NRHP listing.

TRC proposes to consult with your agency regarding the definition of the area of potential effect (APE) for historic architectural resources. This APE will center around the proposed Energy Center and will be determined based on the engineering design of the Project. Consistent with the requirements set forth in the Article 10 regulation, 16 NYCRR § 1000.2 (ar), the study area to be used is anticipated to comprise those areas within five miles of the proposed Project and which fall within the potential Project viewshed (i.e., those areas from which the Project is potentially visible). The five-mile-radius above-ground resource study area for the Project includes parts of the Towns of Wappinger, Fishkill, and Poughkeepsie, Villages of Fishkill and Wappingers Falls, and City of Beacon in Dutchess County, the Town of Newburgh and City of Newburgh in Orange County, and the Towns of Marlborough and Plattekill in Ulster County. We propose that the same five mile radius be used as the APE.

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We look forward to continued consultation with your agency in support of the PSC licensing process. Should you have any questions or require additional information, please do not hesitate to contact me at (301)276-8040, or [email protected].

Sincerely yours,

Timothy R. Sara Program Manager, Cultural Resources cc: Sean Murphy, TRC M. Hyland, TRC J. Garcia, Danskammer Energy, LLC file 289081.0000.0000

3

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Existing Danskammer Generating Station Figure 1 Dutchess Ho * County Jun Regional Project Location

Town of Newburgh Orange County, NY

Sheet 1 of 1 0 1,000 2,000 Created: 5/3/2018 1200 Wall Street W Sources: ESRI, USGS, NYGIS - Feet Lyndhurst , NJ 07071

Figure 1: General project location in Orange County, New York

4

Oanskammer Energy, LL Preliminary Project Area

115 kV Substation OulcMS H ., \~ D County Jun Preliminary Project Area I Town of Newburgh Orange Countr, NY e-~ + Sheel I of I e'TRC Punam :r.:- 0 200 400 eru,oct 61'291':!0IB 1200Wall Slreet W Cclwly Feet 1 90l,tOI EERl,U908.NYO>S L'lf'd1ur5i NJ 07071 - Figure 2: Preliminary Project area.

5

One-Mile Radius

6 /\ . I 6 LEG END □ Project Area Existing Da nskammer Station *~ Archaeological Site ..) Archaeological Survey C11:tl• Pg•.fl □ D □ Archaeologically Sensiti ve Area i. □ NRHP Listed Resource 1 Mile Previous Consultation Project II j I I □

Figure 3: Detail of Project area superimposed over OPRHP Cultural Resources Information System (CRIS) Webviewer (accessed November 2018).

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From: Finelli, James (PARKS) To: Hyland, Matthew Subject: RE: Danskammer Survey reporting Date: Wednesday, June 19, 2019 10:22:24 AM Attachments: image001.png

Would you like the eligibility report to be combined with the Criteria of Effects assessment, or would you like them in separate reports. They are usually submitted as a single report. I have no objection to them being separated, however. How much information would like to have on NRHP-listed historic districts? Would representative streetscape photographs of streets only in the APE be acceptable, or would you like wider coverage with photographs? If the district is already listed then streetscapes within the APE are sufficient. However, resources both within the district and the APE need to be included in the surveyed resources list and the visual effects assessment. Can TRC omit resources within historic districts that have an undetermined NRHP status from the survey? Please include the undetermined resources. Preliminary visual study indicates that areas with views of the power plant are located mainly along the river banks and elevated areas above the river within approximately one mile of the power plant. Would you consider a survey area extending, say, half of a mile inland from each bank of the river within the five mile study area and the APE as the viewshed from the powerplant as reasonable? I’m not sure I understand the question. The APE should be all areas within the 5-mile survey area that have bare earth project visibility.

James Finelli Historic Preservation Program Analyst Division for Historic Preservation

New York State Parks, Recreation & Historic Preservation Peebles Island State Park, P.O. Box 189, Waterford, N.Y. 12188-0189 518-268-2215 | [email protected] https://parks.ny.gov/shpo

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From: Hyland, Matthew Sent: Monday, June 17, 2019 2:32 PM To: Finelli, James (PARKS) Subject: Danskammer Survey reporting

ATTENTION: This email came from an external source. Do not open attachments or click on links from unknown senders or unexpected emails. Good afternoon James,

I’m working on the work plan for the Architectural Survey at the Danskammer power plant (18PR07713) along the Hudson River in Orange County, and I have a few questions about your preferences. Would you like the eligibility report to be combined with the Criteria of Effects assessment, or would you like them in separate reports. How much information would like to have on NRHP-listed historic districts? Would representative streetscape photographs of streets only in the APE be acceptable, or would you like wider coverage with photographs? Can TRC omit resources within historic districts that have an undetermined NRHP status from the survey? Preliminary visual study indicates that areas with views of the power plant are located mainly along the river banks and elevated areas above the river within approximately one mile of the power plant. Would you consider a survey area extending, say, half of a mile inland from each bank of the river within the five mile study area and the APE as the viewshed from the powerplant as reasonable? If you’d like to talk with me about these questions, please do give me a call.

Sincerely, Matthew G. Hyland, Ph.D. Senior Architectural Historian

Liberty Technology Center, 2200 Liberty Avenue, Suite 100, Pitttsburgh, PA 15222 T 412.713.7102 | F 412.471.2348 | C 878.670.1957 LinkedIn | Twitter | Blog | TRCcompanies.com

From: New York State Parks CRIS Application To: Gollup, Jasmine; Hyland, Matthew; Sara, Tim; Murphy, Sean F.; [email protected] Subject: SHPO Requested Submission Received for Consultation Project: 18PR07713 Date: Friday, June 28, 2019 4:40:42 PM

This message is a notification from the New York State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) through its Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS). Requested submission 9W9KXSQPD7NB has been received for project 18PR07713 (Danskammer Energy Center).

No action on your part is required at this time. You will receive an email notification when the submission is accepted to the project or if more information is necessary to process the submission.

This submission was completed for the following SHPO request in response to project submission 18PR07713.001 (response token 19VYVTR4PFXN): Please provide a work plan for an architectural survey with a 5-mile study area. The study area should be based on bare earth topography. Questions - [email protected]

If you have any questions about CRIS, please contact CRIS Help at [email protected]. For any other questions, please call 518-237-8643.

Sincerely,

New York State Historic Preservation Office Peebles Island State Park, P.O. Box 189, Waterford, NY 12188-0189 518-237-8643 | https://parks.ny.gov/shpo CRIS: https://cris.parks.ny.gov

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You are receiving this email as part of an online service administered by New York State Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation's Division for Historic Preservation, also known as the New York State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO). The Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS) is an advanced Geographic Information System application that provides access to New York State's vast historic and cultural resource databases and digitized paper records. In addition, CRIS serves as an interactive portal for agencies, municipalities and the public who use or require consultation with our agency on historic preservation programs or issues.

Our email to you is in direct response to material that was submitted to our office regarding a project for which you were identified as a contact. Such projects include actions that are reviewable by our agency under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (Section 106), the New York State Historic Preservation Act (Section 14.09 NYSPRHPL), or the State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA).

If you did not enter this project directly into CRIS, you are receiving this notification as SHPO or another project contact has entered it in our system. You will receive future correspondence for this project via email.

You may edit the above submission through the My Consolidated Responses or My Information Requests tab on your Home dashboard if you are a registered project contact, or by following the steps below:

1. Click or browse to the following URL: https://cris.parks.ny.gov/? type=CR&id=19VYVTR4PFXN

2. At the CRIS Legal Disclaimer, click I Agree to proceed.

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If the consolidated response page does not display automatically after you follow the above steps, proceed with the steps below.

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D. In the Information Requests table, click the Process (green cog) button to open the request wizard. NOTE: If you edit this submission, please remember to resend the revised submission to SHPO to ensure that it is received again. 2200 Liberty Ave., Suite 100 T 412.713.7100 Pittsburgh, PA 15222 TRCcompanies.com

June 28, 2019

James Finelli Historic Preservation Program Analyst Division for Historic Preservation New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation Peebles Island State Park, P.O. Box 189, Waterford, N.Y. 12188-0189

RE: Submittal of Historic Architecture Survey Work Plan: Proposed Danskammer Energy Center, Project 18PR07713, Town of Newburgh, Orange County, New York

Dear Mr. Finelli,

Danskammer Energy, LLC is proposing to re-power the Danskammer Generating Station site with a new, modern energy center known as the Danskammer Energy Center located in the Town of Newburgh, Orange County, New York. The Project consists of the construction and operation of a commercial-scale, primarily natural gas fueled, major electric generating station, together with associated electrical infrastructure (above and below grade), access roads, and operation and maintenance facilities. The Project will be licensed by the New York Public Service Commission (PSC) under Article 10 of the Public Service Law (PSL). The New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (OPRHP), in its review comments received on December 14, 2018, through the Cultural Resources Information System (CRIS), has requested a five-mile study area for above-ground, historic architectural resources identification in support of Danskammer Energy’s Article 10 application.

• Project Setting

The Danskammer Generating Station Project site is located on a small peninsula on the western shore of the Hudson River. A lighthouse was noted on this peninsula on historic maps throughout the nineteenth century; however, it has since been demolished. The Danskammer Generating Station (07114.000245) has been determined not eligible for National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) listing. The heights and steep hillsides above the river on its western shore obscure views of the power plant from locations beyond the hill crests, including Van Wyck Ridge, Purdy Ridge, and Verplank Ridge to the east, and Soap Hill, Cedar Hill, and Marlborough Mountain to the west (See Attachment A).

• Project Description

Currently, two of the existing exhaust stacks are 220 feet above grade and the other two existing exhaust stacks are 240 feet above grade. Based on current design plans, the stack height and associated controlling structures for the Project will be based on emissions criteria and other site-specific design factors. Proposed new infrastructure includes one exhaust stack for the combined-cycle facility. Typically, exhaust stacks such as these range in height from 150 to 200 feet above grade. Therefore, based on requirements of air quality modeling, the proposed stack height is anticipated to be lower than the existing stacks of 220 to 240 feet. It is noted, however, that the final proposed stack height for the combined cycle unit is undetermined, pending completion of the air quality modeling.

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• Work Plan Consultation

As per correspondence with the OPRHP (December 21, 2018, and June 19, 2019), TRC proposes the following work plan to complete the requested historic architectural survey and visual effects assessment. TRC proposes to identify and map all National Register of Historic Places-listed (NRHP) architectural historic properties within a five-mile-wide study area around the existing Danskammer Generating Station as part of background research. This research will inform the boundaries of the Area of Potential Effect (APE), the reconnaissance survey, and historic properties to be included in Criteria of Adverse Effects reporting.

• Survey Methodology and APE

TRC will complete a reconnaissance-level, historic architectural survey field work to identify, document, and evaluate for NRHP eligibility architectural resources 50 years or older within the APE. TRC proposes an APE and survey methodology that will account for direct and indirect (visual, atmospheric, or audible) effects on above-ground cultural resources situated within the exhaust stack viewshed. The APE will encompass all areas within the five-mile survey area of the new exhaust stack. The exhaust stack viewshed will be determined by using a bare-earth topography, GIS-based analysis that does not include such visual impediments in the landscape as trees and buildings. The APE for the reconnaissance survey will include the Project footprint and extend beyond the Project’s limits-of-disturbance to areas within the five-mile survey area that have views of the undertaking (see Attachment A).

Within the proposed APE, TRC will conduct an architectural survey that includes background research, site file review, digital photography, and field survey identification of architectural resources. TRC proposes to survey all previously surveyed resources from the following categories of NRHP status: resources with undetermined NRHP status, NRHP-eligible resources, and NRHP-listed resources. TRC will photograph and update the NRHP status of previously surveyed resources. Additionally, TRC will survey new resources that appear to meet NRHP eligibility criteria. All resources will be assessed from public rights of way.

It should be noted that there have been a number of recent historic architectural surveys within this area of the Hudson River Valley. Numerous historic districts (five) and 164 individual properties have been listed in the NRHP in the vicinity of the Project area, including the Wheeler Hill Historic District (1991), the New Hamburg Main Street Historic District (1987), Wappinger’s Falls Historic District (1984), Stone Street Historic District (1985) in New Hamburg, and the Newburgh East End Historic District (1985). Moreover, a 2015 reconnaissance-level survey (15SR00358) inventoried cultural resources (52 total) around the Danskammer Generating Station. TRC will not survey resources that meet the NRHP age criterion and do not possess sufficient historic architectural integrity or historical merit to be recommended NRHP eligible under any criterion.

• Historic Districts

TRC anticipates surveying historic districts within the APE. Previously surveyed, NRHP-listed historic districts will be re-surveyed and photographed in representative streetscape views. TRC will provide an assessment of integrity, a NRHP eligibility recommendation, and an effects assessment for each previously surveyed, NRHP-listed historic district. If potential historic districts that have not been previously surveyed are identified, TRC will provide:

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o representative photographs of streetscape within the APE; o a list of contributing/non-contributing resources within the APE in table form; o a brief physical description of each contributing/non-contributing resource; o construction date estimate; o a preliminary statement of significance; and o recommendations for future survey. Resources within historic districts and within the APE will be included in the surveyed resources list and the visual effects assessment in the technical report.

• Reporting

TRC will submit an Historic Architectural Reconnaissance Survey technical report that will include an assessment of adverse effects on historic properties according to OPRHP and Secretary of the Interior’s survey standards and reporting guidelines. Surveyed resources will be entered into CRIS with the technical report and GIS shapefiles. This report will include an assessment of effects to historic properties identified within the APE.

S hould you have any questions or wish to discuss this work plan, please do not hesitate to contact me at 412.713.7102 or [email protected].

Respectfully submitted, TRC Environmental Corporation

Matthew G. Hyland, Ph.D. Senior Architectural Historian

Cc: Kaitlin McCormick, TRC Tim Sara, TRC Jan Garcia, Danskammer Energy, LLC

File: 289081.0000.0000

3 Lanintown j I \ ,' ID NRHP Listed Historic (Point) Town l I i 1 Carnwath Farm Wappinger '"""'""' o, La Grange 5""""'" p,- 2 Mill House Newburgh Heiet,ls 3 Brower, Abraham, House Poughkeepsie "' 4 Brower, Adolph, House Poughkeepsie 5 Carman, Cornelius, House Wappinger c ..., .... " ' 6 Chapel Hill Bible Church Marlborough 7 Chelsea Grammar School Wappinger 8 Collyer, Capt. Moses W., House Wappinger ! Barne931_ ; I ! ' I 9 Dubois-Sarles Octagon Marlborough Railroad Commuter Metro-North ' l ~•""'",_ @J j' 10 Main Street Historic District Poughkeepsie r~,.t -' / ~·"""''"" / ' '"• ' oea-' 11 Saint Mark's Episcopal Church Wappinger l /ffiJ 12 Shay, William, Double House Poughkeepsie / ,' I 14 Stone Street Historic District Poughkeepsie j 15 Union Free School Poughkeepsie 16 Zion Memorial Chapel Poughkeepsie I @! ,~ ;.:i Ha<:kensack 17 Stony Kill Farm Fishkill ,,,.,,.., ''1 "'. _.. , s.., iiJ., 18 Cosman Family Cemetery Newburgh ' Poughkeepsie ,..,. )', ""'"""'"~~,.u, l / 19 Duchess Company Superintendent's House Wappinger ~t.\.,~"l\,t.c \;< ' Stanley Still Sr Town Sport Park 20 Mulhern House Wappinger State Forest Preserve l Plattekill tJ" 21 Bain Commercial Building Poughkeepsie I i t ~:.~,.,.,, , 22 Bloomer-Dailey House and Balmville Tree Newburgh ... Quiet Acres Park 23 Bogardus--DeWindt House Fishkill 24 Mount Gulian Fishkill Marlborough Mountain Marlborough 25 US Post Office--Wappingers Falls Wappinger 26 Fishkill Village District Fishkill i i / 27 Powelton Club Newburgh f' o>"'"'°"c, , \)Ollli,)l,. 28 Beacon Engine Company No. 1 Firehouse Beacon ., l I"""0 , 11;, 29 Brett, Madam Catharyna, Homestead Beacon 'j Fisherman's Park l 30 Crawford, David, House Newburgh ''"""'"/., '•"' '· ... Myers Comer • @J 31 Cypress Avenue West Historic District Wappinger '~\,_ Bowdoin County Park "' 32 Eustatia Beacon ·l! Morlbom ?! '1 33 Howland Library Beacon Amtrak Montreal-Albany-New York Line 32 { ' 34 Lower Main Street Historic District Beacon ?! ...... ' 31 35 Maple Lawn Newburgh ?! 33 21 \ 36 National Biscuit Company Carton Making and Printing Plant Beacon 9 Wappingers Falls Historic District 37 Old Town Cemetery and Palatine Church Site Newburgh Mesier Park 38 Reformed Dutch Church of Fishkill Landing Fishkill i I Major Joseph McDonald MIA/POW Park 'i 25 39 US Post Office--Beacon Beacon 'I 20 • i James J Temple Memorial Park 19 l ID """""" e.,~"'"''",...... , Riverview Park Reese Park laj \, l 4 Fran Reese Audubon Sanctuary ~"·' 31 ?!3 14 "'" Drli:!O " ?! New Hamburg Park Q) , ... if' t 6 1615 ;~ 13 // '\"' o' ' 10 Riverfront Park @J ' -= ""-==-~~ ..:­ 2 12?! • ''? !~ , ~ ---¥ ; " ~ -- ~ ~- ----~ - ?! 28 • ~ --':~~~=-~:::~,,--=-_,.,--,c==r ·~e;::-:Ef , ,' Wappinger '1 -- , c---""oi:z,;,,i oO ""'-,.,,, ''""'""~ • sa,.ilton .,.._ • 18 Wheeler Hill Historic• District Soap Hill # 'i-i~ghsonville Jj •• Sgt. Mark C. Palmateer 9/11 Memorial Park ?! 27 •• 4 • , ?! I' 5 ?! 2 ,,,:._'..jf East Fishkill .J:~ 1 ?! 5 ...FIVE MILES ''ci-- (! i ?! ONE MILE ' 3 1 Cedar Hill g' c,,..J°"O< Carnwath Farms• Historic Site & Park •• ' ,• ,• Sw 26·"•'''6" l 25 ?! ,i 24 ?! : 0, . ,• ?! ---- <: '

23 ?! Van Wyck Ridge 22 ?!?!Wappinger Municipal Boat Launch 20 ?! 21 , Cron J Vall y FW 1ert,:,wn O, •• fa,..;":r 7 W• rt~ H1I' ,$ ,,.,~· l;' 11 ; l '\,,o, 0· B "'"""'°"'"' ·, 8 ' li-;1~., ,V,y '- "' l 6 "' Newburgh ?! 5 , Skull Island Scream Park J ■ Castle Point Park , 19 Verplank Ridge ' ?! ' ' l 7 Verplanck-Stony Kill State Environmental Education Center ?! Baxtertown Woods Wildlife Management Area 18 17 ?!

Cronomer Hill Park - Fire Tower

Gardntrtown Camp Foster C; Cronomer Hill County Park 26 Sarah Taylor Park ,J l 22 ' Purdy Ridge Geering Park

G•oo,~1ll\\'Ofi,, o, ....,. 8 .,... ?! Dutchess Stadium

9 35 ?! 24 Fishkill 27 ::' • 1114 0 \ J c:;,. ~~ :I' ll'>o«oo"la 23 .p"" t =-C=..t -<-Ci, ¾-- ,...,, 0 Liberty St Triangle Park 10 ,ef',. /' :.,1 \ I ?! ill• ,:,,'•'" I •- •d o"""''"",.,,., Bcaccn Hill~ ' ii I Q,_,, c~'"'"'~~" i ,'! •' • ! .. ' 32 East End Historic District Beacon Memorial Park

. C

j City of Newburgh Public Boat Launch__w.. ,.­ti,. 12 ( arrol1~, .f< .. 5'1o ?! t.a .. u, ?! !t "' s v1, :1 w11 si " ti 13 I ' .'· l' r' Ile""'" SJ ~ 14 '" ?! j ' " J l '/ New Windsor Philipstown I

!( BIKEWAYS D VISIBILITY - PRELIMINARY VIEWSHED ANALYSIS 1 NRHP SITE WAPPINGER GREENWAY TRAIL 650 Suffolk Street (! PROJECT LARGER HISTORIC DISTRICT Trail of Two Cities RAIL Wannalancit Mills D C TRC Lowell, MA 01854 ON THE GROUND RECONNAISSANCE* RECREATION AND PARKS (POLYGON) ••••• State Bikeway 17 HUDSON HIGHLAND SASS DISTRICT Existing Facility Visible =") LOCAL PARKS (POINT) State Bikeway 9 0 0.5 1 2 PRELIMINARY VISUAL RESOURCES ?! No AND $+ FISHING EASEMENT ACCESS Stony Kill Farm Trails Miles Z VIEWSHED ANALYSIS ?! Yes

* A SITE VISIT WAS MADE IN OCTOBER 2018 TO VERIFY RESULTS OF VIEWSHED ANALYSIS, FIND ADDITIONAL AREAS THAT MAY HAVE VIEWS, AND OBTAIN INITIAL DANSKAMMER PHOTOGRAPHS FOR FUTURE SIMULATIONS. NEWBURGH, NY

A YES OR NO RESULT FROM ON THE GROUND RECONNASSANCE MEANS THAT THE EXISTING FACILITY CAN BE SEEN. NOVEMBER 2018

C:\Users\jbartos\WorkDocs\289081_Danskammer\VISUAL\mxd\Interim_11202018.mxd

voRK TEwO F Parks, Recreation, oRruN,rv. and Historic Preservation

ANDREW M. CUOMO ERIK KULLESEID

Governor Commissioner

July 09, 2019

Ms. Jasmine Gollup Archaeologist/Laboratory Director TRC Environmental 4425-B Forbes Blvd Lanham, MD 20706

Re: PSC Danskammer Energy Center Town of Newburgh, Orange County, NY 18PR07713

Dear Ms. Gollup:

Thank you for requesting the comments of the Division for Historic Preservation of the Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (OPRHP). We have reviewed the submitted materials in accordance with the New York State Historic Preservation Act of 1980 (section 14.09 of the New York Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation Law). These comments are those of the Division for Historic Preservation and relate only to Historic/Cultural resources.

OPRHP has reviewed Phase IA Archaeological Survey and Sensitivity Assessment Danskammer Energy Center Project Town of Newburgh, Orange County, New York (TRC, June 2019). Based on the information provided, we have no further archaeological concerns regarding this project.

Comments regarding architectural resources are being provided separately. A single impact recommendation will be issued once all outstanding requests have been addressed.

If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to contact me.

Sincerely,

Philip A. Perazio, Historic Preservation Program Analyst - Archaeology Unit Phone: 518-268-2175 e-mail: [email protected] via email only

cc: Heather Behnke, DPS Matthew Hyland, Sean Murphy, and Timothy Sara, TRC

Division for Historic Preservation P.O. Box 189, Waterford, New York 12188-0189 • (518) 237-8643 • parks.ny.gov

From: Finelli, James (PARKS) To: Hyland, Matthew; Thompson, Andrew W. Cc: VanOpstal, Laura Subject: RE: Danskammer GIS data request Date: Wednesday, September 4, 2019 4:20:02 PM Attachments: image001.png

I’ve passed the shape files on to our GIS people. They are currently working on fulling your data request.

James Finelli Historic Preservation Program Analyst Division for Historic Preservation

New York State Parks, Recreation & Historic Preservation Peebles Island State Park, P.O. Box 189, Waterford, N.Y. 12188-0189 518-268-2215 | [email protected] https://parks.ny.gov/shpo

Are you registered to vote? Register to vote online today. Moved recently? Update your information with the NYS Board of Elections. Not sure if you’re registered to vote? Search your voter registration status.

From: Hyland, Matthew Sent: Tuesday, September 03, 2019 1:04 PM To: Thompson, Andrew W. ; Finelli, James (PARKS) Cc: VanOpstal, Laura Subject: RE: Danskammer GIS data request

ATTENTION: This email came from an external source. Do not open attachments or click on links from unknown senders or unexpected emails. Thanks Andrew.

Matthew G. Hyland, Ph.D. Senior Architectural Historian

Liberty Technology Center, 2200 Liberty Avenue, Suite 100, Pittsburgh, PA 15222 T 412.713.7102 | F 412.471.2348 | C 878.670.1957 LinkedIn | Twitter | Blog | TRCcompanies.com

From: Thompson, Andrew W. Sent: Tuesday, September 3, 2019 1:01 PM To: Hyland, Matthew ; [email protected] Subject: RE: Danskammer GIS data request

Hi,

Here is the 5 mile buffer.

Andrew Thompson T 603.263.9373 | C 603.657.0268

From: Hyland, Matthew Sent: Tuesday, September 3, 2019 12:46 PM To: Thompson, Andrew W. Subject: FW: Danskammer GIS data request

Hi Andrew,

Would it be possible to provide me and James Finelli a .shp file of the five-mile-radius buffer of the Danskammer study area?

Best, Matthew G. Hyland, Ph.D. Senior Architectural Historian

Liberty Technology Center, 2200 Liberty Avenue, Suite 100, Pittsburgh, PA 15222 T 412.713.7102 | F 412.471.2348 | C 878.670.1957 LinkedIn | Twitter | Blog | TRCcompanies.com

From: Finelli, James (PARKS) Sent: Tuesday, September 3, 2019 12:28 PM To: Hyland, Matthew Subject: RE: Danskammer GIS data request

Matthew,

Can you provide a .shp of the study area?

James Finelli Historic Preservation Program Analyst Division for Historic Preservation

New York State Parks, Recreation & Historic Preservation Peebles Island State Park, P.O. Box 189, Waterford, N.Y. 12188-0189 518-268-2215 | [email protected] https://parks.ny.gov/shpo

Are you registered to vote? Register to vote online today. Moved recently? Update your information with the NYS Board of Elections. Not sure if you’re registered to vote? Search your voter registration status.

From: Hyland, Matthew Sent: Friday, August 30, 2019 8:45 AM To: Finelli, James (PARKS) Subject: Danskammer GIS data request

ATTENTION: This email came from an external source. Do not open attachments or click on links from unknown senders or unexpected emails. Good morning James,

We’re planning for the survey of the APE at Danskammer Energy Center (). Would it be possible, for us to acquire the data for all of the above-ground, surveyed resources within the 5-mile-radius study area? Our GIS staff would like to plot those shape files onto project mapping. How can we download that information?

Sincerely,

Matthew G. Hyland, Ph.D. Senior Architectural Historian

Liberty Technology Center, 2200 Liberty Avenue, Suite 100, Pittsburgh, PA 15222 T 412.713.7102 | F 412.471.2348 | C 878.670.1957 LinkedIn | Twitter | Blog | TRCcompanies.com

From: Hyland, Matthew To: "parks.sm.CRISHelp" Cc: Schifferli, Michael (PARKS); [email protected] Subject: RE: Danskammer GIS data request Date: Thursday, September 5, 2019 9:39:00 AM Attachments: image001.png

Thanks very much.

Matthew G. Hyland, Ph.D. Senior Architectural Historian

Liberty Technology Center, 2200 Liberty Avenue, Suite 100, Pittsburgh, PA 15222 T 412.713.7102 | F 412.471.2348 | C 878.670.1957 LinkedIn | Twitter | Blog | TRCcompanies.com

From: parks.sm.CRISHelp Sent: Thursday, September 5, 2019 9:35 AM To: Hyland, Matthew Cc: Schifferli, Michael (PARKS) Subject: RE: Danskammer GIS data request

Matthew,

Attached please find .shp and associated GIS files for properties (buildings, structures, objects, and above-ground sites) whose USN points fall within the 5-mile Danskammer buffer.

Please be advised that the feature class you have received is a static representation of a dynamic dataset. In the future, we anticipate there will be a Web Feature Service or similar tool available to allow you to interact with live data at your desktop.

SHPO cannot guarantee the accuracy of all of the feature locations. In many cases, the points were automatically plotted in 2014 with New York State’s Street and Address Maintenance (SAM) geocoder. We’re continuously working to improve the quality of the spatial data, so if you find corrections, please send them to [email protected].

By accepting this data, you agree to give SHPO credit when using the data for any external purpose (such as publications, advertisements, presentations, etc.): “Historic property data courtesy of NY State Historic Preservation Office”

Matthew W. Shepherd, MLIS Historic Preservation Specialist/Digital Information

New York State Parks, Recreation & Historic Preservation

Are you registered to vote? Register to vote online today. Moved recently? Update your information with the NYS Board of Elections. Not sure if you’re registered to vote? Search your voter registration status.

From: Schifferli, Michael (PARKS) Sent: Tuesday, September 03, 2019 1:23 PM To: Shepherd, Matthew (PARKS) Cc: Finelli, James (PARKS) Subject: FW: Danskammer GIS data request

Please process. Thanks.

From: Finelli, James (PARKS) Sent: Tuesday, September 3, 2019 1:20 PM To: Schifferli, Michael (PARKS) Subject: FW: Danskammer GIS data request

Hi Mike,

I’ve attached the file from TRC.

James Finelli Historic Preservation Program Analyst Division for Historic Preservation

New York State Parks, Recreation & Historic Preservation Peebles Island State Park, P.O. Box 189, Waterford, N.Y. 12188-0189 518-268-2215 | [email protected] https://parks.ny.gov/shpo

Are you registered to vote? Register to vote online today. Moved recently? Update your information with the NYS Board of Elections. Not sure if you’re registered to vote? Search your voter registration status.

From: Thompson, Andrew W. Sent: Tuesday, September 03, 2019 1:01 PM To: Hyland, Matthew ; Finelli, James (PARKS) Subject: RE: Danskammer GIS data request

ATTENTION: This email came from an external source. Do not open attachments or click on links from unknown senders or unexpected emails. Hi,

Here is the 5 mile buffer.

Andrew Thompson T 603.263.9373 | C 603.657.0268

From: Hyland, Matthew Sent: Tuesday, September 3, 2019 12:46 PM To: Thompson, Andrew W. Subject: FW: Danskammer GIS data request

Hi Andrew,

Would it be possible to provide me and James Finelli a .shp file of the five-mile-radius buffer of the Danskammer study area?

Best, Matthew G. Hyland, Ph.D. Senior Architectural Historian

Liberty Technology Center, 2200 Liberty Avenue, Suite 100, Pittsburgh, PA 15222 T 412.713.7102 | F 412.471.2348 | C 878.670.1957 LinkedIn | Twitter | Blog | TRCcompanies.com

From: Finelli, James (PARKS) Sent: Tuesday, September 3, 2019 12:28 PM To: Hyland, Matthew Subject: RE: Danskammer GIS data request

Matthew,

Can you provide a .shp of the study area?

James Finelli Historic Preservation Program Analyst Division for Historic Preservation

New York State Parks, Recreation & Historic Preservation Peebles Island State Park, P.O. Box 189, Waterford, N.Y. 12188-0189 518-268-2215 | [email protected] https://parks.ny.gov/shpo

Are you registered to vote? Register to vote online today. Moved recently? Update your information with the NYS Board of Elections. Not sure if you’re registered to vote? Search your voter registration status.

From: Hyland, Matthew Sent: Friday, August 30, 2019 8:45 AM To: Finelli, James (PARKS) Subject: Danskammer GIS data request

ATTENTION: This email came from an external source. Do not open attachments or click on links from unknown senders or unexpected emails. Good morning James,

We’re planning for the survey of the APE at Danskammer Energy Center (). Would it be possible, for us to acquire the data for all of the above-ground, surveyed resources within the 5-mile-radius study area? Our GIS staff would like to plot those shape files onto project mapping. How can we download that information?

Sincerely,

Matthew G. Hyland, Ph.D. Senior Architectural Historian

Liberty Technology Center, 2200 Liberty Avenue, Suite 100, Pittsburgh, PA 15222 T 412.713.7102 | F 412.471.2348 | C 878.670.1957 LinkedIn | Twitter | Blog | TRCcompanies.com

4425-B Forbes Blvd. T 301.306.6981 Lanham, MD 20706 TRCcompa nies.com

October 7, 2019 Ms. Erin Thompson Historic Preservation/106 Director Delaware Nation P.O. Box 825 Anadarko, OK 73005

RE: Request for Consultation: Proposed Danskammer Energy Center, Town of Newburgh Orange County, New York

Dear Ms. Thompson,

Danskammer Energy, LLC (Danskammer Energy) proposes to repower its Danskammer Generating Station site (Station) located in the Town of Newburgh, Orange County, New York (Figures 1 and 2). The proposed repowering will result in a new modern energy center known as the Danskammer Energy Center (Project). The Project will be licensed by the New York Public Service Commission (PSC) under Article 10 of the Public Service Law (PSL). Danskammer Energy owns and operates the existing Station and will make improvements through the installation of a new, state-of-the-art electric generator at the existing Station. TRC has been retained by Danskammer Energy to provide environmental review and licensing services in support of the Project. The purpose of this letter is to initiate consultation with your tribe on behalf of the Public Service Commission and Danskammer Energy in determining potential impacts to cultural resources that could result from the Project. The proposed Project consists of the construction and operation of a commercial-scale major electric generating station, together with the associated electrical infrastructure (above and below grade), access roads, and operation and maintenance facilities.

Under the guidelines of the New York Office of Parks, Recreations, and Historic Preservation (OPRHP), TRC has begun cultural resource studies/surveys (Archaeology and Historic Architecture) in support of Project review. A Phase IA archaeological study determined that the Project will be confined to areas of significant previous disturbance associated with the existing Danskammer Generating Station and, as such, a Phase IB archaeological survey is not recommended. The OPRHP concurred with this recommendation. A historic architectural survey was conducted in advance of proposed construction and a report is forthcoming.

TRC looks forward to information you may have on significant archaeological, religious, or cultural sites that may be of special importance to your tribe within the Project area and to continue consultation through the Article 10 application process. Please do not hesitate to contact me at (301) 276-8040, or [email protected] should you require any additional information.

Sincerely yours,

Timothy R. Sara, RPA Program Manager, Cultural Resources cc: J. Garcia, Danskammer Energy, LLC K. McCormick and M. Keller, TRC file 289081.0000.0000

1

I I J8 ~ I

, Blull /R

I /; ~ 4'l

...., skammer t '¾ I I s• I I I ,,,/ " City of New Y, , / Delaware Wattt

/ $1 ~

Legend Danskammer Energy, LLC

Existing Danskammer Generating Station Figure 1 Dutchess Ho * County Jun Regional Project Location

Town of Newburgh Orange County, NY

Sheet 1 of 1 0 1,000 2,000 Created: 5/3/2018 1200 Wall Street W Sources: ESRI, USGS, NYGIS - Feet Lyndhurst , NJ 07071 Figure 1: General Project location in Orange County, New York

2

One-Mile Radius

6 /\ . I 6 LEG END □ Project Area Existing Da nskammer Station *~ Archaeological Site ..) Archaeological Survey C11:tl• Pg•.fl □ D □ Archaeologically Sensiti ve Area i. □ NRHP Listed Resource 1 Mile Previous Consultation Project II j I I □

Figure 2: Detail of Project area superimposed over OPRHP Cultural Resources Information System (CRIS) Webviewer (accessed August 2019).

3

From: Finelli, James (PARKS) To: Hyland, Matthew Subject: RE: Danskammer Survey Date: Tuesday, October 15, 2019 9:20:34 AM Attachments: image001.png

Unfortunately no, there is no way for us to mass upload the data.

Excluding the 30 not eligible resources is fine.

Let me know if you have any other questions.

James Finelli Historic Preservation Program Analyst Division for Historic Preservation

New York State Parks, Recreation & Historic Preservation Peebles Island State Park, P.O. Box 189, Waterford, N.Y. 12188-0189 518-268-2215 | [email protected] https://parks.ny.gov/shpo

Are you registered to vote? Register to vote online today. Moved recently? Update your information with the NYS Board of Elections. Not sure if you’re registered to vote? Search your voter registration status.

From: Hyland, Matthew Sent: Monday, October 14, 2019 11:09 AM To: Finelli, James (PARKS) Subject: Danskammer Survey

ATTENTION: This email came from an external source. Do not open attachments or click on links from unknown senders or unexpected emails. Good morning James,

We have completed field survey within the APE for the Danskammer project (18PR07713). We used the GIS data you provided in the field with Fulcrum software. Is there a way we can return the data to you in CRIS with attendant photographs and our updates without individually inputting each resource in CRIS? Would attaching .zip file of these Fulcrum shapefiles in the CRIS submission replace the need for individually inputting each resource into CRIS?

Also, we plan on excluding 30 resources previously determined not eligible for NRHP listing from the CRIS upload, but they are listed in the report. Please, do let me know if that is not acceptable to you?

Sincerely,

Matthew G. Hyland, Ph.D. Senior Architectural Historian

Liberty Technology Center, 2200 Liberty Avenue, Suite 100, Pittsburgh, PA 15222 T 412.713.7102 | F 412.471.2348 | C 878.670.1957 LinkedIn | Twitter | Blog | TRCcompanies.com

APPENDIX 20-2

HISTORICAL ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY AND EFFECTS REPORT

Historic Architectural Danskammer Energy Project Survey and Effects Prepared for: Danskammer Energy, LLC Report 181 South Plank Road Newburgh, Orange County, New Newburgh, New York, 12550 York Prepared for: Prepared by: New York State Parks, Recreation, and TRC Historic Preservation 2200 Liberty Avenue, Suite 100 Peebles Island State Park Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15222 P.O. Box 189 Waterford, New York 12188-0189

Project Review Number: 18PR07713

November 2019 Laura van Opstal Matthew G. Hyland

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Project Overview ...... 1 2.0 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ...... 1 2.1 Area of Potential Effects ...... 2 2.2 OPRHP Consultation for APE ...... 2 2.3 Historic Architectural Survey and Compliance ...... 2 3.0 TECHNICAL APPROACH ...... 3 3.1 Survey Design ...... 3 3.2 Field Methods ...... 3 4.0 HISTORIC CONTEXT ...... 3 4.1 Introduction ...... 3 4.2 Colonial Period ...... 4 4.3 Revolutionary Period ...... 6 4.4 First Industrial Revolution ...... 7 4.5 Early to Mid-Nineteenth Century ...... 8 4.6 Late-Nineteenth Century to Present ...... 10 5.0 SURVEY RESULTS AND EVALUATION OF HISTORIC ARCHITECTURAL PROPERTIES ...... 11 6.0 PROJECT EFFECTS ANALYSIS ...... 40 6.1 Resource Descriptions and Assessment of Effects on Historic Properties ...... 45 6.1.1 Abraham Brower House ...... 45 6.1.2 Adolf Brower House ...... 46 6.1.3 Captain Moses W. Collyer House (Driftwood) ...... 48 6.1.4 Chelsea Grammar School ...... 49 6.1.5 Crawford, David, House ...... 51 6.1.6 Duchess Company Superintendent's House ...... 52 6.1.7 Eustatia ...... 53 6.1.8 Wheeler Hill Historic District ...... 54 6.1.9 Main Street Historic District ...... 56 6.1.10 Maple Lawn ...... 57 6.1.11 Montgomery-Grand-Liberty Streets Historic District ...... 58 6.1.12 Mount Gulian ...... 60 6.1.13 Saint Mark’s Episcopal Church ...... 61 6.1.14 Saint Nicholas Episcopal Church ...... 62 6.1.15 Stone Street Historic District ...... 64 6.1.16 Union Free School ...... 65 6.1.17 Wappingers Falls United States Post Office ...... 66

Danskammer Energy Center Project November 2019 Architectural History Survey and Effects Report i

6.1.18 Wappingers Falls Historic District ...... 68 6.1.19 William Shay Double House ...... 69 6.1.20 Matteawan State Hospital ...... 70 6.1.21 Farmhouse, 225 River Road North ...... 72 6.1.22 Mount Saint Mary Academy ...... 73 6.1.23 Newburgh Beacon Bridge North Span ...... 74 6.1.24 Newburgh Steam Mills (Regal Bag Company) ...... 75 6.1.25 NFA North (North Junior High School) ...... 77 6.1.26 Our Lady of Mercy Roman Catholic Church ...... 78 6.1.27 Residence (Bungalow) and barn, 51 Old Post Road, Newburgh ...... 79 6.1.28 Residence at 51 North Street, Beacon ...... 80 6.1.29 33 Cliff Street, Beacon ...... 82 6.1.30 30 South Avenue, Beacon ...... 83 6.1.31 376 River Rd South, Chelsea ...... 84 6.1.32 15 Conklin Street...... 85 6.1.33 20 Main Street, New Hamburg ...... 86 6.1.34 2 Balmville Road, Newburgh ...... 88 6.1.35 College Heights Historic District, Newburgh ...... 89 6.1.36 East End Historic District (Proposed Expansion), Newburgh ...... 90 6.1.37 Point Street Historic District, New Hamburg ...... 91 6.1.38 42 Downing Avenue, Newburgh ...... 93 6.1.39 18 Grand Avenue, Newburgh ...... 94 6.1.40 505 Grand Avenue, Newburgh ...... 95 6.1.41 511 Grand Avenue, Newburgh ...... 96 6.1.42 512 Grand Avenue, Newburgh ...... 97 6.1.43 514 Grand Avenue, Newburgh ...... 99 6.1.44 519 Grand Avenue, Newburgh ...... 100 6.1.45 521 Grand Avenue, Newburgh ...... 101 6.1.46 522 Grand Avenue, Newburgh ...... 102 6.1.47 527 Grand Avenue, Newburgh ...... 103 6.1.48 533 Grand Avenue, Newburgh ...... 104 6.1.49 559 Grand Avenue, Newburgh ...... 105 6.1.50 532 & 536 Grand Avenue, Newburgh ...... 106 6.1.51 House at 153 Holmes Road ...... 108 6.1.52 145 North Road, West Fishkill ...... 109 6.1.53 House at 8 Park Place ...... 110 6.1.54 House at 10 Park Place ...... 111 6.1.55 House at 12 Park Place ...... 112 6.1.56 House at 14 Park Place ...... 113

Danskammer Energy Center Project November 2019 Architectural History Survey and Effects Report ii

6.1.57 House at 17 Park Place ...... 115 6.1.58 House at 20 Park Place ...... 116 6.1.59 House at 3 West Stone Street ...... 117 6.1.60 City of New York, Delaware Water Supply ...... 118 6.1.61 New York Central & Hudson River East Shore Railroad ...... 119 6.1.62 West Shore Railroad, former New York Central & Hudson River Railroad ...... 121 6.1.63 Every Residence, 3 Conklin Street, New Hamburg ...... 122 6.1.64 Residence at 25 Main Street ...... 123 6.1.65 Johnes-Holden Home ...... 124 6.1.66 Residence at 856 River Road ...... 126 6.1.67 Zion Church Rectory ...... 127 6.1.68 Saint Andrew Episcopal Church ...... 128 6.1.69 The Reese Estate ...... 130 6.1.70 House at 22 South Avenue ...... 131 6.1.71 O’Connor Residence ...... 132 6.1.72 Lyons Residence ...... 133 7.0 CONCLUSION ...... 134 8.0 REFERENCES CITED ...... 136

Danskammer Energy Center Project November 2019 Architectural History Survey and Effects Report iii

TABLES

Table 1: NRHP Listed Properties within the 5-Mile Study Area ...... 12 Table 2: NRHP Listed Properties in the APE ...... 14 Table 3: NRHP Eligible Properties in the APE ...... 15 Table 4: Resources with Undetermined Eligibility Status in the APE with Recommendation ...... 15 Table 5: Resources Previously Determined Not Eligible in the APE ...... 21 Table 6: Newly Surveyed Individual Resources in the APE ...... 22 Table 7: Recommendations for Historic Districts in the APE, Summary Table ...... 26 Table 8: Resources Comprising the Proposed College Heights Historic District ...... 27 Table 9: Resources Comprising the Proposed Point Street Historic District ...... 29 Table 10: Resources within the East End Historic District, within the APE, with Recommendations ...... 30 Table 11: Resources within the Stone Street Historic District, with Recommendations ...... 39 Table 12: Resources within the Wheeler Hill Historic District, within the APE, with Recommendations .. 40 Table 13: Effect Assessment, NRHP Listed, Eligible, and Recommended Eligible Properties in the APE ... 41 Table 14. Abraham Brower House Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 46 Table 15. Adolf Brower House Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 47 Table 16. Captain Moses W. Collyer House (Driftwood) Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 48 Table 17. Chelsea Grammar School Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 50 Table 18. David Crawford House Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 51 Table 19. Duchess Company Superintendent's House Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 52 Table 20. Eustatia Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 54 Table 21. Wheeler Hill Historic District Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 55 Table 22. Main Street Historic District Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 56 Table 23. Maple Lawn Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 58 Table 24. Montgomery-Grand-Liberty Streets Historic District Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 59 Table 25. Mount Gulian Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 60 Table 26. Saint Mark’s Episcopal Church Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 62 Table 27. Saint Nicholas Episcopal Church Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 63 Table 28. Stone Street Historic District Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 64 Table 29. Union Free School Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 66 Table 30. United States Post Office, Wappingers Falls, Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 67 Table 31. Wappingers Falls Historic District Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 68 Table 32. William Shay Double House Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 69 Table 33. Matteawan State Hospital Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 71 Table 34. Farmhouse at 225 River Road North Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 72 Table 35. Mount St. Mary’s Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 73 Table 36. Newburgh Beacon Bridge North Span Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 75 Table 37. Newburgh Steam Mills (Regal Bag Company) Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 76 Table 38. North Junior High School Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 77 Table 39. Our Lady of Mercy Roman Catholic Church Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 78 Table 40. Residence and Barn at 51 Old Post Road Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 80 Table 41. 51 North Street Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 81 Table 42. 33 Cliff Street Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 82 Table 43. 30 South Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 83

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Table 44. 376 River Road South Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 84 Table 45. 15 Conklin Street Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 86 Table 46. 20 Main Street Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 87 Table 47. 2 Balmville Road Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 88 Table 48. College Heights Historic District Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 89 Table 49. East End Historic District Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 91 Table 50. Point Street Historic District Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 92 Table 51. 42 Downing Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 93 Table 52. 18 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 94 Table 53. 505 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 95 Table 54. 511 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 97 Table 55. 512 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 98 Table 56. 514 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 99 Table 57. 519 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 100 Table 58. 521 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 101 Table 59. 522 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 102 Table 60. 527 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 103 Table 61. 533 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 104 Table 62. 559 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 106 Table 63. 532 & 536 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 107 Table 64. House at 153 Holmes Road Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 108 Table 65. 521 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 109 Table 66. House at 8 Park Place Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 110 Table 67. House at 10 Park Place Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 111 Table 68. House at 12 Park Place Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 113 Table 69. House at 14 Park Place Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 114 Table 70. House at 17 Park Place Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 115 Table 71. House at 20 Park Place Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 116 Table 72. House at 3 West Stone Street Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 117 Table 73. City of New York, Delaware Water Supply Building Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 118 Table 74. East Shore Railroad Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 120 Table 75. West Shore Railroad Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 121 Table 76. Every Residence Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 122 Table 77. Residence at 25 Main Street Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 123 Table 78. Johnes-Holden Home Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 125 Table 79. Residence at 856 River Road Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 126 Table 80. Zion Church Rectory Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 127 Table 81. Saint Andrew Episcopal Church Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 129 Table 82. Reese Estate Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 130 Table 83. House at 22 South Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 131 Table 84. O’Connor Residence Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 132 Table 85. Lyons Residence Assessment of Adverse Effects ...... 134

APPENDICES

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Appendix A. Figures Appendix B. Preparers’ Resumes

ACRONYM LIST

APE Area of Potential Effects

LOD Limits of Disturbance

NRHP National Register of Historic Places

NYHPA New York Historic Preservation Act

OPRHP New York State Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation

SHPO State Historic Preservation Office

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Executive Summary

TRC Companies (TRC) conducted an architectural survey of the Danskammer Energy Center Project (the Project). Danskammer Energy, LLC, is proposing to re-power the Danskammer Generating Station site with a new, modern energy center known as the Danskammer Energy Center located in the Town of Newburgh, Orange County, New York.

The purpose of the architectural survey is to identify the presence of historic architectural properties aged 50 years or older within the Area of Potential Effects (APE) and to provide assessment of potential adverse effects of the Project on those that are listed and/or eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The APE is defined as the geographic area within which an undertaking may directly or indirectly cause alterations in the character or use of NRHP listed or eligible historic properties.

TRC identified a total of 219 architectural resources aged 50 years or older in the APE. Of the 219 surveyed historic properties, 72 are listed, eligible, or recommended eligible for NRHP listing following this survey. TRC identified two (2) potential, NRHP-eligible historic districts during the survey. Based on resource location proximal to Project structures, TRC acknowledges that the Project has the potential to affect historic architectural resources. TRC’s analysis of the undertaking in relation to historic resources concludes that construction activities will not adversely affect the NRHP-qualifying characteristics of any historic property in the APE.

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1.0 Introduction

Danskammer Energy, LLC, proposes to construct the Danskammer Energy Center (Project) in the Town of Newburgh, Orange County, New York. This cultural resource survey of the APE is part of an overall feasibility investigation to assure compliance with both state and federal historic preservation guidelines.

1.1 Project Overview

The Project proposes to re-power an existing generating facility located in the Town of Newburgh, Orange County, with a state-of-the-art, natural gas-fired, combined-cycle, power generation facility (see Figure 1 in appendices). The existing facility operates as a natural gas-fired, peaking facility with a capacity of 532 megawatts. The re-powered facility is designed as a natural gas- fired, combined cycle facility with a capacity of up to 600 megawatts and with limited provisions to burn ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel as a backup fuel with approximately five (5) days of on-site fuel oil storage. The existing facility is connected to Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corporation’s 115 kV transmission system. Danskammer Energy anticipates that the re-powered facility will interconnect with that existing electric transmission infrastructure and will utilize the existing natural gas transmission system for delivery of natural gas. As part of the Project, Danskammer Energy is seeking a Certificate of Environmental Compatibility and Public Need from the New York State Board on Electric Generation Siting and the Environment pursuant to Article 10 of the Public Service Law and the Siting Board’s Rules and Regulations under 16 NYCRR Part 1000.

Presently at the Project location, two existing exhaust stacks stand approximately 220 feet above grade and one exhaust stack is approximately 240 feet above grade. Based on current design plans, the proposed stack height for the combined cycle facility will be 200 feet above grade.

2.0 Regulatory Framework

As part of the Project, Danskammer Energy is seeking a Certificate of Environmental Compatibility and Public Need from the New York State Board on Electric Generation Siting and the Environment pursuant to Article 10 of the Public Service Law and the Siting Board’s Rules and Regulations under 16 NYCRR Part 1000.

The NYHPA of 1980 (Chapter 354 of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation Law) established a review process for State agency activities affecting historic or cultural properties, requiring consultation with the Commissioner of the Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation (OPRHP), which serves as the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO). New York State Department of Public Service involvement in this project is mandated by Article 10 of the New York Public Service Law that provide guidance for cultural resources review (16 NYCRR § 1001.20) by the OPRHP.

Under Section 14.09 of the NYHPA, the OPRHP review process follows Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and its implementing regulations at 36 CFR § 800 (Public Law 89-665, as amended by Public Law 96-515; 16 USC 470 et seq.). Section 106 requires that agencies with jurisdiction over a proposed project take into account the effect of the undertaking on cultural resources listed in, or eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic

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Places (NRHP), and afford the SHPO and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) an opportunity to comment.

The NYHPA requires project sponsors to consult with OPRHP if it appears that a proposed project may cause any change, beneficial or adverse, in the quality of any historic, architectural, archaeological, or cultural property that is listed in the NRHP or in the State Register of Historic Places (SRHP), or that is determined by the Commissioner to be eligible for listing in the NRHP or SRHP. It requires that project sponsors, to the fullest extent practicable, be consistent with other provisions of the law; and fully explore all feasible and prudent alternatives to avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse impacts.

2.1 Area of Potential Effects

The Area of Potential Effects (APE) for cultural resources is the “geographic area or areas within which an undertaking may directly or indirectly cause changes in the character or use of historic properties, if any such properties exist” (36 CFR § 800.16 [d]). Scale and nature of the project influence the APE, resulting in delineated areas of effects that may be different for different kinds of effects caused by the undertaking. Direct effects occur in the area of physical impacts associated with construction and visual effects to historic properties beyond the construction limits. Indirect effects (visual, atmospheric, and audible) can occur beyond the construction limits and vary depending on the nature of the undertaking. The APE includes both categories of effects.

Historic architectural survey identifies above-ground cultural resources that are listed in or eligible for the NRHP. The OPRHP maintains a data base of such resources and manages them as preservation priorities with updates made through field work. OPRHP also consults on projects in relation to effects the undertaking may have on historic properties with a project’s APE.

2.2 OPRHP Consultation for APE

TRC consulted with OPRHP beginning with an initial consultation letter dated December 3, 2018. OPRHP reviewed the letter and indicated on December 21, 2018, that a Historic Architecture Survey is warranted in the Project APE due to sensitivity of the Project area for historic architectural resources. To determine the extent of the APE, level of survey effort, and historic architectural survey areas, OPRHP requested a draft work plan for the Historic Architecture Survey. TRC provided a work plan on June 28, 2019. On July 3, 2019, OPRHP approved TRC’s work plan for the Historic Architecture Survey.

The APE for the Project is defined as the area within which bare-earth topography visibility modeling suggests that the project may be visible within a five-mile radius of the project LOD. Communications regarding APE and survey methodology are available in the Project’s CRIS database.

2.3 Historic Architectural Survey and Compliance

TRC completed this historic architectural survey between 9 September and 13 September 2019 within the APE for Danskammer Energy in support of an application for a Certificate of Environmental Compatibility and Public Need Pursuant to Article VII, captioned “Siting of Major Utility Transmission Facilities,” of New York Public Service Law. To that end, TRC and OPRHP

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consulted and agreed upon the survey goals and the delineation of the APE, consistent with OPRHP guidelines for cultural resources surveys and NRHP eligibility criteria (see Table 1).

3.0 Technical Approach

3.1 Survey Design

As directed by OPRHP, TRC’s historic architectural survey revisited two classifications of historic properties within the APE: (1) historic properties previously listed in or eligible for listing in the NRHP and (2) previously identified but unevaluated resources. During the survey, TRC also identified new historic architectural properties that have not been identified in previous cultural resource surveys and appeared likely to be determined NRHP eligible. TRC fully documented newly surveyed resources in the APE that are likely to be determined NRHP eligible. In response to an additional request from OPRHP, TRC also included potential historic districts and cemeteries within the purview of the historic architectural survey. TRC identified two (2) potentially NRHP eligible historic districts within the APE. TRC did not identify any potentially NRHP eligible cemeteries within the APE.

For historic properties previously listed in or eligible for listing in the NRHP, TRC followed OPRHP guidelines to assess their NRHP eligibility based on existing conditions. For all historic properties identified during the course of the survey, TRC assessed potential visual effects from the undertaking on the historic properties (see Table 13). Application of Criteria of Adverse Effect appears in Chapter 7 of this report.

3.2 Field Methods

The architectural survey consisted of the physical inspection of potential historic districts, buildings, sites, structures, and objects meeting the NRHP age criterion, documentation of diagnostic features, and photography of historic properties within the APE. The architectural survey was conducted according to all applicable state and federal guidelines. All cultural resources were evaluated during the course of field work, and integrity, significance, historical linkage, types of features, and potential NRHP boundaries were recorded in field notes. Historical research and field reconnaissance were conducted to contextualize, to evaluate, and to fully assess and document all resources within the Project APE. Additional background research included a review of historical maps, aerial photographs, secondary historical sources, online county tax parcel data, and county histories.

4.0 Historic Context

4.1 Introduction

The built environment of the Project area has emerged through the historical process of cultural preferences and techniques that resolved demands for comfortable housing, efficient transportation, and durable spaces for work and animal sheltering over a broad time period. The historical interaction of available building materials, improvisations of Old World construction skills, and local conditions shaped changes in Hudson River Valley building traditions that

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represent the region’s unique architectural history. The following historic overview contextualizes developments that have influenced the region’s historic landscape.

4.2 Colonial Period

In sixteenth-century Europe, Dutch resistance to Spanish hegemony paved the way toward Dutch colonization in the New World. During the reign of Philip II, Spain’s Roman Catholics engaged in a losing crusade to suppress Protestants in the Netherlands. To reclaim their autonomy and defend their faith, the Dutch openly revolted against Spanish forces in their Low Country homeland in 1566, and they declared their independence in 1581. To finance this uprising, Dutch pirates raided the Spanish fleets sailing between Latin America and Europe, learning, in the meantime, about the possibilities and advantages of controlling their own territory in the New World. The long Dutch struggle for independence, which ended in victory in 1648, also created a commercial empire in the Americas for the Netherlands, particularly at the expense of Portugal and Spain. The North American mainland offered the Dutch military posts and sources of raw materials that supported their aggressive harassment of Spanish shipping in the Caribbean, resulting in the colony at New Netherland. In 1609, Henry Hudson explored the Hudson River with this purpose in mind. Settlement began in earnest in 1614 on the shores of Long Island Sound and around a company fort on Manhattan Island.

The Dutch West India Company, founded in 1621 and endowed with feudal authority, directed settlements in the Hudson River valley from New Amsterdam to Fort Orange. Wheat and other food crops grown in New Netherlands would support slave plantations in the Caribbean dedicated solely to sugar production. To encourage settlement along the Hudson River by farmers whose produce also would support the Dutch fleet in their raids against Spanish merchant shipping, the company offered patroonships, large land grants with river frontage, also known as manors, for investors who styled themselves as grandees of the river valley. Although patroons were not automatically enlisted as employees of the West India Company, restrictions by the company on individual initiative, plus lack of self-government in the colony, hampered population growth and the establishment of vibrant agricultural communities. Only Kiliaen van Rensselaer’s patroonship at Fort Orange endured successfully. Disaffected colonists broke away from Dutch authority at New Amsterdam, and, led by Peter Minuit, they allied themselves to Sweden and, in defiance of Dutch territorial claims, colonized the lower reaches of the Delaware River near today’s Philadelphia, where they interacted with the Minqua people.

Accepting the loss of the colony on the upper Delaware River, the corporate directors of the New Amsterdam colony turned to the fur trade with native tribes when farming did not meet expectations for profits beyond supporting Dutch sugar colonies in the Caribbean. Trading posts constructed at Fort Orange (Albany), Wiltwyck (Kingston), and New Amsterdam supplied Mohawk, Mahican, Wappinger, Shinnecocks, Montauks, and Esopus people with guns, ammunition, and assorted European trade goods in exchange for animal skins. Beaver pelts became highly valued commodities. Dutch colonization efforts extended to both shores of the Hudson River, the Mohawk River, and New York Harbor. Expansionist Dutch policies engendered violent conflicts with neighbors, both fellow Euro-Americans and native Americans. British settlers repulsed Dutch incursions into the Connecticut River valley area in the 1630s. Dutch traders at Fort Orange attempted to maintain profitable relations with League Iroquois tribes, but when Dutch troops joined Mahican warriors in battle against Mohawks in 1626, Mohawks retaliated, attacking Dutch settlements. Furthermore, a small Dutch settlement on the lower Delaware River

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at Swanendael did not survive an attack by local tribes in 1632. In the 1640s, disruptive violence prevailed throughout the Hudson River drainage as Raritan, Canarsie, Hackensack, Tappan, Wechquasgeck, and Mohawk tribes fought among each other, as well as against the Dutch, until the Mohawk tribe enforced a regional truce in 1645 (National Library of the Netherlands, Memory of the Netherlands).

Competition for furs and hunting grounds fueled these conflicts. West of their maritime colonies in North America, the French had occupied western territory (Les Pays d’en Haut) north of the Adirondaks and into the Saint Lawrence River backcountry. Their allied tribes defended it with support from major outposts in Quebec, Fort Niagara, and Montreal. By the 1640s, once abundant game had declined noticeably, prompting League Iroqouis (Haudenosaunee) warriors to expand westward in search of market furs that would be exchanged for European trade goods. With guns provided by the Dutch at Fort Orange, they extended their control of western hunting grounds through violence, initiating a period of warfare known as The Beaver Wars. During this conflict, the Cat Nation, the Susquehannocks, Hurons, Petuns, Neutrals, and other lower Great Lakes tribes suffered debilitating population and territorial loss at the hands of League warriors. After destroying the villages of their enemies, the Haudenosaunee adopted captives into their nation to replace the loss of their own people during the war British (Hurt, 1998: 6-10; Richter, 1992: 88- 89).

The disruptions of the Beaver Wars ended as popularity in Europe for beaver pelt hats faded and fell out of fashion. A new governor, Peter Stuyvesant, arrived in New Amsterdam intent on reviving the local economy and increasing its contribution to Dutch imperial ambitions. He settled a festering border dispute with Connecticut colonists, who desired farmland in the project area controlled by Wappingers, in the Treaty of Hartford in 1650, and expelled, with minimal military force, Swedes from their Delaware River settlement in 1655. Governor Stuyvesant intensified New Netherland’s role in the Dutch Caribbean slave trade and South American sugar plantation economy by promoting food exports to Dutch sugar islands and importing slaves into New Netherland. The imperial rivalry between Great Britain and Holland flared up into the Anglo-Dutch War that combined commercial ambition with military force, resulting in British conquest of New Netherland during the restoration of monarchy under Charles II, who bequeathed the colony to his brother, the Duke of York.

Although Dutch sovereignty had been removed, Dutch culture persevered under British authority and was never thoroughly Anglicized in the remainder of the seventeenth century. Under the Duke of York’s rule through appointed governors, New Netherland became New York, and Dutch shipping disappeared from the region. Yet, Dutch building traditions persisted into an architectural legacy present in the project region today. The anchor bent heavy timber framing introduced by Dutch builders continued to be utilized. Stepped gables and parapet-gabled houses became a hallmark of Dutch style construction. The gambrel roof profile and extended (“flared”) eaves presented stylistic clues to this architectural tradition (Foster, 2004: 37-41). In the project area, the Verplanck House at Mount Gulian, the Mabee Farm, and the Hasbrouck House, among others, instantiate this Dutch-Anglo architectural patrimony.

While British rule came an intensification of land acquisition in the Hudson River valley. Wealthy speculators sought large tracts of land that they would dispose to immigrant farmers. For instance, in 1683, the royal governor purchased two large tracts of land from native tribes that today encompasses Orange, Ulster, and Rockland Counties. He later divided the purchase into smaller

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sections, each with their own patent rights (Booth, 1976; Corning, 1946). Territory in the vicinity of today’s Newburgh was purchased from the Woaranek Indians in 1683 by Governor Dongan (City of Newburgh, 2019; Nutt, 1891). The first settler to Orange County, Patrick MacGregorie, built a cabin at Plum Point, near the New Windsor-Cornwall town line in 1685 (Booth, 1976). Settlements cohered around nativity, ethnicity, and religious affiliation. Scotch Presbyterians joined MacGregorie’s settlement. French Huguenots settled in Neversink Valley. Palatine Germans settled in Ulster County near Newburgh (Booth, 1976). Populations slowly increased as early settlers focused on subsistence agriculture and local industry along the Hudson River, an important transportation artery (Purvis, 1997). Some native tribes resisted such territorial loss. The Wappingers, for instance, allied themselves with Connecticut farmers led by Samuel Monroe, and provided them with generous leases of farmland, in defiance of unscrupulous British land grabbers. Consequently, the Wappingers remained on their land as an enclave tribe and, led by Chief Daniel Nimham, vigorously defended their homeland in colonial and British courts of law. The Wappingers, numbering only 225 people, had Christianized and assisted the British cause during the French and Indian War. As British troops marched up the Hudson River valley to battle French forces at Fort Ticonderoga, Lake George, and Lake Champlain, Wappingers joined them. Settlers on the Wappinger tract, and remnant Wappingers, rioted when provoked by British landlords with their fraudulent claims to the land. In 1766, British troops from Manhattan violently suppressed this joint uprising of Wappingers and Connecticut farmers against rapacious landlords. Royal support for Wappinger land claims enraged land speculators and investors in Manhattan and contributed to American revolutionary feeling and activism in the 1770s (Taylor, 2016: 67-69; Hasbrouck, 2000: 25).

4.3 Revolutionary Period

Due to their location along the strategically important Hudson River, Orange, Dutchess, and Ulster Counties witnessed important scenes in the Revolutionary War. Several forts were constructed along the banks of the Hudson in Orange County, including Fort Montgomery, Fort Independence, Fort Clinton, and Fort Hill. Newburgh became a vital transportation node between New England and New York. British forces destroyed Kingston in 1777. One year later, however, American forces stopped a two-pronged British invasion from Canada into New York at Oriskany and Saratoga, victories resulting in a stronger alliance with France and crucial success at Yorktown, Virginia. The British occupied Manhattan until 1783, after they defeated American troops at the Battle of Long Island and then chased them from Kips Bay to Harlem Heights and White Plains. Following the American victory at Yorktown, thousands of George Washington’s troops laagered in Orange County while General George Washington occupied a residence in Newburgh (Booth, 1976; Corning, 1946; Purvis, 1997). Washington’s Army of Observation remained in the project region until the signing of the Treaty of Paris and the evacuation of British troops from Manhattan and Staten Island in 1783. The Jonathan Hasbrouck House, located at Liberty and Washington Streets in the City of Newburgh, and overlooking the Hudson River, served as the military headquarters for General Washington between April 1, 1782 and August 19, 1783. The building, which dates from 1750, is significant as the place in which Washington drafted three critical documents: first, his vehement rejection of the idea of a monarchy for the new nation, with Washington as its king; second, his address in the “Temple” at the nearby army encampment in 1783 in which he squashed an army movement aimed at coercing Congress to secure settlement of officers’ claims against the government prior to demobilization (the Newburgh Conspiracy, detailed below); and third, his

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circular letter to the Governors of the states in which he outlined his views on the future development of the new nation. In the third document, Washington’s ideas centered on four main points: “an indissoluble union of the states under one federal head,” “a sacred regard to public justice,” “the adoption of a proper peace establishment,” and “a pacific and friendly disposition among the people of the States, which will induce them to forget their local prejudices and policies; to make mutual concessions, and to sacrifice individual advantages to the interests of the community” (NRHP, 1976). Washington formulated early ideas here for a strong federal government and the demise of the Confederation Congress.

The Newburgh Conspiracy was a plan made by officers in the Continental Army camped at Newburgh to challenge the authority of the Confederation Congress due to Congress’ inability to meet its financial obligations to the military, including officer payment. At a meeting of officers on March 10, 1782, an address authored by Major John Armstrong circulated, imploring the officers to abandon a moderate approach in favor of a forceful ultimatum to Congress in which the officers threatened to disband, either leaving the country unprotected during war, or refusing to disband even after a peace treaty is signed (Hattem, 2019). With Washington’s address to the officers on March 15, he successfully ended the Newburgh Conspiracy and steered the new nation away from military dictatorship.

The site also plays a significant role in the history of historic preservation. The Jonathan Hasbrouck House, listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 for its historic military significance and for its late-eighteenth-century Dutch Colonial style architecture, was the first historic site to be preserved for public benefit by a state. Prior to the preservation of Mount Vernon by Anne Pamela Cunningham and the Mount Vernon Ladies Association, the State of New York obtained the property in 1850 for non-payment of debt (NRHP), and the house later became the first Registered National Historic Landmark in the United States (Orange County 2019).

4.4 First Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution spread from England to the United States in the late eighteenth century, in part, when British textile expert Samuel Slater brought Arkwright system textile manufacturing knowledge to New England in 1789. Slater contracted with Moses Brown and William Macy, American industrialists in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, to build the first successful water-powered roller spinning textile mill in America. The success of the Slater Mill on the Blackstone River spurred the growth of the American textile industry (Roth and Roth Clark, 2016: 148-149). Mills at Wappingers Falls, for example, formed the economic armature for much subsequent community growth and development. The first mill at Wappingers Falls began in 1819 under the direction of Adolphus Brewer. The mill site evolved into a bleachery and dye works in the last half of the nineteenth century (Wappingers Falls MRA, 1984: 24). American industrial innovation continued when Robert Fulton (1765-1815), a Pennsylvanian artist, engineer, and inventor, successfully navigated the first steamboat along the Hudson River in 1807. The steamboat, built by Fulton and Robert R. Livingston, carried passengers from New York City north to Albany on its maiden voyage, completing the 150-mile journey in 32 hours (Sutcliffe, 1909). Fulton revolutionized transportation by proving possible the use of a steam- powered engine for water navigation.

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These industrial innovations, and subsequent American industrial growth contributed to the increased mobility of Americans, and increased urbanization in the country following the Revolutionary War. Travel and transportation of people and goods fostered economic growth at Newburgh. Construction of the King’s Highway (Liberty Street), the Newburgh & Cochecton Turnpike, ferries, steamboat docks, and, eventually, railroads supported local shipbuilding, milling, and commerce (Barrett, 2000).

4.5 Early to Mid-Nineteenth Century

After the Revolutionary War, the project region developed into an important agricultural center providing produce, fruit, and dairy products for local and regional markets, including Manhattan (Corning, 1946). In order to facilitate communication and trade, new roads were built, and existing roads improved. Stagecoach travel allowed movement of people, mail, and commercial goods. Canals linked the Hudson River to the Delaware River, and steam ferries transported goods and people on the river (Booth, 1976). Towns and cities developed along these transportation and communication corridors and with them schools, libraries, churches, banks, and local governments. Industry developed and included ironworks, gunpowder factories, mills, and various agricultural pursuits. By 1820, numerous turnpikes connected western New York to Manhattan through Newburgh. At this time, plans for linking Atlantic Ocean ports and Great Lakes via canal was explored. In 1808, the New York Legislature funded a survey anticipating construction of the Erie Canal, begun in 1817 and completed in 1825. The canal moved products and people through the project area and spurred industrialization and immigration into the Mohawk Valley (Montgomery County Tourism 2019; Finch 1925; Roberts 2017). At Cohoes, the canal entered the Hudson River, but Schenectady became a major entrepot for people using the canal (Shaw, 1990).

The construction of the Erie Canal, and later the Delaware & Hudson Canal in 1828 from Port Jervis to Rondout, with a terminus at Honesdale, Pennsylvania, held the potential to draw trade away from Newburgh, prompting plans for railroad construction (Shaw, 1990). Local investors organized a company to finance construction of a railroad to connect Newburgh with the coalfields of Pennsylvania. After extensive financial and construction delays, the Newburgh branch line of the Erie Railroad opened in 1850 and stimulated additional manufacturing operations in the city.

Hudson River School of Painting

Thomas Cole (1801-1848), an English painter, poet, and essayist, emigrated to the United States in 1818, originally residing in Pennsylvania. Cole discovered the beauty of the Catskill region of New York, north of the Project Area, in 1825. His paintings of Catskill landscapes brought him attention and interest from influential people in New York City, ultimately leading to him becoming the leader of what is now known as the Hudson River School of landscape artists that included Sanford Gifford, Jasper Francis Cropsey, John Durand, and John Frederick Kensett, among others (Miller, 1993). The Hudson River School is defined by the belief that the artists’ work, characterized by pristine landscapes, “might lead to spiritual renewal and contribute to the formation of a uniquely American culture” (Thomas Cole National Historic Site).

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Andrew Jackson Downing

Andrew Jackson (A.J.) Downing was born on October 31, 1815, in Newburgh. His father operated a local nursery business, later acquired by A.J. and his brother. In 1841, Downing authored “A Treatise on the Theory and Practise of Landscape Gardening, adapted to North America, with a view to the improvement of Country Residences.” Downing’s philosophy on landscapes followed, at the time, the English landscape school, but adapted for the American climate and way of life. He also believed that the formal landscape had a place in art, but it was not as beautiful as the informal style (Blossom 1917). Downing believed that architecture, in addition to landscape, should conform to the character of the site (TCLF). The following year, he published “Cottage Residences.” In 1850, he wrote “the Architecture of Country Houses, including Designs for Cottages, Farm-houses, and Village.” Afterward, he traveled to Europe to visit and research English country homes, parks, and cultivated landscapes. On his return to the United States, he brought Calvert Vaux, a young English architect, who served as his business partner for the following two years, until Downing’s death in 1852 (Blossom 1917). Downing and Vaux worked together on estates on Long Island and throughout the Hudson River valley. In 1851, President Millard Fillmore appointed Downing to design and superintend the land surrounding the U.S. Capitol, White House, and Smithsonian Institution (Blossom 1917). Through his publications, Downing popularized landscape gardening, emphasizing the importance of the existing landscape in determining the style. Downing was also an advocate for the creation of public parks in the United States (TCLF).

In the project region, Downing laid out gardens for numerous country places along the Hudson River, including “the estate called Danskammer”, built by Edward Armstrong in the late 30s or early 40s” (Spingarn, 1937: 10). According to a member of the Armstrong family, “Mr. A.J. Downing, the celebrated landscape-architect” was “an intimate friend of my mother’s”. . . “he was a fine swimmer and rescued many people, acting very gallantly before he himself went down.” In a tragic river boat accident on the Hudson River on 28 July 1852, caused when the Henry Clay engaged in a high-speed race with the Armenia, over-heated boilers in the Henry Clay caused a fire that killed many (Armstrong, 1920: 48). Downing died on July 28, 1852, drowning in the “Henry Clay Steamboat Disaster.” He was buried in the Old Town Cemetery in Newburgh until the 1870s when his brother relocated his grave to Cedar Hill Cemetery (Chiarella).

Danskammer

The Project occupies a prominent site on the west shore of the Hudson River. Danskammer, as a toponym, can be traced to Henry Hudson. During his voyage, Hudson and his crew spotted a group of American Indians gathered on a point of land jutting out into the River (the current Project area) engaged in what appeared to be a ceremonial dance. Hudson named the point Danskammer. A pictorial history map by Peet and Smith (1936) shows the region as it would have appeared in 1810 and identified Danskammer as “where Indians had ceremonial dances.” The area has been documented as a meeting place for local American Indian tribes (Pritchard, 2002; Ruttenber, 1992). Maitland Armstrong dates the construction of his family home at “Danskammer on the Hudson” to 1834. His father, Edward Armstrong, purchased the property in 1822 and removed an existing “old house near the edge of the bank sloping down to the river, a rather fine colonial building with two wings.” The site of this old house became the building lot for a new

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stone house, but “one of the wings was moved back of the Danskammer stable and used for many years as a carpenter-shop; the walls were hard finished and the ornamental ceiling and wood work bore evidence of its having been a part of a handsome house, probably the dining room” (Armstrong 1920: 3). Edward Armstrong purchased riverfront property from Mudhole “nearly to Hampton,” now known as Roseton and Cedar Cliff (Armstrong 1920: 4). Edward Armstrong, who had served in the British army during the War of 1812, died of scarlet fever at Danskammer in 1840 (Armstrong 1920: 13). Armstrong asserts that Henry Hudson named this location “Duyvil’s Danskammer” (the Devil’s Dance Chamber) after, as stated above, witnessing native people “dancing in the firelight on the flat rock that crowned the point in those days” (Armstrong 1920: 4).

The Armstrongs sold portions of the property, which became the site of an industrial brick yard, “scarring the landscape and even gnawing away our lawns and gardens” (Armstrong 1920: 4). As railroads and canals provided freight services, manufacturing intensified in these transportation corridors. The river shore became a working waterfront in the project area, from Newburgh to Beacon and Wappingers Falls to New Hamburg. Since the late nineteenth century, riparian areas have been utilized as industrial areas, thus removing recreational access to the river at certain locations. In his memoir, Armstrong recalled, “We had a delightful bathing-beach of firm white sand, now of course swallowed up by West Shore Railroad, and a dock where large vessels could land” (Armstrong 1920: 5). Later, Bancroft Davis rented the property, then purchased a tract of land from the Armstrongs, upon which Richard Morris Hunt “built them a beautiful house in the style of Fontainebleau, costing about a hundred thousand dollars. . . was afterward sold to the Rose Brick Company, and has now entirely disappeared—all made into bricks!” (Armstrong 1920: 140). Visitors at Danskammer included prominent American artists; August Saint Gaudens, Charles McKim, and Stanford White “several times came up together to Danskammer, my place on the Hudson,” they traveled to Chicago for the exposition in 1893 (Armstrong 1920: 285, 330).

Edward Armstrong’s house at Danskammer sold in the 1870s, but in 1877, Maitland Armstrong returned to a small section of the Danskammer property to live with his family. “We had kept the northern part of the place, originally the old Bloomer farm, including a rather nice house—not much more than a farmhouse but beautifully situated, with a wide view across Newburgh Bay to the Highlands. The house had possibilities and, first and last, I did a good deal to it and made it into a pretty pleasant old Place. It has not all been wasted even now, for, although the brickyards have greatly injured the view, my son Noel and his family live there and are as fond of it as I was” (Armstrong 1920: 329).

The Thomas Cornell, a steamboat, wrecked at Danskammer Point on 27 March 1882. The point above Newburgh Bay has “always been considered by river pilots as a dangerous point during dark and foggy nights, and since the above disaster Congress has made an appropriation for erecting a lighthouse here” (DuBois 1883: 20). This navigational aid has been demolished.

4.6 Late-Nineteenth Century to Present

In the Gilded Age, the project region continued to develop an agricultural economy, shifting to dairy farming and cash crops that could be easily transported to the large markets of New York City. Manufacturing provided local jobs. Regional prosperity and job growth became evident in the built environment that featured worker housing as well as the pretentious, architect-designed homes of wealthy capitalists. For improvements in agriculture, the so–called ‘Drowned Lands’ in

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Goshen, known for their fertile soils, were drained and cultivated during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Throughout the late nineteenth into the twentieth centuries, Newburgh was a transportation hub and industrial center, housing diverse industries, including fabric manufactories, brick yards, automobile makers, perfumes, foundries, tanneries, and furniture makers. Prosperity led to innovation, allowing Newburgh to remain at the forefront of scientific and technological ingenuity (Barrett 2000). In the early twentieth century, Newburgh was a prominent ship-building city, home to Marvel Shipyards. Marvel built large steamboats, including those used as passenger ships along the Hudson River (Mary McTamaney 2018).

At this time, industry, in the form of leather tanning facilities, sawmills, glass factories, cigar factories, hydrological power, gristmills, powder mills, paper mills, cotton mills, chemical plants, and iron forges established a base for prosperity in the region (Booth 1979). For a short time, Goshen even housed an automobile manufacturing plant. The population rose alongside economic prosperity, and by 1940 approximately 140,000 people lived in the county (US Census 2010). The late twentieth century saw economic and population decline as industries relocated out of Newburgh, the Hudson River lost shipping traffic, and the construction of I-84 bypassed Newburgh: resulting in population migration to suburbs.

Regional suburbanization was part of nationwide suburban growth as a result of the creation of the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) in the 1930s and the interstate highway system. As a financial backstop, the FHA reduced financial risk for homeowners and led to increased interest and affordability of single-family detached homes in suburban neighborhoods. This change combined with new technology for mass-produced homes spurred economic growth outside of cities nationwide. In New York State, the first Levittown community, at the time the nation’s largest housing development constructed by a single builder, was completed in 1951. Between 1950 to 1970, the population of suburban towns increased by 110 percent, whereas population levels in rural towns grew only 24 percent. During this period, New York State population growth mirrored suburban growth. In 1950, Newburgh’s population was nearly 32,000, and by 1970, it had decreased to approximately 26,000 (Office of the New York State Comptroller).

As a result of de-industrialization, Newburgh area remains economically depressed, though the twenty-first century shows an economic resurgence. As of the 2010 Census, the population of Newburgh was approximately 28,866. Post-industrial Orange County’s population continues to grow; the 2010 census counted a population of 372,813 (US Census 2010) and the County is one of the fastest growing suburbs of the New York City metropolitan area. Commuter trains that serve Beacon and New Hamburg in the Project area carry workers to service industry and other business jobs in the New York City market.

5.0 Survey Results and Evaluation of Historic Architectural Properties

TRC identified a total of 219 architectural properties aged 50 years or older in the APE of which 76 are listed, eligible, contributing, or recommended eligible (see Figures 2 and 3 in appendices).

TRC identified 49 National Register listed properties within the 5-mile-radius study area. TRC provides a table of these properties in Table 1. Not all of these resources stand within the APE since they lack visibility of the project, according to GIS modelling based on bare-earth topography (see Figure 2 in appendices).

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Table 1: NRHP Listed Properties within the 5-Mile Study Area USN Property Name Address City

07114.000153 10 Stonegate Drive 10 Stonegate Drive Newburgh

02714.000196 Abraham Brower House 2 Water Street New Hamburg

02714.000202 Adolph Brower House 1 Water St. Poughkeepsie Amity Baptist Church (Chapel Hill 11109.000027 49 Bingham Rd. Marlboro Bible Church) 02744.000073 Bain Commercial Building 59-61 West Main St. Wappingers Falls Balmville Cemetery and Balm of 07114.000214 Albany Post Road Newburgh Gilead Tree 02741.000159 Beacon Fire and Hose 57 East Main St. Beacon Brett, Madam Catharyna, 02741.000003 50 Van Nydeck Ave. Beacon Homestead Captain Moses W. Collyer House 02719.000193 River Rd. South Wappinger (Driftwood) 02719.000058 Chelsea Grammar School 17 Liberty Street Chelsea

11109.000018 Christ Episcopal Church US 9w Marlboro

02719.000192 Cornelius Carman House River Road South Wappinger

07114.000139 Corwin-Dailey House 83 Balmville Road Newburgh

07114.000155 Cosman Family Cemetery Lattintown Road Newburgh

07140.000060 Crawford, David, House 189 Montgomery Street Newburgh

02741.000189 Dewindt/Bogargus House 16 Tompkins Ave. Beacon

11150.000010 Dubois-Sarles Octagon 17 South St. Marlboro Dutchess Company 02744.000087 120 Market Street Wappingers Falls Superintendent's House 07140.002593 East End Historic District Multiple Newburgh

02741.000008 Eustatia 12 Monell Place Beacon

07245.000031 Fishkill Village District Multiple Fishkill

02741.000351 Lower Main Street Historic District Multiple Beacon

02714.000236 Main Street Historic District Multiple New Hamburg

07114.000068 Maple Lawn 24 Downing Street Newburgh

11109.000039 Merrit House 404 Old Post Road Marlboro

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USN Property Name Address City

07114.000003 Mill House Millhouse Road Newburgh Montgomery-Grand-Liberty Streets 07140.002592 Multiple Newburgh Historic District Mount Gulian & The Verplanck 02706.000010 145 Sterling Street Fishkill Barn 02744.000198 Mulhern House 14-16 Franklin St Wappingers Falls Nabisco Carton Making and 02741.000395 125 Beekman St Beacon Printing Plant 07114.000124 Powelton Club Balmville Rd Newburgh Reformed Dutch Church of Fishkill 02741.000019 1113 Wolcott Ave Beacon Landing 11109.000055 Shady Brook Farms 351 Old Post Road Marlboro

02714.000161 Shay's Warehouse and Stable 32 Point St Poughkeepsie

02745.000005 Shillelagh (James Gwen House) 93 Main St Fishkill

02719.000057 St Mark's Episcopal Church Liberty St Wappinger St. Nicholas Episcopal Church 02714.000205 37 Point St Poughkeepsie (Zion Memorial Chapel) 02714.000235 Stone Street Historic District Stone Street New Hamburg

02706.000003 Stonykill Farm Stonehouse 79 Farmstead Lane Wappingers Falls The Howland Cultural Center 02741.000001 477 Main St Beacon (Howland Circulating Library) 02745.000002 Trinity Church Fishkill

02741.000417 Trinity Methodist Church (Former) 8 Mattie Cooper Square Beacon

02714.000237 Union Free School 22 Academy Street New Hamburg United States Post Office of 02741.000072 369 Main St. Beacon Beacon 02744.000143 United States Post Office of and 2628 South Ave. Wappingers Falls Wappingers Falls 02744.000244 02741.000497 Upper Main Street Historic District Multiple Beacon

02744.000252 Wappingers Falls Historic District Multiple Wappingers Falls

02719.000231 Wheeler Hill Historic District Multiple Wappinger

02714.000165 William Shay Double House 18 Point St. New Hamburg

TRC provides a list of historic properties in the APE that are currently listed in the NRHP in Table 2. These 21 historic properties have visibility of the Project based on viewshed modelling that

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uses bare-earth topography. In this table, TRC provides an update on their NRHP status based on integrity assessed in the field.

Table 2: NRHP Listed Properties in the APE USN Property Name Address City Recommendation Abraham Brower 02714.000196 2 Water Street New Hamburg Maintains integrity House Adolph Brower 02714.000202 1 Water St. New Hamburg Maintains integrity House Captain Moses W. 02719.000193 Collyer House River Road South Wappinger Maintains integrity (Driftwood) Chelsea Grammar 02719.000058 17 Liberty Street Chelsea Maintains integrity School Recommend not Cornelius Carman 340 River Road 02719.000192 Wappinger eligible, ruinous House South condition Crawford, David, 189 Montgomery 07140.000060 Newburgh Maintains integrity House Street Duchess Company Wappingers 02744.000087 Superintendent's 120 Market St. Maintains integrity Falls House Recommend East End Historic extension along 07140.002593 Multiple Newburgh District North Street, Central Avenue. 02741.000008 Eustatia 12 Monell Place Beacon Maintains Integrity

07114.000068 Maple Lawn 24 Downing Street Newburgh Maintains integrity Montgomery-Grand- 07140.002592 Liberty Streets Multiple Newburgh Maintains Integrity Historic District Mount Gulian & The 145 Sterling 02706.000010 Verplanck House and Fishkill Maintains integrity Street Barn Shay’s Warehouse Not Eligible, 02714.000161 32 Point Street New Hamburg and Stable irrevocably altered St. Mark's Episcopal 02719.000057 Liberty Street Chelsea Maintains integrity Church St. Nicholas Episcopal Church 02714.000205 37 Point Street New Hamburg Maintains Integrity (Zion Memorial Chapel) Stone Street Historic 02714.000235 Multiple New Hamburg Maintains integrity District 22 Academy 02714.000237 Union Free School New Hamburg Maintains integrity Street 02744.000143 United States Post Wappingers and Office of Wappingers 2628 South Ave. Maintains integrity Falls 02744.000244 Falls

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USN Property Name Address City Recommendation Maintains Integrity, Wappingers Falls Wappingers 02744.000252 Multiple Potential Boundary Historic District Falls Expansion Wheeler Hill Historic 02719.000231 Multiple Wappinger Maintains Integrity District William Shay’s 02714.000165 18 Point St. New Hamburg Maintains integrity Double House

In Table 3, TRC provides a list of ten (10) historic properties previously determined eligible for NRHP listing in the APE. TRC provides an update on their NRHP status based on integrity assessed in the field.

Table 3: NRHP Eligible Properties in the APE USN Property Name Address City Recommendation

02741.000500 Matteawan State Hospital 18 Strack Dr. Beacon Maintains Integrity 225 River 02719.000223 Farmhouse Wappinger Maintains Integrity Road North 330 Powell 07140.002585 Mount St. Mary's College Newburgh Maintains Integrity Avenue I-84 / NY 52 Newburgh Beacon Bridge Newburgh / 07114.000220 over Hudson Maintains Integrity North Span Beacon River Newburgh Steam Mills 300 Water 07140.000006 Newburgh Maintains Integrity (Regal Bag Company) Street NFA North (North Junior 301 Robinson 07140.002483 Newburgh Maintains Integrity High School) Avenue Our Lady of Mercy Roman 977 River 07114.000210 Newburgh Maintains Integrity Catholic Church Road Residence (Bungalow) 51 Old Post 07114.000208 Newburgh Maintains Integrity and Barn Road 02741.000467 Building 51 North Street Beacon Maintains Integrity Lacks Integrity, Not 02741.000468 Building 55 North Street Beacon Eligible

TRC provides a list of 93 architectural resources in the APE previously surveyed with undetermined NRHP eligibility status in Table 4. TRC provides a recommendation for their NRHP status based on integrity assessed in the field. TRC recommends 11 NRHP-eligible, 65 not NRHP eligible, and 1 remains undetermined. While not recommended for individual eligibility in the NRHP, TRC recommends 16 of these buildings contribute to nearby historic districts.

Table 4: Resources with Undetermined Eligibility Status in the APE with Recommendation House USN Name Street Name City Eligibility Number Martin Luther Recommended Not 2741.000132 King Cultural 28 Beacon Street Beacon Eligible Center

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House USN Name Street Name City Eligibility Number Fisher Recommended Not 2741.000042 25 Cliff Street Beacon Residence Eligible Stone House - Recommended Not 2741.000007 Golf 1209 North Avenue Beacon Eligible Clubhouse Saint Andrews Recommended 2741.000174 17 South Avenue Beacon Episcopal Eligible Church Recommended 2741.000111 Reese Estate 20 South Avenue Beacon Eligible Recommended 2741.000365 Residence 22 South Avenue Beacon Eligible O'Connor Recommended 2741.000119 352 Verplanck Avenue Beacon Residence Eligible Tucker Recommended Not 2741.000120 362 Verplanck Avenue Beacon Residence Eligible Recommended Not 2741.000121 Apartments 372-74 Verplanck Avenue Beacon Eligible Leroy New Recommended Not 2714.000058 3 Bridge Street Residence Hamburg Eligible McGarvey New Recommended Not 2714.000117 1 Conklin Street Residence Hamburg Eligible 2714.000118 Every New Recommended 3 Conklin Street 2714.000052 Residence Hamburg Eligible 2714.000039 New Recommended Not Wood House 5 Conklin Street 2714.000121 Hamburg Eligible Mt. Alvernia Delavergne New Recommended Not 2714.000358 158 Seminary Avenue Hamburg Eligible New Recommended Not 2714.000044 Residence 1 Division Street Hamburg Eligible New Recommended Not 2714.000043 Residence 3 Division Street Hamburg Eligible Recommended Not Eligible individually, New Contributes to 2714.000127 Residence 11 Division Street Hamburg Proposed Point Street Historic District Recommended Not Eligible individually, New Contributes to 2714.000062 Residence 15 Division Street Hamburg Proposed Point Street Historic District New Recommended Not 2714.000133 Residence 2 Main Street Hamburg Eligible

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House USN Name Street Name City Eligibility Number Recommended Not Eligible individually, New Contributes to 2714.000046 Residence 3 Main Street Hamburg Proposed Point Street Historic District Recommended Not Eligible individually, New Contributes to 2714.000147 Residence 5 Main Street Hamburg Proposed Point Street Historic District Manfredo New Recommended Not 2714.000152 21 Main Street Residence Hamburg Eligible New Recommended 2714.000154 Residence 25 Main Street Hamburg Eligible Seifts New Recommended Not 2714.000140 37 Main Street Residence Hamburg Eligible Southwell New Recommended Not 2714.000141 39 Main Street Residence Hamburg Eligible New Recommended Not 2714.000144 Residence 51 Main Street Hamburg Eligible Bridge PO- 15X over New Hamburg New Recommended Not 2719.000257 Wappinger Rd. (C.R. 28) Hamburg Eligible Creek Recommended Not Eligible individually, Bradley New Contributes to 2714.000164 20 Point Street Residence Hamburg Proposed Point Street Historic District Recommended Not Eligible individually, New Contributes to 2714.000163 Residence 22 Point Street Hamburg Proposed Point Street Historic District Recommended Not Eligible, Not New Contributing to 2714.000174 Residence 35 Point Street Hamburg Proposed Point Street Historic District Recommended Not Eligible individually, New Contributes to 2714.000045 Residence 36 Point Street Hamburg Proposed Point Street Historic District

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House USN Name Street Name City Eligibility Number Recommended Not Eligible individually, New Contributes to 2714.000159 Residence 38 Point Street Hamburg Proposed Point Street Historic District Recommended Not Eligible individually, New Contributes to 2714.000158 Residence 40 Point Street Hamburg Proposed Point Street Historic District Recommended Not Eligible individually, New Contributes to 2714.000171 Residence 41 Point Street Hamburg Proposed Point Street Historic District 2714.000057 New Recommended Not Residence 42 Point Street 2714.000157 Hamburg Eligible Recommended Not Eligible individually, Donaldson New Contributes to 2714.000170 43 Point Street Residence Hamburg Proposed Point Street Historic District New Recommended Not 2714.000169 Residence 47 Point Street Hamburg Eligible New Recommended Not 2714.000156 Residence 52 Point Street Hamburg Eligible New Recommended Not 2714.000155 Residence 54 Point Street Hamburg Eligible New Recommended Not 2714.000183 Residence 16 Reed Road Hamburg Eligible New Recommended Not 2714.000185 Outbuilding 6 River Road Hamburg Eligible Recommended Not Eligible individually, Salverson New Contributes to 2714.000195 3 Stone Street Residence Hamburg Proposed Expansion of Stone Street Historic District New Recommended Not 2714.000188 Residence 19 Stone Street Hamburg Eligible Recommended Not Eligible individually, 7140.002867 Residence 187 Chambers Street Newburgh Contributes to East End Historic District Recommended Not 7140.000274 Residence 6 Forsythe Place Newburgh Eligible

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House USN Name Street Name City Eligibility Number Craftsman Recommended Not 7140.002581 31 Forsythe Place Newburgh house Eligible Recommended Not 7140.002843 Residence 1 Grand Avenue Newburgh Eligible Recommended Not 7140.002841 Residence 1 Leroy Place Newburgh Eligible Recommended Not 7140.002844 Residence 77 Leroy Place Newburgh Eligible Recommended Not Eligible, Not 7140.002806 Residence 340 Liberty Street Newburgh Contributing to East End Historic District Recommended Not Eligible, Not 7140.002807 Residence 342 Liberty Street Newburgh Contributing to East End Historic District Recommended Not Montgomery Eligible individually, 7140.002813 Residence 240 Newburgh Street Contributes to East End Historic District Recommended Not Eligible, Not 7140.002815 Residence 81 Nicoll Street Newburgh Contributing to East End Historic District Johnes- Old Balmville Recommended 7114.000258 11 Newburgh Holden Home Road Eligible Recommended Not 7140.002566 Residence 16 Plank Road Newburgh Eligible Recommended Not Eligible individually, McDermott Contributes to 7140.000003 369 Powell Avenue Newburgh Residence Proposed College Heights Historic District House and Recommended 7114.000059 856 River Road Newburgh Garage Eligible Nicholson Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000016 5 Carmine Drive Residence Falls Eligible Healy Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000036 9 Fulton Street Residence Falls Eligible E. W. Frantz Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000037 10 Fulton Street Factory/Apts. Falls Eligible Tanciedi Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000038 40-42 Fulton Street Residence Falls Eligible Lyons Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000044 44 High Street Residence Falls Eligible DiGregario Wappingers 2744.000043 Brown 24-26 High Street Undetermined Falls Residence

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House USN Name Street Name City Eligibility Number Wappingers Recommended Not 2719.000266 Residence 63 Marlorville Road Falls Eligible Wappingers Recommended Not 2719.000268 Residence 65 Marlorville Road Falls Eligible Recommended Not Eligible individually, Wappingers 2719.000276 Barn Marlorville Road Contributes to Falls Wheeler Hill Historic District Haubennestal Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000103 4 Mesier Avenue Residence Falls Eligible Cheetham Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000104 6 Mesier Avenue Residence Falls Eligible Hicks Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000105 8 Mesier Avenue Residence Falls Eligible Burke Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000108 Courchaine 14 Mesier Avenue Falls Eligible Residence Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000119 Residence 35 Mill Street Falls Eligible Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000120 Residence 37 Mill Street Falls Eligible Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000247 Residence 10 Prospect Street Falls Eligible Kornochan Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000133 33 Prospect Street Residence Falls Eligible Kenney Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000132 35 Prospect Street Residence Falls Eligible Cuchelores Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000138 62 Remsen Avenue Residence Falls Eligible Dwelling ca 9 and Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000248 Reservoir Place 1810 11 Falls Eligible Hughes Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000106 10 S. Mesier Avenue Residence Falls Eligible Zion Church Wappingers Recommended 2744.000140 12 Satterlee Place Rectory Falls Eligible Recommended Wappingers Eligible, Contributes 2744.000259 House 2600 South Avenue Falls to Wappingers Falls Historic District DiMarco Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000187 3 Spring Street Residence Falls Eligible Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000188 Village Hall 7 Spring Street Falls Eligible Springer Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000189 8 Spring Street Residence Falls Eligible Palmer Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000002 16 Spring Street Residence Falls Eligible Sardo Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000004 18 Spring Street Residence Falls Eligible

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House USN Name Street Name City Eligibility Number Costa Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000006 21 Spring Street Residence Falls Eligible Reichenback Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000008 23 Spring Street Residence Falls Eligible Keenan Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000010 26 Spring Street Residence Falls Eligible Lyons West Academy Wappingers Recommended 2744.000001 15 Residence Street Falls Eligible Valente West Academy Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000003 17 Residence Street Falls Eligible Sardo West Academy Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000005 20 Residence Street Falls Eligible Hires West Academy Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000007 22 Residence Street Falls Eligible Trapappi West Academy Wappingers Recommended Not 2744.000009 24 Residence Street Falls Eligible

TRC gathered data relative to all historic resources previously surveyed in the 5-mile-radius study area. Some of these resources have been determined not eligible for NRHP listing prior to this survey. Table 5 lists the 29 resources that have been determined not eligible for NRHP listing within the APE.

Table 5: Resources Previously Determined Not Eligible in the APE House USN Name Street Name City Number 2706.000088 2-12 Halfmoon Road 2-12 Halfmoon Road Fishkill

2706.000084 29 Hudson View Drive 29 Hudson View Drive Fishkill 2-12 S Locky Woods 2706.000082 2-12 South Locky Woods Road Fishkill Rd 8-12 S Locky Woods 2706.000085 8-12 South Locky Woods Road Fishkill Road 31-41 S Locky Woods 2706.000086 31-41 South Locky Woods Road Fishkill Road 54-60 S Locky Woods 2706.000087 54-60 South Locky Woods Road Fishkill Road 2-6 South Steuben 2706.000083 2-6 South Steuben Court Fishkill Court 7114.000244 6 Cedar Court 6 Cedar Court Newburgh 2 sty frame dwelling w/ 7140.002580 107 North Clinton Street Newburgh bargeboards 2 story hip roofed 7140.002577 31 North Street Newburgh dwelling c. 1926 7114.000101 Reid Residence 38 North Street Newburgh

7140.002567 Residence 131 North Street Newburgh

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House USN Name Street Name City Number 7114.000090 Residence 160 North Street Newburgh

7114.000234 Residence 43 Old Post Road Newburgh

7114.000241 Residence 58 Old Post Road Newburgh

7114.000240 Residence 60 Old Post Road Newburgh

7114.000247 Residence 104 Old Post Road Newburgh

7114.000248 Residence 106 Old Post Road Newburgh

7114.000054 Residence 913 River Road Newburgh

7114.000055 Residence 915 River Road Newburgh Danskammer Power 7114.000245 994 River Road Newburgh Generating Station Myers Corners 2719.000263 156 Myers Corners Road Wappingers Falls Elementary School 158 Myers Corners, 2719.000260 158 Myers Corners Road Wappingers Falls Wappingers Falls 2719.000269 Residence 1 61 New Hamburg Road Wappingers Falls

2719.000271 Residence 2 61 New Hamburg Road Wappingers Falls Chelsea Forest 2719.000262 157 River Road North Wappingers Falls Products 2714.000566 287 Sheafe Road 287 Sheafe Road Wappingers Falls

2714.000565 345 Sheafe Road 345 Sheafe Road Wappingers Falls Roarabaugh 2744.000107 12 South Mesier Avenue Wappingers Falls Residence

TRC identified in the APE 85 individual architectural resources not previously surveyed in locations that have project visibility. Table 6 lists them and provides a NRHP eligibility recommendation based on observations made in the field during pedestrian survey. These resources are not recommended as part of an existing or proposed historic district.

Table 6: Newly Surveyed Individual Resources in the APE House Name Street Name City Eligibility Number Residence 23 Cliff Street Beacon Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 29 Cliff Street Beacon Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 33 Cliff Street Beacon Recommended Eligible

Residence 63 Schenck Avenue Beacon Recommended Not Eligible

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House Name Street Name City Eligibility Number Residence 18 South Avenue Beacon Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 30 South Avenue Beacon Recommended Eligible

Residence 15 Cliff Street Beacon Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 17 Cliff Street Beacon Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 19 Cliff Street Beacon Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 21 Cliff Street Beacon Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 61 Schenck Avenue Beacon Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 17 South Avenue Beacon Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 26 South Avenue Beacon Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 356 Verplank Avenue Beacon Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 376 River Rd South Chelsea Recommended Eligible East Shore N/A N/A Multiple Recommended Eligible Railroad West Shore N/A N/A Multiple Recommended Eligible Railroad Residence 15 Academy Street New Hamburg Recommended Eligible

Residence 20 Main Street New Hamburg Recommended Eligible

Residence 12 Park Place Newburg Recommended Eligible

Residence 2 Balmville Road Newburgh Recommended Eligible

Residence 26 Balmville Road Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 14 City Terrace North Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 506 Grand Avenue Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 508 Grand Avenue Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 31 Marne Avenue Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 4 North Carpenter Avenue Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 9 North Carpenter Avenue Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 35 North Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 41 North Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

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House Name Street Name City Eligibility Number Residence 46 North Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 54 North Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 56 North Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 59 North Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 63 North Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 69 North Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 73 North Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 89 North Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 99 North Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 37 North Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 45 North Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 49 North Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 65 North Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 70 North Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 74 North Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 15 Park Place Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 16 Park Place Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 18 Park Place Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 28 Park Place Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 30 Park Place Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 2 Plank Road Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 4 Plank Road Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 12 Plank Road Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 14 Plank Road Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 42 Downing Avenue Newburgh Recommended Eligible

Residence 18 Grand Avenue Newburgh Recommended Eligible

Danskammer Energy Center Project November 2019 Architectural History Survey and Effects Report 24

House Name Street Name City Eligibility Number Residence 505 Grand Avenue Newburgh Recommended Eligible

Residence 511 Grand Avenue Newburgh Recommended Eligible

Residence 512 Grand Avenue Newburgh Recommended Eligible

Residence 514 Grand Avenue Newburgh Recommended Eligible

Residence 519 Grand Avenue Newburgh Recommended Eligible

Residence 521 Grand Avenue Newburgh Recommended Eligible

Residence 522 Grand Avenue Newburgh Recommended Eligible

Residence 527 Grand Avenue Newburgh Recommended Eligible

Residence 533 Grand Avenue Newburgh Recommended Eligible

Residence 559 Grand Avenue Newburgh Recommended Eligible 532 and Residence Grand Avenue Newburgh Recommended Eligible 536 Residence 153 Holmes Road Newburgh Recommended Eligible

Residence 55 North Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 77 North Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 93 North Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 95 North Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 8 Park Place Newburgh Recommended Eligible

Residence 10 Park Place Newburgh Recommended Eligible

Residence 14 Park Place Newburgh Recommended Eligible

Residence 17 Park Place Newburgh Recommended Eligible

Residence 20 Park Place Newburgh Recommended Eligible

Residence 3 West Stone Street Newburgh Recommended Eligible

Residence 9 West Stone Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 11 West Stone Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 15 West Stone Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 24 West Stone Street Newburgh Recommended Not Eligible

Danskammer Energy Center Project November 2019 Architectural History Survey and Effects Report 25

House Name Street Name City Eligibility Number City of New Wappingers York Delaware 199 River Rd North Recommended Eligible Falls Water Supply Residence 1459 New York 9D West Fishkill Recommended Not Eligible

Residence 145 North Road West Fishkill Recommended Eligible

The APE also includes historic districts (Figure 4 in appendices). During the survey, TRC considered groupings of surveyed resources that appeared to cohere into potential NRHP-eligible historic districts in the APE. Table 7 summarizes TRC’s recommendations for all historic districts within the APE.

TRC identified in the APE two (2) architectural resources districts not previously surveyed in locations that have project visibility: the proposed College Heights Historic District in Newburgh, Orange County, and the Point Street Historic District in New Hamburg, Dutchess County. Resources contained within each proposed historic district are listed in Tables 8 and 9.

TRC also proposed changes to three (3) NRHP listed or eligible historic districts within the APE (Tables 10-12).

Table 7: Recommendations for Historic Districts in the APE, Summary Table Current Historic District Eligibility City Recommendation Name Status Recommended expansion to include 13 resources on Central Avenue and 2 resources on North East End Historic Street. Recommended inclusion of 1 new Listed Newburgh District contributing resource on Montgomery Street and 1 new contributing resource on Chambers Street, within existing boundary. Recommended inclusion of 4 new contributing Wappingers Falls Wappingers Listed resources on Andrews Place, within existing Historic District Falls boundary. Main Street Listed New Hamburg Remains eligible. Historic District Montgomery- Grand-Liberty Listed Newburgh Remains eligible. Streets Historic District Stone Street Recommended expansion to include 1 additional Listed New Hamburg Historic District resource on Stone Street. Recommended Eligible. Includes properties along Point Street both sides of Point Street between River Road and Proposed New Hamburg Historic District Division Street, and some properties on Main Street and Division Street.

Danskammer Energy Center Project November 2019 Architectural History Survey and Effects Report 26

Current Historic District Eligibility City Recommendation Name Status Recommended Eligible. Includes properties along the west side of Carpenter Avenue from Marne Avenue to Cottage Avenue, on the east side of Carpenter Avenue from Castle Avenue to Marne College Heights Avenue, on the south side of Marne Avenue from Proposed Newburgh Historic District Carpenter Avenue to Powell Avenue, on both sides of City Terrace North, and on the west side of Powell Avenue from Castle Avenue to south of Marne Avenue. Potential for expansion from these boundaries. Wheeler Hill Town of Remains eligible. Recommended inclusion of 1 Listed Historic District Wappinger additional resource within existing boundaries.

TRC identified 79 properties in Newburgh, Orange County, that comprise the proposed College Heights Historic District. All but one (1) are newly surveyed, and all are contributing resources to the district, as listed in Table 8.

Table 8: Resources Comprising the Proposed College Heights Historic District House House USN Street Name USN Street Name Number Number n/a 284 Carpenter Avenue n/a 357 Carpenter Avenue

n/a 294 Carpenter Avenue n/a 360 Carpenter Avenue

n/a 296 Carpenter Avenue n/a 364 Carpenter Avenue

n/a 306 Carpenter Avenue n/a 368 Carpenter Avenue

n/a 310 Carpenter Avenue n/a 375 Carpenter Avenue

n/a 312 Carpenter Avenue n/a 376 Carpenter Avenue

n/a 316 Carpenter Avenue n/a 385 Carpenter Avenue

n/a 320 Carpenter Avenue n/a 395 Carpenter Avenue

n/a 324 Carpenter Avenue n/a 405 Carpenter Avenue

n/a 330 Carpenter Avenue n/a 407 Carpenter Avenue

n/a 333 Carpenter Avenue n/a 411 Carpenter Avenue

n/a 334 Carpenter Avenue n/a 419 Carpenter Avenue

n/a 340 Carpenter Avenue n/a 425 Carpenter Avenue

n/a 345 Carpenter Avenue n/a 1 City Terrace North

n/a 348 Carpenter Avenue n/a 2 City Terrace North

Danskammer Energy Center Project November 2019 Architectural History Survey and Effects Report 27

House House USN Street Name USN Street Name Number Number n/a 3 City Terrace North n/a 37 City Terrace North

n/a 4 City Terrace North n/a 38 City Terrace North

n/a 5 City Terrace North n/a 39 City Terrace North

n/a 6 City Terrace North n/a 40 City Terrace North

n/a 8 City Terrace North n/a 41 City Terrace North

n/a 9 City Terrace North n/a 44 City Terrace North

n/a 10 City Terrace North n/a 48 City Terrace North

n/a 11 City Terrace North n/a 6 Marne Avenue

n/a 12 City Terrace North n/a 7 Marne Avenue

n/a 13 City Terrace North n/a 9 Marne Avenue

n/a 14 City Terrace North n/a 31 Marne Avenue

n/a 15 City Terrace North n/a 307 Powell Avenue

n/a 16 City Terrace North n/a 311 Powell Avenue

n/a 19 City Terrace North n/a 317 Powell Avenue

n/a 20 City Terrace North n/a 319 Powell Avenue

n/a 22 City Terrace North n/a 323 Powell Avenue

n/a 23 City Terrace North n/a 325 Powell Avenue

n/a 24 City Terrace North n/a 329 Powell Avenue

n/a 26 City Terrace North n/a 337 Powell Avenue

n/a 27 City Terrace North n/a 345 Powell Avenue

n/a 29 City Terrace North n/a 347 Powell Avenue

n/a 32 City Terrace North n/a 361 Powell Avenue

n/a 33 City Terrace North 7140.000003 369 Powell Avenue

n/a 34 City Terrace North n/a 377 Powell Avenue

n/a 35 City Terrace North

Danskammer Energy Center Project November 2019 Architectural History Survey and Effects Report 28

TRC identified 23 properties in the Hamlet of New Hamburg, Town of Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County, that comprise the proposed Point Street Historic District. TRC recommends 18 contributing and 5 not contributing resources, as listed in Table 9.

Table 9: Resources Comprising the Proposed Point Street Historic District House Street Contributing/Not USN Name Number Name Contributing Division N/A Residence 9 C Street Division 2714.000127 Residence 11 C Street Division 2714.000062 Residence 15 C Street Main 2714.000133 Residence 2 NC Street Main 2714.000046 Residence 3 C Street Main N/A Residence 4 C Street Main 2714.000147 Residence 5 C Street Point N/A White's Marina 15 C Street Point N/A Residence 16 C Street William Shay's Double Point NC (Individually Listed, 2714.000165 18 House Street Demolished) Point 2714.000164 Bradley Residence 20 C Street Point N/A Residence 21 C Street Point 2714.000163 Residence 22 C Street Shay's Warehouse and Point C (Also Individually 2714.000161 32 Stable Street Listed) Point N/A Residence 33 NC Street Point 2714.000174 Residence 35 NC Street Point 2714.000045 Residence 36 C Street St. Nicholas Episcopal Point C (Also Individually 2714.000205 Church (Zion Memorial 37 Street Listed) Chapel) Point 2714.000159 Residence 38 C Street Point 2714.000158 Residence 40 C Street Point 2714.000171 Residence 41 C Street

Danskammer Energy Center Project November 2019 Architectural History Survey and Effects Report 29

2714.000057 Point Residence 42 NC 2714.000157 Street Point 2714.00017 Donaldson Residence 43 C Street

A portion of the East End Historic District is located within the APE of the Project. TRC identified 223 total resources in the APE that are within the boundary of the East End Historic District, including 218 contributing resources, two (2) resources recommended contributing, and three (3) resources recommended not contributing due to demolition and replacement. TRC further identified 15 new resources along Central Avenue, adjacent to the historic district and recommends their inclusion by expansion of the existing boundary.

Table 10: Resources within the East End Historic District, within the APE, with Recommendations House USN Name Street Name Eligibility Number 7140.002812 Residence 55 Broad Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.000479 Residence 60 Broad Street Contributing to Listed Historic District 90 Broad 7140.000480 80 Broad Street Contributing to Listed Historic District Street 7140.000478 Residence 87 Broad Street Contributing to Listed Historic District Recommended Contributing to N/A Residence 1 Central Avenue Proposed Expansion Recommended Contributing to N/A Residence 2 Central Avenue Proposed Expansion Recommended Contributing to N/A Residence 3 Central Avenue Proposed Expansion Recommended Contributing to N/A Residence 4 Central Avenue Proposed Expansion Recommended Contributing to N/A Residence 6 Central Avenue Proposed Expansion Recommended Contributing to N/A Residence 7 Central Avenue Proposed Expansion Recommended Contributing to N/A Residence 8 Central Avenue Proposed Expansion Recommended Contributing to N/A Residence 9 Central Avenue Proposed Expansion Recommended Contributing to N/A Residence 10 Central Avenue Proposed Expansion Recommended Contributing to N/A Residence 12 Central Avenue Proposed Expansion Recommended Contributing to N/A Residence 14 Central Avenue Proposed Expansion Recommended Contributing to N/A Residence 25 Central Avenue Proposed Expansion Recommended Contributing to N/A Residence 5 Central Avenue Proposed Expansion 7140.002234 Residence 175 Chambers Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

Danskammer Energy Center Project November 2019 Architectural History Survey and Effects Report 30

House USN Name Street Name Eligibility Number 7140.000706 Residence 181 Chambers Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.000707 Residence 183 Chambers Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002867 Residence 187 Chambers Street Recommended Contributing

7140.000709 Residence 191 Chambers Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002257 Residence 193 Chambers Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.000736 Residence 194 Chambers Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002258 Residence 195 Chambers Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002259 Residence 197 Chambers Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.000710 Residence 199 Chambers Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.000737 Residence 200 Chambers Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.000708 Residence 185-187 Chambers Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.000809 Residence 62 Clinton Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.000810 Residence 70 Clinton Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.000807 Residence 71 Clinton Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.000811 Residence 82 Clinton Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.000808 Residence 107 Clinton Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002860 Residence 109 Clinton Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.000812 Residence 112 Clinton Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.000813 Residence 114 Clinton Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001072 Residence 7 Gidney Avenue Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001078 Residence 22 Gidney Avenue Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001073 Residence 23 Gidney Avenue Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001079 Residence 24 Gidney Avenue Contributing to Listed Historic District 25 Gidney 7140.001074 25 Gidney Avenue Contributing to Listed Historic District Avenue 7140.002810 Residence 322 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001537 Residence 332 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

Danskammer Energy Center Project November 2019 Architectural History Survey and Effects Report 31

House USN Name Street Name Eligibility Number 7140.001102 Residence 335 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001127 Residence 342 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001101 Residence 345 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001128 Residence 346 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001129 Residence 348 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001130 Residence 350 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District 355 Grand 7140.001103 355 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District Street 7140.001131 Residence 356 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001132 Residence 358 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001133 Residence 360 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001134 Residence 362 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001104 Residence 363 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001135 Residence 368 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001105 Residence 369 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001136 Residence 372 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001106 Residence 375 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001137 Residence 378 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001107 Residence 379 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001138 Residence 380 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001108 Residence 383 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001139 Residence 388 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001140 Residence 392 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001141 Residence 396 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District 400 Grand 7140.001142 400 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District Street 7140.001109 Residence 403 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001143 Residence 404 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

Danskammer Energy Center Project November 2019 Architectural History Survey and Effects Report 32

House USN Name Street Name Eligibility Number 7140.001110 Residence 405 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001144 Residence 406 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001111 Residence 409 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001112 Residence 415 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001113 Residence 419 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001145 Residence 420 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001114 Residence 427 Grand Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001335 Residence 183 Landers Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001336 Residence 185 Landers Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002887 J&J Auto 189 Landers Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001337 Residence 191 Landers Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001380 Residence 192 Landers Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001338 Residence 193 Landers Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001339 Residence 195 Landers Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002323 Residence 196 Landers Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001340 Lincoln 197 Landers Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001381 Residence 200 Landers Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002324 Residence 202 Landers Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002325 Residence 204 Landers Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001424 Residence 2 Leroy Place Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002842 Residence 11 Leroy Place Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001425 Residence 14 Leroy Place Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001420 Residence 19 Leroy Place Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001421 Residence 21 Leroy Place Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001422 Residence 25 Leroy Place Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001423 Residence 31 Leroy Place Contributing to Listed Historic District

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House USN Name Street Name Eligibility Number 7140.001426 Residence 44 Leroy Place Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001427 Residence 50 Leroy Place Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001429 Residence 60 Leroy Place Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001428 Residence 66 Leroy Place Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001430 Residence 70 Leroy Place Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001431 Residence 74 Leroy Place Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001432 Residence 76 Leroy Place Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002866 Residence 323 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District 326 Liberty 7140.001536 Street, 326 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District Newburgh 7140.001487 Residence 327 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001488 Residence 333 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001538 Residence 334 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002805 Residence 336 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001541 Residence 338 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002806 Residence 340 Liberty Street Recommended Not Contributing

7140.002807 Residence 342 Liberty Street Recommended Not Contributing 343 Liberty 7140.001490 343 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District Street 7140.001539 Residence 344 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District 345 Liberty 7140.001491 345 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District Street 7140.001540 Residence 346 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002808 Residence 348 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001542 Residence 352 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001492 Residence 353 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001493 Residence 357 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002336 Residence 361 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

Danskammer Energy Center Project November 2019 Architectural History Survey and Effects Report 34

House USN Name Street Name Eligibility Number 7140.001544 Residence 362 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001545 Residence 364 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001546 Residence 366 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001547 Residence 368 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001548 Residence 370 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001549 Residence 372 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001550 Residence 374 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001551 Residence 376 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001552 Residence 378 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001553 Residence 380 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001554 Residence 382 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001495 Residence 383 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001555 Residence 384 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002853 Residence 385 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002340 Residence 387 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001556 Residence 388 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002341 Residence 391 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001557 Residence 392 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002852 Residence 393 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001558 Residence 394 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002342 Residence 395 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001559 Residence 396 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002848 Residence 397 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002343 Residence 399 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002847 Residence 401 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001560 Residence 402 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

Danskammer Energy Center Project November 2019 Architectural History Survey and Effects Report 35

House USN Name Street Name Eligibility Number 7140.002344 Residence 403 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002850 Residence 405 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002851 Residence 405 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002345 Residence 407 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002846 Residence 409 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001561 Residence 410 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002346 Residence 411 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001562 Residence 412 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002845 Residence 413 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001563 Residence 416 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001564 Residence 428 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001565 Residence 430 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001566 Residence 432 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001567 Residence 440 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001568 Residence 442 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001569 Residence 446 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001570 Residence 450 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001571 Residence 456 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001572 Residence 458 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001573 Residence 462 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001574 Residence 464 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001575 Residence 468 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001576 Residence 476 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001577 Residence 478 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001578 Residence 480 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001579 Residence 482 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

Danskammer Energy Center Project November 2019 Architectural History Survey and Effects Report 36

House USN Name Street Name Eligibility Number 7140.000269 Residence 484 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001580 Residence 488 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001581 Residence 490 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001582 Residence 492 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001583 Residence 496 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001584 Residence 498 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001585 Residence 500 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001586 Residence 504 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001587 Residence 506 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001588 Residence 508 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001589 Residence 510 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001590 Residence 514 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001591 Residence 516 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001592 Residence 520 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001593 Residence 526 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001594 Residence 530 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001595 Residence 536 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001596 Residence 546 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001597 Residence 552 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001497 Residence 563 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001498 Residence 567 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001499 Residence 571 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001500 Residence 575 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001501 Residence 577 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001489 Residence 339-341 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001543 Residence 354-360 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

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House USN Name Street Name Eligibility Number 7140.002858 Residence 363A Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002859 Residence 363B Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001494 Residence 365A Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002857 Residence 365B Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002856 Residence 367B Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002337 Residence 369A Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002338 Residence 373-375 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002339 Residence 379-381 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002811 Residence 404-408 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002347 Residence 415-417 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002348 Residence 419-421 Liberty Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002803 Residence 111 Montgomery Street Contributing to Listed Historic District Stockbridge 7140.002820 Ramsdell 158 Montgomery Street Contributing to Listed Historic District House 7140.002821 Residence 162 Montgomery Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002804 Residence 174 Montgomery Street Contributing to Listed Historic District Crawford Contributing to Listed Historic District; 7140.000060 189 Montgomery Street House Individually Listed 7140.002813 Residence 240 Montgomery Street Recommended Contributing

7140.001769 Residence 256 Montgomery Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001770 Residence 258 Montgomery Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001787 Residence 62 Nicoll Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002815 Residence 81 Nicoll Street Recommended Not Contributing

7140.001786 Residence 83 Nicoll Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002352 Residence 85 Nicoll Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001788 Residence 86 Nicoll Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001789 Residence 90 Nicoll Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

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House USN Name Street Name Eligibility Number Recommended Contributing to N/A Residence 15 North Street Proposed Expansion Recommended Contributing to N/A Residence 21 North Street Proposed Expansion 7140.001965 Residence 144 South Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001966 Residence 146 South Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002383 Residence 150 South Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002384 Residence 152 South Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002385 Residence 154 South Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002386 Residence 156 South Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002387 Residence 158 South Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002388 Residence 160 South Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001967 Residence 162 South Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001968 Residence 166 South Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.002391 Residence 168 South Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

7140.001951 Residence 149-153 South Street Contributing to Listed Historic District

The Stone Street Historic District, in the Hamlet of New Hamburg, Town of Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County, is located within the APE. Currently, four (4) resources contribute to the district. TRC recommends expansion of the boundary to include one (1) additional resource on Stone Street. Table 11 lists the resources contributing to the district along with TRC’s recommendation.

Table 11: Resources within the Stone Street Historic District, with Recommendations House USN Name Street Name Eligibility Number 2714.000208 Ellis House 18 Division Street Contributing to Listed District Salverson Recommend Contributing to Proposed 2714.000195 3 Stone Street Residence Expansion of the Historic District Van Anden 2714.000207 5 Stone Street Contributing to Listed District House 2714.000056 Residence 7 Stone Street Contributing to Listed District

2714.000192 Residence 9 Stone Street Contributing to Listed District

Portions of the Wheeler Hill Historic District, in the Town of Wappinger, Dutchess County, are located within the APE. Currently, 12 contributing resources are within the APE. TRC recommends inclusion of one (1) resource, located within the existing boundary of the district.

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Table 12: Resources within the Wheeler Hill Historic District, within the APE, with Recommendations USN Name Address Eligibility Carnwath Farms Historic Site 81 Carnwath 2719.000127 Contributing to Listed District and Park, Carnwath Manor Farms Lane Previously Undetermined. 2719.000276 Barn Marlorville Road Recommended Contributing to District, within existing boundary. New Hamburg 2719.000201 Obercreek Contributing to Listed District Road New Hamburg 2719.000272 Farm Stand Contributing to Listed District Road New Hamburg 2719.000273 Barn Contributing to Listed District Road New Hamburg 2719.000274 Farm Building Contributing to Listed District Road New Hamburg 2719.000275 Residence Contributing to Listed District Road 2719.000001 Continental Storehouse Old Troy Road Contributing to Listed District

2719.000002 House at Farmer's Landing Old Troy Road Contributing to Listed District

2719.000167 Edgehill/Rivercrest Home Wheeler Hill Road Contributing to Listed District

2719.000168 Suydam House Wheeler Hill Road Contributing to Listed District

2719.000195 Crosby Estate Wheeler Hill Road Contributing to Listed District

2719.000200 Elmhurst Wheeler Hill Road Contributing to Listed District

6.0 Project Effects Analysis

Historic properties are present within the APE. For the 72 NRHP-eligible, recommended eligible, and NRHP listed historic properties, TRC applied the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties in combination with the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation’s Criteria of Adverse Effect (36 CFR § 800.5). Adverse effects occur when an undertaking may alter, directly or indirectly, any of the characteristics of a historic property that would qualify it for inclusion in the NRHP in a manner that would compromise the integrity of the property’s location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, or association. Consideration is given to all qualifying characteristics of a historic property, including those that may have been identified subsequent to the original evaluation of the property’s eligibility for the NRHP. Adverse effects may include reasonably foreseeable effects caused by the undertaking that may occur later in time, be further removed in distance, or be cumulative. Physical destruction, alterations inconsistent with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards, removal from original location, change in character of use or setting, introduction of visual, atmospheric, or audible elements that diminish integrity of significance, neglect and transfer by sale or lease out of federal (or state, if applicable) ownership can result in an adverse effect finding, which may be addressed and resolved through

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agreed-upon measures to avoid, minimize, or mitigate the adverse effect. The potential for such adverse effects related to this undertaking is discussed in the following paragraph.

Construction of Project infrastructure will not require demolition or physical alteration of any of the historic properties inside the APE. No direct physical impacts to the historic properties are anticipated as a result of the Project. However, the undertaking has the potential to create indirect visual effects on the surveyed historic properties in the APE. Not all effects are adverse. The undertaking’s potential to affect any historic property depends upon that historic property’s NRHP qualifying characteristics. If a historic property’s setting is less important to its significance than its architectural or historic qualities, then changes to setting may not adversely diminish the qualities or character-defining elements that support a historic property’s NRHP eligibility. Therefore, the undertaking would have no adverse effect on a historic property.

According to viewshed bare-earth topography modelling for the Project, potential visual impacts to historic properties are possible. However, such factors as distance, perspective, and the screening effects of intervening vegetation, structures, and modern buildings, documented by photography during the pedestrian survey, will minimize visibility of the undertaking to a negligible level from all historic properties in the APE. While these historic properties have visibility of the undertaking, the presence of the Project will not diminish their identified architectural and historical significance and qualifying characteristics. Project plans include removal of four existing exhaust stacks, and replacing them with one exhaust stack, at a lower height, thereby further reducing visibility of the Project from historic property locations. The following tables contain detailed assessment of effects for each historic property. Table 13 lists historic properties within the APE and provides a recommendation based on Criteria of Adverse Effect analysis. The subsequent tables provide closer assessment of effects.

Table 13: Effect Assessment, NRHP Listed, Eligible, and Recommended Eligible Properties in the APE House Effect Name Street City Eligibility Number Recommendation Abraham Brower 2 Water Street New Hamburg Listed No Adverse Effect House Adolph Brower 1 Water Street New Hamburg Listed No Adverse Effect House Captain Moses W. Collyer House River Road South Wappinger Listed No Adverse Effect (Driftwood) Chelsea 17 Liberty Street Chelsea Listed No Effect Grammar School Listed, Recommended Cornelius River Road South Wappinger Not-Eligible, No Effect Carman House ruinous condition Crawford, David, Montgomery 189 Newburgh Listed No Effect House Street Duchess Company Wappingers 120 Market St Listed No Effect Superintendent's Falls House

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House Effect Name Street City Eligibility Number Recommendation Eustatia 12 Monell Place Beacon Listed No Effect Obercreek, Elmhurst, Edge Hill, Henry Wheeler Hill Suydam Estate, Wappinger Listed No Adverse Effect Historic District William Crosby Estate, and Carnwath Farms Main Street Multiple New Hamburg Listed No Adverse Effect Historic District Maple Lawn 24 Downing Street Newburgh Listed No Effect Montgomery- Grand-Liberty Multiple Newburgh Listed No Adverse Effect Historic District Mount Gulian & The Verplanck 145 Sterling Street Fishkill Listed No Effect House and Barn Listed, Shay's Recommended Warehouse and 32 Point Street New Hamburg No Effect Not Eligible due Stable to Alterations St Mark's Liberty Street Wappinger Listed No Effect Episcopal Church St. Nicholas Episcopal Church 37 Point Street New Hamburg Listed No Adverse Effect (Zion Memorial Chapel) Stone Street Stone Street New Hamburg Listed No Adverse Effect Historic District Union Free 22 Academy New Hamburg Listed No Adverse Effect School Street United States Wappingers Post Office of 2628 South Avenue Listed No Effect Falls Wappingers Falls William Shay 18 Point Street New Hamburg Listed No Effect Double House Matteawan State 18 Strack Drive Beacon Eligible No Effect Hospital Farmhouse 225 River Road North Wappinger Eligible No Effect Powell Avenue, Mount St. Mary's 320 Gidney Avenue, Newburgh Eligible No Effect Liberty Street Newburgh I-84/NY-2 over Newburgh / Beacon Bridge Eligible No Adverse Effect Hudson River Beacon North Span Newburgh Steam Mills (Regal Bag 300 Water Street Newburgh Eligible No Adverse Effect Company)

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House Effect Name Street City Eligibility Number Recommendation NFA North (North Junior High 301 Robinson Avenue Newburgh Eligible No Effect School) Our Lady of Mercy RC 977 River Road Newburgh Eligible No Effect Church Residence (Bungalow) and 51 Old Post Road Newburgh Eligible No Effect barn House 51 North Street Beacon Eligible No Effect Recommended Building 33 Cliff Street Beacon No Effect Eligible Recommended Building 30 South Avenue Beacon No Effect Eligible Recommended Building 376 River Rd S Chelsea No Effect Eligible Recommended Building 15 Conklin Street New Hamburg No Effect Eligible Recommended Building 20 Main Street New Hamburg No Effect Eligible Recommended Building 2 Balmville Road Newburgh No Effect Eligible College Heights Recommended Historic District Multiple Newburgh No Effect Eligible (Proposed) East End Historic District (and Recommended Multiple Newburgh No Effect Proposed Eligible Expansion) Wappingers Falls Historic District Wappingers Recommended Multiple No Effect (and Proposed Falls Eligible Expansion) Point Street Recommended Historic District Point Street New Hamburg No Adverse Effect Eligible (Proposed) Stone Street Historic District Recommended Stone Street New Hamburg No Effect (and Proposed Eligible Expansion) Recommended Building 42 Downing Avenue Newburgh No Effect Eligible Recommended Building 18 Grand Avenue Newburgh No Effect Eligible Recommended Building 505 Grand Avenue Newburgh No Effect Eligible Recommended Building 511 Grand Avenue Newburgh No Effect Eligible Recommended Building 512 Grand Avenue Newburgh No Effect Eligible

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House Effect Name Street City Eligibility Number Recommendation Recommended Building 514 Grand Avenue Newburgh No Effect Eligible Recommended Building 519 Grand Avenue Newburgh No Effect Eligible Recommended Building 521 Grand Avenue Newburgh No Effect Eligible Recommended Building 522 Grand Avenue Newburgh No Effect Eligible Recommended Building 527 Grand Avenue Newburgh No Effect Eligible Recommended Building 533 Grand Avenue Newburgh No Effect Eligible Recommended Building 559 Grand Avenue Newburgh No Effect Eligible 532 & Recommended Building Grand Avenue Newburgh No Effect 536 Eligible Recommended Building 153 Holmes Road Newburgh No Effect Eligible Recommended Building 145 North Road West Fishkill No Effect Eligible Recommended Building 8 Park Place Newburgh No Effect Eligible Recommended Building 10 Park Place Newburgh No Effect Eligible Recommended Building 12 Park Place Newburgh No Effect Eligible Recommended Building 14 Park Place Newburgh No Effect Eligible Recommended Building 17 Park Place Newburgh No Effect Eligible Recommended Building 20 Park Place Newburgh No Effect Eligible Recommended Building 3 West Stone Street Newburgh No Effect Eligible City of New York Delaware Water Recommended 199 River Road North Chelsea No Adverse Effect Supply, Chelsea Eligible Pumping Station East Shore Recommended multiple multiple No Adverse Effect Railroad Eligible West Shore Recommended multiple multiple No Adverse Effect Railroad Eligible Recommended Every Residence 3 Conklin Street New Hamburg No Effect Eligible Recommended Residence 25 Main Street New Hamburg No Effect Eligible Johnes-Holden Old Balmville Recommended 11 Newburgh No Effect Home Road Eligible Recommended Residence 856 River Road Newburgh No Adverse Effect Eligible

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House Effect Name Street City Eligibility Number Recommendation Zion Church Wappingers Recommended Rectory 12 Satterlee Place No Effect Falls Eligible 02744.000140 Saint Andrew Recommended 17 South Avenue Beacon No Effect Episcopal Church Eligible Recommended Reese Estate 20 South Avenue Beacon No Effect Eligible Recommended House 22 South Avenue Beacon No Effect Eligible O’Connor Recommended 352 Verplanck Avenue Beacon No Effect Residence Eligible West Academy Wappingers Recommended Lyons Residence 15 No Effect Street Falls Eligible

A historic property summary and a full analysis for each historic property based on the Criteria of Adverse Effect appears in the following sections.

6.1 Resource Descriptions and Assessment of Effects on Historic Properties

6.1.1 Abraham Brower House The Abraham Brower House (02714.000196) is a circa 1845 1½-story brick Greek Revival style residence with a polychromatic, slate side-gable roof. The three-bay-wide façade features a half- hipped roof, full-width porch with square posts and spindled balustrade. The porch roof also has a polychromatic pattern. Hopper type frieze windows have been let into the attic story. A rear gable-roofed addition was constructed before 1867. The property includes a contributing carriage house, which is a wood-shingled building with gable roof and cross-wall dormers. The house is significant as an intact representative example of Greek Revival residential architecture in New Hamburg. The Abraham Brower House and the Adolf Brower House, located across the street, are the oldest surviving structures in New Hamburg that retain integrity and are important for their connections with New Hamburg’s early commercial and social development.

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Table 14. Abraham Brower House Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not alter repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material this historic property in a manner that is remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not inconsistent with the Secretary’s consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures will not features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic change the use or physical features of the significance historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is within a clear line of sight diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features from the historic property. The undertaking will not diminish the setting and association of the historic property nor the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance, which is the property’s association with New Hamburg’s commercial development. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not lead to where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of deterioration of the historic property a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under Federal or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions ownership. or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no adverse effect on this historic property.

6.1.2 Adolf Brower House The Adolf Brower House (02714.000202) is a circa-1845, 2½-story brick, Greek Revival style residence with a slate, side-gable roof, situated right on the east shore of the Hudson River. The three-bay-wide façade features a full-width, two-story porch with square posts and spindled balustrades and a low-hip roof. The east side includes a two-story porch, now enclosed with clapboard. A similar porch is located on the west (river) side and is also enclosed. The fenestration consists of 6/6, double-hung, wood sash windows, stone sills, and stone lintels. Attic story windows have been chased into the facade beneath the cornice. Sidelights flank the glazed front door. Fascia and rake boards trim the roofline. There are cornice returns in the eaves. The house is significant as a representative example of Greek Revival domestic architecture in New Hamburg and retains architectural and historical integrity for listing.

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Table 15. Adolf Brower House Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is within a clear line of diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features sight from the historic property. The undertaking will not diminish the setting and association of the historic property nor the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance, which is the property’s association with New Hamburg’s commercial development. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions Federal ownership. or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no adverse effect on this historic property.

6.1.3 Captain Moses W. Collyer House (Driftwood) The Captain Moses W. Collyer House, built 1899, is situated on a small rise overlooking the Hudson River, just south of the Hamlet of Chelsea’s core. The house (02719.000193) is 2½-story frame building, clad with clapboard and with a front gambrel roof. Shingles in a varied decorative pattern fill the gambrel end on the façade, which also features a Palladian window. A two-story, gambrel-roof bay protrudes from each side of the house. The façade features a wrap-around porch with round columns and balustrade. The north section of the porch has been enclosed. The property includes a contributing garage, privy, and shed. The property is significant as an exceptional example of the turn-of-the-century vernacular residential architecture in the region, and as the home of Moses W. Collyer, a Hudson River boat captain and author. Collyer operated a wharf and boatyard at Chelsea’s landing. The property retains sufficient integrity for listing.

Table 16. Captain Moses W. Collyer House (Driftwood) Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part Construction of the Project will not damage or of the property destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, Construction of the Project will not alter this rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization, historic property in a manner that is inconsistent hazardous material remediation, and provision of with the Secretary’s standards. handicapped access, that is not consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic Construction of the Project will not remove the location historic property from its historic location.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (iv) Change of the character of the property's use Construction the Project structures will not or of physical features within the property's setting change the use or physical features of the that contribute to its historic significance historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible The Project is within a partially obscured line of elements that diminish the integrity of the sight from the historic property. Trees and property's significant historic features shrubbery along the rail lines provide a partial visual buffer between the Project and the historic property. The undertaking will not diminish the setting and association of the historic property nor the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance, which is the property’s exceptional architecture and its association with Captain Collyer. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its Construction of the Project will not lead to deterioration, except where such neglect and deterioration of the historic property through deterioration are recognized qualities of a property neglect. of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of The historic property is not under Federal Federal ownership or control without adequate and ownership. legally enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no adverse effect on this historic property.

6.1.4 Chelsea Grammar School The Chelsea Grammar School (02719.000058), built in 1875, is a one-story brick, rectangular- plan structure with a front gable roof with a frame bell tower that features paired arched louvered vents on all four sides. Drawing lightly from the Gothic Revival style, the building is an example of Picturesque vernacular design. The symmetrical façade features two, central, arched windows flanked by segmental arched door frames, with a marble tablet showing the date of construction and a louvered oculus located centrally above. The doors are replacements, but the glazed transoms remain. The building is significant as an example of late-nineteenth- century, one-room schoolhouse design and symbolizes the importance placed on education at

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the time of its construction. It is a centrally located civic landmark in the hamlet of Chelsea and retains historical integrity for listing.

Table 17. Chelsea Grammar School Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of Construction of the Project will not damage or the property destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, Construction of the Project will not alter this rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization, historic property in a manner that is inconsistent hazardous material remediation, and provision of with the Secretary’s standards. handicapped access, that is not consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or Construction the Project structures will not of physical features within the property's setting that change the use or physical features of the contribute to its historic significance historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible The Project is within a clear line of sight from elements that diminish the integrity of the property's the Hamlet of Chelsea, but it is obscured from significant historic features view at the historic property by mature trees in the residential area of the hamlet. The undertaking will not diminish the setting and association of the historic property nor the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance, which is the property’s architecture and its role in the development of Chelsea’s educational system. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its Construction of the Project will not lead to deterioration, except where such neglect and deterioration of the historic property through deterioration are recognized qualities of a property neglect. of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of The historic property is not under Federal Federal ownership or control without adequate and ownership. legally enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

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6.1.5 Crawford, David, House The David Crawford House (07140.000060), built circa 1830, is a 2½-story brick-lined, timber frame, front gable residence with rectangular plan and clad with clapboard. The three-bay-wide façade features a two-story pedimented portico supported by Ionic order columns, a second story railed balcony, and Palladian window in the gable field. A loggia with stone columns lines the façade. A formal garden, restored in 1968, is located at the rear of the house. The house is significant for its association with David Crawford, a successful businessman in Newburgh’s historic commerce and transportation industry, specifically with steamboat shipping. The house is also significant for its grand nineteenth-century, Federal- style design and fine architectural ornamentation and detail. It is currently home to the Historical Society of Newburgh Bay and the Highlands and retains sufficient architectural and historical integrity for maintaining its NRHP listing.

Table 18. David Crawford House Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not property damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its will not change the use or physical historic significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic line of sight from the historic features property. Views of the power plant are blocked by vegetation, other nearby houses, and the Interstate 84 bridges over the Hudson River. The undertaking will not diminish

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities lead to deterioration of the historic of a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian property through neglect. tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic property is not under ownership or control without adequate and legally enforceable Federal ownership. restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.6 Duchess Company Superintendent's House Located in Wappingers Falls, the Duchess Company Superintendent’s House (02744.000087) is a circa- 1848, two-story, brick residence built into the slope of a slight hillside. The house has a rectangular, central hall and double-pile plan with Gothic style detailing. The side gable roof includes a centered, gabled wall dormer with decorative vergeboards. The five- bay-wide façade features an altered full-width porch with loggia below. Tracery is still present on the porch on the north side of the house. The property retains sufficient integrity for NRHP listing.

Table 19. Duchess Company Superintendent's House Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material not alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic structures will not change the use significance or physical features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. Views of the power plant are blocked by vegetation along Wappinger Creek. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of not lead to deterioration of the a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe historic property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.7 Eustatia Built in 1867 and situated on a landscaped parcel at 12 Monell Place overlooking the Hudson River, Eustatia (02741.000008) is a 1½-story brick ell-shaped residence with a hip-on-hip roof, designed by architect Frederick C. Withers. The house, home of Judge John Monell at the time of its construction, exhibits High Victorian Gothic style adapted to cottage architecture, in keeping with the architectural ideals of A.J. Downing and Calvert Vaux. The asymmetrical three-bay façade features a central projecting two-story gable-roof portico with a compass arch transom surmounting the entry. Gable roof dormers with enriched wood work and clustered brick chimney stacks pierce the roof. Eustatia (90NR00435) is nationally significant as one of the earliest and most highly developed High Gothic style cottages in the country, and for its association with Withers and the “Downing School.” It is “Design XXV, The Brick Cottage for Judge Monell” in the 1873 edition of Downing’s Cottage Residences. The house is obscured from view by dense vegetation.

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Table 20. Eustatia Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not property damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, Construction of the Project will not rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous alter this historic property in a manner material remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is inconsistent with the that is not consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's Secretary’s standards. standards for the treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of Construction the Project structures physical features within the property's setting that contribute will not change the use or physical to its historic significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements The Project is not within a clear line of that diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic sight from the historic property. Views features of the power plant are blocked by vegetation and modern development north of the historic property, and by the Interstate 84 roadway and bridge, and the curve of the Hudson River. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, Construction of the Project will not except where such neglect and deterioration are recognized lead to deterioration of the historic qualities of a property of religious and cultural significance to property through neglect. an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic property is not under ownership or control without adequate and legally Federal ownership. enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.8 Wheeler Hill Historic District The Wheeler Hill Historic District in Wappinger is a picturesque residential district on a ridge overlooking the Hudson River. The district contains six large, late-nineteenth and early-twentieth- century estates totaling approximately 320 acres: Obercreek, Elmhurst, Edge Hill, Henry Suydam estate, William Crosby Estate, and Carnwath Farms. Two contributing buildings located on the river’s eastern edge are the Stone House at Farmers Landing and the Lent & Waldron Store. The district contains architectural and historical significance as an intact concentration of distinctive Hudson River estates that exhibit the social history of the county’s development along the river. Architectural styles represented include high style examples of Federal, Greek Revival, Italianate, Italian Villa, Second Empire, Shingle, and Colonial Revival styles with landscaped grounds depicting the picturesque landscape of the late-nineteenth-century Hudson River valley.

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Stone House at Farmers Landing Lent & Waldron Store

Table 21. Wheeler Hill Historic District Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of Construction of the Project will not damage or the property destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, Construction of the Project will not alter this rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization, historic property in a manner that is inconsistent hazardous material remediation, and provision of with the Secretary’s standards. handicapped access, that is not consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or Construction the Project structures will not of physical features within the property's setting that change the use or physical features of the contribute to its historic significance historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible The Project is located directly across the elements that diminish the integrity of the property's Hudson River from the western boundary of this significant historic features historic district and is within a clear line of sight from resources contributing to the district. Most contributing resources are shielded from view by dense wooded areas of mature deciduous trees. The Project is within a clear line of sight from the Stone House at Farmer’s Landing and the Lent & Waldron Store, both located on Old Troy Road directly overlooking the river and the Project site. Being in clear view of only two contributing resources to the district, the undertaking will not significantly diminish the setting and association of the historic property nor the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. The landscaping and significant architecture present within the estates will remain intact. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its Construction of the Project will not lead to deterioration, except where such neglect and deterioration of the historic property through deterioration are recognized qualities of a property neglect.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of The historic property is not under Federal Federal ownership or control without adequate and ownership. legally enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no adverse effect on this historic property.

6.1.9 Main Street Historic District Six (6) buildings comprise New Hamburg’s Main Street Historic District (90NR00315). The contributing buildings front Main Street approximately 200 feet northwest of the New Hamburg railroad station. The historic district features residential and commercial properties. Simplified Greek Revival style buildings and Folk Victorian style homes stand within the NRHP-listed historic district, and they maintain their integrity and status as contributing resources.

Table 22. Main Street Historic District Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not property damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, Construction of the Project will not alter rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous this historic property in a manner that material remediation, and provision of handicapped access, is inconsistent with the Secretary’s that is not consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards. standards for the treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of Construction the Project structures will physical features within the property's setting that contribute not change the use or physical to its historic significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements The Project is within a clear line of that diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic sight from the historic property. features However, views of the power plant partially are blocked by other nearby buildings, low vegetation, and parts of a marina facility on the river southwest of the historic district. The undertaking will not significantly diminish the setting and association of the historic district nor the historic district’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, Construction of the Project will not lead except where such neglect and deterioration are recognized to deterioration of the historic property qualities of a property of religious and cultural significance to through neglect. an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic property is not under ownership or control without adequate and legally Federal ownership. enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no adverse effect on this historic district.

6.1.10 Maple Lawn Maple Lawn (07114.000068) is a 2½-story Italian Villa style house with a low-pitched roof and a 3-story campanile. The floor plan is irregular. The asymmetrical façade features paired windows with round arches and a full-width front porch. Brackets define the eaves lines. The grounds are landscaped with planting beds and cultivars. Trees screen views of the house from the roadway. It maintains all aspects of integrity and continues to convey its significance as a well-maintained example of its type of nineteenth-century domestic architecture. It retains all of its qualifying characteristics as a NRHP listed historic property.

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Table 23. Maple Lawn Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not property damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, Construction of the Project will not rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous alter this historic property in a manner material remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is inconsistent with the that is not consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's Secretary’s standards. standards for the treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of Construction the Project structures physical features within the property's setting that contribute will not change the use or physical to its historic significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements The Project is not within a clear line of that diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic sight from the historic property. Views features of the power plant are blocked by vegetation and modern development north of the historic property, and the curve of the Hudson River. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, Construction of the Project will not except where such neglect and deterioration are recognized lead to deterioration of the historic qualities of a property of religious and cultural significance to property through neglect. an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic property is not under ownership or control without adequate and legally Federal ownership. enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.11 Montgomery-Grand-Liberty Streets Historic District The Montgomery-Grand-Liberty Streets Historic District in Newburgh is comprised of approximately 250 resources, primarily nineteenth century residences, along with churches and public buildings. Many residences are influenced by Andrew Jackson Downing and Calvert Vaux. The historic district is completely within the much larger East End Historic District. The district is significant for its outstanding nineteenth century architecture.

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Table 24. Montgomery-Grand-Liberty Streets Historic District Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not damage property or destroy this historic district in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, Construction of the Project will not alter this rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization, historic district in a manner that is hazardous material remediation, and provision of inconsistent with the Secretary’s standards. handicapped access, that is not consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic district or any of its contributing resources from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of Construction the Project structures will not physical features within the property's setting that change the use or physical features of the contribute to its historic significance historic district that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible The Project is within a clear line of sight elements that diminish the integrity of the property's from some resources within the historic significant historic features district. The Project is within a clear line of sight from resources along the eastern edge of the district, but because the district’s significance is limited to its architectural integrity and role in the design and development of Newburgh and the region’s nineteenth century architecture, the undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, Construction of the Project will not lead to except where such neglect and deterioration are deterioration of the historic district or any of recognized qualities of a property of religious and its contributing resources through neglect.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) cultural significance to an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic district is not under Federal ownership or control without adequate and legally ownership. enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long- term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no adverse effect on this historic district.

6.1.12 Mount Gulian Mount Gulian (02706.000010) features a heavy-timber barn and the Jonathan Verplanck House, a Dutch style, 1 ½-story, side-gable house that dates from circa 1730. The 5-bay-wide façade features a full-length porch, as does the elevation facing the Hudson River. The porches are integral to the gambrel roof and its flared eaves. The first-floor walls have field stone laid up in irregular courses. Weatherboards cover the second-floor exterior walls. The fenestration consists of 12/12 and 6/6 double-hung, wood sash windows. Windows in the gable ends illuminate the garrett. Four, internal, brick chimney stacks pierce the gambrel roof near the gable ends. Four, shed-roof dormer windows are in the slope of the roof facing the river. Three shed-roof dormers are in the slope of the roof facing the entrance roadway. The grounds slope westward downhill to the river. The house was rebuilt after a fire in 1931. The Verplanck Barn stood at a location in Hopewell Junction. After dismantling it, preservationists moved it to Mount Gulian in 1974. The barn features cantilevered gables, anchor bent heavy timber framing, martin holes in the gable ends, and weatherboard siding. The property maintains all aspects of integrity and continues to convey its significance as a well-maintained example of its type of eighteenth-century domestic and agricultural architecture.

Table 25. Mount Gulian Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material remediation, not alter this historic property in and provision of handicapped access, that is not consistent with

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the treatment of a manner that is inconsistent historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines with the Secretary’s standards. (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic structures will not change the significance use or physical features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. Views of the power plant are blocked by tall trees and modern development north of the historic property, and the curve of the Hudson River. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of a not lead to deterioration of the property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe or historic property through Native Hawaiian organization neglect. (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or under Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.13 Saint Mark’s Episcopal Church In Chelsea, Saint Mark’s Episcopal Church (02719.000057) is a well-maintained example of Carpenter Gothic Revival style ecclesiastical architecture. The gable-front building features, a high-pitched gable roof, decorative buttresses, board-and-batten wood siding, a new belfry, and Gothic Revival style stained glass windows enriched with lintels and sills. A vestibule entry has been appended to the south elevation. The church dates from circa 1866. The building maintains sufficient integrity to convey its historic architectural significance.

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Table 26. Saint Mark’s Episcopal Church Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material not alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic structures will not change the use significance or physical features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. Views of the power plant are blocked by vegetation and modern development north of the historic property. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of not lead to deterioration of the a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe historic property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.14 Saint Nicholas Episcopal Church Saint Nicholas Episcopal Church (02714.000205), which dates from 1902, is a well-maintained example of Carpenter Gothic Revival style ecclesiastical architecture. The gable-front building features, a high-pitched jerkinhead, cross-gable roof with flared eaves, wood shingle siding, a belfry with a pyramidal roof, and Gothic Revival style stained glass windows. A vestibule entry with decorative truss work and brackets extends from the facade. The twin leaf front door features ornate strap hinges. The slate roof has exposed rafter tails and ornamental hip knobs. The building maintains sufficient integrity to convey its historic architectural significance and retain its NRHP listing.

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Table 27. Saint Nicholas Episcopal Church Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not property damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its will not change the use or physical historic significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is within a clear line of diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic sight from the historic property. features However, views of the power plant partially are blocked by other nearby buildings, low vegetation, and parts of a marina facility on the river southwest of the historic property. The undertaking will not significantly diminish the setting and association of the historic property nor the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities lead to deterioration of the historic of a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian property through neglect. tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic property is not under ownership or control without adequate and legally enforceable Federal ownership. restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no adverse effect on this historic property.

6.1.15 Stone Street Historic District Presently four (4) residential buildings comprise the Stone Street Historic District (02714.000235) in New Hamburg. This is a residential historic district with examples of Second Empire, Folk Victorian, and simplified Italianate style domestic architecture. TRC identified the historic property at 18 Division St. as demolished and replaced by a garage. TRC also identified any nearby buildings that would contribute to the historic district and warrant a historic district boundary expansion. The residence at 3 Stone Street (02714.000195) has an undetermined NRHP status, and TRC recommends that it is not individually eligible, but it does contribute to the historic district. The residence at 11 Stone Street (02714.000054) has an undetermined NRHP status, and TRC recommends that it is not individually eligible, but it does contribute to the historic district, bringing the total number of contributing buildings to five (5). Due to its location outside the historic district boundary, an expansion of the NRHP boundary for the historic district would be necessary to include the house at 3 Stone Street. The historic district maintains all aspects of integrity and continues to convey its NRHP significance.

Table 28. Stone Street Historic District Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the the Secretary’s standards.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is within a clear line of diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features sight from the historic district. However, views of the power plant partially are blocked by other nearby buildings, low vegetation, and parts of a marina facility on the river southwest of the historic property. The undertaking will not significantly diminish the setting and association of the historic property nor the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic district is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions Federal ownership. or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no adverse effect on this historic property.

6.1.16 Union Free School The Union Free School (90NR00562), which dates from circa 1875, is an Italianate style masonry building with bracketed eaves, wide bands of trim in the cornice, and segmental window hoods surmounting the window apertures. The former school on Academy Street presently functions as a residence. Two, full-height wings flank the 2-story central block of the building. The façade features a balconette and an oculus in the tympanum. The building retains sufficient integrity to convey its NRHP significance and maintain its NRHP listing. Its associated UNS are 02714.000114 and 02714.000237.

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Table 29. Union Free School Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will property not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, Construction of the Project will rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous not alter this historic property in material remediation, and provision of handicapped a manner that is inconsistent access, that is not consistent with the Secretary of the with the Secretary’s standards. Interior's standards for the treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of Construction the Project physical features within the property's setting that structures will not change the contribute to its historic significance use or physical features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements The Project is within a clear line that diminish the integrity of the property's significant of sight from the historic historic features property. However, views of the power plant are partially obscured by other nearby buildings, electric distribution lines, and low vegetation around the historic property. Due to distance, the undertaking will not significantly diminish the setting and association of the historic property nor the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, Construction of the Project will except where such neglect and deterioration are not lead to deterioration of the recognized qualities of a property of religious and cultural historic property through significance to an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian neglect. organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic property is not ownership or control without adequate and legally under Federal ownership. enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no adverse effect on this historic property.

6.1.17 Wappingers Falls United States Post Office The former United States Post Office of Wappingers Falls (02744.000143 and 02744.000244) now serves as the Wappingers Falls village police department headquarters at 2628 South

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Avenue. The Colonial Revival style building dates from 1939 and reflects New Deal public works initiatives set in motion by the Roosevelt administration. A mural depicting local textile mills and the waterfall has been preserved inside the building. The 1 ½ -story, side-gable, masonry building stands on a continuous masonry foundation with a L-shaped footprint, due to a gable-roof rear extension. Fieldstone, laid up in irregular courses, defines the exterior walls, and 16/16, double-hung, wood sash windows with raised panel wood shutters comprise the fenestration. Two internal, brick chimney stacks pierce the side gable roof near the gable ends. The building maintains all aspects of integrity sufficient for individual NRHP listing and continues to contribute to the Wappingers Falls Historic District.

Table 30. United States Post Office, Wappingers Falls, Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. Views of the power plant are blocked by vegetation, a nearby church, and modern development. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic property through neglect.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions Federal ownership. or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.18 Wappingers Falls Historic District The Wappingers Falls Historic District has a period of significance ranging from 1740 to 1934. Commercial, institutional, industrial, religious, a sandstone bridge, and domestic buildings from the nineteenth century are included in the historic district. Representative architectural styles include Shingle Style, Queen Anne, Second Empire, Italianate, Gothic and Greek Revivals, and the ever-popular Colonial Revival style. Minimal intrusions of contemporary buildings have occurred within the historic district. The district reflects such local history as development of mills and the textile industry, along with the evolution of regional architectural styles. Based on field survey, an expansion of the historic district’s NRHP boundary is not recommended, but inclusion of four (4) new contributing resources on Andrews Place, within the historic district’s existing boundary, may be warranted.

Table 31. Wappingers Falls Historic District Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not property damage or destroy this historic district in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, Construction of the Project will not rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous alter this historic property in a material remediation, and provision of handicapped access, manner that is inconsistent with the that is not consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's Secretary’s standards. standards for the treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of Construction the Project structures physical features within the property's setting that contribute will not change the use or physical to its historic significance features of the historic district that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements The Project is not within a clear line that diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic of sight from the historic district. The features power plant is obscured from view by vegetation along Wappinger Creek and wooded areas southwest of the historic district. The undertaking will not diminish the district’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, Construction of the Project will not except where such neglect and deterioration are recognized lead to deterioration of the historic qualities of a property of religious and cultural significance to property through neglect. an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic district is not under ownership or control without adequate and legally Federal ownership. enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.19 William Shay Double House The William Shay Double House (2714.000165) dates from circa 1875. This simplified Italianate style duplex is a masonry residence with a side-gable roof with paired brackets and a center gable that illuminates the attic in the façade and rear elevation. This center gable has decorative truss work in the apex of the gable. The 4-bay-wide brick façade features two, projecting polygonal bay windows and 2/2 double-hung, wood sash windows. Stone sills and corbelled brick, segmental arched window hoods frame the apertures. Two, internal brick chimneys pierce the roof at the ridge line. A vestibule front porch shelters the paired entry apertures. A brick water table and a corbelled brick string-course is evident. Although some alterations to the fenestration have been made, the building retains sufficient integrity to convey its historic architectural significance, maintain its qualifying characteristics, and retain NRHP listing.

Table 32. William Shay Double House Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not property damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its will not change the use or physical historic significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is within a clear line of diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic sight from the historic property. features However, views of the power plant partially are blocked by other nearby buildings, low vegetation, and parts of a marina facility on the river southwest of the historic property. The undertaking will not significantly diminish the setting and association of the historic property nor the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities lead to deterioration of the historic of a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian property through neglect. tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic property is not under ownership or control without adequate and legally enforceable Federal ownership. restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no adverse effect on this historic property.

6.1.20 Matteawan State Hospital The Matteawan State Hospital (02741.000500), currently the Fishkill Correctional Facility, is an approximately 550-acre property containing approximately 115 buildings. Construction of the facility began in 1888 with the Old Administration Building (02741.000133) to house mentally ill inmates too dangerous for civilian state hospitals and too ill for state prisons. Its development was part of a growing prison and health reform movement, and the plan and design of the facility is exemplary of state hospitals constructed nationwide during that period. The property includes buildings primarily constructed of brick and in Richardsonian Romanesque, Tudor Revival, Neo- Classical, and Colonial Revival styles. The property was determined eligible in 2015 under Criteria A and C for its social history, contribution to health and medicine, and for its late-nineteenth to early-twentieth century institutional architecture. The property maintains its NRHP qualifying characteristics.

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Table 33. Matteawan State Hospital Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not property damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its will not change the use or physical historic significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear line diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic of sight from the historic property. features Views of the power plant are blocked by vegetation and modern development north of the historic property, Interstate 84, and wooded ridges north of the interstate. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities lead to deterioration of the historic of a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian property through neglect. tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic property is not under ownership or control without adequate and legally enforceable Federal ownership. restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

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6.1.21 Farmhouse, 225 River Road North This building is a circa 1890 1½-story vernacular frame residence (02719.000223), possibly containing an earlier residential structure. It is sited on a rise overlooking River Road North and the Hudson River to the west. The house is irregular in plan, comprised of a central block under a side-gable roof and two, one-story blocks appended to the northwest elevation. The entire building is clad with weatherboard, with varied fenestration patterns and materials, including double-hung wood sashes, picture windows, and lunettes. The house features four, brick, interior chimneys, a partial-width, hip-roof front porch with round posts, and decorative eave brackets. The house maintains its integrity, and, therefore, its NRHP qualifying characteristics.

Table 34. Farmhouse at 225 River Road North Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is located southeast of diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features historic property, directly across the Hudson River. Views of the power plant are blocked by vegetation north of the historic property. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance, which is limited to its architecture, with no contributing features within its setting.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.22 Mount Saint Mary Academy The Sisters of Saint Dominic from Manhattan opened Mount Saint Mary Academy (07140.002585) in 1883 on the seven-acre McAlpine estate in Newburgh. In 1919, the Sisters purchased 33 acres of adjoining land belonging to the Van Duzer estate, which included a Gothic Revival style mansion, carriage house, and outbuildings. The new school, Greater Mount Saint Mary, opened in 1927 as the high school due to increased need for additional classroom space. This building is now called the Dominican Center. It is a five-story steel frame, brick and masonry- clad Gothic Revival style structure with irregular plan featuring a central tower projection with pointed arch windows and paired double doors with tracery and pointed arch transom. The campus presently consists of athletic fields, modern classroom buildings, student dormitories, and administrative buildings. It continues to convey its historic significance as a previously determined NRHP eligible property.

Table 35. Mount St. Mary’s Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. Views of the power plant are blocked by vegetation in the residential parts of Newburgh and modern development north of the historic property. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.23 Newburgh Beacon Bridge North Span The north (westbound) span of the Newburgh-Beacon Bridge over the Hudson River (7114.00022) was determined eligible in 2014 under Criterion C for engineering. It is a two-span steel articulated deck truss bridge on concrete piers, 7,855 feet long and 30 feet wide, completed in 1963 and designed by Modjeski & Masters. The bridge contains a 2,204-foot curved, cantilevered span with three truss spans totaling 1,230 feet to the west and eight truss spans of 3,440 feet to the east. It was widened six feet in 1980.

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Table 36. Newburgh Beacon Bridge North Span Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is within a clear line of diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features sight from the historic bridge span. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance, which is limited to the engineering and design of the bridge. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no adverse effect on this historic property.

6.1.24 Newburgh Steam Mills (Regal Bag Company) The Newburgh Steam Mills (07140.000006) is located on the west bank of the Hudson River in Newburgh. Constructed circa 1845, the six-story, brick factory building includes a central multi- bay block with two projecting gable-roofed, pedimented wings on the north and south ends; two, two-story gable-roofed wings on the north end; and a mansard-roof entrance projection on the Water Street level, on the west side of the building, that connects to the main

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structure’s top story via a passageway. It is eligible for its late-nineteenth century industrial architecture and is the earliest and most intact extant factory in Newburgh.

Table 37. Newburgh Steam Mills (Regal Bag Company) Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is within a clear line of diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features sight from the historic property. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance, which is related to industrial architecture and productivity in Newburgh. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no adverse effect on this historic property.

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6.1.25 NFA North (North Junior High School) The North Junior High School (07140.002483), built in 1936, was determined eligible under Criterion C in 2005, as an intact example of Georgian Revival-style educational design. The two-story brick and masonry building features a five-part arrangement of the façade with a central hip-roof entrance block flanked by eight-bay gable-roof wings and hip-roof rear projections. The façade features three round-arched entrance bays with rusticated surrounds and a pedimented center pavilion with a square frame cupola with arched windows on each side. The building has several rear additions of various construction dates but retains the significant architectural details for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places.

Table 38. North Junior High School Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. The power plant is obscured from view by residential and commercial areas north and northwest of the historic property, and by developed, vegetated ridges. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.26 Our Lady of Mercy Roman Catholic Church The Our Lady of Mercy Roman Catholic Church (07114.000210) is located on River Road in the Roseton community. It is a Gothic-inspired brick and bluestone church structure built circa 1891 and features a single tower on the north side of the façade with a square louvered frame belfry and a steep pointed steeple. The façade features two pointed arch entries with paired wood doors, two-part front gable roof, and pointed arch windows with tracery. It is significant for its architectural design and use of native materials—from the Jova Brick Company—and as an extant structure from the nineteenth-century industrial community of Roseton. It retains the qualifying characteristics that make it determined eligible for NRHP listing.

Table 39. Our Lady of Mercy Roman Catholic Church Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. The power plant is obscured from view by mature trees lining River Road, and by a separate industrial facility located opposite the historic property, between it and the Project location. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance, which is limited to its architecture and significant historic location. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.27 Residence (Bungalow) and barn, 51 Old Post Road, Newburgh This is a circa 1925 two-story Craftsman bungalow (07114.000208) located on a slight rise above the grade of Old Post Road near the intersection with River Road. The frame, side-gable roof house with gabled wing on the north side is clad with weatherboard and features double-hung, wood sash windows of varied arrangements. The façade features a full-width under-roof porch supported by paired round columns on brick piers with balustrade, and a gabled dormer with triple double-hung wood sash windows. The property also includes a detached frame barn/garage. It is a good example of early-twentieth-century residential development in the area and maintains its NRHP qualifying characteristics.

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Table 40. Residence and Barn at 51 Old Post Road Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. The power plant is obscured from view by vegetated residential and commercial areas west of the historic property. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.28 Residence at 51 North Street, Beacon The gable-front, frame house at 51 North Street (02741.000467) in Beacon stands 2.5 stories tall and dates from circa 1890. The house is a modest example of Folk Victorian style domestic architecture typical of the region. The southeast elevation of the house features a full-height, polygonal projecting wing and a brick chimney stack with a corbelled cap. A cross gable extends from the northwest elevation. The façade features moulded rakeboards, open soffit, and a wrap- around front porch roof with spindles along the porch frieze, spindle balusters, and beveled wood posts. The attic story of the gable ends has fish-scale and square-cut wood singles. Weatherboards and cornerboards clad the exterior of the house. A glazed front door, most likely original, remains in place, but replacement windows have been installed throughout the house. Slate shingles cover the roof. A hipped-roof, rear extension is flanked by porches. This house has

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been determined eligible for NRHP listing, and the building maintains the qualities that make it individually eligible for NRHP listing. It is recommended eligible for NRHP listing.

Table 41. 51 North Street Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not property damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, Construction of the Project will not alter rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous this historic property in a manner that material remediation, and provision of handicapped access, is inconsistent with the Secretary’s that is not consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards. standards for the treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of Construction the Project structures will physical features within the property's setting that contribute not change the use or physical to its historic significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements The Project is not within a clear line of that diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic sight from the historic property. The features power plant is obscured from view by vegetated residential parcels and commercial areas of Beacon, West Fishkill, and Chelsea north of the historic property. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, Construction of the Project will not lead except where such neglect and deterioration are recognized to deterioration of the historic property qualities of a property of religious and cultural significance to through neglect. an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic property is not under ownership or control without adequate and legally Federal ownership.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.29 33 Cliff Street, Beacon This is a circa 1850 2½-story brick vernacular residence with Italianate style influences built into a slope, under a side gable roof with a center wall gable and two interior brick chimneys. The three-bay façade features double-hung sash windows—vinyl 6/6 on the second story, vinyl 4/4 in the dormer, and vinyl 1/1 on the first story and basement—and an inset wood panel door on the north side of the façade, with sidelights and glazed transom. Windows and doors are set in flattened arched surrounds, with brick segmental arch lintels and masonry sills. The front entry is accessed by more modern concrete stairs with a wrought iron rail. Other features of the house include exposed rafters, a basement level accessible from under the front entry stairs, and a single-story rear addition clad with weatherboard. The house is a minimally altered example of a vernacular Gothic-inspired residential style.

Table 42. 33 Cliff Street Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not property damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, Construction of the Project will not alter rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous this historic property in a manner that material remediation, and provision of handicapped access, is inconsistent with the Secretary’s that is not consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards. standards for the treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of Construction the Project structures will physical features within the property's setting that contribute not change the use or physical to its historic significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements The Project is not within a clear line of that diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic sight from the historic property. The features power plant is obscured from view by vegetated residential and commercial areas of Beacon, West Fishkill, and

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) Chelsea north of the historic property. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, Construction of the Project will not lead except where such neglect and deterioration are recognized to deterioration of the historic property qualities of a property of religious and cultural significance to through neglect. an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic property is not under ownership or control without adequate and legally Federal ownership. enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.30 30 South Avenue, Beacon This is a circa 1900 2½-story brick vernacular residence with cross gable roof, open pediment front gable, and Italianate detailing. The three-bay façade features a full-width porch with carved square posts and partial shingle-clad wall, 1/1 aluminum sash windows with masonry lintels and sills, bracketed raking cornice, and wood panel entry with sidelights and glazed transom on the south end. The house has a rear gabled ell and a single-story northern side addition with shingle cladding and triple 1/1 aluminum sash windows.

Table 43. 30 South Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. The power plant is obscured from view by vegetated residential and commercial areas of Beacon, West Fishkill, and Chelsea north of the historic property. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.31 376 River Rd South, Chelsea This is a circa 1890 2½-story vernacular residence with a front gable roof, rectangular plan, and clad with cedar shingles. The three-bay-wide façade features 1/1 and 8/8 vinyl windows with wood surrounds and a fanlight in the gable field. A wrap- around porch is supported by round columns. Materials are replacements but the overall style and feeling is of a late-nineteenth-century residence in the Hamlet of Chelsea, overlooking the Hudson River.

Table 44. 376 River Road South Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is within a partially diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features obscured line of sight from the historic property. Trees and shrubbery along the rail lines provide a partial visual buffer between the Project and the historic property. The undertaking will not diminish the setting and association of the historic property nor the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.32 15 Conklin Street This is a circa 1870 2½-story frame folk Victorian residence clad with weatherboard under a side gable roof with two front-gabled projections and a rear ell. The façade features a partial-width porch with flat roof, turned posts and balustrade. Windows are mostly 2/2 vinyl sash in various arrangements, some with decorative wood panels below. Decorative features of the house include vergeboard on the side elevations, eave brackets, and replacement fabric awnings on the front porch and side elevation windows. The detailed west entry includes a hip-roofed porch with turned posts, balustrade, and spindlework, as well as paired wood and glazed doors with decorative wood storm doors. Although some decorative features

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may be missing, the overall feeling, form, and style of a late nineteenth century Folk Victorian residence remains.

Table 45. 15 Conklin Street Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. The power plant is obscured from view by vegetation lining the railroad tracks west and south of the historic property. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.33 20 Main Street, New Hamburg This circa-1870 centered gable Italianate style residence is 2½ stories with weatherboard cladding, a rear ell, and two interior brick chimneys. The house features a full-width porch with bracketed cornice, intricately turned posts, balustrade, wood floor, and brackets. The five-bay façade features eave brackets, wood sash windows—6/6 on the second story and 4/4 on the first story—segmental arch window hoods on the first story and a segmental arch door surround with paired glazed wood panel doors and glazed transom. A circa-1920 1½-story frame cottage is located to the south of the main house, exhibiting similar architectural style, with a front gable roof and full-width hip roof porch. The property retains a high level of architectural integrity

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exemplifying vernacular late-nineteenth- century residential architecture typical in the riverside hamlet of New Hamburg.

Table 46. 20 Main Street Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not property damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a manner remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of Construction the Project structures physical features within the property's setting that contribute to will not change the use or physical its historic significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear line of diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic sight from the historic property. Trees features lining the property and along the river bank adjacent to the rail lines obscure the power plant from view of the historic property. The undertaking will not diminish the setting and association of the historic property nor the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, Construction of the Project will not except where such neglect and deterioration are recognized lead to deterioration of the historic qualities of a property of religious and cultural significance to property through neglect. an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic property is not under ownership or control without adequate and legally enforceable Federal ownership. restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

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6.1.34 2 Balmville Road, Newburgh This circa 1870 Folk Victorian center-gable form frame residential structure features weatherboard cladding, slate roof shingles, and four interior brick chimneys. Rounded shingles fill the gable field. The five-bay façade features a wrap-around porch supported by tapered round columns and a simple rail. Fenestration is varied, with 2/2 double-hung wood sash windows on the first story, paired 1/1 wood sashes in the half story gable, and a bay window with 2/2 wood sashes on the north end of the facade. It has a single- story, flat roof addition on the north side and a tower with pyramidal roof appended to the south end of the rear elevation. It is a well- maintained example of its type.

Table 47. 2 Balmville Road Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. The power plant is obscured from view by residential and commercial areas north and northwest of the historic property, and by developed, vegetated ridges. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.35 College Heights Historic District, Newburgh The proposed College Heights Historic District has a period of significance from approximately 1860 to 1960. The district includes four (4) prominently positioned Italianate and Victorian style mansions on the west side of Carpenter Avenue dating to the mid to late nineteenth century and approximately 90 modest vernacular homes built in the Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival styles, combined with examples of the bungalow and four-square types, and mid-century minimal traditional and ranch houses. This neighborhood lies roughly between Cottage Avenue, Carpenter Avenue, Marne Avenue, and Powell Avenue, and represents the development of former estates with large acreage into more modest parcels for Newburgh’s growing population in the twentieth century. In this neighborhood, the residential growth was likely tied to the establishment of Mount Saint Mary’s, located on the eastern boundary of the proposed district.

Table 48. College Heights Historic District Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not property damage or destroy this historic district in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, Construction of the Project will not alter rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous this historic district in a manner that is material remediation, and provision of handicapped access, inconsistent with the Secretary’s that is not consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards. standards for the treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic district or any of its

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) contributing resources from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of Construction the Project structures will physical features within the property's setting that contribute not change the use or physical to its historic significance features of the historic district that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements The Project is not within a clear line of that diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic sight from the historic district. The features power plant is obscured from view by residential and commercial areas north and northwest of the historic district, and by developed, vegetated ridges. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, Construction of the Project will not lead except where such neglect and deterioration are recognized to deterioration of the historic district or qualities of a property of religious and cultural significance to any of its contributing resources an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization through neglect. (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic district is not under ownership or control without adequate and legally Federal ownership. enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic district.

6.1.36 East End Historic District (Proposed Expansion), Newburgh Newburgh’s East End Historic District is an extensive area comprising an intact concentration of historic buildings that illustrate the city’s development from the mid-eighteenth century through the mid-1930s. Architectural styles represented in the district’s residential structures include Federal, Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, Second Empire, Queen Anne, and Colonial Revival styles. The district also includes commercial, industrial, and institutional buildings. The proposed expansion of the district includes 13 resources on Central Avenue and 2 resources on North Street. These resources are residential structures exhibiting modest Colonial Revival and Folk Victorian styles, as well as American four square and bungalow forms. These residences support the development and expansion of Newburgh’s residential neighborhoods westward in the early twentieth century. TRC also recommends inclusion of one (1) new contributing resource on Montgomery Street and one (1) new contributing resource on Chambers Street, within existing boundary, both of which currently have an undetermined eligibility status.

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Table 49. East End Historic District Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not damage property or destroy this historic district in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, Construction of the Project will not alter this rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization, historic district in a manner that is hazardous material remediation, and provision of inconsistent with the Secretary’s standards. handicapped access, that is not consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic district or any of its contributing resources from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of Construction the Project structures will not physical features within the property's setting that change the use or physical features of the contribute to its historic significance historic district that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible The Project is not within a clear line of sight elements that diminish the integrity of the property's from most resources within the historic significant historic features district. The Project is within a partially obscured line of sight from resources along the eastern edge of the district, but vegetation in the residential areas of the district and modern development outside of and north/northeast of the district partially obscure the view toward the power plant. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, Construction of the Project will not lead to except where such neglect and deterioration are deterioration of the historic district or any of recognized qualities of a property of religious and its contributing resources through neglect. cultural significance to an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic district is not under Federal ownership or control without adequate and legally ownership. enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long- term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no adverse effect on this historic district.

6.1.37 Point Street Historic District, New Hamburg The proposed Point Street Historic District is comprised of approximately 23 structures, primarily residential, but also includes St. Nicholas-On-The-Hudson Episcopal Church and White’s Marina, formerly the Millard Lumber Yard. The district is largely composed of structures along Point Street, with a few buildings along Main Street and Division Street near the intersections with Point Street. Residential structures are late-nineteenth-century and early-twentieth-century vernacular frame structures, with Colonial Revival and Victorian design influences. Some alterations to materials

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and small additions are present within the district, but the structures mostly retain appropriate massing and integrity of feeling, association, and location.

Table 50. Point Street Historic District Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of Construction of the Project will not damage or the property destroy this historic district in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, Construction of the Project will not alter this rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization, historic district in a manner that is inconsistent hazardous material remediation, and provision of with the Secretary’s standards. handicapped access, that is not consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic district, or any contributing resource, from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or Construction the Project structures will not of physical features within the property's setting that change the use or physical features of the contribute to its historic significance historic district that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible The Project is within a clear line of sight from elements that diminish the integrity of the property's portions of the historic district. The power plant significant historic features is obscured from view of several contributing resources by vegetation within the district and by modern structures related to White’s Marina. The undertaking will not diminish the district’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its Construction of the Project will not lead to deterioration, except where such neglect and deterioration of the historic district or any deterioration are recognized qualities of a property of contributing resource through neglect. religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic district is not under Federal ownership or control without adequate and legally ownership. enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long- term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no adverse effect on this historic district.

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6.1.38 42 Downing Avenue, Newburgh The 2½-story brick residence, built circa 1860, is a well-maintained example of Gothic Revival style residential architecture. The house features a centered gable form with a forward projecting cross gable, two steeply gabled roof dormers, jigsaw cut vergeboard and balcony, exposed rafters, and double-hung wood sash windows with operable shutters. The façade features a central entry with an integral porch on the north end, supported by square posts with brackets, and with full- height windows, and a bay window on the south end. The property includes a circular drive with wrought iron gate and is obscured from view from the roadway by a line of cedars.

Table 51. 42 Downing Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not property damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a manner remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of Construction the Project structures physical features within the property's setting that contribute to will not change the use or physical its historic significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear line of diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic sight from the historic property. The features power plant is obscured from view by residential areas north and northwest of the historic property, and by developed, vegetated ridges. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, Construction of the Project will not except where such neglect and deterioration are recognized lead to deterioration of the historic qualities of a property of religious and cultural significance to property through neglect. an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic property is not under ownership or control without adequate and legally enforceable Federal ownership. restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.39 18 Grand Avenue, Newburgh This is a 2-story bungalow with Tudor style elements, built circa 1920, with a side gable roof and dominate gabled dormer. The masonry and stucco house features terracotta roof tiles, half- timbering in the gable fields, and tapered stone piers supporting the integral wrap-around porch. The façade features (door?) flanked by full-height sash windows and triple 6/6 sash windows in the second story dormer. A gabled side balcony projects from the north elevation and a one-bay stucco garage with pyramidal roof and terracotta tiles is present to the northeast of the house.

Table 52. 18 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear line diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features of sight from the historic property. The power plant is obscured from view by residential areas north and northwest of the historic property, and by developed, vegetated ridges. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions Federal ownership. or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.40 505 Grand Avenue, Newburgh Built circa 1890, this 2½-story frame Queen Anne style house features weatherboard cladding, a hipped with lower cross gables roof form, integral wrap-around porch, and two interior brick chimneys. The façade features spindlework on the porch balustrades and in the small gable field over the porch entry, a bay window on the south end, and paired glazed doors. Fenestration on the house is varied and includes paired 1/1 wood double-hung sash windows with transoms, pictures windows, and tripartite, eyebrow, and oriel styles. Some window aperture alterations are present. The forward facing, pent roof enclosing gable features decorative wood shingles, and an extended triangular section at the top.

Table 53. 505 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not property damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its will not change the use or physical historic significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear line diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic of sight from the historic property. features The power plant is obscured from view by residential areas north and northwest of the historic property, and by developed, vegetated ridges. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities lead to deterioration of the historic of a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian property through neglect. tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic property is not under ownership or control without adequate and legally enforceable Federal ownership. restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.41 511 Grand Avenue, Newburgh This is a 2½-story brick Queen Anne style residence built circa 1900 with a front-gable roof and tower on the north end of the façade. A 2½-story hip roof projection is located on the south elevation, with irregularly placed windows and triple double-hung sash windows with diagonal muntins in the half-story level. Fenestration throughout the first and second stories is 1/1 double-hung wood sash windows, some with aluminum storm windows. The entrance features a flat-roofed porch with wrought iron railing above, supported by Ionic order columns, wood railing with some spindlework, and paired wood and glazed doors with wood panel transom and wood screen doors. The house has a rear gabled addition and vinyl siding in the gable field but remains a good example of the simplified Queen Anne style.

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Table 54. 511 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not property damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, Construction of the Project will not alter rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous this historic property in a manner that is material remediation, and provision of handicapped access, inconsistent with the Secretary’s that is not consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards. standards for the treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of Construction the Project structures will physical features within the property's setting that contribute not change the use or physical features to its historic significance of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements The Project is not within a clear line of that diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic sight from the historic property. The features power plant is obscured from view by residential areas north and northwest of the historic property, and by developed, vegetated ridges. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, Construction of the Project will not lead except where such neglect and deterioration are recognized to deterioration of the historic property qualities of a property of religious and cultural significance to through neglect. an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic property is not under ownership or control without adequate and legally Federal ownership. enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.42 512 Grand Avenue, Newburgh This circa 1880 Queen Anne style frame residential structure with a cross-gable roof and three-story tower is clad with wood shingles and has a slate shingle roof. Features of the house include two interior brick paneled chimneys, a widows walk with geometric wood balustrade, an integral balcony with arched opening and spindlework rail in the front facing gable, and a gabled entrance porch supported by round columns. Windows are primarily 1/1 double-hung sash windows with simple wood surrounds.

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Table 55. 512 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear line diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features of sight from the historic property. The power plant is obscured from view by residential areas north and northwest of the historic property, and by developed, vegetated ridges. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions Federal ownership. or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

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6.1.43 514 Grand Avenue, Newburgh This is a circa 1880 Queen Anne style brick residence, 2½ stories in height under a cross gable roof and built into a slight slope. A 3½-story hip-roof tower with hip-roof dormers is present on the south side of the façade and a 2½-story gabled wing projects from the north elevation. The house features arched window openings with 1/1 sash windows, sometimes paired, and a wrap-around porch supported by turned posts with delicate spindlework frieze and gabled entry. Two small second story balconies overhang a cutaway bay window. The front pent roof enclosing gable features wood shingles, a bay window, and an extended triangular section at the top.

Table 56. 514 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not property damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, Construction of the Project will not alter rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous this historic property in a manner that is material remediation, and provision of handicapped access, inconsistent with the Secretary’s that is not consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards. standards for the treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of Construction the Project structures will physical features within the property's setting that contribute not change the use or physical features to its historic significance of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements The Project is not within a clear line of that diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic sight from the historic property. The features power plant is obscured from view by residential areas north and northwest of the historic property, and by developed, vegetated ridges. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, Construction of the Project will not lead except where such neglect and deterioration are recognized to deterioration of the historic property qualities of a property of religious and cultural significance to through neglect. an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic property is not under ownership or control without adequate and legally Federal ownership.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.44 519 Grand Avenue, Newburgh Built circa 1870, this 2½-story frame Queen Anne style frame residence with cross-gables on hipped roof features weatherboard and scalloped shingles, scalloped slate roof shingles, 2½-story tower, and a decorative brick interior chimney. The wrap-around porch with gabled entry is supported by turned posts with curved wood balustrade. Windows are 1/1 replacement sashes, sometimes paired, with arched openings. Windows on the half story of the tower are segmental arch casement.

Table 57. 519 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of Construction of the Project will not damage or the property destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, Construction of the Project will not alter this rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization, historic property in a manner that is inconsistent hazardous material remediation, and provision of with the Secretary’s standards. handicapped access, that is not consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or Construction the Project structures will not of physical features within the property's setting that change the use or physical features of the contribute to its historic significance historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible The Project is not within a clear line of sight elements that diminish the integrity of the property's from the historic property. The power plant is significant historic features obscured from view by residential areas north and northwest of the historic property, and by developed, vegetated ridges. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its Construction of the Project will not lead to deterioration, except where such neglect and deterioration of the historic property through deterioration are recognized qualities of a property neglect. of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of The historic property is not under Federal Federal ownership or control without adequate and ownership. legally enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.45 521 Grand Avenue, Newburgh This circa 1870, 2½-story Queen Anne style frame residence with a cross-gables on hip roof features weatherboard and scalloped shingles, scalloped slate roof shingles, 2½-story tower, and two decorative brick chimneys. Windows are 1/1 replacement sashes with arched wood surrounds. The paired glazed and paneled entry doors with arched transom window and simple wood surround open to an entry vestibule. Windows on the half story of the tower are segmental arch casement.

Table 58. 521 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. The power plant is obscured from view by residential areas north and northwest of the

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) historic property, and by developed, vegetated ridges. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.46 522 Grand Avenue, Newburgh This circa 1870, 2½-story Tudor Revival style masonry residence with numerous cross-gables on a main side-gable roof features brick string courses and porches. Two decorative brick chimney stacks pierce the main roof. A gate house stands near the road. The river elevation features a wrap- around porch and a projecting polygonal bay window. The house is a well-maintained example of its style.

Table 59. 522 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. The power plant is obscured from view by residential areas north and northwest of the historic property, and by developed, vegetated ridges. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.47 527 Grand Avenue, Newburgh This circa 1890, frame 2½-story Colonial Revival house features weatherboard siding and a cross gable roof profile, with internal brick chimney stacks. The façade features a wrap-around front porch and an projecting pavilion. Some replacement windows have been installed.

Table 60. 527 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. The power plant is obscured from view by residential areas north and northwest of the historic property, and by developed, vegetated ridges. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.48 533 Grand Avenue, Newburgh This circa 1875, 2½-story Queen Anne style brick residence with a cross-gables features slate roof shingles, a 2½-story tower, and four decorative brick chimneys with corbelled caps. The façade features a wrap- around front porch. The house is a well- maintained example of its style.

Table 61. 533 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. The power plant is obscured from view by residential areas north and northwest of the historic property, and by developed, vegetated ridges. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.49 559 Grand Avenue, Newburgh This circa 1880, 2½-story Shingle style frame residence with an off-center center gable features wood shingles, and two decorative brick chimneys. Two additions have been appended to the rear of the house. Windows are casement style. The house is a well-maintained example of its style of domestic architecture.

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Table 62. 559 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. The power plant is obscured from view by residential areas north and northwest of the historic property, and by developed, vegetated ridges. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.50 532 & 536 Grand Avenue, Newburgh This circa 1880, 2½-story Queen Anne style, brick residence with a cross-gables on a gable roof features weatherboard in some gable ends, dormer windows, a Palladian window, an oriel window, and three decorative brick chimneys. A shed roof porch covers the main entry. It is a well-maintained example of its style.

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Table 63. 532 & 536 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. The power plant is obscured from view by residential areas north and northwest of the historic property, and by developed, vegetated ridges. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.51 House at 153 Holmes Road The House at 153 Holmes Road is a large Craftsman style house with an irregular footprint. It dates from circa 1930. The main block of the house is five bays wide and three bays deep. A rear addition has been appended to the house. The building features cross-gable gambrel roofing and a full-width front porch faced with river rock laid up in irregular courses. The fenestration consists of 6/1 double-hung, wood sash windows. An internal chimney stack pierces the roof on a rear slope. Large pylons of mortared river rock mark the entrance to the driveway leading to the house. A garage and a barn stand at the rear of the property adjacent to the house. The house continues to convey its historical architectural significance. Further research into other aspects of significance are warranted for this building.

Table 64. House at 153 Holmes Road Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. Views of the power plant are blocked by vegetation, other nearby houses, and modern development. Distance also

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) obscures any view. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through the neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.52 145 North Road, West Fishkill This circa 1920, 2½-story Four Square style frame residence with a hipped roof features wood shingles, with alternating exposures, a hipped roof dormer, and a full- width front porch. A brick chimney stack pierces the roof on a rear slope. The fenestration consists of mullioned 6/1 double hung wood sash windows. A garage stands at the rear of the property. The house is a well-maintained example of its type.

Table 65. 521 Grand Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. The power plant is obscured from view by residential areas north and northwest of the historic property, and by developed, vegetated ridges. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.53 House at 8 Park Place The house at 8 Park Place dates from circa 1925. The house is a well-maintained example of Tudor Revival style domestic architecture. The building has an irregular footprint and stands on a continuous masonry foundation of river rock rubble laid up in irregular courses. The house is 1 ½- stories high. The exterior walls feature a veneer of stucco and half-timbering. The cross-gable roof has a gable roof dormer, a river stone chimney stack, and a chimney stacks. The fenestration consists of mullioned casement windows that are sheltered by shed roofs. An open side porch overlooks the river. This house reflects all the hallmarks of its style and continues to convey its historic architectural significance. Further research into its builder and historical significance is warranted.

Table 66. House at 8 Park Place Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. Views of the power plant are blocked by vegetation, other nearby houses, interstate highway bridges, and modern development. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through the neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.54 House at 10 Park Place The Craftsman style house at 10 Park Place dates from circa 1925. The building has an irregular, rectangular footprint due to a front porch that extends from the façade wall. The fenestration consists of 6/6, double-hung, wood sash windows and 6-light casement windows. The exterior walls have weatherboard siding. The side gable roof and the shed roof dormer have asphalt shingles. A brick chimney stack pierces the roof’s façade slope. The front porch features a pergola with exposed beams. A round arch projecting porch shelters the main entrance that has glazed, twin leaf doors. The house continues to convey its historical architectural significance. Further research into other aspects of significance are warranted for this building.

Table 67. House at 10 Park Place Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. Views of the power plant are blocked by vegetation, other nearby houses, interstate highway bridges, and modern development. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through the neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.55 House at 12 Park Place The house at 12 Park Place is a dormer-front Bungalow style building. The side-gable roof features a gable-roof dormer. Asphalt shingles cover the roof. The fenestration consists of 6/1, double-hung, wood sash windows. The windows in the dormer are mullioned, as are the windows in the west elevation. There is a projecting polygonal window in the east elevation. The roof features exposed rafter tails and brackets in the eaves. Wood shingles and weatherboard cover the exterior. Brick knee walls flank concrete steps leading to a full-width porch, which is integral to the main roof, with battered piers and a parapet wall. The house, which dates from circa 1925, continues to convey its historical architectural significance. Further research into other aspects of significance are warranted for this building.

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Table 68. House at 12 Park Place Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. Views of the power plant are blocked by vegetation, interstate highway bridges, other nearby houses, and modern development. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through the neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.56 House at 14 Park Place The house at 14 Park Place is a dormer-front Bungalow style building dating from circa 1925. The side gable jerkinhead roof features a shed-roof dormer. Asphalt shingles cover the roof. The fenestration consists of 10/10 and 10/1, double-hung, wood sash windows. The east elevation features a shouldered, brick chimney stack and a projecting polygonal bay window. Weatherboard siding covers the exterior in the upper story. River rock, laid up in irregular courses, covers the first floor exterior. Although there are some modest alterations evident, the house

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continues to convey its historical architectural significance. Further research into other aspects of significance are warranted for this building.

Table 69. House at 14 Park Place Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. Views of the power plant are blocked by interstate highway bridges, vegetation, other nearby houses, and modern development. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through the neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

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6.1.57 House at 17 Park Place The house at 17 Park Place is a well-maintained example of Mediterranean Revival style domestic architecture. The building, which dates from circa 1925, has a square footprint and stands 2-stories high. The exterior walls feature a veneer of stucco. The house has a low-pitched hipped roof. The fenestration consists of mullioned casement windows, nine-light, fixed sash windows, and double-hung, wood sash windows flanked by raised panel wood shutters. This house reflects all the hallmarks of its style and continues to convey its historic architectural significance. Table 70. House at 17 Park Place Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. Views of the power plant are blocked by vegetation, other nearby houses, interstate highway bridges, and modern development. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through the neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

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6.1.58 House at 20 Park Place The house at 20 Park Place is a well-maintained example of Tudor Revival style domestic architecture from circa 1925. The building has an irregular footprint and stands 1 ½-stories high. The exterior walls feature a veneer of stucco and half-timbering. The cross-gable roof has a gable roof dormer, asphalt shingles wrapping around the fascia as faux coatwork, and two, prominent, clustered chimney stacks. The fenestration consists of mullioned casement windows and some double-hung, wood sash windows. A similarly style garage stands at the rear of the property. This house reflects all the hallmarks of its style and continues to convey its historic architectural significance.

Table 71. House at 20 Park Place Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. Views of the power plant are blocked by vegetation, other nearby houses, interstate highway bridges, and modern development. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through the neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.59 House at 3 West Stone Street The house at 3 West Stone Street is a rare and well- maintained example of Mediterranean Revival style domestic architecture. The house, which dates from circa 1925, stands 2-stories high and has an irregular footprint. The exterior walls have stucco. The flat roof has a stepped parapet and a stringcourse band. The fenestration consists of 6/6 double-hung wood sash windows, some of them mullioned in the facade, and some replacement windows have been installed. Brick steps lead to a 1-story flat roof porch with a segmental archway sheltering the front door. The roof of the porch has canales for rainwater drainage.

Table 72. House at 3 West Stone Street Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. Views of the power plant are blocked by vegetation, other nearby houses, interstate highway bridges, and modern development. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through the neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.60 City of New York, Delaware Water Supply The City of New York, Delaware Water Supply, Chelsea Pumping Station at 199 River Road North, is a large, five-bay-wide, masonry building standing approximately three stories tall. The building dates from circa 1950. The building stands on a concrete foundation and has a rectangular floor plan. The bricks in the exterior wall are laid up in Flemish bond. The cornice area features corbelling and deep eaves. A low, hipped roof covers the building. Window apertures are recessed. A bronze plaque surmounts the large entry door in the façade. A security gate surrounds the building. The building conveys a simplified Neo-Classical style, maintains integrity, and reflects the history of municipal water management and community development in the region. Further research into other categories of its significance are warranted.

Table 73. City of New York, Delaware Water Supply Building Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is located directly diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features across the Hudson River from this historic property and is within a clear line of sight to the Project. Being in clear view of the Project will not significantly diminish the setting and association of the historic property nor the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no adverse effect on this historic property.

6.1.61 New York Central & Hudson River East Shore Railroad The New York Central & Hudson River East Shore Railroad consists of two sets of steel rail tracks on reinforced poured concrete ties and stone ballast. The rail line proceeds in a north to south direction through the project area. A bascule bridge carries a segment of the railroad over Wappingers Creek at its embouchement with the Hudson River. This segment of the railroad in the APE contributes to the historic significance of the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad. Presently, it functions as an MTA commuter railroad line connecting Poughkeepsie to Manhattan. This railroad dates from the 1860s, as the Vanderbilt family invested in railroads to extend their transportation enterprise. This railroad contributed to the development of New York State as a central railroad node and trans- shipment port, which led to sustained economic, industrial, transportation, and social advancement from the Gilded Age to the last half of the twentieth century. The West Shore Railroad of the former New York Central & Hudson River Railroad is recommended eligible for NRHP listing under Criterion A at the local level for its historic association with local transportation and industrial growth.

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Table 74. East Shore Railroad Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not property damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a manner remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of Construction the Project structures physical features within the property's setting that contribute to will not change the use or physical its historic significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is located directly across diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic the Hudson River from this historic features property and is within a clear line of sight to the Project. Being in clear view of the Project will not significantly diminish the setting and association of the historic property nor the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, Construction of the Project will not except where such neglect and deterioration are recognized lead to deterioration of the historic qualities of a property of religious and cultural significance to property through neglect. an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic property is not under ownership or control without adequate and legally enforceable Federal ownership. restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no adverse effect on this historic property.

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6.1.62 West Shore Railroad, former New York Central & Hudson River Railroad Throughout the project area, the West Shore Railroad of the former New York Central & Hudson River Railroad consists of one set of steel rail tracks on wood ties and stone ballast. In the vicinity of the Danskammer Power Plant, however, a siding of three sets of tracks has been installed. The rail line proceeds in a north-south direction through the project area. This railroad dates from the 1860s. It hauled freight, carried passengers to resorts at Saratoga and the Catskills, and connected the port of New York City to markets on the Great Lakes and beyond. This railroad contributed to the development of New York State as a central railroad node and trans-shipment port, which led to sustained economic, industrial, transportation, and social advancement from the Gilded Age to the last half of the twentieth century. The West Shore Railroad of the former New York Central & Hudson River Railroad is recommended eligible for NRHP listing under Criterion A at the local level for its historic association with local transportation and industrial growth.

Table 75. West Shore Railroad Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not property damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a manner remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of Construction the Project structures physical features within the property's setting that contribute to will not change the use or physical its historic significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is located adjacent to this diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic historic property and is within a clear features line of sight to the Project. Being in clear view of the Project will not significantly diminish the setting and association of the historic property nor the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, Construction of the Project will not except where such neglect and deterioration are recognized lead to deterioration of the historic qualities of a property of religious and cultural significance to property through neglect. an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic property is not under ownership or control without adequate and legally enforceable Federal ownership. restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no adverse effect on this historic property.

6.1.63 Every Residence, 3 Conklin Street, New Hamburg The Every Residence (02714.000052 and 02714.000118) is a well-maintained example of Folk Victorian style domestic architecture dating from circa 1880. Wood shingles clad the exterior of this side gable building. The façade features a full-width porch with decorative, scroll-sawn brackets and a center gable. The fenestration consists of 2/2, double-hung, wood sash windows. A sympathetic addition has been appended to the west elevation.

Table 76. Every Residence Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not property damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a manner remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of Construction the Project structures physical features within the property's setting that contribute to will not change the use or physical its historic significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear line of diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic sight from the historic property. Views features of the power plant are blocked by

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) vegetation, railroad infrastructure, a marina, other nearby houses, and modern development. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, Construction of the Project will not except where such neglect and deterioration are recognized lead to deterioration of the historic qualities of a property of religious and cultural significance to property through the neglect. an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic property is not under ownership or control without adequate and legally enforceable Federal ownership. restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.64 Residence at 25 Main Street The Residence at 25 Main Street is a well- maintained example of Folk Victorian style domestic architecture dating from circa 1875 that stands 2 ½-stories tall. Bricks clad the exterior of this side gable building. The façade features a full-width porch with decorative, scroll-sawn brackets and a center gable. The fenestration consists of 1/1, double-hung, metal sash replacement windows with masonry sills and lintels. A sympathetic addition has been appended to the rear elevation.

Table 77. Residence at 25 Main Street Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not property damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a manner remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of Construction the Project structures physical features within the property's setting that contribute to will not change the use or physical its historic significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear line of diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic sight from the historic property. Views features of the power plant are blocked by vegetation, railroad infrastructure, a marina, other nearby houses, and modern development. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, Construction of the Project will not except where such neglect and deterioration are recognized lead to deterioration of the historic qualities of a property of religious and cultural significance to property through the neglect. an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic property is not under ownership or control without adequate and legally enforceable Federal ownership. restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.65 Johnes-Holden Home The Johnes-Holden Home (07114.000258) is a high-style, Colonial Revival style residence, dating from circa 1923, with a pedimented portico supported by columns in the Tuscan order. The building has a T-shaped floor plan due to a large addition connecting the main building to a former large outbuilding. The central block of the building has a stone veneer, with flanking brick veneer wings, to give the building a sense of tripartite-bilateral symmetry, in keeping with the massing of its style of domestic architecture. Some original windows, with 8/8, double-hung wood sashes remain in place. In 2015, the elderly care facility that had been occupying the building closed. Renovations currently are underway at the house. Alterations at the rear of the building have not compromised historic integrity of the exterior facade. The building appears to be a representative example of high style Colonial Revival domestic architecture. This house reflects all the hallmarks of its style and continues to convey its historic architectural significance. The house is recommended NRHP eligible only under Criterion C for its notable architecture at the local level. Its period of significance is circa 1923. Further research is recommended

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to establish a possible link between a family of prominent local industrialists and this building that may lead to its local eligibility under Criterion B.

Table 78. Johnes-Holden Home Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not property damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a manner remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of Construction the Project structures physical features within the property's setting that contribute to will not change the use or physical its historic significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear line of diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic sight from the historic property. Views features of the power plant are blocked by vegetation, other nearby houses, interstate highway bridges, and modern development. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, Construction of the Project will not except where such neglect and deterioration are recognized lead to deterioration of the historic qualities of a property of religious and cultural significance to property through the neglect. an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic property is not under ownership or control without adequate and legally enforceable Federal ownership. restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

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6.1.66 Residence at 856 River Road The Folk Victorian style Residence at 856 River Road is a side gable masonry building that stands 2 ½-stories tall. The residence, which dates from circa 1880, is seven bays wide and four bays deep. Polygonal bay windows project from each gable end. Replacement windows have been installed. The upper half story has wood shingles in the gable ends. Two internal, brick chimney stacks pierce the roof at the ridgeline. A partial-width, half-hipped roof front porch with decorative spindle work shelters the entry. A full-width, wood deck has been appended to the east elevation, overlooking the Hudson River. A one-story, gable front frame garage with an attached carport stands adjacent to the house. This house reflects all the hallmarks of its style and continues to convey its historic architectural significance. The house is recommended NRHP eligible under Criterion C for its notable architecture at the local level. Its period of significance is 1880.

Table 79. Residence at 856 River Road Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not property damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its will not change the use or physical historic significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is within a clear line of diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic sight from the historic property. The features tops of existing exhaust stacks can be seen from this property. However, the proposed exhaust stack height will be lower than the existing exhaust stacks. Therefore, views of the Danskammer facility will be negligible. Setting is not integral to this property’s NRHP status. Thus,

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) the undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities lead to deterioration of the historic of a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian property through the neglect. tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic property is not under ownership or control without adequate and legally enforceable Federal ownership. restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no adverse effect on this historic property.

6.1.67 Zion Church Rectory The Zion Church Rectory (02744.000140) at 12 Satterlee Place is a Queen Anne style residence that dates from circa 1880. The building features multiple porches at the first floor, multiple roof pitches, and four (4) brick chimney stacks with ornamental brick work. The building has an irregular floor plan. The fenestration consists of 6/1 and 1/1 double hung, wood sash windows and a few replacement windows. Some windows in the first floor feature decorative border panes of glass. The building maintains sufficient integrity to convey its historic architectural significance as a representative example of its type, and it continues to contribute to the historic district. This house reflects all the hallmarks of its style and continues to convey its historic architectural significance. The house is recommended NRHP eligible under Criterion C for its notable architecture at the local level. Its period of significance is 1880.

Table 80. Zion Church Rectory Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not property damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its will not change the use or physical historic significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear line diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic of sight from the historic property. features Views of the power plant are blocked by vegetation, other nearby houses, and modern development. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities lead to deterioration of the historic of a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian property through the neglect. tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic property is not under ownership or control without adequate and legally enforceable Federal ownership. restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.68 Saint Andrew Episcopal Church Saint Andrew Episcopal Church (02741.000174) in Beacon at 15 South Avenue is a well- maintained example of Carpenter Gothic Revival style ecclesiastical architecture. The church dates from circa 1900. Architect Charles B. Van Slyke designed the church. The building has an L-shaped footprint, due to a connected annex. The apertures have character-defining Gothic arches, and the steeple features scroll sawn ornamentation. Other windows have square apertures. The gable roof has hipped roof dormers, flared eaves, and exposed rafter tails in the cornice returns. The exterior has wood shingles, falsework, and board-and-batten siding. The façade has a wide band of trim, as a belt course. An ornamental quatrefoil is in the apex of the façade’s gable end. The church building maintains sufficient integrity to convey its historic architectural significance as a representative example of its type. The church meets Criteria Consideration A and is recommended for NRHP eligibility at the local level for its notable construction methods under Criterion C and for its historical significance in the growth and development of Beacon under Criterion A.

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Table 81. Saint Andrew Episcopal Church Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the Construction of the Project will not property damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, Construction of the Project will not alter rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization, this historic property in a manner that is hazardous material remediation, and provision of inconsistent with the Secretary’s handicapped access, that is not consistent with the standards. Secretary of the Interior's standards for the treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of Construction the Project structures will not physical features within the property's setting that change the use or physical features of the contribute to its historic significance historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements The Project is not within a clear line of that diminish the integrity of the property's significant sight from the historic property. Views of historic features the power plant are blocked by vegetation, other nearby houses, and modern development. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, Construction of the Project will not lead to except where such neglect and deterioration are deterioration of the historic property recognized qualities of a property of religious and cultural through the neglect. significance to an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic property is not under Federal ownership or control without adequate and legally ownership. enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

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6.1.69 The Reese Estate The Reese Estate (02741.000111) at 20 South Avenue in Beacon is a 2 ½-story Second Empire style residence that dates from circa 1865. The walls are brick. An internal, brick chimney with a corbelled cap pierces the slope of the Mansard roof. A balustrade surmounts the roof. The cornice features brackets and wide bands of trim. The dormer windows in the Mansard roof are gabled with decorative truss work. The façade has a full- width, wrap-around, front porch with scroll-sawn bracketry work. The fenestration consists of 2/2, double-hung, wood sash windows and storm windows. Some replacement windows have been installed. An original rear extension of the house has been surrounded by modern additions, as the house has been subdivided into apartments. Nevertheless, the building maintains sufficient integrity to convey its architectural and historical significance. The house conveys the hallmarks of its associated style. The house is recommended NRHP eligible only under Criterion C for its noteworthy architectural style at the local level.

Table 82. Reese Estate Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of Construction of the Project will not damage or the property destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, Construction of the Project will not alter this rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization, historic property in a manner that is hazardous material remediation, and provision of inconsistent with the Secretary’s standards. handicapped access, that is not consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or Construction the Project structures will not of physical features within the property's setting that change the use or physical features of the contribute to its historic significance historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible The Project is not within a clear line of sight elements that diminish the integrity of the property's from the historic property. Views of the power significant historic features plant are blocked by vegetation, other nearby houses, and modern development. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its Construction of the Project will not lead to deterioration, except where such neglect and deterioration of the historic property through deterioration are recognized qualities of a property of the neglect. religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal The historic property is not under Federal ownership or control without adequate and legally ownership. enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long- term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.70 House at 22 South Avenue The House at 22 South Avenue in Beacon is a 1 ½-story Victorian style residence that dates from circa 1875. The walls are brick. An internal, brick chimney with a corbelled cap pierces the slope of the Mansard roof. The cornice features brackets. A polygonal bay window projects from the southeast elevation. The dormer windows are gabled with decorative truss work. The façade has a partial-width front porch. Some replacement windows have been installed. Nevertheless, the building maintains sufficient integrity to convey its architectural and historical significance.

Table 83. House at 22 South Avenue Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part Construction of the Project will not damage or of the property destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, Construction of the Project will not alter this rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization, historic property in a manner that is inconsistent hazardous material remediation, and provision of with the Secretary’s standards. handicapped access, that is not consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic Construction of the Project will not remove the location historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use Construction the Project structures will not or of physical features within the property's setting change the use or physical features of the that contribute to its historic significance historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible The Project is not within a clear line of sight from elements that diminish the integrity of the the historic property. Views of the power plant property's significant historic features are blocked by vegetation, other nearby houses, and modern development. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its Construction of the Project will not lead to deterioration, except where such neglect and deterioration of the historic property through the deterioration are recognized qualities of a property neglect. of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of The historic property is not under Federal Federal ownership or control without adequate and ownership. legally enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.71 O’Connor Residence The O’Connor Residence (02741.000119) at 352 Verplanck Avenue is a 1-½-story Second Empire style building that dates from circa 1865. The walls are brick. An internal, brick chimney with a corbelled cap pierces the slope of the Mansard roof. The cornice features brackets. A polygonal bay window projects from the southeast elevation. The dormer windows are gabled and feature decorative truss work. The façade has a partial-width front porch. Some replacement windows have been installed. Nevertheless, the building maintains sufficient integrity to convey its architectural and historical significance. The house conveys the hallmarks of its associated style. The house is recommended NRHP eligible only under Criterion C for its noteworthy architectural style at the local level.

Table 84. O’Connor Residence Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location.

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Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. Views of the power plant are blocked by vegetation, other nearby houses in Beacon, and modern development. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through the neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

6.1.72 Lyons Residence The Lyons Residence (02744.000001) dates from circa 1880 and is a well-maintained example of regional Italianate style domestic architecture. This frame building has an irregular footprint. The façade features a wrap-around porch and a projecting polygonal bay window. The fenestration consists of 6/6 double-hung, wood sash windows, and some replacement windows and vinyl siding has been installed in some locations. The cross-gable roof features decorative, scroll-sawn brackets and a chimney stack. An addition has been appended to the rear of the building. The building maintains sufficient integrity to convey its architectural and historical significance.

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Table 85. Lyons Residence Assessment of Adverse Effects Criteria of Adverse Effect Impact to Historic Property 36 CFR § 800.5 (a) (2) (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property Construction of the Project will not damage or destroy this historic property in whole or in part. (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, Construction of the Project will not repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material alter this historic property in a remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not manner that is inconsistent with the consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's standards for the Secretary’s standards. treatment of historic properties (36 CFR § 68) and applicable guidelines (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location Construction of the Project will not remove the historic property from its historic location. (iv) Change of the character of the property's use or of physical Construction the Project structures features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic will not change the use or physical significance features of the historic property that qualify it for NRHP listing. (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that The Project is not within a clear diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features line of sight from the historic property. Views of the power plant are blocked by vegetation, other nearby houses, and modern development. The undertaking will not diminish the historic property’s ability to convey its historic significance. (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except Construction of the Project will not where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of lead to deterioration of the historic a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe property through the neglect. or Native Hawaiian organization (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership The historic property is not under or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or Federal ownership. conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance Criteria of Adverse Effect Recommendation The undertaking will have no effect on this historic property.

7.0 Conclusion

TRC identified a total of 219 architectural properties aged 50 years or older in the APE. Of the 219 surveyed historic properties, 72 are listed, eligible, contributing, or recommended eligible for NRHP listing. TRC identified two (2) potential, NRHP-eligible historic districts in the course of the survey. Based on location of some historic properties proximal to Project structures and/or with clear lines of sight to the Project, TRC acknowledges that the Project has a potential, in some cases, to adversely affect historic architectural properties. However, project visibility is reduced and minimized by intervening objects and structures, as well as distance and vegetation. TRC’s analysis of the undertaking in relation to historic properties, therefore, concludes that construction

Danskammer Energy Center Project November 2019 Architectural History Survey and Effects Report 134

activities will not adversely affect the NRHP-qualifying characteristics of any historic property in the APE.

TRC concludes the project will have no effect and no adverse effect to historic properties listed in or eligible for listing in the NRHP. As currently designed, no avoidance, minimization, or mitigation measures are required.

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8.0 References Cited

Armstrong, Maitland, and Margaret Armstrong, ed. 1920 Day Before Yesterday; Reminiscences of a Varied Life. New York: C. Scribner’s Sons.

Barrett, K. 2000 Images of America: Newburgh. Arcadia Publishing: Charleston, SC.

Basham, M.P. and L.R. Mewalt. 1987. “Academic Journal Example Title Goes Here in Quotation Marks.” Condor (89): 697-709.

Blossom, H. 1917 “Andrew Jackson Downing Landscape Architect.” The American Magazine of Art, 8(7), 263-268. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23934490. Accessed September 3, 2019.

Booth, M. 1976 A Short History of Orange County, New York. The Orange County Chamber of Commerce & Greentree Publishing Corporation.

Chiarella, John T. 2019 Find A Grave. Andrew Jackson Downing. Retrieved from https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6412257. Accessed September 3, 2019.

City of Newburgh, NY 2019 Early Days. https://www.cityofnewburgh-ny.gov/city-history/pages/early-days. Accessed 4/8/19

Corning, Rev. E. 1946 The Concise History of Orange County. Available URL: http://www.hopefarm.com/orange.htm. Accessed April 4, 2019. Hope Farm Press, Saugerties, NY.

DuBois, Fletcher. 1883 General Guide to Newburgh and Vicinity. New York: F. Dubois.

Finch, R.G. 1925 The Story of the New York State Canals. New York State Canal Corporation.

Hattem, Michael George Washington’s Mount Vernon Digital Encyclopedia. “Newburgh Conspiracy.” https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/newburgh- conspiracy/#. Accessed September 3, 2019.

Hasbrouck, Frank

Danskammer Energy Center Project November 2019 Architectural History Survey and Effects Report 136

2000 The History of Dutchess County, New York. [1909]. Salem, Massachusetts: Higginson Book Company.

Historical Society of Newburgh Bay & the Highlands 2015 Newburgh History. http://www.newburghhistoricalsociety.com/history/newburgh-history/. Accessed April 4, 2019 2018 Newburgh history. “Proudly Launching A Newburgh Giant.” http://www.newburghhistoricalsociety.com/history/proudly-launching-a-newburgh- giant/#more-6906. Accessed September 3, 2019

Hurt, R. Douglas 1998 The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720-1830. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Miller, Angela 1993 The Empire of the Eye: Landscape Representation and American Cultural Politics, 1825- 1875. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Montgomery County Tourism 2019 History. http://www.visitmontgomerycountyny.com/history/. 3/7/19

National Library of the Netherlands 2019 Memory of the Netherlands. https://www.geheugenvannederland.nl/en/geheugen/pages/collectie/Atlantic+World/Ned erlanders+in+Nieuw+Nederland

National Register of Historic Places 1976 Washington’s Headquarters, Newburgh, New York, National Register #66000887_NHL

Nutt, J.J. 1891 Newburgh, her Institutions, Industries, and Leading citizens. Ritchie & Hull, Newburgh: NY

O’Callaghan, Edmund B. 1846 History of New Netherlands: or, New York under the Dutch. Philadelphia: G.S. Appleton.

Office of the New York State Comptroller 2004 “Population Trends in New York State’s Cities.” https://www.osc.state.ny.us/localgov/pubs/research/pop_trends.pdf

Pritchard, E.T. 2002 Native New Yorkers: The Legacy of the Algonquin People of New York. Chicago Review Press

Purvis, T. L.

Danskammer Energy Center Project November 2019 Architectural History Survey and Effects Report 137

1997 A Dictionary of American History. Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 1997. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (April 4, 2019).

Richter, Daniel K. 1992 The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: Published for the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg, Virginia, by the University of North Carolina Press.

Roberts, S. 2017 “200 Years Ago, Erie Canal Got its Start as Just a ‘Ditch’.” New York Times.

Roth, Leland M., and Amanda C. Roth Clark 2016 American Architecture: A History. Second Edition. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.

Ruttenber, E.M. 1992 The History of Indian Tribes of Hudson’s River, volumes 1 and 2. Hope Farm Press.

Ruttenber, E.M. and L.H. Clark (compilers) 1881 History of Orange County, New York: with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Many of its Pioneers and Prominent Men. Heart of the Lakes Publishing, Interlaken, New York.

Shaw, Ronald E. 1990 Canals for a Nation: The Canal Era in the United States, 1790-1860. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.

Spingarn, Joel Elias 1937 Henry Winthrop Sargent and the Early History of Landscape Gardening and Ornamental Horticulture in Dutchess County, New York. Poughkeepsie, New York: Dutchess County Historical Society.

Sutcliffe, Alice Crary. 1909 Robert Fulton and the “Clermont”: The Authoritative Story of Robert Fulton’s Early Experiments, Persistent Efforts, and Historic Achievements. New York: The Century Co.

Taylor, Alan 2016 American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750-1804. W. W. Norton & Company, New York.

Thomas Cole National Historic Site https://thomascole.org/learn-about-the-hudson-river-school/ https://thomascole.org/biography-of-thomas-cole/

United States Census Bureau

Danskammer Energy Center Project November 2019 Architectural History Survey and Effects Report 138

2010 New York: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts. Electronic document, https://www.census.gov/search- results.html?q=Orange+County%2C+NY&page=1&stateGeo=none&searchtype=web&cs sp=SERP&_charset_=UTF-8. Accessed April 4, 2019.

U.S. Geological Survey. 1985. 7.5-minute series.

Wappingers Falls Multiple Resource Area 1984 Wappingers Falls Historic District. Albany: New York Division for Historic Preservation.

Danskammer Energy Center Project November 2019 Architectural History Survey and Effects Report 139 Appendix A: Figures

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Village of Wappingers Falls

Town of Wappinger

Preliminary Project Bare Earth Viewshed OPRHP Data 5-Mile Study Area Danskammer Energy, LLC Eligible Municipal Boundary Listed Village Boundary County Boundary Ulster County Listed, Recommended Not . Danskammer Energy Center Dutchess Eligible. County TRC Identified Not Eligible □ Recommended Eligible Figure 3-3 Recommended Eligible □ Recommended Not Eligible Survey Results and Recommendations Recommended Not Eligible Recommended Not Eligible □ Individually, Contributes to District Recommended Not Eligible Village of Wappingers Falls Orange Individually, Contributes to District Putnam County Dutchess County, NY County Undetermined 0 700 1,400 Prepared on 11/7/2019 by Base Map: Esri and its Contributors

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City of Beacon

Preliminary Project Bare Earth Viewshed OPRHP Data 5-Mile Study Area Danskammer Energy, LLC Eligible Municipal Boundary Listed Village Boundary County Boundary Ulster County Listed, Recommended Not . Danskammer Energy Center Dutchess Eligible. County TRC Identified Not Eligible □ Recommended Eligible Figure 3-5 Recommended Eligible □ Recommended Not Eligible Survey Results and Recommendations Recommended Not Eligible Recommended Not Eligible □ Individually, Contributes to District Recommended Not Eligible City of Beacon Orange Individually, Contributes to District Putnam County Dutchess County, NY County Undetermined 0 700 1,400 Prepared on 11/7/2019 by Base Map: Esri and its Contributors

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City of Beacon

Preliminary Project Bare Earth Viewshed OPRHP Data 5-Mile Study Area Danskammer Energy, LLC 0 Eligible j_-_j Municipal Boundary 0 Listed --- Village Boundary County Boundary Ulster County Listed, Recommended Not . Danskammer Energy Center Dutchess 0 Eligible. County TRC Identified 0 Not Eligible □ Recommended Eligible Figure 3-6 0 Recommended Eligible □ Recommended Not Eligible Survey Results and Recommendations 0 Recommended Not Eligible Recommended Not Eligible □ Individually, Contributes to District 0 Recommended Not Eligible City of Beacon Orange Individually, Contributes to District Putnam County Dutchess County, NY County 0 Undetermined 0 700 1,400 f Prepared on 11/7/2019 by Base Map: Esri and its Contributors

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Town of Newburgh

Village of Fishkill

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S:\1-PROJECTS\DANSKAMMER_ENERGY\289081-Danskammer_Art_10\5-MXD\Article_10\Article 10\Fig4_Historic_Districts_11x17P_2019-11-07.mxd Miles Appendix B: Preparers’ Resumes

Danskammer Energy Center Project November 2019 Architectural History Survey and Effects Report Matthew G. Hyland, PhD Senior Architectural Historian

Dr. Matthew Hyland has over 15 years of experience in architectural history, historic preservation, and public history education in the Mid-Atlantic region. He is responsible for the full range of Section 110 and Section 106 above-ground compliance projects including historic resource surveys, National Register eligibility

evaluations, effects determinations, preservation treatments, and mitigation of adverse effects. Dr. Hyland’s experience in the transportation industry also includes Section 4(f) evaluations. His work experience includes cultural resource management projects within the states of West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware.

EXPERIENCE Professional Summary: • 15 years of experience in architectural history, historic preservation, and public history education.

Areas of Expertise: Education • Cultural Resource Surveys, above-ground historic resources • Section 106 Determinations of Eligibility and Effects • Ph.D., American Studies, College of William and • Resolution of Adverse Effects, Consulting Party solicitations Mary, 2004 • Section 4(f) Evaluations

• M.A., American Studies, KEY PROJECT EXPERIENCE University of Wyoming, Architectural History Survey, Gardenville-Dunkirk 141/142 Northern Rebuild and 1995 Conductor Project, Erie County, New York, 2019. Fully documented transmission • B.A., American Studies, line corridor survey for historic properties and Criteria of Adverse Effect University of Notre Dame assessment, documented 15 historic properties. du Lac, 1989 HUB II Project, Historic Resources Survey, Chemung and Steuben Counties, New Professional Registrations / York, 2007. Completed a historic resources survey, field work, methodology, and Certifications / Training NRHP assessment for natural gas pipeline siting study. • Exceeds the Secretary of the Interior's Professional Margaret Street over Dead Creek, Historic Architecture Survey, Plattsburgh, Qualification Standards Clinton County, New York, 2002. Supported Phase IA archaeological and historic (36 CFR § 61) for resource survey with field work, site file research, and photography for a bridge Architectural Historians reconstruction project. and Historians. Kopperston Historic District Survey for Ralston Branch No. 2 Bridge Replacement • Section 106 Training, Ohio Project, Wyoming County, WVDOH, 2019. Completed a comprehensive survey for Department of 277 historic resources, including intensive-level research, field work, methodology, Transportation, Columbus, HPI records, NRHP assessment, and criteria of adverse effects recommendation for Ohio, 2006 bridge replacement project. Fully documented Kopperston, a noteworthy, Depression-era, model coal company town built by the Koppers Company of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The bridge was determined not eligible, and the project resulted in no effect to the NRHP-eligible historic district. Van Voorhis Road Improvements Project, Monongalia County, WVDOH, 2019. Completed a reconnaissance-level survey, including background research, field work, methodology, and three (3) HPI records in a suburban area of Morgantown, resulting in no effect recommendation for the roadway improvement project. Historic Architectural Survey for the Raines Corner Slab Bridge Project, Monroe County, WVDOH, 2019. Completed all aspects of background research, field work, methodology, three (3) HPI records, and NRHP recommendations for investigation of a bridge replacement project with no effect on historic architectural resources. Historic Architectural Survey for the Ruthbelle Slab Bridge Project, Preston County, WVDOH, 2019. Completed all aspects of background research, deed

Liberty Technology Center, 2200 Liberty Avenue, Suite 100, Pittsburgh, PA 15222 Page 1 of 2 Tel: 412.713.7102 Email: [email protected] www.trcsolutions.com

Matthew G. Hyland, PhD Senior Architectural Historian research, field work, methodology, and NRHP recommendations for a bridge replacement project. Survey identified three (3) resources: the Ruthbelle Slab Bridge (PR-0241), the Morgan House (PR-1072), and the Felton House (PR-1073). The bridge had been previously determined not eligible for NRHP listing. The Felton House was recommended not eligible for NRHP listing. The Morgan House was recommended eligible for NRHP listing. The project concluded with no effect on historic properties. Matoaka Historic District Survey and Bridges Recordation for the WV 10 Operational Improvements Project, US Route 19/Beckley Road near Kegley to Wyoming County Line, Mercer County, WVDOH, 2018. Completed a comprehensive survey of 91 contributing properties and 31 non-contributing resources, including background research, field work, methodology, HPI records, historic district update and NRHP boundary recommendation, and two (2) state-level bridge recordations, for successful completion of two bridge replacements project. Historic Architectural Survey for the Kanawha Falls Bridge Project, Fayette County, WVDOH, 2019. Completed a comprehensive survey, including background research, field work, methodology, HPI records for 11 historic resources, and an intensive-level, state-level recordation of the Kanawha Falls Bridge for the project. Historic Architectural Survey for the Kanawha Falls Road Improvement Project, Fayette County, WVDOH, 2019. Completed a comprehensive survey, including background research, field work, methodology, 11 HPI records for a roadway improvement project. Historic Architectural Survey for the I-70 Bridges Project, Ohio County, WVDOH, 2019. Completed all aspects of background research, field work, methodology, and NRHP recommendations for investigation of historic resources in the APE of three (3) Interstate 70 bridges. Findings of no effect for a historic railroad tunnel and a historic district. Historic and Architectural Resources Survey and Determination of Eligibility, Twin Branch Truss No. 2 Project, McDowell County, WV - State Project S224-7-5.32 D, 2018. Completed all aspects of background research, field work, methodology, HPI records for 14 resources, including NRHP recommendations for two truss bridges, a tunnel, and two culverts. WVDOH/WVDCH Coal Heritage Survey Update, McDowell County, WV, for Aurora Research Associates, LLC, 2016- 2018. Part of team that surveyed over 2,000 historic coal‐related resources. WVDCH Five County Survey - Mason, Lincoln, Jackson, Pleasants, and Wayne Counties, WV, for Aurora Research Associates, LLC. 2017. Part of a team that surveyed approximately 750 historic resources. Historic Resource Survey and Determination of Effect, Wiggins Bridge Replacement Project, Summers County, WV, 2002. Wiggins Bridge Replacement Project, State-level Recordation, Summers County, WV, 2003. Historic Structure Report for the General Albert Gallatin Jenkins House, Green Bottom, Cabell County, WV for the US Army Corps of Engineers and its lessee, the West Virginia Division of Culture and History (WVDCH), 2006. Phase I Archaeological and Architectural and Historic Resources Survey, Twilight-Barlow Road Repair Project, City of Charleston, WV, 2004. Phase I Archaeological and Architectural and Historic Resources Survey, Charleston Ball Park, Charleston, WV, 2004. Architectural Survey, National Register Evaluation, and Assessment of Effects for Resources Located Within the APE of the Proposed DTI-USA Racket-Newberne Compressor Station, Gilmer County, WV for Dominion Transmission, Inc., 2006. Architectural survey, National Register evaluation, and assessment of effects for resources located within the APE of the proposed AEP IGCC Mountaineer Plant located near New Haven, Mason County, WV for American Electric Power, 2005.

Liberty Technology Center, 2200 Liberty Avenue, Suite 100, Pittsburgh, PA 15222 Page 2 of 2 Tel: 412.713.7102 Email: [email protected] www.trcsolutions.com

Laura van Opstal Architectural Historian Ms. van Opstal has over five years of experience in architectural history and Section 106 and is responsible for the full range of Article 10, Section 110, and Section 106 above-ground compliance projects: historic resource surveys, National Register eligibility evaluations, effects determinations, preservation treatments,

and mitigation programs. Ms. van Opstal’s experience is primarily in the transportation industry and includes cultural resource management projects within the State of Tennessee and the Commonwealth of Virginia. She obtains a thorough understanding of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, applying National Register of Historic Places criteria, and of Section 4(f) of the U.S. Department of Transportation Act. During her three years with the Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) she produced over 150 above- ground historic resources reports of various scopes and scales and assisted with Native American Consultation.

EXPERIENCE Professional Summary: • 5 years of experience in architectural history and historic preservation. Education Areas of Expertise: • Master of Urban and • Cultural Resource Surveys, above-ground historic resources Environmental Planning, Certificate in Historic • Section 106 Determinations of Eligibility and Effects Preservation, University of • Resolution of Adverse Effects, Consulting Party solicitations Virginia, 2012 • Section 4(f) Evaluations

• B.A., Environmental KEY PROJECT EXPERIENCE Science, University of Virginia, 2010 National Grid, Gardenville-Dunkirk 141/142 Northern Section Rebuild Project, Erie County, New York (Architectural Historian: 2019). Assisted with historical Professional Registrations / Certifications / Training research associated with electric transmission line project in western New York for • Exceeds the Secretary of Article VII, New York State Public Service Commission, environmental the Interior's Professional documentation. Qualification Standards (36 CFR § 61) for Historic and Architectural Resource Survey, Kidd Lane New Bridge Construction Architectural Historians over the Elk River in Fayetteville, Lincoln County, Tennessee (TDOT Project and Historians. Manager: 2019) • Section 106 Training, Completed all historic background research and fieldwork associated with the ACHP, 2017. construction of a new bridge in Middle Tennessee. Documented one NRHP-eligible • The Recent Past: truss bridge, prepared the above-ground cultural resources assessment, NRHP Strategies for Evaluation, National Preservation eligibility assessments, Criteria of Adverse Effects determination, and Section 4(f) Institute, 2018. Assessment.

Historic and Architectural Resource Survey, State Route 141 Widening and Realignment, Multiple Segments, Wilson County, Tennessee (TDOT Project Manager: 2017, 2019) Completed all historic background research and fieldwork associated with the State Route 141 widening and realignment project in Middle Tennessee. Documented one NRHP-eligible resource and prepared the above-ground cultural resources report and NRHP eligibility assessment, Criteria of Adverse Effects determination, Section 4(f) Assessment, and Memorandum of Agreement for the resolution of adverse visual effects to the historic property.

4425-B Forbes Blvd, Lanham, MD 20706 Page 1 of 3 Tel: 301.276.8065 Email: [email protected] www.trcsolutions.com

Laura van Opstal Architectural Historian

Historic and Architectural Resource Survey, State Route 96 Widening and Realignment from East of Arno Road to Veterans Parkway, Multiple Segments, in Williamson and Rutherford Counties, Tennessee (TDOT Project Manager: 2016-2018) Completed all historic background research and fieldwork associated with the State Route 96 widening and realignment project, completed in several sections in two counties in Middle Tennessee. Documented two NRHP-listed properties and prepared the above-ground cultural resources report including Criteria of Adverse Effects determinations.

Historic and Architectural Resource Survey, State Route 1 Safety Improvements from Poplar Avenue to State Route 14 in Memphis, Shelby County, Tennessee (TDOT Project Manager: 2018) Completed all historic background research and fieldwork associated with a safety improvements project in Memphis, Tennessee. Documented an NRHP-listed historic district, prepared the above-ground cultural resources report and Criteria of Adverse Effects determination, including the de minimis Section 4(f) documentation.

Historic and Architectural Resource Survey, State Route 24 Rockfall Mitigation Project in South Carthage, Smith County, Tennessee (TDOT Project Manager: 2018) Completed all historic background research and fieldwork associated with a rockfall mitigation project in Middle Tennessee. Documented an NRHP-eligible bridge, completed the above-ground cultural resource report including Criteria of Adverse Effects determination.

Historic and Architectural Resource Survey, State Route 106 Intersection Safety Improvements at Murray Lane, Williamson County, Tennessee (TDOT Project Manager: 2017) Completed all historic background research and fieldwork associated with an intersection safety improvement project in Middle Tennessee. Documented one NRHP-eligible property and one NRHP-listed property. Prepared the above-ground cultural resource report including Criteria of Adverse Effects determinations.

Historic and Architectural Resource Survey, Stream Mitigation Site at the Bledsoe County Correctional Complex, Bledsoe County, Tennessee (TDOT Project Manager: 2017) Completed all historic background research and fieldwork associated with a stream mitigation project in East Tennessee. Documented a former youth detention center and completed the above-ground cultural resource report including a NRHP eligibility assessment.

Historic and Architectural Resource Survey, State Route 57 Bridge Replacements over State Route 23, CSXT & IC RR, Union Pacific Railway, and Scott Street in Memphis, Shelby County, Tennessee (TDOT Project Manager: 2017) Completed all historic background research and fieldwork associated with the replacement of two bridges in Memphis, Tennessee. Documented two bridges, industrial facilities, a railroad resource, and a Memphis power utility building. Completed the above-ground cultural resource report, including NRHP eligibility assessments, and determined the utility building to be eligible for listing. Completed the Criteria of Adverse Effects determination and temporary occupancy documentation for Section 4(f).

Historic and Architectural Resource Survey, State Route 4 Realignment and Widening, from near Rison Street to near Smith Road, Henry County, Tennessee (TDOT Project Manager: 2016) Completed all historic background research and fieldwork associated with the realignment and widening of State Route 4 in northern West Tennessee. Documented one NRHP-eligible residential neighborhood and one NRHP-eligible building. Completed the above-ground cultural resources report, NRHP eligibility assessment, Criteria of Adverse Effects determinations, and de minimis documentation for Section 4(f).

4425-B Forbes Blvd, Lanham, MD 20706 Page 2 of 3 Tel: 301.276.8065 Email: [email protected] www.trcsolutions.com

Laura van Opstal Architectural Historian

Historic and Architectural Resource Survey, Safe Routes to School Project in Collingwood, Wayne County, Tennessee (TDOT Project Manager: 2016) Completed all historic background research and fieldwork associated with a sidewalk construction project in southern Middle Tennessee. Documented a residential neighborhood and school determined to be not eligible and an NRHP- listed railroad depot. Completed the above-ground cultural resources report, NRHP eligibility assessment, and Criteria of Adverse Effects determination.

Historic and Architectural Resource Survey, Hillwood Boulevard Bridge Replacement over CSX RR and Richland Creek, Nashville, Davidson County, Tennessee (TDOT Project Manager: 2016) Completed all historic background research and fieldwork associated with a bridge replacement project in Nashville, TN. Documented an older bridge found to be not eligible and a NRHP-listed residential property. Completed the above- ground cultural resources report, Criteria of Adverse Effects determination, and temporary occupancy documentation for Section 4(f).

4425-B Forbes Blvd, Lanham, MD 20706 Page 3 of 3 Tel: 301.276.8065 Email: [email protected] www.trcsolutions.com

APPENDIX 20-3

PHASE IA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT Case 18-F-0325

REDACTED

This document contains confidential commercial information, trade secrets, or proprietary information, and/or critical infrastructure information and/or information that is statutorily exempt, as such is entitled to confidential treatment under Section 87(2) of the New York State Public Officers Law and the Commission’s Rules and Regulations (16 NYCRR 6-1). An unredacted version of this document has been submitted under separate cover pursuant to 16 NYCRR § 6-1.4.

19581385.1