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A First Assessment of the Conservation Of Samadelli, Marco et al., “A First Assessment of the Conservation of the Mummified Human Remains in the Museo Egizio in Turin in the Framework of the ‘Mummy Conservation Project’ ”, Rivista del Museo Egizio 3 (2019). DOI: 10.29353/rime.2019.2765 A First Assessment of the Conservation of the Mummified Human Remains in the Museo Egizio in Turin in the Framework of the “Mummy Conservation Project” Marco Samadelli, Giulia Gregori, Frank Maixner, Marco Rossani, Paolo Del Vesco, Matilde Borla, Alice Paladin, Christina Wurst, Katja Sterflinger-Gleixner, Christian Voitl, Marta Cibin, Gregory S. Thomas, Bruno Frohlich, Randall C. Thompson, Albert R. Zink The Museo Egizio in Turin holds a unique collection of 116 mummified or skeletal human bodies or body parts. This collection is currently under study by the “Mummy Conservation Project”, a collaborative venture of the Museo Egizio, the Institute for Mummy Studies of Eurac Research, the Soprintendenza Archeologia del Piemonte, and the Horus Group, whose aim is to improve mummy conservation techniques. In the context of this project, an assessment of the state of preservation of the mummified human remains was carried out by monitoring basic physical parameters (temperature, relative humidity and water activity) and by per- forming a fungal survey. The latter revealed the presence on the mummified material of fungal spores and mycelia that could possibly pose a biodegradative threat. However, all the current physical parameters show that the mummies are stored under optimal environmental conditions, which will suppress any microbial up-growth. 169 ملخص البحث: يحتوي المتحف المصري في تورينو على مجموعة فريدة ّتضم قطعة ما بين مومياوات بشرية محنطة أو هياكل عظمية أو أجزاء بشرية محنطة. حالياً هذه المجمو عة قيد الدراسة من قبل "مشروع الحفاظ على المومياوات"، هو مشروع تعاوني ما بين المتحف المصري ومعهد دراسات المومياء باﻷكاديمية اﻷوروبية لﻷبحا ث )يوراك( ومكتب الحفاظ على التراث اﻷثري في مقاطعة بييمونتي ومجموعة حورس، التي تهدف إلى تحسين تقنيات الحفاظ على المومياوات. في نطاق هذا المشروع، تم تقييم حالة الحفظ للبقايا البشرية المحنطة من خﻻل مراقبة العوامل الفيزيائية اﻷساسية )درجة الحرارة والرطوبة النسبية ونشاط الجزيئات المائية( وإجراء مسح للفط ر ي ا ت. كشفت هذه اﻷخيرة عن وجود جراثيم وغزول فطرية على المواد المحنطة والتي يمكن أن تشكل تهديداً بالتحلل الحيوي. ومع ذلك تظهر جميع المقاييس الفيزيائية الحالية أن المومياوا ت يتم تخزينها في ظل ظروف بيئية مثالية، والتي سوف تثبط أي نمو للميكروبا ت. 1. Introduction collected some 1,689 scientific samples and ob- The first set of Egyptian mummies arrived in Tu- jects,1 including eighteen animal mummies. A sec- rin following the scientific/commercial expedition ond group of mummies, many probably coming undertaken by the traveler and naturalist, Vitaliano from the ancient Egyptian capital city of Thebes Donati, a professor of botany at the University of (modern-day Luxor in southern Egypt), was collect- Turin, at the behest of King Charles Emmanuel III ed by Bernardino Drovetti, Consul General of France of Savoy between 1759 and 1762. In Egypt, Donati to Egypt, and was bought, for the Turin collection, 1 by the Savoy king Charles Felix in 1824.2 In 1888, my storage room, and in the room where the re- when the two-volume catalogue of the Museo Egizio search operations were carried out. was completed by Ariodante Fabretti (1816-1894), • Measuring the water activity (aw) of the mummies. Francesco Rossi (1827-1912) and Rodolfo Vittorio • Fungal spore sampling of the air in the galleries, Lanzone (1834-1907), it included a total of twelve inside a display case, in the mummy storage room, complete human mummies, nine heads – two of and in the room where the research operations which were associated with a hand – two hands with were carried out. rings, four pseudo-mummies, and seventy-eight • Fungal survey of the mummified material. animal mummies. The human mummies entered the collection inside wooden anthropoid coffins, 2. Research aim and the inscriptions that grace these coffins speci- In view of the Museo Egizio and Eurac Research’s fy the names and professions of the deceased they common interest in developing know-how to help were meant for, supposedly the same people whose preserve all the Museo Egizio’s mummies – both mummified bodies were contained in the coffins.3 those on display and those in storage – special em- Finally, thanks to Ernesto Schiaparelli, director phasis was placed on testing water activity (aw), a of the Museo Egizio between 1894 and 1928, the parameter that affects the rate of biochemical decay number of mummies in the collection was further in organic tissues. This important parameter is sig- increased. A buying trip to Egypt, done by Schia- nificantly affected by temperature and relative hu- parelli in 1900/1901, led to the purchase of more midity in the conservation environment. In parallel than 1,500 items, including two naturally mummi- to the assessment of this physical parameter, a first fied adult bodies and the mummy of a small child microbial survey was performed. dating to about 3500 BCE. But it is especially since To identify the presence of possible superficial the foundation of the Italian Archaeological Mis- growing fungi, samples of both textiles and skin sion to Egypt in 1903 that a large number of hu- were taken using non-invasive contact plates. man remains was discovered at various sites along To obtain further knowledge of the environmental 170 the Nile, during many excavation seasons directed conditions the mummies are presently experiencing, by Egyptologists Ernesto Schiaparelli and, later on, the researchers also took samples of spores present Giulio Farina, who were assisted, since 1914, by an- in the air inside the storage room where the mum- thropologist Giovanni Marro.4 A total of 116 mum- mies were kept, in a display case in the permanent mified or skeletal human bodies and body parts are galleries, and in the room where the research opera- recorded today in the Museum database as com- tions were carried out. ing from these fieldwork campaigns, but 20 more The aim of this work is to expand on research on the mummies, 650 complete skeletons, and 144 skulls, conservation organic objects of historical and artis- presently held in the Turin Museum of Anthropolo- tic interest by assessing both biological and physi- gy and Ethnography,5 most likely also derive from cal-chemical conservation requirements. the same excavations. Given the increasing attention among researchers to 3. Material and methods the mummified human remains held in the Museo 3.1 Thermo-hygrometric measurement Egizio in Turin, in 2016 the “Mummy Conservation of the exhibition areas, inside a display Project” was set up, with the aim of incorporating case, in the mummy storage room, and in the data and knowledge acquired so far on these hu- the room where the research operations man remains in order to develop a protocol for prop- were carried out er museum conservation and display. Thanks to historical data relative to the thermo-hy- The goals of the “Mummy Conservation Project” il- grometric conditions of the museum’s exhibition lustrated in this paper were the following: spaces and the storage space where the mummies • Taking thermo-hygrometric measurements in the were kept (prior to the inauguration of the new gal- galleries, the inside of display cases, in the mum- leries in 2015), it was possible to identify the sea- 2 Fig. 1: A phase of a non-invasive water activity (aw) test carried out on the mummy of Kha (Suppl. 8431). Picture by Eurac Research, Institute for Mummy Studies. sonal trend these relics were subjected to. (fragments of bone, skin, muscles, connective tissue, With the exception of the room where the Tomb of hair, Fig. 1). Kha and Merit was display – where a wall-mount- To measure the water activity (aw) value, the Ro- ed air conditioner and a portable humidifier were tronic instrument, model HygroPalm HP-23-AW-A, 171 installed – all the rest of the museum and storage was used. Prior to measuring the samples, the HC2- lacked an air conditioning system. Climate monitor- AW and the relative Rotronic HC2-SH measurement ing took place in “sample” mode over different peri- probe were calibrated as needed. ods and in different areas of the museum with the Immediately after sampling the mummified organic aid of data loggers (HumiStick). The recorded tem- tissues, the water activity of the samples was exam- perature ranged between 21 °C and 30 °C, and the ined. The samples were then placed inside special recorded relative humidity between 30 % and 66 %. sample holders, previously sterilised. The Rotronic In 2015, a new air conditioning system was installed, HW4 software version 3.8.0 was used to validate the serving all the exhibition halls, the Foundation’s of- measurements obtained. Once the PC was connect- fices, and the storage spaces. It is powered by an un- ed to the analyser, it was possible, through this ap- derground thermo-cooling plant using geothermal plication, to set the necessary operating settings in energy. order to obtain the measurement (Fig. 2). To date, the museum’s different exhibition areas Simultaneously with the water activity (aw) acqui- have depended on auxiliary machines whose tem- sition phase, the temperature and relative humidity perature and relative humidity values can be indi- values of the environment were obtained. The time vidually and independently set. required to acquire each sample is approximately 5 minutes. At the end of each acquisition, a validation 3.2 Measuring water activity (aw) certificate was produced in form of a PDF file. of the mummies As regards this specific phase of the project, a to- 3.3 Sampling and cultivation of fungi tal of 106 organic samples were analysed, both of a Non-invasive sampling using contact agar plates vegetal nature (bandage linen) and of human origin (DG18 and 2 % MEA, Merck) was performed as pre- 3 Fig.
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