Terrestrial Ecological Assessment Report

THE PROPOSED CROSS -BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPP LY SYSTEM, WITHIN

CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

JANUARY 2017

Prepared for: Magalies Water

MONTH YEAR i

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Title and Approval Page

The Proposed cross-border Magalies Water bulk water supply system, Project Name: within City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality and Moretele Local Municipality

Report Title: Terrestrial Ecological Impact Assessment

Authority Reference: DEA: 14/12/16/3/1/1218

Report Status Draft

Client: Magalies Water

Prepared By: Nemai Consulting

 +27 11 781 1730  147 Bram Fischer Drive  +27 11 781 1731 Ferndale, 2194  [email protected]  P.O. Box 1673 Sunninghill, 2157

Report Reference: 50041 R-PRO-REP|20151105

Authorisation Name Signature Date

Avhafarei Ronald Author: 16/01/2017 Phamphe

Reviewed By: Kristy Robertson 11/11/2015

Professional Natural Scientist: South African Ecological Science Council for Natural (400349/2) Scientific Professions Professional Member Affiliations of South African Institute

of Ecologists and Environmental Scientists Professional Member: South African Association of Botanists.

This Document is Confidential Intellectual Property of Nemai Consulting C.C. © copyright and all other rights reserved by Nemai Consulting C.C. This document may only be used for its intended purpose

. JANUARY 2017 Pg i

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Executive Summary

The Moretele Local Municipality (MLM) receives regional water supply, meaning that the Water Treatment Works (WTW) supplying the southern parts of the area are situated, stored and pumped from the City of Tshwane (CoT) and the northern parts are supplied by Magalies Water’s Klipdrift WTW. CoT inherited the scheme but does not operate or maintain the gravity pipelines situated in the MLM area.

CoT has requested Magalies Water (MW) to take over the supply to the area, or at least part thereof. For this purpose, (MW) has proposed a new pipeline from the Klipdrift WTW to follow the MLM/CoT boundary to the supply points to supply the MLM southern area. The MLM northern areas could be supplied from the Klipdrift WTW or future Klipvoor scheme. The northern areas of the MLM is fully reliant on groundwater.

The two water boards in the region, MW and Rand Water (RW) are the only regional water services providers that are able to operate and manage regional bulk infrastructure. The Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) as the custodian of the water resources has an over-arching role to ensure that all users in urban and rural areas have access to at least a basic level of water services. Currently, the existing water services, especially in the rural areas, are not always secure. The growing urban areas have to plan for projected future demands in their regions to sustain economic growth and development while addressing the availability of raw water resources via the responsible utilization of potable water supplies.

MW propose to construct a new 29km bulk water pipeline from the Klipdrift WTW which would allow the supply of water to the Carousel View, Bosplaas West and Mogogelo and the far Western systems of the MLM.

A Terrestrial Ecological Assessment was undertaken as part of the Basic Assessment (BA) Process in order to assess the impacts that the proposed construction of a new bulk pipeline will have on the receiving environment.

The objective of this study was to identify sensitive species and their habitats along the proposed pipeline route. The current ecological status and conservation priority of vegetation on the site were assessed. Potential faunal habitats were investigated in the study area and

JANUARY 2017 Pg ii

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY all mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians known to occur on site or seen on site were recorded. Red Data species (both fauna and flora) that are known to occur on site were investigated.

The proposed pipeline falls within the Savanna Biome. The Savanna Biome is the largest Biome in South Africa and occupies over one third of the whole country. It is characterized by a grassy ground layer and distinct upper layer of woody plants (Low and Rebelo, 1996). Mucina and Rutherford (2006) classified the proposed pipeline route as falling within the following vegetation types-Central Sandy Bushveld and Springbokvlakte Thornveld. These vegetation types are classified as Vulnerable and Endangered respectively.

According to the data sourced from South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI); Springbokvlakte Thornveld is listed as a threatened terrestrial ecosystem that was recorded on the study area. The data from the Gauteng Conservation Plan 3.3 indicate that the proposed pipeline occurs in a Critical Biodiversity Areas (CBA) and Ecological Support Areas (ESA) and the CBA of the site is classified as an Important Area.

Anthropogenic activities such as roads, foot paths, littering and most importantly, habitat fragmentation have completely transformed most sections of the proposed pipeline route. Few patches of natural grasslands, riparian vegetation and woodlands still exist along the proposed route of the pipeline. Several protected trees have distributions within the study site. Of note is the presence of Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra (Marula) on site. The Marula tree is a nationally protected tree species, and the disturbance to which should be avoided where possible and in terms of Section 15(1) of the National Forests Act, 1998, no person may cut, disturb, damage or destroy any protected tree or possess, collect, remove, transport, export, purchase, sell, donate or in any other manner acquire or dispose of any protected tree or any forest product derived from a protected tree, except under a licence or exemption granted by the Minister to an applicant and subject to such period and conditions as may be stipulated.

No Orange/Red Data listed species were recorded along the proposed pipeline route. Given that there are possibilities of species of conservation importance to occur on site, it is important that a qualified professional should be on site prior to construction to embark on a walk-down survey and assess any species that could occur within the study area. If any Red Data species are found, proper mitigation measures should be employed.

JANUARY 2017 Pg iii

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Most sections of the proposed pipeline route have been transformed, largely due to human habitation, roads, infrastructure, informal dumping of rubble and domestic refuse and also foot paths. Suitable habitats such as riparian and woodlands still exist. This habitat transformation, together with elevated human presence and impacts such as disturbance, hunting and persecution, has negatively impacted on large mammal occurrence, particularly ungulates and predators. Care should be exercised in order to negate the negative ecological impacts through further habitat fragmentation. Only seven mammal species were recorded on site during the field assessments-namely Common Duiker, Highveld Mole-rat, Scrub Hare, Common House Mouse, House Rat, Yellow Mongoose and Bushveld gerbil. Mammals recorded within the study area were common and of no conservation importance. This was expected due to the high levels of habitat transformation evident in the study area associated with urban development. No Red Data mammal species were recorded.

Conservation and planning tools were reviewed for relevancy in terms of the project area, and it was found that the study area did not contain or form part of any Important Bird Area (IBA) but the closest one is situated approximately 29km away, namely Magaliesberg IBA. An avifaunal study indicated that the riparian vegetation, exotic trees and woodlands provide natural habitats for bird species. The species recorded during the field assessment were common and have wider distribution and no species of conservation importance were noted on site.

Large areas surrounding the site have resulted in increased habitat modification and transformation as well as increased human presence and associated disturbances (illegal reptile collecting, indiscriminate killing of all snake species, and frequent fires) surrounding the site coupled with increased habitat destruction and disturbances on the neighbouring properties are all causal factors in the alteration and disappearance of reptile diversity in the area. The study areas support limited suitable habitat for any arboreal species but provided suitable habitat for terrestrial reptile species such as Ground Agama, Yellow throated Plated Lizard, Montane Speckled or Striped Skink as well as snake species (Rinkhals, Mole Snake, and Black-headed Centipede Eater). Termite mounds were present on site. Old termite mounds offer important refuges especially during veld fires as well as cold winter months for numerous frog, lizard, snake and smaller mammal species. Large number of species of mammal, birds, reptiles and amphibians feed on the emerging alates (winged termites). No termite mounds were destroyed during the brief field surveys. All overturned rock material

JANUARY 2017 Pg iv

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY was carefully replaced in its original position. Five reptile species were recorded along the route, namely Southern Tree Agama, Distant's Ground Agama, Common Dwarf Gecko, Transvaal Gecko, and a Speckled Rock Skink. All reptile species recorded were common and no Red Data reptile species was noted on site.

Frog species recorded during the field surveys (3) were common-Guttural Toad, Common Platanna, and Common Caco. The only species of conservation concern which may occur at the proposed pipeline route is the Giant Bullfrog (Pyxicephalus adspersus). Within the boundaries of the site, there does appear to be suitable breeding habitat for this species. According to the Gauteng C-Plan 3.3, the provincial target for conservation of this species will be met through the protection of wetlands, pans and the priority catchments.

Generally, the negative impacts to the receiving environment resulting from the proposed development are probably of an acceptable significance and magnitude if appropriate mitigations measures are implemented and construction is implemented in a sensitive manner. The proposed development will cause disruption during the construction phase, but as long as mitigation measures are implemented, these disruptions should have minimal lasting effect on the ecosystems of the proposed development. With regards to pipeline material alternatives, as long as the footprint is the same for all alternatives and the pipes would be adequately maintained, there is no ecological preference between the two alternatives. Therefore, the proposed construction of the new bulk pipeline should proceed as planned.

JANUARY 2017 Pg v

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Contents

1 BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION ______1 1.1 Objectives of the survey 2

2 RELEVANT LEGISLATION AND GUIDELINES ______3

3 STUDY AREA______4 3.1 Description of Alternatives 6

4 GAUTENG CONSERVATION PLAN ______6

5 NORTH WEST PROVINCE BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PLAN ______8

6 LIMITATIONS AND GAPS ______12

7 REGIONAL VEGETATION ______13 7.1 Central Sandy Bushveld 15 7.2 Springbokvlakte Thornveld 16

8 TERRESTRIAL THREATENED ECOSYSTEMS ______16

9 RIVERS AND WETLANDS ______18

10 METHODOLOGY ______19 10.1 Flora 20 10.2 Mammals 22 10.3 Avifauna 22 10.4 Reptiles 22 10.5 Amphibians 22

11 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ______23 11.1 Flora 23 11.1.1 Desktop study results ______23 11.1.2 Plant communities and species recorded in the proposed construction of a new bulk pipeline route ______24 11.1.3 Protected tree species ______29

JANUARY 2017 Pg vi

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

11.1.4 Alien invasive species recorded in the proposed construction of a new bulk pipeline route ______31 11.1.5 Medicinal plants and Red/Orange Data Listed plant species recorded on site ______33 11.1.6 Habitat available for species of conservation importance ______34 11.2 Fauna 35 11.2.1 Mammals______35 11.2.1.1 Desktop survey results ______35 11.2.1.2 Mammals recorded on site ______38 11.2.1.3 Habitat available for species of conservation importance ______39 11.2.2 Avifauna ______40 11.2.2.1 Desktop survey results ______40 11.2.2.2 Field work results ______41 11.2.2.3 Habitat requirements for Red Data bird species ______47 11.2.3 Reptiles ______49 11.2.3.1 Reptiles recorded on site ______53 11.2.3.2 Habitat requirements for Red Data reptile species ______54 11.2.4 Amphibians ______55 11.2.4.1 Desktop survey results ______55 11.2.4.2 Field work results ______56 11.2.4.3 Habitat requirements for Red Data amphibian species ______57

12 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF THE STUDY AREA ______58

13 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT______60 13.1 Methodology 60 13.2 Assessment of Environmental Impacts and Suggested Mitigation Measures 61

14 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ______72

15 REFERENCES ______74

JANUARY 2017 Pg vii

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Locality Map 4 Figure 2: Google earth image indicating the proposed pipeline route 5 Figure 3: A signage indicating the Dinokeng Game Reserve 5 Figure 4: Gauteng Conservation Plan Map showing the sensitive areas around the proposed pipeline route 7 Figure 5: North West Biodiversity Conservation Plan around the proposed development routes. 12 Figure 6. Biome in relation to the proposed pipeline route 14 Figure 7. Vegetation types occurring in the study area 15 Figure 8. Springbokvlakte Thornveld Terrestrial Threatened Ecosystem occurring on the proposed pipeline route. 18 Figure 9. Rivers and wetlands in the study area 19 Figure 10. The riparian habitat unit associated with the proposed pipeline route was found to be dominated by reeds. 25 Figure 11. The woodland community was highly encroached by species such as Dichrostachys cinerea 26 Figure 12. Marula tree recorded within the proposed pipeline route. 30 Figure 13. Lantana camara recorded within the proposed pipeline route. 32 Figure 14. Opuntia ficus-indica recorded within the proposed pipeline route. 32 Figure 15. Opuntia imbicata recorded within the proposed pipeline route. 33 Figure 16. The presence of small holes suggests that there are lots of smaller animals on site 39 Figure 17. The nearest IBA to the proposed pipeline route is the Magaliesberg IBA, which is situated approximately 28km away 40 Figure 18. Large stands on Eucalyptus trees on site could be used by the migratory Lesser Kestrels for roosting purposes. 42 Figure 19. The Apies River provides a suitable habitat for water-dependent bird species 43 Figure 20. Acacia trees provide habitats for bird species 44 Figure 21. Black-shouldered kite was observed in the woodland areas 44 Figure 22. Hadeda Ibis observed near the human settlements 46 Figure 23. Pied crow observed near the residential areas 46 Figure 24. Termite mounds recorded on proposed pipeline route 53 Figure 25. Ground Agama recorded on site 54 Figure 26. Sensitivity Map of the proposed construction of new bulk pipeline 59

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Criteria (biodiversity features) used to define Critical Biodiversity Area (CBA) Map categories (Desmet and Schaller, 2015). 10 Table 2. Important Fields and CBA designation, as described by Desmet and Schaller (2015). 11 Table 3. Classification of grasses (van Oudtshoorn, 1999). 21 JANUARY 2017 Pg viii

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Table 4. Red Data Plant species recorded in grid 2528AC and 2528AD which could potentially occur in the study area (SANBI data). 23 Table 5. Definitions of Red Data status (Raimondo et. al. 1999) 24 Table 6. Plant species recorded in the proposed construction of a new bulk pipeline route 26 Table 7. GPS co-ordinates of the Marula tree 31 Table 8. Red Listed plant species which are known to occur in the general vicinity of the project area (von Staden & Raimondo, 2008; Victor & Peckover, 2007 and Victor, 2009), which could potentially be found along the proposed pipeline route. 34 Table 9: Mammal species recorded in the grid cells 2528AC and 2528AD (ADU, 2014), which could potentially occur along the proposed pipeline route 36 Table 10. Mammals recorded along the proposed pipeline route 38 Table 11. Bird species recorded along the proposed pipeline route 45 Table 12. Red Data Bird species recorded in grid 2528CC which could potentially occur in the study area (SABAP 1) (Harrison et al. (1997), Barnes (2000), SABAP2, and Tarboton et al. 1987, Hockey et al. 2005,). 47 Table 13. Reptile species recorded in grid cells 2528AC and 2528AD which could occur in the study area (SARCA, 2015) 50 Table 14. Reptiles recorded in the proposed pipeline route 53 Table 15: Amphibian species recorded in the grid cell 2528AC and 2528AD (ADU, 2015), which could potentially occur on the proposed pipeline route 56 Table 16: Amphibian species recorded along the proposed pipeline route 56 Table 17. Recommended mitigation measures with significance rating before and after mitigation for the proposed construction of new bulk pipeline 62

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A. Bird species recorded in grid cells 2528AC and 2528AD 79

JANUARY 2017 Pg ix

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

1 BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION

An Ecological Assessment was undertaken as part of the Basic Assessment (BA) Process in order to assess the impacts that the proposed construction of a new bulk pipeline will have on the receiving environment.

The objective of this study was to identify sensitive species and their habitats along the proposed pipeline route. The current ecological status and conservation priority of vegetation

JANUARY 2017 Pg 1

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY on the site were assessed. Potential faunal habitats were investigated in the study area and all mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians known to occur on site or seen on site were recorded. Red Data species (both fauna and flora) that are known to occur on site were investigated.

1.1 Objectives of the survey

In order to achieve the aim stated above, the following objectives are to be achieved:

 To apply relevant literature to determine the diversity and eco-status of the plants, mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians along the proposed pipeline route;

 To carry out a field surveys to gain an understanding of the diversity and eco-status of taxa which inhabit the proposed study area, as well as the presence of unique habitats that might require further investigation or protection;

 To assess the current habitat and conservation status of plant and animal species on the study site;

 To comment on ecological sensitive species/areas;

 To assess the possible impact of the proposed project on these taxa and/or habitats;

 To list the species on site and to recommend necessary actions in case of occurrence of endangered, vulnerable or rare species or any species of conservation importance; and

 To provide management recommendations to mitigate negative and enhance positive impacts of the proposed pipeline.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 2

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

2 RELEVANT LEGISLATION AND GUIDELINES

The following pieces of legislation are relevant to this project.

 The Constitution, 1996 (Act No. 108 of 1996)–Section 24;

 Environment and Conservation Act 1989 (Act No. 73 of 1989);

 Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 1983 (Act No. 43 of 1983);

 The white paper on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of South Africa’s Biological Diversity (1997);

 National Environmental Management Act 1998 (Act No. 107 of 1998);

 State of the environment report, North West Province, (2002);

 National Environmental Management Protected Areas Act 2003 (Act No. 57 of 2003);

 National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004);

 Gauteng Conservation Plan (C-Plan) Version 2 (2006);

 North West Province Biodiversity Conservation Assessment Technical Report (2009);

 Gauteng C-Plan 3.3 (2011. and

 Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (GDARD) Requirements for Biodiversity Assessments Version 2 (2012).

JANUARY 2017 Pg 3

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

3 STUDY AREA

The project is located along the borders of the MLM in the North-West Province, and the CoT in the Gauteng Province. Figures 1 and 2 below illustrate a locality map showing the proposed route of the pipeline. The locality map indicates the close proximity of the route to the residential areas, particularly on the eastern end. The eastern end is bordered by the Dinokeng Game Reserve (Figure 3), which is a home to the big five.

Figure 1: Locality Map

JANUARY 2017 Pg 4

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Figure 2: Google earth image indicating the proposed pipeline route

Figure 3: A signage indicating the Dinokeng Game Reserve

JANUARY 2017 Pg 5

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

3.1 Description of Alternatives

A comparison of pipe material for this proposed pipeline was carried out in order to enable pipe material selection. The issues in the comparison between Steel Pipes versus High- density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipes are indicated below:

 Steel pipes have high resistance to both internal and external pressure (from backfill, dynamic and static loadings) and shock (e.g. water hammer) than HDPE pipes.

 Steel pipes have greater impact strength so they are able to accommodate handling stresses and stresses from change in temperature as opposed to HDPE pipes which have low stiffness and high thermal expansion.

 Steel pipes burst in the form of a fracture and HDPE pipes fail by ballooning which causes some reduction in length, hence, leakage at the seals develops. This ballooning is permanent therefore changes the area of the pipe.

 Tapping (connecting) steel pipes is easier, less expensive and faster than tapping HDPE pipes.

4 GAUTENG CONSERVATION PLAN

Gauteng Nature Conservation, a component of the Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (GDARD) produced the Gauteng Conservation Plan Version 3.3 (C-Plan 3.3) in December 2010. Gauteng C-Plan Version 3.3 contains two major categories to describe areas namely:

1. Critical Biodiversity Areas (CBA) that contain three sub-types of areas:

 Irreplaceable Areas, which are essential in meeting targets set for the conservation of biodiversity in Gauteng Province.

 Areas that are important for the conservation of biodiversity in Gauteng province.

 Conserved areas, which include all existing level 1 and 2 protected areas.

Level 1 and Level 2 protected areas are proclaimed in terms of relevant legislation (National Environmental Management Protected Areas Act, 2003 (Act No. 57 of 2003) specifically for the protection of biodiversity (or for the purposes of nature conservation). JANUARY 2017 Pg 6

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

2. Ecological Support Areas (ESA) are an imperative part of C-Plan 3.3 to ensure sustainability in the long term. ESA are part of the entire hierarchy of biodiversity, but it is not possible to include all biodiversity features in them. Landscape features associated with ESA (termed spatial surrogates for ESA) that are essential for the maintenance and generation of biodiversity in sensitive areas, and therefore that require sensitive management were incorporated into C-Plan 3.3. Spatial surrogates included dolomite, rivers, wetlands, pans, corridors for climate change and species migration, ridges and low cost areas for Johannesburg and CoT. The data from the Gauteng Conservation Plan 3.3 indicates that the proposed pipeline occurs in CBA and ESA. The CBA of the proposed route is an Important Area (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Gauteng Conservation Plan Map showing the sensitive areas around the proposed pipeline route

JANUARY 2017 Pg 7

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

5 NORTH WEST PROVINCE BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PLAN

The North West Province’s biodiversity provides an important basis for economic growth and development, in ways such as providing rangelands that support commercial and subsistence farming, horticulture and agriculture industry based on indigenous species, tourism industry, aspects of film industry, commercial and non-commercial medicinal applications of indigenous resources, and provision of clean water.

Critical biodiversity areas (CBA’s) are terrestrial and aquatic features the landscape that are critical for retaining biodiversity and supporting continued ecosystem functioning and services (Anon, 2008).

The primary purpose of CBA’s is to inform land-use planning and the land-use guidelines attached to CBA’s aim to promote sustainable development by avoiding loss or degradation of important natural habitat and landscapes in these areas and the landscape as a whole.

CBA’s can also be used to inform protected area expansion and development plans. The use of CBA’s here follows the definition laid out in the guideline for publishing bioregional plans (Anon, 2008):

 Critical biodiversity areas (CBAs) are areas of the landscape that need to be maintained in a natural or near-natural state in order to ensure the continued existence and functioning of species and ecosystems and the delivery of ecosystem services. In other words, if these areas are not maintained in a natural or near-natural state then biodiversity conservation targets cannot be met. Maintaining an area in a natural state can include a variety of biodiversity-compatible land uses and resource uses.  Ecological support areas (ESA’s) are areas that are not essential for meeting biodiversity representation targets/thresholds but which nevertheless play an important role in supporting the ecological functioning of critical biodiversity areas and/or in delivering ecosystem services that support socio-economic development, such as water provision, flood mitigation or carbon sequestration. The degree of

JANUARY 2017 Pg 8

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

restriction on land use and resource use in these areas may be lower than that recommended for critical biodiversity areas.

The map of CBAs includes five categories: Protected Areas, Critical Biodiversity areas, Ecological Support Areas, Other Natural Areas and Areas with no natural habitat remaining. The biodiversity criteria used to define Critical Biodiversity Areas (CBAs) in the North-West Province are listed in Table 1 below.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 9

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Table 1. Criteria (biodiversity features) used to define Critical Biodiversity Area (CBA) Map categories (Desmet and Schaller, 2015).

CBA MAP CATEGORY AND CRITERION NAME DESCRIPTION OF BIODIVERSITY FEATURES USED TO DEFINE CBA MAP CATEGORY MAP CODES Protected Areas Protected Areas Protected areas recognised in the Protected Areas Act including South African National Parks and North West Provincial Parks. PA Conservation Areas Conservation areas not recognised in the Protected Areas Act (e.g. conservancies and private nature reserves or game farms where there is no legal CA agreement) Terrestrial Critical Biodiversity Area Level 1 Critical Patches: Ecosystem Status –Critically Endangered Remaining patches larger than 3 ha of provincially Critically Endangered ecosystems (vegetation types), i.e. the amount of vegetation remaining intact (of these Ecosystems ecosystems) is less than the representation/biodiversity target, therefore all remaining patches of these vegetation units are of the highest conservation priority and further impacts on natural habitat should be avoided. Irreplaceable Sites Planning units with high irreplaceability values based on the provincial MARXAN analysis, i.e. areas or sites that are mandatory if biodiversity targets are to be achieved. CBA1 Critical Biodiversity Corridors Linkages Critical linkages in the provincial biodiversity corridor network where existing conversion of natural landscapes to other land uses has severely restricted options for maintaining connectivity in the natural landscape. Critical linkages that are not in a natural state are categorised as ESA 2 Important Terrestrial Habitats: Expert Areas Areas in the terrestrial environments less than 10 000 ha in extent identified by experts as being important for biodiversity conservation. Important Terrestrial Habitats: Kloofs All medium to large kloofs identified as an important habitat for climate change adaptation. Aquatic Critical Biodiversity Areas Level 1 FEPA Rivers All FEPA river lines (FEPA rivers, fish sanctuary and free-flowing rivers) buffered by 100 m as identified in NFEPA and modified by DWS National River Ecostatus Monitoring Program (REMP) and experts. CBA1 Important Habitats: Peat Wetlands Peat wetlands as mapped by experts. Important Habitats: Dolomitic Eyes Dolomitic eyes as mapped by experts. Terrestrial Critical Biodiversity Areas Level 2 Critical Patches: Ecosystem Status –Endangered and Remaining patches larger than 5 ha of provincially Endangered and Vulnerable ecosystems (vegetation types), i.e. the amount vegetation remaining intact (of Vulnerable Ecosystems these ecosystems) is less than 60%. Any further modification of these vegetation types should be limited to existing irreversibly modified or heavily degraded areas. Critical Patches: Endemic Vegetation Types Remaining patches larger than10 ha of endemic vegetation types to the province. These are vegetation types whose biodiversity target can only be achieved in CBA2 the NW Province. Important Habitats: Features Important natural features (habitats, springs, scenic landscapes) used in the 2008 biodiversity conservation assessment (DACERD, 2009). Important Habitats: Focus Wildlife Areas Areas identified as being important for maintaining species of conservation concern (free-ranging red hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus), black-footed cat (Felis nigripes), vulture nesting areas, Important Bird Areas). Aquatic Critical Biodiversity Areas Level 2 Modelled Wetlands Pans, instream wetlands and riparian areas modelled from a digital terrain model. CBA2 Terrestrial Ecological Support Areas Level 1 and Level 2 Important Habitats: Hills and Ridges Hills and ridges identified as sensitive habitats in the existing provincial SDF dataset. The hill and ridges layer was developed to address the special biodiversity ESA1 if significance of these topographic features in the province. The layer was re-developed from scratch using the GIS modelling approach used in Gauteng natural Province and modified for the North West. ESA2 if not natural

JANUARY 2017 Pg 10

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Table 2 below shows the Important Fields and CBA designation, as described by Desmet and Schaller (2015).

Table 2. Important Fields and CBA designation, as described by Desmet and Schaller (2015).

Important Fields CBA Designation

CBA_T1: Critical Patches (Ecosystem status: Critical CBA1 Endangered and Endangered CBA_T2: Hills & Ridges 2015 Major >10ha = CBA2, Minor < 10ha = ESA1 CBA_T3: Kloofs 2015 CBA1 CBA_T4: Important Bird Areas ESA1 if natural, ESA2 if not natural CBA_T5: Important Habitat – Free range Red hartebeest & ESA1 if natural, ESA2 if not Black Footed Cat (Kimberly Thornveld) natural CBA_T6: Expert Areas NOT INCLUDED CBA_T7: CORRIDOR (Selected planning units) ESA1 if natural (ESA2 if not natural – Criterion 11) CBA_T8: CRITICAL CORRIDOR linkages CBA1 if natural, ESA2 if not natural CBA_T9: CORRIDOR Nodes CBA2 if natural, ESA2 if not natural CBA_T10: PA buffers 5 km ESA1 if natural, ESA2 if not natural CBA_T11: CORRIDOR – Cultivated areas (Selected non-natural ESA2 planning units (PUs)) CBA_T12: Important Habitat – vultures (Selected PUs) CBA2 CBA_T13: Important Habitats –plants (quartzites and serpentine CBA2 areas, selected PUs) CBA_Disp: Highest ranking CBA category for map display

According to North West Department of Rural, Environment and Agricultural Development (READ) (2015), the following terrestrial CBAs features were recorded along the route:

 CBA_T7: Corridors (ESA 1 and ESA 2) and CBA_T9- Corridors Notes (ESA 2 and CBA 2); (Figure 5);

JANUARY 2017 Pg 11

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Figure 5: North West Biodiversity Conservation Plan around the proposed development routes.

6 LIMITATIONS AND GAPS

The constraints or limitations to the survey included:

 The majority of threatened plant species are seasonal and only flower during specific periods of the year. Time constraints did not allow for repeated sampling over different seasons and so desktop surveys were used to provide additional information based on the current state of the receiving environment.

 Since environmental impact studies deal with dynamic natural systems additional information may come to light at a later stage and Nemai Consulting can thus not accept responsibility for conclusions and mitigation measures made in good faith based information gathered or databases consulted at the time of the investigation. JANUARY 2017 Pg 12

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

7 REGIONAL VEGETATION

The proposed pipeline falls within the Savanna Biome (Rutherford and Westfall, 1994) (Figure 6). The Savanna Biome is the largest Biome in South Africa and occupies over one third of the whole country. It is characterized by a grassy ground layer and distinct upper layer of woody plants (Low and Rebelo, 1996). Mucina and Rutherford (2006) classified the proposed pipeline as falling within the following vegetation types-Central Sandy Bushveld and Springbokvlakte Thornveld, as indicated in Figure 7.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 13

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Figure 6. Biome in relation to the proposed pipeline route

JANUARY 2017 Pg 14

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Figure 7. Vegetation types occurring in the study area

The description of the vegetation types follows below:

7.1 Central Sandy Bushveld

This vegetation type is found in Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Gauteng and North-West Provinces. It occurs in undulating terrain, mainly in a broad arc south of the Springbokvlakte from the Pilanesberg in the west, through Hammanskraal and Groblersdal to GaMasemola in the east. A generally narrow irregular band along the northwestern edge of the Springbokvlakte (including Modimolle) extending into a series of valleys and lower-altitude areas within the Waterberg including the upper Mokolo River Valley near Vaalwater, the corridor between Rankins Pass and the Doorndraai Dam, and the lowlands from the Mabula area to south of the Hoekberge. Some isolated sandy rises are found on the Springbokvlakte (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006).

JANUARY 2017 Pg 15

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Conservation status

The conservation status of this vegetation type is classified as Vulnerable with a national conservation target of 19%. Only less than 3% is statutorily conserved spread thinly across many nature reserves including the Doorndraai Dam and Skuinsdraai Nature Reserves. An additional 2% is conserved in other reserves including the Wallmansthal SANDF Property and a grouping of private reserves, which include most of the Nylsvlei freshwater wetlands. About 24% is transformed, including about 19% cultivated and 4% urban and built-up areas. Much of the unit in the broad arc south of the Springbokvlakte is heavily populated by rural communities. Several alien plants are widely scattered but often at low densities; these include Cereus jamacaru, Eucalyptus species, Lantana camara, Melia azedarach, Opuntia ficus-indica and Sesbania punicea (Mucina and Rutherford, 2006).

7.2 Springbokvlakte Thornveld

The Springbokvlakte Thornveld vegetation is found in Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North-West and Gauteng Provinces. Flats from Zebediela in the northeast to Hammanskraal and Assen in the southwest as well as from Bela-Bela and Mookgophong in the northwest to Marble Hall and Rust de Winter in the southeast (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006).

Conservation status

The conservation status of this vegetation type is classified as Endangered with a national conservation target of 19%. Only 1% is statutorily conserved, mainly in the Mkombo Nature Reserve. Roughly three times this area is conserved in a number of other reserves. At least 49% is transformed, including about 45% cultivated and 3% urban and built-up. Dense rural populations in parts of the southern and eastern side of the unit. Very scattered alien plants over wide areas include Cereus jamacaru, Eucalyptus species, Lantana camara, Melia azedarach, Opuntia ficus-indica and Sesbania punicea (Mucina and Rutherford, 2006).

8 TERRESTRIAL THREATENED ECOSYSTEMS

The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), in conjunction with the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA), released a draft report in 2009 entitled “Threatened

JANUARY 2017 Pg 16

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Ecosystems in South Africa: Descriptions and Maps”, to provide background information on the above List of Threatened Ecosystems (SANBI, 2009). The purpose of this report was to present a detailed description of each of South Africa’s ecosystems and to determine their status using a credible and practical set of criteria. The following criteria were used in determining the status of threatened ecosystems:

 Irreversible loss of natural habitat;

 Ecosystem degradation and loss of integrity;

 Limited extent and imminent threat;

 Threatened plant species associations;

 Threatened animal species associations; and

 Priority areas for meeting explicit biodiversity targets as defined in a systematic conservation plan.

In terms of section 52(1) (a), of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004), a national list of ecosystems that are threatened and in need of protection was gazetted on 9 December 2011 (Government Notice 1002 (Driver et. al, 2004). The list classified all threatened or protected ecosystems in South Africa in terms of four categories; Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU), or Protected. The purpose of categorising these ecosystems is to prioritise conservation areas in order to reduce the rates of ecosystem and species extinction, as well as preventing further degradation and loss of structure, function, and composition of these ecosystems. It is estimated that threatened ecosystems make up 9.5% of South Africa, with critically endangered and endangered ecosystems accounting for 2.7%, and vulnerable ecosystems accounting for 6.8% of the land area. It is therefore vital that Threatened Terrestrial Ecosystems inform proactive and reactive conservation and planning tools, such as Biodiversity Sector Plans, municipal Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEAs) and Environmental Management Frameworks (EMFs), Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and other environmental applications (Mucina et al. 2006).

The proposed pipeline falls within the Springbokvlakte Thornveld Terrestrial Threatened ecosystem as indicated in Figure 8 below.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 17

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Figure 8. Springbokvlakte Thornveld Terrestrial Threatened Ecosystem occurring on the proposed pipeline route.

9 RIVERS AND WETLANDS

Rivers, in a form of perennial (Apies River) and non-perennial as well as wetlands do occur on the proposed pipeline route as indicated in Figure 9. According to the National Water Act, 1998 (Act No. 36 of 1998) a wetland is defined by the following criteria: 1) it has mostly hydric soils; 2) it must generally be inundated or saturated above or below the surface; and 3) support vegetation adapted to wet soil conditions. Wetlands are sensitive ecological systems which are important for the maintenance of biodiversity and for the ecosystem services they provide to the society. Besides being a source of water, wetlands reduce the severity of droughts and floods by regulating stream flow and purifying water by trapping pollutants (Kotze, 1996). They also control soil erosion. Wetlands contain high levels of

JANUARY 2017 Pg 18

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY biodiversity and provide essential habitats for sensitive and/or threatened species (Kotze, 1996). Wetlands serve as breeding grounds for migrating birds and resident amphibians, permanent homes for fish species, social interaction amongst mammals who congregate there for water, and an escape from the heat of the sun for countless reptiles, amphibians and mammals.

Figure 9. Rivers and wetlands in the study area

10 METHODOLOGY

The White Paper on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of South Africa’s Biological Diversity (1997) and the National Environmental Management Act 1998 (Act No. 107 of 1998) specify that due care must be taken to conserve and avoid negative impacts on biodiversity, as well as the sustainable, equitable and efficient use of biological resources.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 19

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

10.1 Flora

The flora assessment consisted of two complementary approaches:

 A desktop analysis, which included literature review, topographical maps, and Google Earth imagery; and

 Site visits were conducted in August 2014.

Satellite imagery of the area was obtained from Google Earth and was studied in order to acquire a three-dimensional impression of the topography and land use and also to identify potential “hot-spots” or specialized habitats such as wetlands, woodlands and rivers on or near the proposed pipeline route.

The Pretoria Computerised Information System (PRECIS) list of Red Data plants recorded in the 2528AC and 2528AD quarter degree grid squares were obtained from SANBI (http://posa.sanbi.org/searchspp.php). The list was consulted to verify the record of occurrence of the plant species seen in the vicinity of the proposed development route. The site sampled is also only a very small portion of the whole grids and so habitats suitable for certain species in the PRECIS lists may not be present at the areas sampled. The vegetation map published in Mucina and Rutherford (2006) was consulted to identify vegetation units that are found in the study area. The desktop component of the study of the habitats of the red-data-listed plants was conducted before the site visits.

The habitats along the proposed pipeline route were inspected in a random zigzag fashion, paying particular attention to areas that at first sight appeared to be sensitive. All general observations were noted such as grasses, herbs (forbs), shrubs and trees. The habitats suitable for Red Data listed species known to occur in the quarter degree grid squares were examined intensively for the presence of such species. Attention was also paid to the occurrence of medicinal, alien and declared weed species. Field guides such as van Wyk et al. (1997), Pooley (1998), van Oudshoorn (1999) and Manning (2009) were utilised during the field work.

Exotic and invasive plant species were categorised according to the framework laid out by The Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (CARA) (Act 43 of 1983). CARA defines weeds as alien plants, with no known useful economic purpose that should be eradicated. Invader plants, also considered by the Act, can also be of alien origin but may serve useful JANUARY 2017 Pg 20

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY purposes as ornamental plants, as sources of timber, or other benefits such as medicinal uses (Henderson, 2001). These plants need to be managed and prevented from spreading.

Invasive species are controlled by the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004) - Alien and Invasive Species (AIS) Regulations which became law on 1 October 2014. The AIS Regulations list four (4) different categories of invasive species that must be managed, controlled or eradicated from areas where they may cause harm to the environment, or that are prohibited to be brought into South Africa.

Invasive plant species are divided into four categories:

 Category 1a: Invasive species which must be combatted and eradicated. Any form of trade or planting is strictly prohibited.

 Category 1b: Invasive species which must be controlled and wherever possible, removed and destroyed. Any form or trade or planting is strictly prohibited.

 Category 2: Invasive species, or species deemed to be potentially invasive, in which a permit is required to carry out a restricted activity. Category 2 species include commercially important species such as pine, wattle and gum trees.

 Category 3: Invasive species which may remain in prescribed areas or provinces. Further planting, propagation or trade, is however prohibited.

According to van Oudtshoorn (1999), a grass species reacts to grazing in one of two ways: it can either become more or less abundant. Table 3 describes the classification of grasses.

Table 3. Classification of grasses (van Oudtshoorn, 1999).

Class Description Examples Decreasers Grasses that are abundant in good veld, but that Themeda trianda, decrease in number when the veld is overgrazed or Digitaria eriantha undergrazed. Increaser 1 Grasses that are abundant in underutilised veld. These Hyperthelia dissoluta, grasses are usually unpalatable, robust climax species Trachypogon spicatus that grow without any defoliation Increaser 2 Grasses that are abundant in overgrazed veld. These Aristida adscensionis, grasses increase due to the disturbing effect of Eragrostis rigidor overgrazing and include mostly pioneer and subclimax species Increaser 3 Grasses that are commonly found in overgrazed veld. Sporobolus africanus, These are usually unpalatable, dense climax grasses Elionurus muticus Invaders All plants that are not indigenous to an area. These plants Arundo donax are mostly pioneer plants and are difficult to eradicate

JANUARY 2017 Pg 21

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

10.2 Mammals

Mammal site visits were conducted in August 2014 and during these visits, the observed and presence of mammals associated with the recognized habitat types of the study site were recorded during the day. No night surveys were undertaken. Adjoining properties were also scanned for important faunal habitats. During the site visits, mammals were identified by spoor, burrow and visual sightings through random transect walks.

10.3 Avifauna

Avifauna site visits were conducted to record the presence of bird species associated with the habitat systems on the studied site and to identify possible sensitive areas. The study sites were surveyed on foot and in the process sightings were recorded through random transects walks. Adjoining properties were also scanned for important bird species and/or habitats. Birds were identified visually using 10X42 Bushnell Waterproof binoculars where necessary, by call and from feathers. Where necessary, identifications were verified using Sasol Birds of Southern Africa (Sinclair et al. 2002) and the Chamberlain Guide to Birding Gauteng (Marais and Peacock, 2008).

10.4 Reptiles

The reptile assessments were conducted during the day. During the field visits, the observed and derived presence of reptiles associated with the recognised habitat types of the study site was recorded. This was done with due regard to the known distributions of Southern African reptiles. Reptiles were identified by sightings during random transect walks. Possible burrows or other reptile retreats were inspected for any inhabitants.

10.5 Amphibians

According to Carruthers (2001), amphibians are extremely sensitive to habitat transformation and degradation. The identification technique which was used for this study was frog’s call. According to Carruthers (2001), a frog’s call is a reliable means of identifying species. Frog calls were compared with pre-recorded calls from du Preez and Carruthers (2009)’s CD and

JANUARY 2017 Pg 22

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY identified from this comparison. According to Waddle (2006), physical searching should take place during both day and night, while acoustic surveying took place primarily at night between the hours of 18:00 and 21:00. Samplings were conducted on the moist to semi- aquatic areas. During these surveys; fieldworks were augmented with species lists compiled from personal records; data from the South African Frog Atlas Project (SAFAP) (1999-2003) and published data.

11 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

11.1 Flora

11.1.1 Desktop study results

The proposed construction of a new bulk pipeline is located within the 2528AC and 2528AD quarter degree squares in terms of the 1:50 000 grid of South Africa. SANBI uses this grid system as a point of reference to determine any Red Data plant species or any species of conservation importance occurring in South Africa. This can be used to determine the list of species which could potentially occur within an area. Table 4 indicates the plants that are known to occur on or around the project area recorded in 2528AC and 2528AD quarter degree squares. The definitions of the conservation status are provided in Table 5. Due to the fact that threatened species have historically been noted in the area, it is imperative that, during the construction phase, detailed searches for these rare/threatened and protected species are made during the appropriate time of year when plants are likely to be more noticeable.

Table 4. Red Data Plant species recorded in grid 2528AC and 2528AD which could potentially occur in the study area (SANBI data).

Threat SA Growth Family Species status Endemic forms Apocynaceae Brachystelma discoideum R.A.Dyer EN No Geophyte Asteraceae Callilepis leptophylla Harv. Declining No Herb Fabaceae Acacia erioloba E.Mey. Declining No Shrub

Note: EN=Endangered

JANUARY 2017 Pg 23

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Table 5. Definitions of Red Data status (Raimondo et. al. 1999)

Symbol Status Description

EN Endangered A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the five International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria for Endangered, and is therefore facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Declining A taxon is Declining when it does not meet any of the five IUCN criteria and does not qualify for the categories Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened, but there are threatening processes causing a continuing decline in the population.

11.1.2 Plant communities and species recorded in the proposed construction of a new bulk pipeline route

Anthropogenic activities such as roads, foot paths, littering and most importantly, habitat fragmentation have completely transformed most sections of the proposed pipeline route. Few patches of natural grasslands, riparian vegetation and woodlands still exist along the proposed route. A broad description of the vegetation is provided based on the data (information) gathered during the site visits. Vegetation can be described at different scales from biomes through to regional vegetation types, local plant communities, plant populations and individual plants. Based on the observations made during the site visits, the vegetation of the study area was classified into two plant communities and is named according to the area in which they occur. The vegetation is representative of the regional vegetation with some variation due to slope, moisture, soil type and anthropogenic disturbance.

Riparian Vegetation Community

Riparian communities are seasonally wet areas that occur in sandy areas where water seeps into low lying drainage lines after rains. These areas are usually covered by hygrophytes such as sedges and reeds (Figure 10). Numerous exotic and invasive weeds such as Conyza bonariensis, Cirsium vulgare, Datura stramonium and Verbena bonariensis were dominated in this habitat unit. These species invade riparian and seep zones with disastrous impacts on water resources, especially within catchments regions (Henderson, 2001).

JANUARY 2017 Pg 24

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Figure 10. The riparian habitat unit associated with the proposed pipeline route was found to be dominated by reeds.

Woodland Community

The woodland community was donated by species of Acacias and highly encroached by the species such as Dichrostachys cinerea (Figure 11). A number of herbs, especially Asteraceae are also found. Woody species are present in this community and are often dominated by exotics such as Melia azedarach, Opuntia ficus-indica and Prunus persica. Some disturbances are present in the form of littering, illegal dumping and footpaths traversing this vegetation community.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 25

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Figure 11. The woodland community was highly encroached by species such as Dichrostachys cinerea

All of the species recorded in the proposed pipeline route area are listed in Table 6 below.

Table 6. Plant species recorded in the proposed construction of a new bulk pipeline route

Ecological Scientific name Common name status Form Vachellia (Acacia) karroo Sweet thorn Medicinal Tree Vachellia (Acacia) zanthophloea Fever tree Medicinal Tree Senegalia mellifera (Acacia mellifera) Black thorn Tree Vachellia sieberiana (Acacia sieberiana) Paperbark Thorn Tree Aloe zebrina Zebra leaf aloe Medicinal Herb Aloe greatheadii var. davyana Spotted aloe Medicinal Herb Agave sisalana Sisal Invader 2 Succulent Alternanthera pungens Khakhiweed Weed Herb Argemone ochroleuca White-Flowered Poppy Category 1b Herb Arundo donax Spanish reed Category 1b Reed Asparagus laricinus Bergkatbos Herb

JANUARY 2017 Pg 26

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Ecological Scientific name Common name status Form Bauhinia galpinii Pride of De Kaap Shrub Berkheya setifera Buffalo-tongue Herb Bidens pilosa Common Black-jack Weed Herb Cirsium vulgare Scotch Thistle Category 1b Herb Combretum erythrophyllum River bushwillow Tree Combretum molle Velvet bush willow Tree Conyza bonariensis Weed Herb Cynodon dactylon Couch Grass Increaser 2 Grass Cyperus esculentus Yellow Nut Sedge Medicinal Sedge Datura stramonium Common thorn apple Category 1b Shrub Dichrostachys cinerea Sickle bush Shrub Digitaria eriantha Common Finger Grass Decreaser Grass Dombeya rotundifolia Wild Pear Tree Category Eucalyptus camaldulensis River Red Gum 1b/Invader 2 Tree Erythrina lysistemon Common coral tree Tree Gomphocarpus fruticosus Herb Harpochloa falx Caterpillar grass Increaser 1 Grass Common Thatching Hyparrhenia hirta Grass Increaser 1 Grass Helichrysum aureum Yellow Everlasting Herb Hairy wild lettuce/Spotted Hypochaeris radicata cat's ear Weed Herb Imperata cylindrica Blady grass Grass Lantana camara Lantana Category 1b Shrub Ledebouria revoluta Pluisiesbos Medicinal Herb Ledebouria ovatifolia Icubudwana Medicinal Herb Leonotis leonurus Wild Dagga Medicinal Herb Melia azedarach Persian Lilac/Syringa Category 1b Tree Melinis repens Natal Red Top Increaser 2 Grass Morus alba White mulberry Invader 2 Tree Opuntia ficus-indica Prickly pear Category 1b Shrub Opuntia imrbicata Imbricate prickly pear Category 1b Shrub Panicum maximum Guinea Grass Decreaser Grass Weed/Medici Plantago major Broadleaved Ribwort nal Herb Paspalum dilatatum Dallis grass Exotic Grass Pinus patula Patula Pine Invader 2 Tree Peltophorum africanum African wattle Tree Persicaria lapathifolia Pale persicaria Herb Phragmites australis Common reed Thatching Reed Prunus persica Peach tree Exotic Tree Pseudognaphalium luteo- Jersey Cudweed Medicinal Herb

JANUARY 2017 Pg 27

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Ecological Scientific name Common name status Form album Psidium guajava Guava Tree Richardia brasiliensis Tropical Richardia Weed Herb Ricinus communis Castor Oil Bush Category 1b Shrub Schoenoplectus corymbosus Reed Searsia lancea Karee Tree Sesbania punicea Brazilian glory pea Category 1b Shrub Setaria sphacelata var. sphacelata Common Bristle Grass Decreaser Grass Sclerocarya birrea subsp caffra Marula tree Protected Tree Sida cordifolia Medicinal Herb Sonchus asper Spiny sowthistle Weed Shrub Solanum panduriforme Poison Apple Herb Sporobolus africanus Ratstail Dropseed Increaser 3 Grass Strychnos spinosa Spiny Monkey-orange Tree Syzygium cordatum Umdoni Tree Tagetes minuta Tall Khaki Weed Weed Herb Terminalia sericea Silver cluster-leaf Tree Tipuana tipu Tipuana tree Tree Themeda triandra Red Grass Decreaser Grass Typha capensis Bulrush Aquatic herb Vangueria infausta Wild Medlar Tree Verbena bonariensis Tall Verbena Weed Shrub Verbena officinalis Common verbena Herb Xanthium strumarium Large Cocklebur Category 1b Herb Xysmalobium undulatum Milkwort Medicinal Herb Ziziphus mucronata Buffalo Thorn Tree

JANUARY 2017 Pg 28

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

11.1.3 Protected tree species

In terms of the National Forests Act 1998 (Act No. 84 of 1998), certain tree species can be identified and declared as protected. The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) has developed a list of protected tree species. Trees are protected for a variety of reasons, and some species require strict protection while others require control over harvesting and utilization. The National Forests Act, 1998 (Act No. 84 of 1998) affords protection to a number of tree species occurring within South Africa, listed as Schedule A protected trees. In terms of Section 15(1) of the National Forests Act, 1998, ‘no person may cut, disturb, damage or destroy any protected tree or possess, collect, remove, transport, export, purchase, sell, donate or in any other manner acquire or dispose of any protected tree or any forest product derived from a protected tree, except under licence or exemption granted by the Minister to an applicant and subject to such period and conditions as may be stipulated’.

Of the protected tree species that are known to occur within the region, only one tree, the Marula tree (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra) was recorded (Figure 12, Table 7) during the field assessments.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 29

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Figure 12. Marula tree recorded within the proposed pipeline route.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 30

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Table 7. GPS co-ordinates of the Marula tree

Species Common name Latitude Longitude Sclerocarya birrea subsp. Marula tree 25°19'56.73"S 28°14'51.47"E Caffra 25°20'15.62"S 28°14'8.21"E 25°20'36.59"S 28°16'46.77"E 25°22'2.63"S 28°10'5.98"E 25°22'11.89"S 28° 9'32.09"E

11.1.4 Alien invasive species recorded in the proposed construction of a new bulk pipeline route

Alien invader plants are species that are of exotic, non-native or of foreign origin that typically invade undeveloped or disturbed areas. Invaders are a threat to our ecosystem because by nature they grow fast, reproduce quickly and have high dispersal ability (Henderson, 2001). This means that invader plants and seeds spread rapidly and compete for the growing space of our own indigenous plants. If these invader plants out-compete indigenous plants there is a shift in the species composition of the area and the changing our plant communities causes a decline in species richness and biodiversity (Henderson, 2001). Many factors allow alien invasive plants to succeed, particularly the absence of their natural enemies. This makes it difficult to control invasive plants without bringing in natural enemies and eliminating the high competition they have over the indigenous vegetation (Bromilow, 2010). Alien invasive plant species within the study area were observed to occur in clumps, scattered distributions or as single individuals on site. Invader and weed species must be controlled to prevent further infestation and it is recommended that all individuals of invader species (Especially Category 1b) must be removed and eradicated (Henderson, 2001). Species such as Lantana camara (Figure 13), Opuntia ficus-indica (Figure 14), and Opuntia imbicata (Figure 15), (all Category 1) were common in the study area.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 31

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Figure 13. Lantana camara recorded within the proposed pipeline route.

Figure 14. Opuntia ficus-indica recorded within the proposed pipeline route.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 32

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Figure 15. Opuntia imbicata recorded within the proposed pipeline route.

There are methods to eradicate alien invasive species, such as:

 Mechanical methods - felling, removing or burning invading alien plants;  Chemical methods - using environmentally safe herbicides;  Biological control - using species-specific insects and diseases from the alien plant’s country of origin and  Integrated control - combinations of the above three approaches. Often an integrated approach is required in order to prevent serious impacts (http://www.dwaf.gov.za/wfw/default.aspx).

It is important that the Environmental Management Programme (EMPr) takes into account suitable methods to ensure that alien invasive plant species are controlled in areas affected by the construction activities.

11.1.5 Medicinal plants and Red/Orange Data Listed plant species recorded on site

According to the National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004 as amended), there is a dire need to conserve biodiversity in each province and as such, all natural and/or indigenous resources must be utilised sustainably. At the proposed water pipeline route, there are a number of plants that are used to provide medicinal

JANUARY 2017 Pg 33

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY products (Table 6). In some cases there is merit in protecting or translocating them before the proposed development commences. While many of these plants are indigenous or exotic weeds that have medicinal value (and for which no action is necessary with respect to conservation), their economic value means that they are considered to be in need of protection. The indigenous medicinal plant species recorded on site should be used during the rehabilitation of the area. No red/orange data listed plants species were recorded along the route.

11.1.6 Habitat available for species of conservation importance

Data sourced from SANBI indicates there are plant species on the Red Data List that are known to occur in or surrounding the project area. These species and their probability of occurrence are indicated in Table 8 below. The probability of occurrence is based on the suitable habit where the species is likely to occur.

Table 8. Red Listed plant species which are known to occur in the general vicinity of the project area (von Staden & Raimondo, 2008; Victor & Peckover, 2007 and Victor, 2009), which could potentially be found along the proposed pipeline route.

Species Suitable habitat Probability of Occurrence Acacia erioloba Savanna, semi-desert and desert areas with deep, Low sandy soils and along drainage lines in very arid areas, sometimes in rocky outcrops Brachystelma Alluvial/ Salt pans Low discoideum Callilepis leptophylla Grassland or open woodland, often on rocky High outcrops or rocky hillslopes.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 34

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

11.2 Fauna

The evaluation of faunal presence is based on the presence / absence of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians at the proposed pipeline route. The survey determined the current status of threatened animal species occurring, or likely to occur within the proposed pipeline route, describing the available and sensitive habitats. Faunal data was obtained during a field survey assessments of the proposed pipeline route, which was carried out on foot. The data was supplemented by previous surveys conducted in similar habitats, literature investigations, and historic data. Different habitats were explored to identify any sensitive or endangered species. Mammal nomenclature is referred to using Stuart & Stuart (1998), Skinner & Chimimba (2005), Friedman & Daly (2004); bird names by Hockey et al. (2006); reptile names by Branch (1988), Branch (2001) and Amphibian names by Minter et al. 2004.

11.2.1 Mammals 11.2.1.1 Desktop survey results

The potential mammal species that could be found along the proposed pipeline route are those which have been recorded in the grid cells 2528AC and 2528AD (ADU, 2015) and are listed in Table 9 below. Mammal species such as Red Hartebeest, Springbok, African Buffalo, Common Eland, African Bush Elephant, African wild dog, Plains Zebra, Cheetah, Lion, The South African Giraffe and Common Hippopotamus, which are mostly restricted to protected or conservation areas, were not included in the assessment. Due to the habitat disturbance, the list is likely to overestimate the occurrence of mammal species in the area and thus should be viewed with a degree of caution.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 35

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Table 9: Mammal species recorded in the grid cells 2528AC and 2528AD (ADU, 2014), which could potentially occur along the proposed pipeline route

Atlas region Family Genus Species Subspecies Common name Red list category endemic Bovidae Aepyceros melampus Impala Least Concern Yes

Bovidae Alcelaphus caama Red Hartebeest Least Concern Yes

Bovidae Antidorcas marsupialis Springbok Least Concern Yes

Bovidae Connochaetes taurinus taurinus Least Concern

Bovidae Damaliscus lunatus Common Tsessebe Least Concern (IUCN 2008) Yes

Bovidae Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi Blesbok Least Concern

Bovidae Hippotragus niger Sable Antelope Not listed Yes

Bovidae Kobus ellipsiprymnus Waterbuck Not listed Yes

Bovidae Oryx gazella Gemsbok Least Concern Yes

Bovidae Raphicerus campestris Steenbok Least Concern Yes

Bovidae Syncerus caffer African Buffalo Least Concern Yes

Bovidae Taurotragus oryx Common Eland Least Concern Yes

Bovidae Tragelaphus angasii Nyala Least Concern Yes

Bovidae Tragelaphus strepsiceros Greater Kudu Least Concern Yes

Black-backed Canidae Canis mesomelas Least Concern Yes Jackal Cercopithecidae Cercopithecus aethiops pygerythrus Vervet Monkey Least Concern

African Bush Elephantidae Loxodonta africana Least Concern Yes Elephant Equidae Equus quagga Plains Zebra Not listed Yes

Felidae Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah Vulnerable Yes

JANUARY 2017 Pg 36

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Atlas region Family Genus Species Subspecies Common name Red list category endemic Felidae Panthera leo Lion Vulnerable Yes

The South African Giraffidae Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa Least Concern Giraffe Common Hippopotamidae Hippopotamus amphibius Least Concern Yes Hippopotamus Leporidae Lepus saxatilis Scrub Hare Least Concern Yes

Smith's Bush Sciuridae Paraxerus cepapi Least Concern Yes Squirrel Suidae Phacochoerus africanus Common Wart-hog Least Concern Yes

JANUARY 2017 Pg 37

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

11.2.1.2 Mammals recorded on site

Most sections of the proposed pipeline route have been transformed, largely due to human habitation, roads, infrastructure, informal dumping of rubble, domestic refuse and also foot paths. Suitable habitats such as riparian and woodlands still exist. This habitat transformation, together with elevated human presence and impacts such as disturbance, hunting and persecution, has negatively impacted on large mammal occurrence, particularly ungulates and predators. Care should be exercised in order to negate the negative ecological impacts through further habitat fragmentation. Table 10 lists all animals recorded during the survey. Mammals recorded were common and of no conservation importance in the area. This was expected due to the high levels of habitat transformation evident in the study area associated with urban development. The presence of small holes (Figure 16) suggests that there are lots of smaller animals occurring on site.

Table 10. Mammals recorded along the proposed pipeline route

Order Scientific name English name Status Artiodactyla Sylvicapra grimmia Common Duiker Least concern Bathyergidae Cryptomys hottentotus pretoriae Highveld Mole-rat Least concern Lagomorpha Lepus saxatilis Scrub Hare Least concern Common House Muridae Mus musculus Mouse Least concern Muridae Rattus rattus House Rat Least concern Herpestidae Cynictis penicillata Yellow Mongoose Least concern Rodentia Tatera leucogaster Bushveld gerbil Least concern

JANUARY 2017 Pg 38

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Figure 16. The presence of small holes suggests that there are lots of smaller animals on site

11.2.1.3 Habitat available for species of conservation importance

Data sourced from SANBI (ADU, 2015) (Table 9) indicates that two mammal species, Cheetah and Lion are known to occur in the general vicinity of the site but they were not observed during the site visits. These species are known to be restricted to protected or conservation areas. The two nearby conservation areas, namely Dinokeng Game Reserve and Tswaing Nature Reserve offer suitable habitat for these species.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 39

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

11.2.2 Avifauna 11.2.2.1 Desktop survey results

The Important Bird Areas (IBA) Programme identifies and works to conserve a network of sites critical for the long-term survival of bird species that are globally threatened, have a restricted range and are restricted to specific biomes/vegetation types (Barnes, 2000). Several Conservation and planning tools were consulted for relevancy for the project. These included IBAs. No IBA occurs in the study area, but the closest one is situated approximately 28km away, namely Magaliesberg IBA (Figures 17).

Figure 17. The nearest IBA to the proposed pipeline route is the Magaliesberg IBA, which is situated approximately 28km away

Observations regarding the number and diversity of birds will provide valuable input to sound management practices. The birds’ species recorded in the quarter degree squares 2528AC and 2528AD are indicated in Appendix A.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 40

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

11.2.2.2 Field work results

A numbers of bird species in South Africa have declined mainly due to massive habitat transformation and degradation as well as increased levels of human disturbances, extensive habitat transformation due to mining, industrial and commercial and agricultural activities. Human activity has transformed grasslands in South Africa to a point where few pristine examples exist (Low & Rebelo 1996). Factors such as increased pasture management (overgrazing), decrease in grassland management due to frequent fires and land-use alteration (urbanisation) also contribute in the decline of species. Many avifaunal species are adaptable as they are habitat generalists and can therefore accommodate a certain degree of habitat degradation and transformation (Harrison et al. 1997). Other species are extremely habitat specific and have to rely on certain habitat units for breeding, hunting or foraging and roosting. Habitat-specific species are sensitive to environmental change, with destruction of habitat being the leading cause of species decline worldwide (Barnes, 2000). The site offers limited suitable habitat for any larger terrestrial birds as well as certain smaller raptor species.

Within the vegetation types found in the study area and immediate surrounding areas, three major bird habitat systems were identified. A short description of each habitat type follows below:

Exotic trees: Plantations of exotic trees often provide roosting and nesting substrate for various bird species, and as such their importance for avifauna should not be underestimated. This habitat will mostly be important to physically smaller bird species. Several such stands of trees exist in the study area and could provide refuge for amongst other species: Exotic trees provide perching, roosting and nesting habitat for various raptor species, as well as larger birds such as francolins, Guineafowl, Herons and Hadeda Ibises. Black Sparrowhawk (Accipiter melanoleucus), Rufous-chested Sparrowhawk (Accipiter rufiventris), Long-crested Eagle (Lophaetus occipitalis) and Forest Buzzard (Buteo trizonatus). Although stands of Eucalyptus (Figure 18) are invader species, these stands have become important refuges for certain species of raptors including Long Crested Eagle and Steppe Buzzard. Large Eucalyptus trees are also used by the migratory Lesser Kestrels for roosting purposes.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 41

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Figure 18. Large stands on Eucalyptus trees on site could be used by the migratory Lesser Kestrels for roosting purposes.

Riparian Areas: Riparian habitats are of particular importance for birds in the study area. Water bodies provide habitat for a wide variety of terrestrial and aquatic species, particularly avifauna (Marais & Peacock, 2008). The Apies River (Figure 19) represents important habitat for many species, including Black Stork and a variety of other water birds, while the riparian habitat along the River may provide habitat for various species such as the African Darter, Hamerkop, robin-chats, cormorants, bee-eaters, kingfishers, and numerous smaller species. Rivers also represent feeding areas for fish eating raptors such as the African Fish Eagle and also represent important flight paths for many species (Pearson, 2011).

JANUARY 2017 Pg 42

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Figure 19. The Apies River provides a suitable habitat for water-dependent bird species

Woodlands: The proposed new bulk pipeline will traverse through woodland habitat, which varies between broadleaved woodland, Acacia-dominated woodland, and open woodland with small scattered Acacia trees. The bird species within this habitat generally include a great variety of arboreal passerines, such as drongos, warblers, flycatchers, shrikes, sunbirds, waxbills and weavers, as well as arboreal non-passerines such as doves, cuckoos and woodpeckers. Many of these species make use of the thorny nature of these trees to build their nests (Figure 20). Acacia trees typically attract many insects and in turn attract a good diversity of typical bird species found in Acacia savanna. The Black-shouldered kite (Figure 21), was recorded along the pipeline route.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 43

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Figure 20. Acacia trees provide habitats for bird species

Figure 21. Black-shouldered kite was observed in the woodland areas

JANUARY 2017 Pg 44

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Twenty-three (23) bird species (Table 11) were recorded during the field survey. Species recorded were common and were of no conservation importance.

Table 11. Bird species recorded along the proposed pipeline route

Species Common name Scientific name number 63 Black-headed Heron Ardea melanocephala 71 Cattle Egret Bubulus ibis 94 Hadeda Ibis (Figure 22) Bostrychia hagedash 236 Diderick Cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius 255 Crowned lapwing (Plover) Vanellus coronatus 258 Blacksmith Lapwing (Plover) Vanellus armatus 349 Rock Pigeon Columba guinea 352 Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata 355 Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis 438 European Bee-eater Merops apiaster 494 Rufous-naped Lark Mirafra africana 548 Pied Crow (Figure 23) Corvus albus 568 Red-eyed Bulbul Pycnonotus nigricans 651 Long-billed Crombec Sylvietta rufescens 672 Rattling Cisticola Cisticola chiniana 727 Cape (Orangethroated) Longclaw Macronyx crpceus 732 Common Fiscal (Shrike) Lanius collaris 758 Common (Indian) Myna Acridotheres zeylonus 801 House Sparrow Passer domesticus 806 Long-tailed widowbird Euplectes progne 814 Southern Masked-Weaver Ploceus velatus 824 Southern Red Bishop Euplectes orix 870 Yellow-fronted Canary Crithagra mozambica

JANUARY 2017 Pg 45

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Figure 22. Hadeda Ibis observed near the human settlements

Figure 23. Pied crow observed near the residential areas

JANUARY 2017 Pg 46

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

11.2.2.3 Habitat requirements for Red Data bird species

Table 12 below provides an important guideline of what could potentially be encountered anywhere in the study area in suitable habitat, and should not be used as a guideline for actual densities on the ground. In addition it must be pointed out that the species below could have been recorded anywhere within the squares of 2528AC and 2528AD, and not necessarily within the exact proposed study area for this project.

Table 12. Red Data Bird species recorded in grid 2528CC which could potentially occur in the study area (SABAP 1) (Harrison et al. (1997), Barnes (2000), SABAP2, and Tarboton et al. 1987, Hockey et al. 2005,).

Common Conservation Preferred Micro habitat Probability name status of Occurrence Pink-backed Vulnerable Favours freshwater and saline lakes Highly Pelican and lagoons, open water in marshes, unlikely mangrove creeks, sheltered coastal waters Great White Near Threatened Shallow lakes, flood plain pans, Highly Pelican estuaries and dams; sheltered unlikely coastal bays and lagoons; roosts on dry land in open areas, usually on islands or peninsulas where access by terrestrial predators limited Lanner Falcon Near Threatened Generally prefers open habitat, but Likely exploits a wide range of habitats. Sometimes use crow nests on transmission towers. May visit urban areas to hunt feral pigeons. Denham's Vulnerable High-lying, open, sour grassland, Unlikely Bustard often in rocky areas and on plateau grassland; occasionally uses cultivated fields, especially in winter and during droughts; attracted to burnt ground, especially in winter; avoids heavily grazed grassland White Stork Bonn Grassland, wetland, arable lands. Likely Black Stork Near Threatened Prefers shallow waterbodies such as Unlikely estuaries and rivers Yellow-billed Near Threatened Associated with water – dams, Likely Stork wetlands, rivers, marshes, even small pools. Greater Near Threatened Large bodies of shallow water, both Likely Flamingo inland and coastal; saline and brackish waters preferred Lesser Near Threatened Larger brackish or saline inland and Unlikely Flamingo coastal waters Secretarybird Near Threatened Prefer open grassland, densities low Likely in maize growing areas

JANUARY 2017 Pg 47

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Common Conservation Preferred Micro habitat Probability name status of Occurrence Cape Vulture Vulnerable Grassland, Savanna, Hills and Unlikely (Griffon) Ridges White-backed Vulnerable Savanna and bushveld Likely Vulture Ayres Hawk- Near Threatened Forest and plantations Unlikely Eagle Martial Eagle Vulnerable Savanna, woodlands, semiarid Likely shrubland Lanner Falcon Near Threatened Open grassland, woodland Likely Blue Crane Vulnerable Present in pockets of remaining Highly grassland and wetlands unlikely Yellow- Near Threatened Short-grass plains, usually not far Likely throated from water; also recently burnt Sandgrouse ground, cultivated fields, especially on black clay soils African Grass- Vulnerable Found in rank grass adjacent to Highly Owl wetlands unlikely Half-collared Near Threatened Fast-flowing streams with clear water Likely Kingfisher and well-wooded banks Caspian Tern Near Threatened Along coast, mostly in sheltered bays Highly and estuaries; inland, at large water unlikely bodies, both natural and man-made, with preference for saline pans and large impoundments Red-billed Near Threatened Savanna and bushveld Likely Oxpecker African Marsh- Vulnerable Large permanent wetlands with Unlikely Harrier dense reed beds. Sometimes forages in smaller wetlands and adjacent grassland Lesser Kestrel Vulnerable Grassland Maybe

Melodious Near Threatened Sour grassland Maybe Lark Black-winged Near Threatened Grassland, arable lands. Likely Pratincole

JANUARY 2017 Pg 48

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

11.2.3 Reptiles

The riparian vegetation, woodlands, patched of grasslands, and rocks on site provide suitable habitats for reptile species recorded on site. Reptiles are extremely secretive and difficult to observe during field surveys. Riverine habitats are traditionally rich in reptile diversity and densities due to the habitat supporting a high abundance of prey species, such as frogs, birds and small mammals (Branch, 2001). Vegetative cover is also greater within this habitat type. The majority of reptile species are sensitive to severe habitat alteration and fragmentation. Species are also very often “ousted” into wetland and riparian zones due to transformation of lands for urban and agricultural purposes. Desktop survey results

The Field Guide to the Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa (Branch, 2001) and South African Red Data Book Reptiles (Branch, 1988) were books used during the field surveys. Table 13 lists reptile species which are recorded in the grid cells 2528AC and 2528AD based on the South African Reptile Conservation Assessment (ADU, 2015). According to the list, Nile Crocodile is the only species of conservation importance known to occur in the vicinity of the proposed development area.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 49

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Table 13. Reptile species recorded in grid cells 2528AC and 2528AD which could occur in the study area (SARCA, 2015)

Atlas Family Genus Species Subspecies Common name Red list category region endemic Agamidae Acanthocercus atricollis atricollis Southern Tree Agama Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Agamidae Agama aculeata distanti Distant's Ground Agama Least Concern (SARCA 2014) Yes Agamidae Agama atra Southern Rock Agama Least Concern (SARCA 2014) Atractaspididae Amblyodipsas polylepis polylepis Common Purple-glossed Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis infuscata Dusky Worm Lizard Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Atractaspididae Aparallactus capensis Black-headed Centipede-eater Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Chamaeleonidae Chamaeleo dilepis dilepis Common Flap-neck Chameleon Least Concern (SARCA 2014) Boidae Python natalensis Southern African Python Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Colubridae Boaedon capensis Brown House Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Colubridae Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia Red-lipped Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Colubridae Dasypeltis scabra Rhombic Egg-eater Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Colubridae Dispholidus typus typus Boomslang Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Colubridae Gonionotophis capensis capensis Common File Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Colubridae Gonionotophis nyassae Black File Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Colubridae Lycophidion capense capense Cape Wolf Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Colubridae Philothamnus natalensis occidentalis Western Natal Green Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) Yes Colubridae Philothamnus hoplogaster South Eastern Green Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) Colubridae Philothamnus semivariegatus Spotted Bush Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) Colubridae Prosymna bivittata Two-striped Shovel-snout Least Concern (SARCA 2014) Colubridae Psammophis angolensis Dwarf Sand Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) Colubridae Psammophis brevirostris Short-snouted Grass Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

JANUARY 2017 Pg 50

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Atlas Family Genus Species Subspecies Common name Red list category region endemic Colubridae Psammophis orientalis Eastern Yellow-bellied Sand Snake Not listed

Colubridae Psammophis trinasalis Fork-marked Sand Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Colubridae Psammophylax tritaeniatus Striped Grass Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Colubridae Telescopus semiannulatus semiannulatus Eastern Tiger Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) Colubridae Thelotornis capensis capensis Southern Twig Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Cordylidae Cordylus jonesii Jones' Girdled Lizard Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Cordylidae Cordylus vittifer Common Girdled Lizard Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Crocodylidae Crocodylus niloticus Nile Crocodile Vulnerable (SARCA 2014) Elapidae Naja annulifera Snouted Cobra Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Elapidae Naja mossambica Mozambique Spitting Cobra Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Gekkonidae Lygodactylus capensis capensis Common Dwarf Gecko Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Gekkonidae Lygodactylus ocellatus Spotted Dwarf Gecko Least Concern (SARCA 2014) Yes

Gekkonidae Pachydactylus affinis Transvaal Gecko Least Concern (SARCA 2014) Yes Gekkonidae Pachydactylus capensis Cape Gecko Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Gerrhosauridae Gerrhosaurus flavigularis Yellow-throated Plated Lizard Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Lacertidae Nucras holubi Holub's Sandveld Lizard Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Lacertidae Nucras intertexta Spotted Sandveld Lizard Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Lacertidae Nucras ornata Ornate Sandveld Lizard Least Concern (SARCA 2014) Leptotyphlopidae Leptotyphlops distanti Distant's Thread Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Leptotyphlopidae Leptotyphlops scutifrons scutifrons Peters' Thread Snake Not listed Pelomedusidae Pelusios sinuatus Serrated Hinged Terrapin Least Concern (SARCA 2014) Pelomedusidae Pelomedusa subrufa Central Marsh Terrapin Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

JANUARY 2017 Pg 51

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Atlas Family Genus Species Subspecies Common name Red list category region endemic Scincidae Afroablepharus wahlbergii Wahlberg's Snake-eyed Skink Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Scincidae Mochlus sundevallii sundevallii Sundevall's Writhing Skink Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Scincidae Trachylepis capensis Cape Skink Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Scincidae Trachylepis punctatissima Speckled Rock Skink Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

sp. (Transvaal Scincidae Trachylepis Skink sp. 1 Not listed varia) Scincidae Trachylepis varia Variable Skink Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Testudinidae Stigmochelys pardalis Leopard Tortoise Least Concern (SARCA 2014) Typhlopidae Afrotyphlops bibronii Bibron's Blind Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Varanidae Varanus albigularis albigularis Rock Monitor Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Varanidae Varanus niloticus Water Monitor Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

Viperidae Bitis arietans arietans Puff Adder Least Concern (SARCA 2014)

JANUARY 2017 Pg 52

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

11.2.3.1 Reptiles recorded on site

Large areas surrounding the site have resulted in increased habitat modification and transformation as well as increased human presence and associated disturbances (illegal reptile collecting, indiscriminate killing of all snake species, frequent fires) surrounding the site coupled with increased habitat destruction and disturbances on the neighbouring properties are all causal factors in the alteration and disappearance of reptile diversity in the area (Jacobsen, 2005). The study areas supports limited suitable habitat for any arboreal species but provided suitable habitat for terrestrial reptile species such as Ground Agama, Yellow throated Plated Lizard, Montane Speckled or Striped Skink as well as snake species (Rinkhals, Mole Snake, and Black-headed Centipede Eater. Termite mounds were present on site (Figure 24). Old termite mounds offer important refuges especially during veld fires as well as cold winter months for numerous frog, lizard, snake and smaller mammal species (Jacobsen, 2005). Large number of species of mammal, birds, reptiles and amphibians feed on the emerging alates (winged termites). No termite mounds were destroyed during the brief field surveys. All overturned rock material was carefully replaced in its original position. Table 14 indicates five reptile species recorded on site.

Figure 24. Termite mounds recorded on proposed pipeline route

Table 14. Reptiles recorded in the proposed pipeline route

Genus Species Subspecies Common name Acanthocercus atricollis atricollis Southern Tree Agama Agama aculeata distanti Distant's Ground Agama (Figure 25) Lygodactylus capensis capensis Common Dwarf Gecko Pachydactylus affinis Transvaal Gecko Trachylepis punctatissima Speckled Rock Skink

JANUARY 2017 Pg 53

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Figure 25. Ground Agama recorded on site

11.2.3.2 Habitat requirements for Red Data reptile species

The data sourced from SARCA (ADU, 2015) indicates that Nile Crocodile is the only species of conservation importance known to occur in the vicinity of the proposed development area. According to Branch (2001), Nile Crocodiles can be found in larger rivers, lakes, estuaries, mangrove swamps. They are considered important indicators of ecosystem health and predators within a variety of aquatic habitats and listed as Vulnerable (Branch, 1988). They are considered as keystone species in aquatic environments. They are threatened due to over-exploitation, uncontrolled hunting, disease, pollution and habitat degradation. Crocodile Specialist Group (1996) listed this species on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) Appendix I [except the populations of Botswana, Egypt (subject to a zero quota for wild specimens traded for commercial purposes), Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania (subject to an annual export quota of no more than 1,600 wild specimens including hunting trophies, in addition to ranched specimens), Zambia and Zimbabwe, which are included in Appendix II. The state of the rivers of site do not offer suitable habitat for this species to occur on site.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 54

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

11.2.4 Amphibians

Amphibians are an important component of South Africa’s exceptional biodiversity and are such worthy of both research and conservation effort. This is made additionally relevant by international concern over globally declining amphibian populations, a phenomenon currently undergoing intensive investigation but is still poorly understood (Wyman, 1990 & Wake, 1991). This decline seems to have worsened over the past 25 years and amphibians are now more threatened than either mammals or birds, though comparisons with other taxa are confounded by a shortage of reliable data. Amphibians are an important component of South Africa’s exceptional biodiversity (Siegfried, 1989) and are worthy of both research and conservation effort.

11.2.4.1 Desktop survey results

Most frogs have a biphasic life cycle, where eggs laid in water develop into tadpoles and these live in the water until they metamorphose into juvenile frogs living on the land. This fact, coupled with being covered by a semi-permeable skin makes frogs particularly vulnerable to pollutants and other environmental stresses. Consequently frogs are useful environmental bio-monitors (bio-indicators) and may acts as an early warning system for the quality of the environment. Frogs and tadpoles are good species indicator on water quality, because they have permeable, exposed skins that readily absorb toxic substances. Tadpoles are aquatic and greatly exposed to aquatic pollutants (Blaustein, 2003). The presence of amphibians is also generally regarded as an indication of intact ecological functionality and therefore construction activities within these habitat units should be undertaken in an ecologically-sensitive manner.

Table 15 indicates frogs that were recorded in grid cell 2528AC and 2528AD. According to Frog Atlas of Southern African, only the Giant BullFrog (Pyxicephalus adspersus) has been recorded in grid cells 2528AC and 2528AD. The Giant Bullfrog has been chosen as a flagship species for the grassland eco-region (Cook, 2007). Breeding in African frogs is strongly dependent on rain, especially in the drier parts of the country where surface water only remains for a short duration.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 55

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Table 15: Amphibian species recorded in the grid cell 2528AC and 2528AD (ADU, 2015), which could potentially occur on the proposed pipeline route

Atlas Red list Family Genus Species Common name region category endemic Bufonidae Amietophrynus garmani Olive Toad Least Concern Bufonidae Amietophrynus gutturalis Guttural Toad Least Concern Northern Pygmy Bufonidae Poyntonophrynus fenoulheti Least Concern Toad Bufonidae Schismaderma carens Red Toad Least Concern Hyperoliidae Kassina senegalensis Bubbling Kassina Least Concern

Banded Rubber Microhylidae Phrynomantis bifasciatus Least Concern Frog Snoring Puddle Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachus natalensis Least Concern Frog Pipidae Xenopus laevis Common Platanna Least Concern Ptychadenidae Ptychadena anchietae Plain Grass Frog Least Concern

Drakensberg River Pyxicephalidae Amietia quecketti Least Concern Yes Frog Pyxicephalidae Amietia umbraculata Maluti River Frog Least Concern Yes Pyxicephalidae Cacosternum boettgeri Common Caco Least Concern

Near Pyxicephalidae Pyxicephalus adspersus Giant Bull Frog Threatened Tremelo Sand Pyxicephalidae Tomopterna cryptotis Least Concern Frog 11.2.4.2 Field work results

The Apies River on site hold water on permanent basis and is probably important breeding habitat for most of the frog species which occur at the site. Only three frog species were recorded on site (Table 16).

Table 16: Amphibian species recorded along the proposed pipeline route

Genus Species Common name

Amietophrynus gutturalis Guttural Toad Xenopus Laevis Common Platanna Cacosternum boettgeri Common Caco

JANUARY 2017 Pg 56

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

11.2.4.3 Habitat requirements for Red Data amphibian species

The Giant Bullfrog (Pyxicephalus adspersus) has a potential to occur in the study area and is currently assigned a Near-Threatened status, according to the IUCN Red List category (Minter et al., 2004). Globally, P. adspersus is listed as Least Concern (du Preez and Cook, 2004). Bullfrogs are explosive breeders that emerge from their underground burrows in years of sufficient rainfall and return to their burrows soon after breeding (Cook, 2007). It is possible that they may already have been hibernating at the time of the survey. Explosive breeding frogs utilise ephemeral pans or inundated grasslands for their short duration reproductive cycles. The Giant Bullfrog usually breeds within the grassland biome, but also has been shown to breed within savanna wetlands. In order to conserve this species, appropriate conservation buffer zones should be implemented surrounding all suitable wetland habitat units.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 57

TERRSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

12 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF THE STUDY AREA

The ecological function describes the intactness of the structure and function of the vegetation communities which in turn support faunal communities. It also refers to the degree of ecological connectivity between the identified vegetation communities and other systems within the landscape. Therefore, systems with a high degree of landscape connectivity among each other are perceived to be more sensitive. Figure 26 below illustrates the ecological sensitivity of the site and this is based on following criteria:

High – Sensitive vegetation communities with either low inherent resistance or resilience towards disturbance factors or vegetation that are considered important for the maintenance of ecosystem integrity. Most of these vegetation communities represent late succession ecosystems with high connectivity with other important ecological systems.

Medium – Vegetation communities that occur at disturbances of low-medium intensity and representative of secondary succession stages with some degree of connectivity with other ecological systems.

Low – Degraded and highly disturbed vegetation with little ecological function.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 58

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Figure 26. Sensitivity Map of the proposed construction of new bulk pipeline

JANUARY 2017 Pg 59

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

13 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

13.1 Methodology

All impacts are analysed in the section to follow (Table 17) with regard to their nature, extent, magnitude, duration, probability and significance. The following definitions apply: Nature (/Status) The project could have a positive, negative or neutral impact on the environment.

Extent  Local – extend to the site and its immediate surroundings.  Regional – impact on the region but within the province.  National – impact on an interprovincial scale.  International – impact outside of South Africa.

Magnitude

Degree to which impact may cause irreplaceable loss of resources.  Low – natural and social functions and processes are not affected or minimally affected.  Medium – affected environment is notably altered; natural and social functions and processes continue albeit in a modified way.  High – natural or social functions or processes could be substantially affected or altered to the extent that they could temporarily or permanently cease.

Duration  Short term – 0-5 years.  Medium term – 5-11 years.  Long term – impact ceases after the operational life cycle of the activity either because of natural processes or by human intervention.  Permanent – mitigation either by natural process or by human intervention will not occur in such a way or in such a time span that the impact can be considered transient.

Probability  Almost certain – the event is expected to occur in most circumstances.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 60

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

 Likely – the event will probably occur in most circumstances.  Moderate – the event should occur at some time.  Unlikely – the event could occur at some time.  Rare/Remote – the event may occur only in exceptional circumstances.

Significance

Provides an overall impression of an impact’s importance, and the degree to which it can be mitigated. The range for significance ratings is as follows-  0 – Impact will not affect the environment. No mitigation necessary.  1 – No impact after mitigation.  2 – Residual impact after mitigation.  3 – Impact cannot be mitigated.

13.2 Assessment of Environmental Impacts and Suggested Mitigation Measures

Only the environmental issues identified during the appraisal of the receiving environment and potential impacts are assessed below (Table 17). Mitigation measures are provided to prevent (first priority), reduce or remediate adverse environmental impacts.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 61

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Table 17. Recommended mitigation measures with significance rating before and after mitigation for the proposed construction of new bulk pipeline

FLORA PRE – CONSTRUCTION PHASE Impact Nature Description Mitigation Direct Positive Search and Rescue A qualified and / or appropriately experienced Botanist or an experienced person who knows specific vegetation types well should mark any species of conservation importance and other medicinal plants when the route is pegged. Species such as Aloe greathedii var davyana were recorded in abundance, and must be removed prior construction and replanted during rehabilitation process.

A permit from DAFF is required before construction commences in order to remove or disturb the Marula trees. Without Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local Medium Medium-term Almost certain 2 With Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local Low Short-term Likely 1

JANUARY 2017 Pg 62

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

FLORA PRE – CONSTRUCTION PHASE Impact Nature Description Mitigation Direct Negative Site clearing During site preparation, topsoil and subsoil are to be stripped separately from each other and must be stored separately from spoil material for use in the rehabilitation phase. It should be protected from wind and rain, as well as contamination from diesel, concrete or wastewater. Records of all environmental incidents must be maintained and a copy of these records must be made available to authorities on request throughout the project execution. Without Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local High Medium-term Likely 2 With Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local Medium Short-term Likely 1

JANUARY 2017 Pg 63

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

FAUNA PRE – CONSTRUCTION PHASE Impact Nature Description Mitigation Direct Positive Protection of animals on site. Training of construction workers to recognise threatened animal species will reduce the probability of fauna being harmed unnecessarily. Posters should be displayed on sight to sensitise workers to fauna in the region. Without Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local Medium Medium-term Unlikely 2 With Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local Low Medium-term Unlikely 1

JANUARY 2017 Pg 64

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

FAUNA PRE – CONSTRUCTION PHASE Impact Nature Description Mitigation Direct Positive Search and Rescue A qualified and / or appropriately experienced Zoologist or an experienced person who knows the animals in the region well will identify any possible Red Data fauna on site and the necessary permits to relocate fauna must be obtained if avoidance is not possible.

Training of construction workers to recognise threatened animal species will reduce the probability of fauna being harmed unnecessarily.

Posters should be displayed on sight to sensitise workers to fauna in the region. Without Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local Medium Medium-term Almost certain 2 With Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local Low Short-term Likely 1

JANUARY 2017 Pg 65

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

FAUNA PRE – CONSTRUCTION PHASE Impact Nature Description Mitigation Direct Negative Clearing of site During site preparation special care must be taken during the clearing of the works area to minimise damage or disturbance of roosting and nesting sites. Without Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local High Medium-term Likely 2 With Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local Medium Medium-term Likely 1

FLORA CONSTRUCTION PHASE Impact Nature Description Mitigation Direct Negative Soil contamination, vegetation loss Employ on site personnel responsible for preventing and controlling and vegetation disturbance due to potential soil pollution through fuel and oil leaks and spills. fuel and chemical spills. Make sure construction vehicles are maintained and serviced to prevent oil and fuel leaks. Emergency on-site maintenance should be done over appropriate drip trays and all oil or fuel must be disposed of according to waste regulations. Drip-trays must be placed under vehicles and equipment when not in use. Require the suitable establishment of erosion control mechanisms. Without Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local High Medium-term Likely 2 With Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local Medium Medium-term Likely 1

JANUARY 2017 Pg 66

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

FLORA CONSTRUCTION PHASE Impact Nature Description Mitigation Direct Negative Vegetation and habitat disturbance Promote awareness of all personnel. due to the accidental introduction of During construction activities, monitoring and control of alien weeds and alien species. invaders through hand removal; slashing (annuals) or chemical control (perennials). Chemical control may only be done upon approval from the Environmental Control Officer (ECO). Without Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local High Medium-term Likely 2 With Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local Medium Medium-term Likely 1

FLORA CONSTRUCTION PHASE Impact Nature Description Mitigation Direct Negative Vegetation and habitat disturbance The Contractor should employ personnel on site responsible for due to pollution and littering during preventing and controlling of litter. Promote housekeeping with daily construction phase. clean-ups on site. Before construction commences, construction workers should be educated with regards to littering, ad hoc veld fires, and dumping. No fires are allowed on site. Without Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local Medium Medium-term Likely 2 With Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local Low Medium-term Likely 1

JANUARY 2017 Pg 67

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

FLORA CONSTRUCTION PHASE Impact Nature Description Mitigation Direct Negative Damage to plant life outside of the Construction activities should be restricted to the development footprint proposed pipeline route. area. All workers must be trained before construction commences. Without Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local Medium Medium-term Likely 2 With Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local Low Medium-term Likely 1

FAUNA CONSTRUCTION PHASE Impact Nature Description Mitigation Direct Negative Disturbance to animals Animals residing within the designated area shall not be unnecessarily disturbed. Before construction starts, construction workers must be educated with regards to littering and poaching. The Contractor and his/her employees shall not bring any domestic animals onto site. Toolbox talks should be provided to contractors regarding disturbance to animals. Particular emphasis should be placed on talks regarding snakes. Without Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local Medium Medium-term Unlikely 2 With Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local Low Medium-term Unlikely 1

JANUARY 2017 Pg 68

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

FAUNA CONSTRUCTION PHASE Impact Nature Description Mitigation Direct Negative Allow for safe animal passage through Construction areas must be demarcated but should allow for the and specifically out of the construction migration of small faunal species out of the construction zone. site. Fencing types must be selected for minimal disturbance to animal movement corridors (e.g. palisade fencing is preferable to diamond- mesh fencing). Without Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local Medium Medium-term Unlikely 2 With Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local Medium Medium-term Unlikely 1

JANUARY 2017 Pg 69

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

FLORA OPERATIONAL PHASE Impact Nature Description Mitigation Direct Negative The proposed construction activities may affect Encroachment of alien vegetation should be monitored biodiversity through the encroachment of exotic regularly and controlled; the area must be kept clear of vegetation following soil disturbance, in addition the all invader plants as per the Conservation of maintenance of the area would disturb naturalised Agricultural Resources Act, 1983 (Act No 43 of 1983). species within the area. Rehabilitation measures must be employed until such a time as indigenous species are established. As much vegetation growth as possible should be promoted within the proposed route in order to protect soils and to reduce the percentage of the surface area which is left as bare ground. In this regard special mention is made of the need to use indigenous vegetation species as the first choice during landscaping. Without Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local Medium Medium-term Likely 2 With Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local Low Medium-term Unlikely 1

JANUARY 2017 Pg 70

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

FAUNA OPERATIONAL PHASE Impact Nature Description Mitigation Direct Negative Disturbance of faunal species The disturbance of fauna should be minimized. Animals residing within the designated area shall not be unnecessarily disturbed. Without Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local Medium Medium-term Likely 2 With Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance Local Low Medium-term Unlikely 1

JANUARY 2017 Pg 71

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

14 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The proposed pipeline falls within the Savanna Biome. The Savanna Biome is the largest Biome in South Africa and occupies over one third of the whole area. It is characterized by a grassy ground layer and distinct upper layer of woody plants (Low and Rebelo, 1996). Mucina and Rutherford (2006) classified the proposed pipeline route as falling within the following vegetation types-Central Sandy Bushveld and Springbokvlakte Thornveld. These vegetation types are classified as Vulnerable and Endangered respectively.

According to the data sourced from South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI); Springbokvlakte Thornveld is listed as a threatened terrestrial ecosystem that was recorded on the study area. The data from the Gauteng Conservation Plan 3.3 indicate that the proposed pipeline route occur in a CBA and ESA and the CBA of the site is was classified as an Important Area.

Anthropogenic activities such as roads, foot paths, littering and most importantly, habitat fragmentation have completely transformed most sections of the proposed pipeline route. Few patches of natural grasslands, riparian vegetation and woodlands still exist along the proposed route. Several protected trees have distributions that include the study sites. Of note is the presence of Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra (Marula) on site. Marula tree is a nationally protected tree species, and the disturbance to which should be avoided where possible and in terms of Section 15(1) of the National Forests Act, 1998, no person may cut, disturb, damage or destroy any protected tree or possess, collect, remove, transport, export, purchase, sell, donate or in any other manner acquire or dispose of any protected tree or any forest product derived from a protected tree, except under a licence or exemption granted by the Minister to an applicant and subject to such period and conditions as may be stipulated.

No Orange/Red Data listed species were recorded along the proposed pipeline route. Given that there are possibilities of species of conservation importance to occur on site, it is important that a qualified professional should be on site prior to construction to embark on a walk-down survey and assess any species that could occur. If any Red Data species are found, proper mitigation measures should be employed.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 72

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Before construction commences, all sensitive habitats, such as rivers/riparian vegetation must be clearly demarcated with fencing or orange mesh netting. Buffer zones associated with rivers must be adhered to in order to minimise disturbances associated with their ecological functioning. All development footprint areas should remain as small as possible and should not encroach onto surrounding areas.

Generally, the negative impacts to the receiving environment resulting from the proposed development are probably of an acceptable significance and magnitude if appropriate mitigations measures are implemented and construction is implemented in a sensitive manner. The proposed development will cause disruption during the construction phase, but as long as mitigation measures are implemented, these disruptions should have minimal lasting effect on the ecosystems of the proposed development. With regards to pipeline materials alternatives, as long as the footprint is the same for all alternatives and the pipes would be adequately maintained, there is no ecological preference between the two alternatives. Therefore the proposed construction of the new bulk pipeline should proceed as planned.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 73

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

15 REFERENCES

ANIMAL DEMOGRAPHY UNIT (2015). FrogMAP Virtual Museum. Accessed at http://vmus.adu.org.za/?vm=FrogMAP on 2015-02-17

ANIMAL DEMOGRAPHY UNIT (2015). MammalMAP Virtual Museum. Accessed at http://vmus.adu.org.za/?vm=MammalMAP on 2015-02-17.

ANIMAL DEMOGRAPHY UNIT (2015). ReptileMAP Virtual Museum. Accessed at http://vmus.adu.org.za/?vm=ReptileMAP on 2015-02-17.

BARNES, K.N. (ed.) (1998). The Important Bird Areas of Southern Africa. BirdLife South Africa: Johannesburg.

BARNES, K.N. (ed.) (2000). The Eskom Red Data Book of Birds of South Africa, Lesotho & Swaziland. Birdlife South Africa, Johannesburg.

BLAUSTEIN, ANDREW R. (2003). Amphibian Population Declines. Encyclopedia.com. [Online] 2003. [Cited: 11 March 2011.] http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2- 3409400018.html.

BRANCH, W.R. (1988). South African Red Data Book - Reptiles and Amphibians. South African National Scientific Programmes Report No. 151. CSIR, Pretoria.

BRANCH, B. (2001). Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers, South Africa.

BROMILOW, C. (1995). Problem Plants of South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria.

BROMILOW, C. (2010). Problem plants of South Africa. Briza, Pretoria.

CARRUTHERS, V. (2001). Frogs and frogging in southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.

COOK, C.L. (2007). Proposed Eikenhof cemetery situated on portions of the Farm Bronkhorstfontein 329-IQ. Preliminary faunal survey/habitat assessment.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 74

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

CROCODILE SPECIALIST GROUP (1996). Crocodylus niloticus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. . Downloaded on 17 February 2015.

DU PREEZ, L.H. & COOK, C. (2004). Genus Pyxicephalus Tschudi, 1838 (Family Ranidae). In: Atlas and Red Data Book of the frogs of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (L.R. Minter, M. Burger, J.A. Harrison, H.H. Braack, P.J. Bishop, & D. Kloepfer, eds) pp 298-303. SI/MAB Series #9, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA.

DU PREEZ, L.H. & CARRUTHERS, V.C. (2009). Complete Guide to the Frogs of Southern Africa. Random House Struik. 488pp.

DRIVER, A., MAZE, K., LOMBARD A.T., NEL, J., ROUGET, M., TURPIE, J.K., COWLING, R.M., DESMET, P., GOODMAN, P., HARRIS, J., JONAS, Z., REYERS, B., SINK, K. & STRAUSS, T. (2004). South African National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2004: Summary Report. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.

FRIEDMANN, Y. AND DALY, B, (EDITORS) (2004). Red Data Book of the mammals of South Africa: a conservation assessment: CBSG southern Africa, Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (SSC/IUCN). Endangered Wildlife Trust, South Africa.

GAUTENG C-PLAN VERSION 2. (2006). Gauteng Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Environment.

GAUTENG CONSERVATION PLAN VERSION 3.3 (C-Plan 3.3). Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development. Directorate Nature Conservation. Technological Services.

HARRISON, J.A., ALLAN, D.G., UNDERHILL, L.G., HERREMANS, M., TREE, A.J., PARKER, V. & BROWN, C.J. (EDS) (1997). The atlas of Southern African birds. Vols. 1&2. BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg.

HENDERSON, L. 2001. Alien weeds and invasive plants. ARC, Pretoria.

HOCKEY, P.A.R., DEAN, W.R.J. & RYAN, P.G. (eds.) (2005). Roberts – Birds of Southern Africa. VIIth ed. John Voelcker Bird Book Fund. Cape Town.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 75

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

JACOBSEN, N. (2005). Remarkable Reptiles of South Africa. Briza Publications. Pretoria. South Africa.

KOTZE D C, (1996). Wetlands and people: what benefits do wetlands have and how are these benefits affected by our land-use activities? WETLAND-USE Booklet 1. SHARE- NET, Howick.

LOW, A.B & REBELO, A.G. (1996). Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria.

MANNING, J. (2009). Field guide to the wild flowers of South Africa. Struik, Cape Town.

MARAIS, E. & PEACOCK, F. (2008). The chamberlain guide to birding Gauteng. Miranda Publishing. Cape Town.

MINTER, L.R., BURGER, M., HARRISON, J.A., BRAACK, H.H., BISHOP, P.J. AND KNOEPFER, D. (2004). Atlas and Red Data Book of the Frogs of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. SI/MAB Series No. 9, Washington, D.C.

MUCINA, L. & RUTHERFORD, M.C. (eds). (2006). The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. South African Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.

NORTH WEST DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, CONSERVATION, ENVIRONMENT AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT. (2009). North West Provincial Biodiversity Conservation Assessment Technical Report, Version 1.2., March 2009. North West Department of Agriculture, Conservation, Environment and Rural Development, Mmbatho.

NORTH WEST DEPARTMENT OF RURAL, ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT (READ) (2015). North West Biodiversity Sector Plan. North West Provincial Government, Mafikeng. December 2015.

PEARSON, A. (2011). Avifaunal Impact Assessment. Wildebees-bethal 132KV power line. Endangered Wildlife Trust’s Wildlife and Energy Programme.

POOLEY, E.S. (1998). A Field Guide to Wildflowers Kwazulu-Natal and the eastern region. Natal Flora Publishers Trust: Durban, South Africa.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 76

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

RAIMONDO, D., VON STADEN, L., FODEN, W., VICTOR, J.E., HELME, N.A., TURNER, R.C., KAMUNDI, D.A. & MANYAMA, P.A. (eds) In press. Red List of South African plants. Strelitzia 25. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.

RUTHERFORD, M.C. & WESTFALL, R.H. (1994). Biomes of southern Africa: an objective characterisation. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Afr. No. 63.

SANBI (2009). Draft Threatened Ecosystems in South Africa: Descriptions and Maps. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. Pretoria.

SIEGFRIED W.R. (1989). Preservation of species in southern African nature reserves. In: Huntley, B.J. (Ed.) Biotic diversity in southern Africa: concepts and conservation. Oxford University Press, Cape Town.

SINCLAIR, I., HOCKEY, P. & TARBOTON, W. (2002). Sasol Birds of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.

SKINNER, J.D. & CHIMIMBA, C. T. (2005). The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

STUART, C. & STUART, T. (1988). Field Guide to the Mammals of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.

TARBOTON, W.R., KEMP.M.I. & KEMP. A. C., (1987): Birds of the Transvaal. Transvaal Museum: Pretoria.

VAN OUDSHOORN, F. (1999). Guide to grasses of southern Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria.

VAN WYK, B., VAN OUDTSHOORN, B. AND GERICKE, N. (1997). Medicinal plants of South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria.

VICTOR, J.E. (2009). Callilepis leptophylla Harv. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version 2014.1. Accessed on 2015/02/16

VICTOR, J.E. & PECKOVER, R. (2007). Brachystelma discoideum R.A.Dyer. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version 2014.1. Accessed on 2015/02/16.

JANUARY 2017 Pg 77

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

VON STADEN, L. & RAIMONDO, D. (2008). Acacia erioloba E.Mey. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version 2014.1. Accessed on 2015/02/17

WADDLE, J. H. (2006). Use of amphibians as ecosystem indicator species. Doctor of philosophy dissertation, University of Florida.

WAKE, D.B. (1991). Declining amphibian populations. Science 253:860.

WYMAN, R.I. (1990). What’s happening to the amphibians? Conservation Biology 4:350- 352. http://www.dwaf.gov.za/wfw/default.aspx

JANUARY 2017 Pg 78

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Appendix A. Bird species recorded in grid cells 2528AC and 2528AD

Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals Ref Species name Afrikaans Taxonomic name Rep Rate SABAP1 Rep Rate (%) n Latest n Latest Reports Latest (%)

622 Apalis, Bar-throated Bandkeelkleinjantjie Apalis thoracica 5.26 1 06/12/2008 ✔ 5.75

269 Avocet, Pied Bontelsie Recurvirostra avosetta ✔ 3.45

533 Babbler, Arrow-marked Pylvlekkatlagter Turdoides jardineii 84.21 16 24/01/2015 2 15/06/2009 ✔ 59.77

536 Babbler, Southern Pied Witkatlagter Turdoides bicolor 15.79 3 26/09/2014 ✔ 9.20

432 Barbet, Acacia Pied Bonthoutkapper Tricholaema leucomelas 10.53 2 26/01/2013 ✔ 32.18

431 Barbet, Black-collared Rooikophoutkapper Lybius torquatus 63.16 12 24/01/2015 ✔ 47.13

439 Barbet, Crested Kuifkophoutkapper Trachyphonus vaillantii 89.47 17 24/01/2015 ✔ 64.37

673 Batis, Chinspot Witliesbosbontrokkie Batis molitor 68.42 13 24/01/2015 ✔ 39.08

404 Bee-eater, European Europese Byvreter Merops apiaster 42.11 8 24/01/2015 ✔ 24.14

410 Bee-eater, Little Kleinbyvreter Merops pusillus 5.26 1 24/01/2015 ✔ 5.75

407 Bee-eater, Southern Carmine Rooiborsbyvreter Merops nubicoides ✔ 1.15

409 Bee-eater, White-fronted Rooikeelbyvreter Merops bullockoides 10.53 2 26/01/2013 ✔ 29.89

808 Bishop, Southern Red Rooivink Euplectes orix 31.58 6 21/01/2014 33.33 1 06/12/2010 1 11/11/2012 ✔ 40.23

812 Bishop, Yellow-crowned Goudgeelvink Euplectes afer ✔ 17.24

67 Bittern, Little Kleinrietreier (Woudapie) Ixobrychus minutus ✔ 3.45

722 Bokmakierie, Bokmakierie Bokmakierie Telophorus zeylonus 5.26 1 27/09/2012 ✔ 8.05

709 Boubou, Southern Suidelike Waterfiskaal Laniarius ferrugineus 52.63 10 26/09/2014 ✔ 41.38

731 Brubru, Brubru Bontroklaksman Nilaus afer 31.58 6 26/09/2014 ✔ 9.20

779 Buffalo-Weaver, Red-billed Buffelwewer Bubalornis niger 10.53 2 01/08/2009 ✘ 0.00

544 Bulbul, African Red-eyed Rooioogtiptol Pycnonotus nigricans ✔ 4.60

545 Bulbul, Dark-capped Swartoogtiptol Pycnonotus tricolor 100 19 24/01/2015 33.33 1 06/12/2010 1 22/02/2010 ✔ 65.52

872 Bunting, Cinnamon-breasted Klipstreepkoppie Emberiza tahapisi 21.05 4 21/01/2014 1 30/12/2012 ✔ 14.94

874 Bunting, Golden-breasted Rooirugstreepkoppie Emberiza flaviventris 42.11 8 21/01/2014 1 15/06/2009 ✔ 16.09

723 Bush-Shrike, Grey-headed Spookvoel Malaconotus blanchoti 21.05 4 26/09/2014 ✔ 2.30

719 Bush-Shrike, Orange-breasted Oranjeborsboslaksman Telophorus sulfureopectus 15.79 3 26/09/2014 ✔ 2.30

196 Buttonquail, Kurrichane Bosveldkwarteltjie Turnix sylvaticus ✔ 4.60

144 Buzzard, Lizard Akkedisvalk Kaupifalco monogrammicus ✔ 4.60

154 Buzzard, Steppe Bruinjakkalsvoel Buteo vulpinus 26.32 5 24/01/2015 ✔ 29.89

627 Camaroptera, Green-backed Groenrugkwekwevoel Camaroptera brachyura ✔ 2.30

628 Camaroptera, Grey-backed Grysrugkwekwevoel Camaroptera brevicaudata 26.32 5 21/01/2014 ✔ 2.30

860 Canary, Black-throated Bergkanarie Crithagra atrogularis 21.05 4 26/01/2013 ✔ 18.39

866 Canary, Yellow Geelkanarie Crithagra flaviventris 5.26 1 21/01/2014 ✘ 0.00

859 Canary, Yellow-fronted Geeloogkanarie Crithagra mozambicus 57.89 11 24/01/2015 ✔ 40.23

575 Chat, Anteating Swartpiek Myrmecocichla formicivora ✔ 2.30

570 Chat, Familiar Gewone Spekvreter Cercomela familiaris 5.26 1 29/11/2009 ✘ 0.00

630 Cisticola, Desert Woestynklopkloppie Cisticola aridulus 1 04/01/2009 ✔ 8.05

646 Cisticola, Levaillant's Vleitinktinkie Cisticola tinniens 10.53 2 24/01/2015 ✔ 6.90

642 Cisticola, Rattling Bosveldtinktinkie Cisticola chiniana 68.42 13 24/01/2015 1 20/12/2009 ✔ 27.59

634 Cisticola, Wing-snapping Kleinste Klopkloppie Cisticola ayresii 5.26 1 06/12/2008 ✔ 1.15

JANUARY 2017 Pg 79

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals Ref Species name Afrikaans Taxonomic name Rep Rate SABAP1 Rep Rate (%) n Latest n Latest Reports Latest (%)

629 Cisticola, Zitting Landeryklopkloppie Cisticola juncidis 26.32 5 24/01/2015 ✔ 11.49

573 Cliff-Chat, Mocking Dassievoel Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris ✔ 2.30

504 Cliff-Swallow, South African Familieswael Hirundo spilodera ✔ 1.15

212 Coot, Red-knobbed Bleshoender Fulica cristata 21.05 4 21/01/2014 ✔ 14.94

50 Cormorant, Reed Rietduiker Phalacrocorax africanus 47.37 9 21/01/2014 ✔ 24.14

47 Cormorant, White-breasted Witborsduiker Phalacrocorax carbo 15.79 3 21/01/2014 ✔ 3.45

4131 Coucal, Burchell's Gewone Vleiloerie Centropus burchellii 52.63 10 24/01/2015 ✔ 40.23

1036 Coucal, White-browed Gestreepte Vleiloerie Centropus superciliosus ✔ 40.23

280 Courser, Bronze-winged Bronsvlerkdrawwertjie Rhinoptilus chalcopterus ✔ 1.15

277 Courser, Temminck's Trekdrawwertjie Cursorius temminckii ✔ 1.15

203 Crake, Black Swartriethaan Amaurornis flavirostris 10.53 2 21/01/2014 ✔ 11.49

216 Crane, Blue Bloukraanvoel Anthropoides paradiseus ✔ 9.20

621 Crombec, Long-billed Bosveldstompstert Sylvietta rufescens 63.16 12 26/09/2014 ✔ 29.89

523 Crow, Cape Swartkraai Corvus capensis ✔ 2.30

522 Crow, Pied Witborskraai Corvus albus 57.89 11 24/01/2015 5 01/08/2014 ✔ 85.06

341 Cuckoo, African Afrikaanse Koekoek Cuculus gularis ✔ 2.30

344 Cuckoo, Black Swartkoekoek Cuculus clamosus 26.32 5 26/01/2013 ✔ 4.60

352 Cuckoo, Diderick Diederikkie Chrysococcyx caprius 57.89 11 24/01/2015 33.33 1 06/12/2010 ✔ 34.48

346 Cuckoo, Great Spotted Gevlekte Koekoek Clamator glandarius ✔ 3.45

348 Cuckoo, Jacobin Bontnuwejaarsvoel Clamator jacobinus 10.53 2 26/01/2013 ✔ 5.75

351 Cuckoo, Klaas's Meitjie Chrysococcyx klaas 10.53 2 26/01/2013 33.33 1 06/12/2010 ✔ 4.60

347 Cuckoo, Levaillant's Gestreepte Nuwejaarsvoel Clamator levaillantii 10.53 2 06/02/2010 ✔ 2.30

343 Cuckoo, Red-chested Piet-my-vrou Cuculus solitarius 42.11 8 24/01/2015 ✔ 18.39

513 Cuckooshrike, Black Swartkatakoeroe Campephaga flava ✔ 2.30

52 Darter, African Slanghalsvoel Anhinga rufa 21.05 4 21/01/2014 ✔ 28.74

317 Dove, Laughing Rooiborsduifie Streptopelia senegalensis 94.74 18 24/01/2015 100 3 06/12/2010 16 09/12/2012 ✔ 91.95

318 Dove, Namaqua Namakwaduifie Oena capensis ✔ 52.87

314 Dove, Red-eyed Grootringduif Streptopelia semitorquata 89.47 17 24/01/2015 33.33 1 03/04/2010 4 11/03/2012 ✔ 40.23

940 Dove, Rock Tuinduif Columba livia 47.37 9 24/01/2013 33.33 1 21/02/2010 5 01/06/2013 ✔ 12.64

517 Drongo, Fork-tailed Mikstertbyvanger Dicrurus adsimilis 94.74 18 24/01/2015 2 08/09/2010 ✔ 90.80

95 Duck, African Black Swarteend Anas sparsa 42.11 8 24/01/2015 ✔ 22.99

91 Duck, Comb Knobbeleend Sarkidiornis melanotos ✔ 2.30

101 Duck, Fulvous Fluiteend Dendrocygna bicolor 5.26 1 24/01/2013 ✘ 0.00

103 Duck, Maccoa Bloubekeend Oxyura maccoa ✔ 1.15

100 Duck, White-faced Nonnetjie-eend Dendrocygna viduata 68.42 13 24/01/2015 1 11/11/2012 ✔ 22.99

96 Duck, Yellow-billed Geelbekeend Anas undulata 21.05 4 21/01/2014 ✔ 25.29

142 Eagle, Martial Breekoparend Polemaetus bellicosus ✔ 9.20

134 Eagle, Tawny Roofarend Aquila rapax ✔ 1.15

137 Eagle, Wahlberg's Bruinarend Aquila wahlbergi 10.53 2 24/01/2015 ✔ 5.75

368 Eagle-Owl, Spotted Gevlekte Ooruil Bubo africanus 10.53 2 26/09/2014 ✔ 9.20

61 Egret, Cattle Veereier Bubulcus ibis 73.68 14 24/01/2015 33.33 1 06/12/2010 2 14/11/2010 ✔ 67.82 JANUARY 2017 Pg 80

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals Ref Species name Afrikaans Taxonomic name Rep Rate SABAP1 Rep Rate (%) n Latest n Latest Reports Latest (%)

58 Egret, Great Grootwitreier Egretta alba ✔ 5.75

59 Egret, Little Kleinwitreier Egretta garzetta 10.53 2 24/01/2013 ✔ 10.34

60 Egret, Yellow-billed Geelbekwitreier Egretta intermedia ✔ 1.15

601 Eremomela, Burnt-necked Bruinkeelbossanger Eremomela usticollis 36.84 7 26/09/2014 ✔ 9.20

600 Eremomela, Yellow-bellied Geelpensbossanger Eremomela icteropygialis 5.26 1 06/12/2008 ✔ 3.45

119 Falcon, Amur Oostelike Rooipootvalk Falco amurensis 3 11/03/2012 ✔ 3.45

821 Finch, Cut-throat Bandkeelvink Amadina fasciata 10.53 2 26/09/2014 ✔ 9.20

820 Finch, Red-headed Rooikopvink Amadina erythrocephala 10.53 2 24/01/2013 ✔ 6.90

789 Finch, Scaly-feathered Baardmannetjie Sporopipes squamifrons 26.32 5 27/03/2014 ✔ 40.23

213 Finfoot, African Watertrapper Podica senegalensis 5.26 1 01/10/2011 ✔ 2.30

833 Firefinch, African Kaapse Vuurvinkie Lagonosticta rubricata ✔ 4.60

835 Firefinch, Jameson's Jamesonse Vuurvinkie Lagonosticta rhodopareia 26.32 5 24/01/2015 ✔ 6.90

837 Firefinch, Red-billed Rooibekvuurvinkie Lagonosticta senegala 21.05 4 01/10/2011 ✔ 14.94

707 Fiscal, Common Fiskaallaksman Lanius collaris 10.53 2 29/04/2011 ✔ 80.46

149 Fish-Eagle, African Visarend Haliaeetus vocifer 5.26 1 06/12/2008 ✔ 13.79

86 Flamingo, Greater Grootflamink Phoenicopterus ruber ✔ 1.15

678 Flycatcher, Fairy Feevlieievanger Stenostira scita ✔ 3.45

665 Flycatcher, Fiscal Fiskaalvlieivanger Sigelus silens ✔ 26.44

661 Flycatcher, Marico Maricovlieevanger Bradornis mariquensis 21.05 4 01/08/2009 ✔ 29.89

664 Flycatcher, Southern Black Swartvlieevanger Melaenornis pammelaina 21.05 4 26/09/2014 ✔ 5.75

654 Flycatcher, Spotted Europese Vlieievanger Muscicapa striata 47.37 9 24/01/2015 ✔ 18.39

173 Francolin, Coqui Swempie Peliperdix coqui 21.05 4 24/01/2015 ✔ 16.09

174 Francolin, Crested Bospatrys Dendroperdix sephaena 89.47 17 26/09/2014 1 15/06/2009 ✔ 36.78

177 Francolin, Shelley's Laeveldpatrys Scleroptila shelleyi ✔ 1.15

339 Go-away-bird, Grey Kwêvoel Corythaixoides concolor 94.74 18 24/01/2015 33.33 1 21/02/2010 2 28/01/2015 ✔ 86.21

89 Goose, Egyptian Kolgans Alopochen aegyptiacus 47.37 9 26/09/2014 ✔ 24.14

88 Goose, Spur-winged Wildemakou Plectropterus gambensis 15.79 3 24/01/2015 ✔ 3.45

162 Goshawk, Gabar Kleinsingvalk Melierax gabar 5.26 1 27/09/2012 ✔ 4.60

165 Goshawk, Southern Pale Chanting Bleeksingvalk Melierax canorus ✔ 3.45

618 Grassbird, Cape Grasvoel Sphenoeacus afer 5.26 1 27/08/2010 ✔ 2.30

4 Grebe, Great Crested Kuifkopdobbertjie Podiceps cristatus ✔ 1.15

6 Grebe, Little Kleindobbertjie Tachybaptus ruficollis 15.79 3 24/01/2015 ✔ 31.03

323 Green-Pigeon, African Papegaaiduif Treron calvus 5.26 1 06/12/2008 ✘ 0.00

263 Greenshank, Common Groenpootruiter Tringa nebularia 10.53 2 01/08/2009 ✔ 3.45

192 Guineafowl, Helmeted Gewone Tarentaal Numida meleagris 89.47 17 24/01/2015 33.33 1 06/12/2010 1 11/11/2012 ✔ 67.82

288 Gull, Grey-headed Gryskopmeeu Larus cirrocephalus 10.53 2 21/01/2014 ✘ 0.00

72 Hamerkop, Hamerkop Hamerkop Scopus umbretta 26.32 5 24/01/2015 ✔ 57.47

171 Harrier-Hawk, African Kaalwangvalk Polyboroides typus ✔ 1.15

141 Hawk-Eagle, African Grootjagarend Aquila spilogaster 5.26 1 26/09/2014 ✔ 1.15

727 Helmet-Shrike, White-crested Withelmlaksman Prionops plumatus ✔ 2.30

64 Heron, Black Swartreier Egretta ardesiaca ✔ 1.15 JANUARY 2017 Pg 81

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals Ref Species name Afrikaans Taxonomic name Rep Rate SABAP1 Rep Rate (%) n Latest n Latest Reports Latest (%)

55 Heron, Black-headed Swartkopreier Ardea melanocephala 36.84 7 26/01/2013 2 04/12/2010 ✔ 27.59

63 Heron, Green-backed Groenrugreier Butorides striata 31.58 6 24/01/2015 ✔ 16.09

54 Heron, Grey Bloureier Ardea cinerea 21.05 4 21/01/2014 ✔ 16.09

57 Heron, Purple Rooireier Ardea purpurea 10.53 2 24/01/2015 ✔ 6.90

62 Heron, Squacco Ralreier Ardeola ralloides 5.26 1 06/02/2010 ✔ 3.45

440 Honeyguide, Greater Grootheuningwyser Indicator indicator 10.53 2 24/01/2015 ✔ 9.20

442 Honeyguide, Lesser Kleinheuningwyser Indicator minor 10.53 2 01/10/2011 ✔ 9.20

418 Hoopoe, African Hoephoep Upupa africana 10.53 2 26/01/2013 ✔ 47.13

424 Hornbill, African Grey Grysneushoringvoel Tockus nasutus 47.37 9 24/01/2015 ✔ 47.13

1185 Hornbill, Damara Damararooibekneushoringvoel Tockus damarensis ✔ 37.93

10002 Hornbill, Hybrid Damara/Red-billed Tockus damarensis/erythrorhynchus ✔ 37.93

4129 Hornbill, Red-billed Rooibekneushoringvoel Tockus erythrorhynchus 52.63 10 24/01/2015 ✔ 37.93

426 Hornbill, Southern Yellow-billed Geelbekneushoringvoel Tockus leucomelas 73.68 14 24/01/2015 2 11/01/2010 ✔ 82.76

507 House-Martin, Common Huisswael Delichon urbicum ✔ 1.15

81 Ibis, African Sacred Skoorsteenveer Threskiornis aethiopicus 15.79 3 21/01/2014 ✔ 31.03

83 Ibis, Glossy Glansibis Plegadis falcinellus 10.53 2 21/01/2014 ✔ 1.15

84 Ibis, Hadeda Hadeda Bostrychia hagedash 84.21 16 26/09/2014 33.33 1 06/12/2010 3 15/06/2009 ✔ 62.07

849 Indigobird, Dusky Gewone Blouvinkie Vidua funerea ✔ 2.30

850 Indigobird, Purple Witpootblouvinkie Vidua purpurascens ✔ 1.15

851 Indigobird, Village Staalblouvinkie Vidua chalybeata 5.26 1 26/01/2013 ✔ 10.34

228 Jacana, African Grootlangtoon Actophilornis africanus 5.26 1 24/01/2013 ✔ 4.60

122 Kestrel, Greater Grootrooivalk Falco rupicoloides ✔ 18.39

125 Kestrel, Lesser Kleinrooivalk Falco naumanni ✔ 4.60

123 Kestrel, Rock Kransvalk Falco rupicolus ✔ 4.60

402 Kingfisher, Brown-hooded Bruinkopvisvanger Halcyon albiventris 84.21 16 24/01/2015 3 15/06/2009 ✔ 52.87

395 Kingfisher, Giant Reusevisvanger Megaceryle maximus 21.05 4 21/01/2014 ✔ 21.84

396 Kingfisher, Half-collared Blouvisvanger Alcedo semitorquata 26.32 5 24/01/2015 1 15/06/2009 ✔ 5.75

397 Kingfisher, Malachite Kuifkopvisvanger Alcedo cristata 26.32 5 29/04/2011 ✔ 17.24

394 Kingfisher, Pied Bontvisvanger Ceryle rudis 36.84 7 24/01/2015 ✔ 42.53

403 Kingfisher, Striped Gestreepte Visvanger Halcyon chelicuti ✔ 14.94

399 Kingfisher, Woodland Bosveldvisvanger Halcyon senegalensis 52.63 10 24/01/2015 1 22/02/2010 ✔ 19.54

128 Kite, Black & Yellowbilled Swartwou Milvus migrans ✔ 5.75

130 Kite, Black-shouldered Blouvalk Elanus caeruleus 57.89 11 21/01/2014 66.67 2 06/12/2010 6 21/09/2014 ✔ 68.97

129 Kite, Yellow-billed Geelbekwou Milvus aegyptius 10.53 2 24/01/2015 1 17/03/2013 ✔ 19.54

1035 Korhaan, Northern Black Witvlerkkorhaan Afrotis afraoides 5.26 1 01/08/2009 ✔ 35.63

224 Korhaan, Red-crested Boskorhaan Lophotis ruficrista 21.05 4 21/01/2014 ✔ 6.90

222 Korhaan, White-bellied Witpenskorhaan Eupodotis senegalensis ✔ 3.45

247 Lapwing, African Wattled Lelkiewiet Vanellus senegallus 52.63 10 24/01/2015 ✔ 26.44

245 Lapwing, Blacksmith Bontkiewiet Vanellus armatus 78.95 15 24/01/2015 66.67 2 06/12/2010 2 06/04/2013 ✔ 48.28

242 Lapwing, Crowned Kroonkiewiet Vanellus coronatus 84.21 16 24/01/2015 33.33 1 21/02/2010 3 26/04/2010 ✔ 70.11

3550 Lark, Agulhas Clapper Overbergklappertjie Mirafra marjoriae ✔ 1.15 JANUARY 2017 Pg 82

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals Ref Species name Afrikaans Taxonomic name Rep Rate SABAP1 Rep Rate (%) n Latest n Latest Reports Latest (%)

4140 Lark, Cape Clapper Kaapse Klappertjie Mirafra apiata ✔ 1.15

1183 Lark, Eastern Clapper Hoeveldklappertjie Mirafra fasciolata ✔ 1.15

459 Lark, Fawn-coloured Vaalbruinlewerik Calendulauda africanoides ✔ 2.30

468 Lark, Flappet Laeveldklappertjie Mirafra rufocinnamomea ✔ 2.30

456 Lark, Melodious Spotlewerik Mirafra cheniana ✔ 2.30

457 Lark, Monotonous Bosveldlewerik Mirafra passerina ✔ 1.15

488 Lark, Red-capped Rooikoplewerik Calandrella cinerea ✔ 4.60

458 Lark, Rufous-naped Rooineklewerik Mirafra africana 68.42 13 24/01/2015 4 15/09/2012 ✔ 25.29

460 Lark, Sabota Sabotalewerik Calendulauda sabota 42.11 8 21/01/2014 ✔ 29.89

703 Longclaw, Cape Oranjekeelkalkoentjie Macronyx capensis ✔ 9.20

823 Mannikin, Bronze Gewone Fret Spermestes cucullatus 42.11 8 26/09/2014 ✔ 16.09

510 Martin, Banded Gebande Oewerswael Riparia cincta ✔ 1.15

509 Martin, Brown-throated Afrikaanse Oewerswael Riparia paludicola ✔ 9.20

506 Martin, Rock Kransswael Hirundo fuligula ✔ 8.05

508 Martin, Sand Europese Oewerswael Riparia riparia ✔ 1.15

792 Masked-Weaver, Lesser Kleingeelvink Ploceus intermedius 21.05 4 26/09/2014 ✔ 3.45

803 Masked-Weaver, Southern Swartkeelgeelvink Ploceus velatus 84.21 16 24/01/2015 33.33 1 06/12/2010 3 11/11/2012 ✔ 59.77

210 Moorhen, Common Grootwaterhoender Gallinula chloropus 21.05 4 21/01/2014 ✔ 14.94

392 Mousebird, Red-faced Rooiwangmuisvoel Urocolius indicus 36.84 7 21/01/2014 33.33 1 06/12/2010 2 23/09/2010 ✔ 43.68

390 Mousebird, Speckled Gevlekte Muisvoel Colius striatus 42.11 8 21/01/2014 ✔ 48.28

391 Mousebird, White-backed Witkruismuisvoel Colius colius ✔ 8.05

734 Myna, Common Indiese Spreeu Acridotheres tristis 89.47 17 26/09/2014 66.67 2 06/12/2010 6 11/11/2012 ✘ 0.00

637 Neddicky, Neddicky Neddikkie Cisticola fulvicapilla 73.68 14 24/01/2015 ✔ 22.99

69 Night-Heron, Black-crowned Gewone Nagreier Nycticorax nycticorax 5.26 1 27/08/2010 ✔ 6.90

373 Nightjar, Fiery-necked Afrikaanse Naguil Caprimulgus pectoralis 10.53 2 26/09/2014 ✔ 2.30

374 Nightjar, Freckled Donkernaguil Caprimulgus tristigma ✔ 1.15

372 Nightjar, Rufous-cheeked Rooiwangnaguil Caprimulgus rufigena 10.53 2 26/09/2014 ✔ 3.45

521 Oriole, Black-headed Swartkopwielewaal Oriolus larvatus 47.37 9 26/09/2014 33.33 1 06/12/2010 ✔ 31.03

519 Oriole, Eurasian Golden Europese Wielewaal Oriolus oriolus ✔ 1.15

1 Ostrich, Common Volstruis Struthio camelus 47.37 9 24/01/2015 ✔ 13.79

359 Owl, Barn Nonnetjie-uil Tyto alba 15.79 3 26/01/2013 ✔ 22.99

361 Owl, Marsh Vlei-uil Asio capensis 5.26 1 24/01/2013 ✔ 2.30

365 Owlet, Pearl-spotted Witkoluil Glaucidium perlatum 47.37 9 26/09/2014 ✔ 22.99

748 Oxpecker, Red-billed Rooibekrenostervoel Buphagus erythrorhynchus 15.79 3 13/12/2012 ✘ 0.00

387 Palm-Swift, African Palmwindswael Cypsiurus parvus 57.89 11 24/01/2015 3 09/02/2014 ✔ 3.45

682 Paradise-Flycatcher, African Paradysvlieevanger Terpsiphone viridis 36.84 7 24/01/2015 ✔ 28.74

852 Paradise-Whydah, Long-tailed Gewone Paradysvink Vidua paradisaea 1 19/01/2013 ✔ 12.64

531 Penduline-Tit, Cape Kaapse Kapokvoel Anthoscopus minutus 5.26 1 26/09/2014 ✔ 4.60

530 Penduline-Tit, Grey Gryskapokvoel Anthoscopus caroli ✔ 2.30

788 Petronia, Yellow-throated Geelvlekmossie Petronia superciliaris ✔ 12.64

311 Pigeon, Speckled Kransduif Columba guinea 63.16 12 26/09/2014 4 15/09/2012 ✔ 50.57 JANUARY 2017 Pg 83

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals Ref Species name Afrikaans Taxonomic name Rep Rate SABAP1 Rep Rate (%) n Latest n Latest Reports Latest (%)

692 Pipit, African Gewone Koester Anthus cinnamomeus 21.05 4 01/08/2009 ✔ 19.54

695 Pipit, Buffy Vaalkoester Anthus vaalensis 5.26 1 21/01/2014 ✘ 0.00

699 Pipit, Bushveld Bosveldkoester Anthus caffer ✔ 1.15

693 Pipit, Long-billed Nicholsonse Koester Anthus similis ✔ 1.15

694 Pipit, Plain-backed Donkerkoester Anthus leucophrys ✔ 1.15

696 Pipit, Striped Gestreepte Koester Anthus lineiventris ✔ 1.15

233 Plover, Common Ringed Ringnekstrandkiewiet Charadrius hiaticula ✔ 2.30

238 Plover, Three-banded Driebandstrandkiewiet Charadrius tricollaris 5.26 1 06/02/2010 ✔ 18.39

102 Pochard, Southern Bruineend Netta erythrophthalma 10.53 2 21/01/2014 ✘ 0.00

650 Prinia, Black-chested Swartbandlangstertjie Prinia flavicans 42.11 8 24/01/2015 33.33 1 06/12/2010 ✔ 27.59

649 Prinia, Tawny-flanked Bruinsylangstertjie Prinia subflava 68.42 13 26/09/2014 33.33 1 06/12/2010 ✔ 25.29

712 Puffback, Black-backed Sneeubal Dryoscopus cubla 52.63 10 26/09/2014 ✔ 27.59

398 Pygmy-Kingfisher, African Dwergvisvanger Ispidina picta ✔ 5.75

830 Pytilia, Green-winged Gewone Melba Pytilia melba 10.53 2 26/01/2013 ✔ 19.54

189 Quail, Common Afrikaanse Kwartel Coturnix coturnix ✔ 2.30

844 Quailfinch, African Gewone Kwartelvinkie Ortygospiza atricollis 5.26 1 29/04/2011 ✔ 5.75

805 Quelea, Red-billed Rooibekkwelea Quelea quelea 15.79 3 26/01/2013 2 22/02/2010 ✔ 16.09

197 Rail, African Grootriethaan Rallus caerulescens ✔ 1.15

606 Reed-Warbler, African Kleinrietsanger Acrocephalus baeticatus ✔ 2.30

603 Reed-Warbler, Great Grootrietsanger Acrocephalus arundinaceus 5.26 1 27/08/2010 ✔ 2.30

581 Robin-Chat, Cape Gewone Janfrederik Cossypha caffra 26.32 5 27/03/2014 ✔ 14.94

582 Robin-Chat, White-throated Witkeeljanfrederik Cossypha humeralis 10.53 2 24/03/2010 ✔ 20.69

412 Roller, European Europese Troupant Coracias garrulus ✔ 11.49

413 Roller, Lilac-breasted Gewone Troupant Coracias caudatus 57.89 11 24/01/2015 33.33 1 03/04/2010 7 03/07/2013 ✔ 65.52

415 Roller, Purple Groottroupant Coracias naevius ✔ 9.20

256 Ruff, Ruff Kemphaan Philomachus pugnax 10.53 2 21/01/2014 ✘ 0.00

609 Rush-Warbler, Little Kaapse Vleisanger Bradypterus baboecala 5.26 1 21/01/2014 ✔ 5.75

310 Sandgrouse, Double-banded Dubbelbandsandpatrys Pterocles bicinctus ✔ 2.30

258 Sandpiper, Common Gewone Ruiter Actitis hypoleucos ✔ 8.05

262 Sandpiper, Marsh Moerasruiter Tringa stagnatilis ✔ 2.30

264 Sandpiper, Wood Bosruiter Tringa glareola 5.26 1 24/01/2013 ✔ 3.45

421 Scimitarbill, Common Swartbekkakelaar Rhinopomastus cyanomelas 5.26 1 06/12/2008 ✔ 4.60

363 Scops-Owl, African Skopsuil Otus senegalensis ✔ 1.15

364 Scops-Owl, Southern White-faced Witwanguil Ptilopsus granti ✔ 2.30

586 Scrub-Robin, Kalahari Kalahariwipstert Cercotrichas paena 10.53 2 06/02/2010 ✔ 17.24

588 Scrub-Robin, White-browed Gestreepte Wipstert Cercotrichas leucophrys 57.89 11 26/09/2014 ✔ 32.18

105 Secretarybird, Secretarybird Sekretarisvoel Sagittarius serpentarius ✔ 27.59

867 Seedeater, Streaky-headed Streepkopkanarie Crithagra gularis ✔ 4.60

711 Shrike, Crimson-breasted Rooiborslaksman Laniarius atrococcineus 57.89 11 27/03/2014 3 15/06/2009 ✔ 37.93

706 Shrike, Lesser Grey Gryslaksman Lanius minor 10.53 2 26/01/2013 1 22/02/2010 ✔ 14.94

724 Shrike, Magpie Langstertlaksman Corvinella melanoleuca 94.74 18 24/01/2015 2 01/06/2013 ✔ 41.38 JANUARY 2017 Pg 84

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals Ref Species name Afrikaans Taxonomic name Rep Rate SABAP1 Rep Rate (%) n Latest n Latest Reports Latest (%)

708 Shrike, Red-backed Rooiruglaksman Lanius collurio 26.32 5 21/01/2014 ✔ 18.39

730 Shrike, Southern White-crowned Kremetartlaksman Eurocephalus anguitimens 5.26 1 24/01/2013 ✔ 5.75

146 Snake-Eagle, Black-chested Swartborsslangarend Circaetus pectoralis ✔ 18.39

145 Snake-Eagle, Brown Bruinslangarend Circaetus cinereus 5.26 1 24/01/2015 2 12/10/2013 ✔ 5.75

250 Snipe, African Afrikaanse Snip Gallinago nigripennis ✔ 1.15

786 Sparrow, Cape Gewone Mossie Passer melanurus 31.58 6 21/01/2014 33.33 1 06/12/2010 ✔ 58.62

785 Sparrow, Great Grootmossie Passer motitensis ✔ 4.60

784 Sparrow, House Huismossie Passer domesticus 57.89 11 26/09/2014 3 11/11/2012 ✔ 54.02

3852 Sparrow, Northern Grey-headed Witkeelmossie Passer griseus ✔ 26.44

4142 Sparrow, Southern Grey-headed Gryskopmossie Passer diffusus 57.89 11 26/09/2014 ✔ 26.44

780 Sparrow-Weaver, White-browed Koringvoel Plocepasser mahali 5.26 1 06/02/2010 ✔ 10.34

159 Sparrowhawk, Black Swartsperwer Accipiter melanoleucus ✔ 1.15

158 Sparrowhawk, Little Kleinsperwer Accipiter minullus 10.53 2 29/04/2011 ✔ 2.30

484 Sparrowlark, Chestnut-backed Rooiruglewerik Eremopterix leucotis ✔ 4.60

485 Sparrowlark, Grey-backed Grysruglewerik Eremopterix verticalis ✔ 1.15

85 Spoonbill, African Lepelaar Platalea alba 5.26 1 26/09/2014 ✔ 12.64

183 Spurfowl, Natal Natalse Fisant Pternistis natalensis 36.84 7 24/01/2015 33.33 1 06/12/2010 ✔ 6.90

185 Spurfowl, Swainson's Bosveldfisant Pternistis swainsonii 52.63 10 26/09/2014 1 15/09/2012 ✔ 58.62

743 Starling, Burchell's Grootglansspreeu Lamprotornis australis 47.37 9 24/01/2015 33.33 1 06/12/2010 1 12/06/2010 ✔ 12.64

737 Starling, Cape Glossy Kleinglansspreeu Lamprotornis nitens 73.68 14 24/01/2015 2 11/01/2010 ✔ 89.66

746 Starling, Pied Witgatspreeu Spreo bicolor 5.26 1 26/01/2013 ✔ 2.30

745 Starling, Red-winged Rooivlerkspreeu Onychognathus morio 5.26 1 24/01/2015 1 15/06/2009 ✔ 17.24

736 Starling, Violet-backed Witborsspreeu Cinnyricinclus leucogaster 5.26 1 29/11/2009 ✔ 10.34

735 Starling, Wattled Lelspreeu Creatophora cinerea ✔ 6.90

270 Stilt, Black-winged Rooipootelsie Himantopus himantopus 10.53 2 21/01/2014 ✔ 1.15

253 Stint, Little Kleinstrandloper Calidris minuta 5.26 1 24/01/2013 ✘ 0.00

576 Stonechat, African Gewone Bontrokkie Saxicola torquatus 5.26 1 06/12/2008 ✔ 10.34

78 Stork, Abdim's Kleinswartooievaar Ciconia abdimii ✔ 2.30

79 Stork, Black Grootswartooievaar Ciconia nigra ✔ 3.45

80 Stork, White Witooievaar Ciconia ciconia 5.26 1 27/08/2010 ✔ 6.90

76 Stork, Yellow-billed Nimmersat Mycteria ibis 5.26 1 29/11/2009 ✘ 0.00

772 Sunbird, Amethyst Swartsuikerbekkie Chalcomitra amethystina 15.79 3 26/09/2014 33.33 1 06/12/2010 ✔ 32.18

758 Sunbird, Greater Double-collared Groot-rooibandsuikerbekkie Cinnyris afer ✔ 2.30

755 Sunbird, Marico Maricosuikerbekkie Cinnyris mariquensis 10.53 2 26/09/2014 ✔ 24.14

763 Sunbird, White-bellied Witpenssuikerbekkie Cinnyris talatala 63.16 12 26/09/2014 33.33 1 06/12/2010 ✔ 50.57

493 Swallow, Barn Europese Swael Hirundo rustica 47.37 9 24/01/2015 2 31/12/2010 ✔ 44.83

502 Swallow, Greater Striped Grootstreepswael Hirundo cucullata 21.05 4 27/09/2012 3 17/03/2013 ✔ 26.44

503 Swallow, Lesser Striped Kleinstreepswael Hirundo abyssinica 63.16 12 24/01/2015 ✔ 34.48

498 Swallow, Pearl-breasted PiAÂ¿AÂ½relborsswael Hirundo dimidiata ✔ 9.20

501 Swallow, Red-breasted Rooiborsswael Hirundo semirufa 26.32 5 26/01/2013 ✔ 25.29

495 Swallow, White-throated Witkeelswael Hirundo albigularis 15.79 3 21/01/2014 1 30/08/2010 ✔ 20.69 JANUARY 2017 Pg 85

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals Ref Species name Afrikaans Taxonomic name Rep Rate SABAP1 Rep Rate (%) n Latest n Latest Reports Latest (%)

604 Swamp-Warbler, Lesser Kaapse Rietsanger Acrocephalus gracilirostris 10.53 2 21/01/2014 ✔ 6.90

208 Swamphen, African Purple Grootkoningriethaan Porphyrio madagascariensis 5.26 1 24/01/2013 ✔ 1.15

380 Swift, African Black Swartwindswael Apus barbatus 5.26 1 27/09/2012 ✔ 1.15

385 Swift, Little Kleinwindswael Apus affinis 63.16 12 27/03/2014 2 22/02/2010 ✔ 36.78

383 Swift, White-rumped Witkruiswindswael Apus caffer 47.37 9 24/01/2015 ✔ 22.99

715 Tchagra, Black-crowned Swartkroontjagra Tchagra senegalus 5.26 1 21/01/2014 ✔ 14.94

714 Tchagra, Brown-crowned Rooivlerktjagra Tchagra australis 57.89 11 21/01/2014 ✔ 24.14

99 Teal, Hottentot Gevlekte Eend Anas hottentota ✔ 1.15

97 Teal, Red-billed Rooibekeend Anas erythrorhyncha 10.53 2 21/01/2014 ✔ 2.30

304 Tern, White-winged Witvlerksterretjie Chlidonias leucopterus 10.53 2 21/01/2014 ✔ 2.30

275 Thick-knee, Spotted Gewone Dikkop Burhinus capensis 42.11 8 26/01/2013 ✔ 24.14

557 Thrush, Groundscraper Gevlekte Lyster Psophocichla litsipsirupa 36.84 7 24/01/2015 ✔ 21.84

1104 Thrush, Karoo Geelbeklyster Turdus smithi 42.11 8 24/01/2015 33.33 1 06/12/2010 2 15/06/2009 ✔ 39.08

552 Thrush, Kurrichane Rooibeklyster Turdus libonyanus 57.89 11 26/09/2014 3 15/06/2009 ✔ 17.24

1105 Thrush, Olive Olyflyster Turdus olivaceus ✔ 39.08

437 Tinkerbird, Yellow-fronted Geelblestinker Pogoniulus chrysoconus 42.11 8 24/01/2015 ✔ 18.39

514 Tit, Ashy Akasiagrysmees Parus cinerascens ✔ 6.90

527 Tit, Southern Black Gewone Swartmees Parus niger 36.84 7 26/09/2014 ✔ 18.39

658 Tit-Babbler, Chestnut-vented Bosveldtjeriktik Parisoma subcaeruleum 47.37 9 26/09/2014 ✔ 33.33

657 Tit-Flycatcher, Grey Waaierstertvlieevanger Myioparus plumbeus 5.26 1 13/12/2012 ✔ 1.15

316 Turtle-Dove, Cape Gewone Tortelduif Streptopelia capicola 84.21 16 24/01/2015 33.33 1 06/12/2010 3 15/09/2010 ✔ 75.86

106 Vulture, Cape Kransaasvoel Gyps coprotheres ✔ 21.84

107 Vulture, White-backed Witrugaasvoel Gyps africanus ✔ 5.75

685 Wagtail, African Pied Bontkwikkie Motacilla aguimp ✔ 2.30

686 Wagtail, Cape Gewone Kwikkie Motacilla capensis 26.32 5 26/09/2014 ✔ 49.43

595 Warbler, Garden Tuinsanger Sylvia borin ✔ 1.15

596 Warbler, Icterine Spotsanger Hippolais icterina ✔ 2.30

607 Warbler, Marsh Europese Rietsanger Acrocephalus palustris 5.26 1 24/01/2013 ✘ 0.00

608 Warbler, Sedge Europese Vleisanger Acrocephalus schoenobaenus 5.26 1 21/01/2014 ✘ 0.00

599 Warbler, Willow Hofsanger Phylloscopus trochilus 15.79 3 26/09/2014 ✔ 9.20

841 Waxbill, Black-faced Swartwangsysie Estrilda erythronotos 5.26 1 26/01/2013 ✔ 12.64

839 Waxbill, Blue Gewone Blousysie Uraeginthus angolensis 73.68 14 27/03/2014 33.33 1 06/12/2010 ✔ 70.11

843 Waxbill, Common Rooibeksysie Estrilda astrild 31.58 6 26/09/2014 33.33 1 06/12/2010 ✔ 22.99

838 Waxbill, Orange-breasted Rooiassie Amandava subflava ✔ 6.90

825 Waxbill, Swee Suidelike Swie Coccopygia melanotis ✔ 1.15

840 Waxbill, Violet-eared Koningblousysie Granatina granatina 5.26 1 26/09/2014 ✔ 18.39

799 Weaver, Cape Kaapse Wewer Ploceus capensis ✔ 4.60

793 Weaver, Red-headed Rooikopwewer Anaplectes rubriceps 5.26 1 26/09/2014 ✔ 5.75

804 Weaver, Thick-billed Dikbekwewer Amblyospiza albifrons 21.05 4 26/09/2014 ✘ 0.00

797 Weaver, Village Bontrugwewer Ploceus cucullatus ✔ 5.75

564 Wheatear, Mountain Bergwagter Oenanthe monticola ✔ 1.15 JANUARY 2017 Pg 86

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT THE PROPOSED CROSS-BORDER MAGALIES WATER BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WITHIN CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY AND MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals Ref Species name Afrikaans Taxonomic name Rep Rate SABAP1 Rep Rate (%) n Latest n Latest Reports Latest (%)

1172 White-eye, Cape Kaapse Glasogie Zosterops virens 52.63 10 27/03/2014 33.33 1 06/12/2010 ✔ 45.98

1171 White-eye, Orange River Gariepglasogie Zosterops pallidus ✔ 45.98

846 Whydah, Pin-tailed Koningrooibekkie Vidua macroura 26.32 5 24/01/2015 2 22/02/2010 ✔ 27.59

847 Whydah, Shaft-tailed Pylstertrooibekkie Vidua regia ✔ 10.34

818 Widowbird, Long-tailed Langstertflap Euplectes progne ✔ 8.05

813 Widowbird, Red-collared Rooikeelflap Euplectes ardens 15.79 3 24/01/2015 ✔ 10.34

814 Widowbird, White-winged Witvlerkflap Euplectes albonotatus 31.58 6 21/01/2014 1 22/02/2010 ✔ 35.63

321 Wood-Dove, Emerald-spotted Groenvlekduifie Turtur chalcospilos 5.26 1 26/01/2013 ✔ 20.69

419 Wood-Hoopoe, Green Rooibekkakelaar Phoeniculus purpureus 63.16 12 26/09/2014 ✔ 41.38

451 Woodpecker, Bearded Baardspeg Dendropicos namaquus ✔ 9.20

446 Woodpecker, Bennett's Bennettse Speg Campethera bennettii ✔ 1.15

450 Woodpecker, Cardinal Kardinaalspeg Dendropicos fuscescens 42.11 8 24/01/2015 ✔ 11.49

447 Woodpecker, Golden-tailed Goudstertspeg Campethera abingoni 52.63 10 24/01/2015 ✔ 13.79

614 Wren-Warbler, Barred Gebande Sanger Calamonastes fasciolatus 5.26 1 06/12/2008 ✔ 9.20

453 Wryneck, Red-throated Draaihals Jynx ruficollis ✔ 2.30

JANUARY 2017 Pg 87

Bulk water pipeline, South Bulk Supply System, Moretele

R101 TO MORETELE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY SOUTH BULK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Heritage Impact Assessment

February 2015 Updated January 2017

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONSULTANTS

P.O. BOX 1673 147 Bram Fischer Drive Phone: (011) 781 1730 SUNNINGHILL FERNDALE Fax: (011) 781 1731 2157 2194 Email: [email protected]

Heritage Impact Assessment i

Bulk water pipeline, South Bulk Supply System, Moretele

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Nemai Consulting was appointed by Magalies Water to compile a Basic Assessment Report for the proposed construction of a new bulk water pipeline from the Klipdrift Water Treatment Works (WTW) which would allow Magalies Water to supply water to the Carousel View, Bosplaas West, CoT Babelegi, Mogogelo- and the Far Western systems of Moretele Local Municipality.

The proposed new bulk pipeline will be approx. 800mm in diameter and approximately 27km in length. As the length of the pipeline is more than 300m, it triggers Section 38 of the National Heritage Resources Act 1999 (Act No 25 of 1999) that states the following: “(1) Subject to the provisions of subsections (7), (8) and (9), any person who intends to undertake a development categorised as— (a) the construction of a road, wall, powerline, pipeline, canal or other similar form of linear development or barrier exceeding 300m in length must notify the responsible heritage resources authority and furnish it with details regarding the location, nature and extent of the proposed development.

This report encompasses the findings of a desktop survey as well as a site visit of sections of the proposed pipeline route that took place on 16 September 2014. The project was put on hold due to changes to the route determination which led to a few slight deviations to avoid, amongst others, cemeteries/graveyards, crossing of houses and the reduction in the number of river crossings.

The report will be submitted to the Provincial Heritage Resources Authority of Gauteng (PHRA-G) and the South African Heritage Resources Authority (SAHRA) for comment as per the requirements of the National Heritage Resources Act 1999 (Act No 25 of 1999).

There are no alternative routes for this project. The proposed pipeline route crosses both vacant and developed areas where there are existing roads, a railway line, small-holdings and residential areas.

Heritage Impact Assessment ii

Bulk water pipeline, South Bulk Supply System, Moretele

No archaeological remains or sites were found during the site visit. In the areas that are disturbed by existing infrastructure and dwellings there is little possibility of finding significant intact archaeological remains.

However, it is possible that in the vacant or less developed areas of the pipeline archaeological remains may be found below the surface and may be exposed during the excavation for the trench for the pipeline.

The pipeline runs close to two cemeteries / graveyards. The pipeline must stay outside these sites and disturbance of any graves is strictly forbidden.

The SA Heritage Resources Agency’s Fossil sensitivity map indicated that the pipeline crosses areas that have a high fossil sensitivity as well as areas in the western half of the route that has an insignificant or zero sensitivity rating.

It is recommended that a desktop assessment of that section of the pipeline that falls within the high fossil sensitivity zone to assess the potential impacts on the fossils of the area (if any).

It is also recommended that during the excavations for the pipeline in the western half of the route, an archaeologist is on stand-by in case the construction process exposes sub- surface archaeological remains or other heritage resources that could be destroyed by construction activities.

Heritage Impact Assessment iii

Bulk water pipeline, South Bulk Supply System, Moretele

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv AUTHOR DETAILS v 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. TERMS OF REFERENCE (ToR) 2 3. LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 3 4. METHODOLOGY 7 5. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA 8 6. RECOMMENDATIONS 13 7. MITIGATION MEASURES 13 8. CONCLUSION 14 9. REFERENCES 15

TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: Locality map ...... 4 Figure 2: Aerial view of pipeline route ...... 5 Figure 3: Road reserve of N1 ...... 5 Figure 4: Pipeline route along boundary of game reserve ...... 6 Figure 5: Pipeline route along road and small-holdings ...... 6 Figure 6: Ploughed lands ...... 7 Figure 7: Position of formal cemetery or graveyard ...... 11 Figure 8: Location of second graveyard ...... 11 Figure 9: Fossil sensitivity map ...... 12

Heritage Impact Assessment iv

Bulk water pipeline, South Bulk Supply System, Moretele

AUTHOR DETAILS

Verification Name Qualification Professional Registration

Author Jean Beater MA (Heritage Member of Association of Studies) South African Professional Archaeologists

Member of IAIAsa

Heritage Impact Assessment v

Bulk water pipeline, South Bulk Supply System, Moretele

1. INTRODUCTION

The proposed bulk water pipeline will be approximately 800mm in diameter and approximately 27km in length.

The length of the pipeline (approx. 27km) triggers Section 38 (1)(a) of the National Heritage Resources Act (NHRA) 1999 (Act No 25 of 1999) which states that: “(1) Subject to the provisions of subsections (7), (8) and (9), any person who intends to undertake a development categorised as- (a) the construction of a road, wall, power line, pipeline, canal or other similar form of linear development or barrier exceeding 300m in length must notify the responsible heritage resources authority and furnish it with details regarding the location, nature and extent of the proposed development.

The heritage impact assessment was undertaken to assess the route of the proposed pipeline to ascertain whether any heritage resources would be impacted by the proposed development. In terms of section 3 of the NHRA, heritage resources are described as follows: (a) places, buildings, structures and equipment of cultural significance; (b) places to which oral traditions are attached or which are associated with living heritage; (c) historical settlements and townscapes; (d) landscapes and natural features of cultural significance; (e) geological sites of scientific or cultural importance; (f) archaeological and paleontological sites; (g) graves and burial grounds, including— (i) ancestral graves; Heritage Impact Assessment 1

Bulk water pipeline, South Bulk Supply System, Moretele

(ii) royal graves and graves of traditional leaders; (iii) graves of victims of conflict; (iv) graves of individuals designated by the Minister by notice in the Gazette; (v) historical graves and cemeteries; and (vi) other human remains which are not covered in terms of the Human Tissue Act, 1983 (Act No. 65 of 1983); (h) sites of significance relating to the history of slavery in South Africa; (i) movable objects, including: (i) objects recovered from the soil or waters of South Africa, including archaeological and palaeontological objects and material, meteorites and rare geological specimens; (ii) objects to which oral traditions are attached or which are associated with living heritage; (iii) ethnographic art and objects; (iv) military objects; (v) objects of decorative or fine art; (vi) objects of scientific or technological interest; and (vii) books, records, documents, photographic positives and negatives, graphic, film or video material or sound recordings, excluding those that are public records as defined in section 1(xiv) of the National Archives of South Africa Act, 1996 (Act No. 43 of 1996).

This report encompasses the findings of a desktop assessment as well as a site visit of the proposed pipeline route that took place on 16 September 2014.

The project was put on hold due to changes to the route determination which led to a few slight deviations to avoid, amongst others, cemeteries/graveyards, crossing of houses and reducing the number of river crossings.

2. TERMS OF REFERENCE (ToR)

 Undertake a Phase 1 Heritage Impact Assessment in order to determine the possible existence of heritage resources that could be impacted by the proposed construction of the pipeline.

Heritage Impact Assessment 2

Bulk water pipeline, South Bulk Supply System, Moretele

 Provide mitigation measures where necessary and especially if the pipeline is going to impact on any heritage resources.

3. LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

The pipeline traverses the Moretele LM and the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality and falls within both the Gauteng and North West Provinces. In Figure 1 below, the blue line indicates the final route alignment of the pipeline. See Appendix 1 for a larger copy of Figure 1.

Heritage Impact Assessment 3

Bulk water pipeline, South Bulk Supply System, Moretele

Figure 1: Locality map

Heritage Impact Assessment 4

Bulk water pipeline, South Bulk Supply System, Moretele

The eastern section of the pipeline initially runs within the road reserve of the N1 highway before turning west and then north to run through residential areas and along roads, a railway line and a private game reserve.

Figure 2: Aerial view of pipeline route

Figure 3: Road reserve of N1

Heritage Impact Assessment 5

Bulk water pipeline, South Bulk Supply System, Moretele

Figure 4: Pipeline route along boundary of game reserve

At S 25°19’39.36 E28°16’48.69, the pipeline turns to run westwards where it initially crosses small-holdings where there has been recent farming activity (ploughed lands) and lands that are currently fallow having not been farmed for several years (see Fig. 7 below). Towards the western end of the pipeline, the route alignment crosses mostly vacant land and a watercourse.

Figure 5: Pipeline route along road and small-holdings

Heritage Impact Assessment 6

Bulk water pipeline, South Bulk Supply System, Moretele

Figure 6: Ploughed lands

4. METHODOLOGY

The approach utilised for this report was:  To undertake a desktop review of the study area in order to understand the history of the study area with a view to determining if any heritage resources (as listed above) could be impacted by the proposed development.  Consult previous HIAs undertaken (if any) in the area surrounding the project area in order to understand the heritage context of the larger area.  To undertake a site visit in order to identify any heritage sites (including archaeological and historical sites or features) in the project area that could be impacted by the project.

Heritage Impact Assessment 7

Bulk water pipeline, South Bulk Supply System, Moretele

5. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA

Archaeological The archaeology of Gauteng, like that of most of southern Africa covers several archaeological periods including the Stone Age (Early, Middle & Late) and the Iron Age and more recent historic archaeology (the last 500 years).

The Stone Age is a time period that dates between 2 million years ago (ya) to 2000 ya. Due to the vast character found within stone tools of this period, it was then divided into three phases; Early Stone Age (ESA), Middle Stone Age (MSA) and the Late Stone Age (LSA). ESA dates between 2 million ya and 2 00 000 (Pelser: 2009).

The Iron Age marks the early evidence of farming community in southern Africa. Due to technological discrepancies and settlement pattern within this period, it was divided into three. The Early Iron Age (EIA) dates to AD 200 – 900, Middle Iron Age (MIA) dates to AD 900 – 1300, and the Late Iron Age (LIA) dates to AD 1300 – 1840 (Huffman 2007).

It is believed that Bantu peoples settled at the Soutpansberg Mountains in Limpopo, 400 kilometres north of Johannesburg, around 350 AD. In another wave of migration, people settled again in Limpopo, about 1 000 years ago. Another group reached the Soutpansberg in the Northern Province about 1300 AD and spread further into the Magaliesberg about 1400 AD. These settlements grew southwards to the Witwatersrand.1

According to Küsel (2014), the name Hammanskraal literally means “Hammans stockade” and owes its name to a local nineteenth century farmer called Hamman, who built a stockade here to protect his cattle from lions.

The original village of Hammanskraal served a fairly large rural population. In the late 1950’s in the heyday of the apartheid system, the township of Temba was built immediately west of Hammanskraal. The single railway line from Hammanskraal was doubled to move the people of Temba swiftly between their homes and places of work in Pretoria.

1 http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=292&Itemid=52 Heritage Impact Assessment 8

Bulk water pipeline, South Bulk Supply System, Moretele

According to Küsel, the Springbok flats are poor in Stone Age sites. In eroded areas some scattered Stone Age material occur in small numbers. The nearest heritage site is Tswaing Meteorite Crater which lies west of Hammanskraal. The salt lake in the crater has been visited by Middle and Late Stone Age people. There is also an early Tswana stonewalled site near the rim of the crater. Salt was collected over hundreds of years in the Crater Lake.

The largest concentration of Iron Age sites occurs just north of Pretoria on the Swartkoppies granite hills. Thousands of Late Iron Age Tswana sites are found all along this mountain range (Küsel, 2014).

Historical According to Jones and Jones (1999), Hammanskraal saw action during the Anglo-Boer War and this could be attributed to the fact that it was situated on the Pretoria-Nylstroom railway line. On 20 August 1900, a force from Col Paget’s column skirmished with a retreating Boer commando in the vicinity of Hammanskraal and on 31 August 1901, a British train was blown up near Hammanskraal by the Boer forces.

In the late 1950’s in the heyday of the apartheid system, the township of Temba was built immediately west of Hammanskraal. The single railway line from Hammanskraal was doubled to move the people of Temba swiftly between their homes and places of work in Pretoria.2

For the early period Hammanskraal stayed a small settlement with a few cash stores till the early 1960`s. Hereafter it started to become a major settlement area for Black people. Though it originally was intended for Tswana people it eventually became a mixed Black cultural area

According to Küsel, the Amandebele-Ba-Lebelo, under the leadership of Chieftainess Kekana, was forcefully removed from Majaneng in Hammanskraal by the

2 www.gttp.org/docs/casestudies/2004/04SAPres.pdf Heritage Impact Assessment 9

Bulk water pipeline, South Bulk Supply System, Moretele

Bophuthatswana government which Hammanskraal fell into. Mangope and his regime gave the Majaneng community until 1979 to vacate the area, which they did.

Hammanskraal was instrumental in the struggle against apartheid and in the advancement of Black Consciousness. Between 1972 and 1983, Hammanskraal hosted some significant meetings in the history of the struggle against apartheid. For example, the first annual congress of the Black People`s Convention (BPC) was held on 16 December 1972. In December 1974, a 4 day convention called the Black Renaissance Convention, organised by Smangaliso Mkhatshwa and Maurice Ngakane, called for sanctions on South Africa and declared a militant approach to the struggle against apartheid (Küsel). ANSC

Archaeological

No archaeological remains or sites were found during the site visit. In the areas that are disturbed by current infrastructure (roads, railway lines, etc.) and dwellings there is little possibility of finding significant intact archaeological remains.

Historical

The pipeline runs on the boundary of what appears to be a formal cemetery or graveyard, the position of which is depicted in Fig. 7 below. The pipeline must stay outside the cemetery and disturbance of the graves is strictly forbidden.

The pipeline also runs close to and north of another graveyard situated further west as depicted in Fig. 8 below. This site is situated at 25°20'36.06"S; 28°13'7.98"E.

Heritage Impact Assessment 10

Bulk water pipeline, South Bulk Supply System, Moretele

Figure 7: Position of formal cemetery or graveyard

Figure 8: Location of second graveyard

Heritage Impact Assessment 11

Bulk water pipeline, South Bulk Supply System, Moretele

No other heritage resources were discovered along the pipeline route.

Palaeontological

The South African Heritage Resources Agency’s Fossil sensitivity map indicates that the pipeline crosses areas that have a high fossil sensitivity (orange shade in Fig. 9 below) as well as areas in the western half of its route that has an insignificant or zero sensitivity rating (grey colour).

It is recommended that a desktop assessment of that portion or section of the pipeline that falls within the high fossil sensitivity zone to assess the potential impacts on the fossils of the area.

Figure 9: Fossil sensitivity map

During the site inspection, apart from the two graveyards mentioned above, no cultural heritage and archaeological sites were found. However, it should be noted that archaeological sites that may be currently undisturbed could be found beneath the surface if excavations take place hence care must be taken when the site is excavated. Recommendations and mitigation measures are listed below in this regard.

Heritage Impact Assessment 12

Bulk water pipeline, South Bulk Supply System, Moretele

6. RECOMMENDATIONS

 Due to the fairly undisturbed nature of the western sections of the pipeline route, it is recommended that an accredited archaeologist is placed on stand-by during the excavation of the trench for the pipeline in case of archaeological material/sites or any other heritage resource (e.g. graves) been uncovered during the construction process.  It is recommended that a desktop palaeontological assessment is undertaken to determine the presence or likelihood of significant fossils been impacted by the proposed pipeline. Depending on the outcome of the assessment, a Phase 1 Palaeontological Impact Assessment (PIA) may need to be undertaken.  The pipeline must stay outside the two graveyards and disturbance of any graves is strictly forbidden

7. MITIGATION MEASURES

 For any chance finds, all work will cease in the area affected and the Contractor will immediately inform the Project Manager. A registered heritage specialist must be called to site for inspection. The relevant heritage resource agencies (PHRA-G) and SAHRA must be informed about the finding.  The heritage specialist will assess the significance of the resource and provide guidance on the way forward.  Permits to be obtained from PHRA-G if heritage resources are to removed, destroyed or altered that fall within Gauteng. Permits must be obtained from SAHRA if any heritage resources are found in the North West Province.  All heritage resources found in close proximity to the construction area to be protected by a 10m buffer in which no construction can take place. The buffer to be highly visible to construction crews.  Under no circumstances may any heritage material be destroyed or removed from site unless under direction of a heritage specialist.  Should any remains be found on site that is potentially human remains, the South African Police Service should also be contacted.

Heritage Impact Assessment 13

Bulk water pipeline, South Bulk Supply System, Moretele

8. CONCLUSION

This report must be submitted to the Provincial Heritage Resources Authority-Gauteng (PHRA-G) for comment as per the National Heritage Resources Act (25 of 1999).

In conclusion, the construction may proceed from a heritage perspective. However, if any heritage related resources are found during the construction phase, mitigation measures as recommended above must be undertaken.

Heritage Impact Assessment 14

Bulk water pipeline, South Bulk Supply System, Moretele

9. REFERENCES

Huffman, T. N 2007. Handbook to the Iron Age. The Archaeology of Pre-Colonial farming societies in Southern Africa. University of KwaZulu Natal Press. South Africa.

Jones, H.M. and Jones, M.G.M. (1999). A Gazetteer of the Second Anglo-Boer War 1899- 1902. The Military Press. Milton Keynes

Küsel, U. 2014. Phase 1 Cultural Heritage Resources Impact Assessment for Portion R/17 of the Farm Hammanskraal 112JR in Hammanskraal, Gauteng Province

Pelser, A. 2009. Travelling through Time: Archaeology and the Vredefort Dome. In: Reimold, U. & Gibson, R. (eds) Meteorite Impact! The Danger from Space and South Africa’s Mega-Impact, the Vredefort Structure (Third Edition): 164-178. Johannesburg: Springer www.upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11272008-154322/oofront.pdf www.gttp.org/docs/casestudies/2004/04SAPres.pdf www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=292&Itemid=52

Heritage Impact Assessment 15

Bulk water pipeline, South Bulk Supply System, Moretele

APPENDIX 1

FINAL LAYOUT PLAN

Heritage Impact Assessment 16