(Attalea Maripa (Aubl.) Mart.) - PALMAE1

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(Attalea Maripa (Aubl.) Mart.) - PALMAE1 MORFOLOGIA DO FRUTO E SEMENTES DE INAJÁ 31 MORFOLOGIA DO FRUTO E DA SEMENTE DE INAJÁ (Attalea maripa (Aubl.) Mart.) - PALMAE1 MARIA GRACIMAR PACHECO DE ARAÚJO2, ANTONIO MACHADO LEITÃO3 E MARIA SÍLVIA DE MENDONÇA4 RESUMO - No presente trabalho objetivou-se realizar um estudo morfológico do fruto e semente de Attalea maripa (Aubl.) Mart. Foram coletados 200 frutos de três árvores no Campus Universitário, Manaus - AM. Foram utilizadas 100 unidades para estudos morfométrico e 30 unidades para extrair o embrião e fazer a caracterização morfológica da semente. Foi considerada semente o conjunto endocarpo e amêndoa. O fruto mede, em média, 5,23cm de comprimento e 2,59cm de diâmetro; a forma em geral é ovóide; o pericarpo apresenta epicarpo fibroso e mesocarpo fibroso-mucilaginoso. A semente apresenta variação na forma e tamanho, medindo em média 3,84cm de comprimento e 1,77cm de diâmetro; apresenta peso médio de 6,62g de matéria fresca e 5,75g de matéria seca, que corresponde a 12,8% de umidade. O endocarpo é totalmente aderido ao tegumento da semente, de consistência córnea, duro e espesso; pode apresentar septos, ou não, originados de ovário unilocular, bilocular ou trilocular, formando frutos com uma, duas e três amêndoas, respectivamente, os dois primeiros são os mais freqüentes. A amêndoa possui forma oblonga, quando única, ou apresenta forma e tamanho diferentes, quando em número de duas ou três. O tegumento é, externamente, fortemente aderido ao endocarpo e, internamente, ao endosperma; apresenta-se fino, com ranhuras que correspondem às ramificações da rafe; na extremidade basal, observa-se a micrópila, protegida por um opérculo. O endosperma é sólido, ocupa quase a totalidade da amêndoa. O embrião encontra-se imerso no endosperma, em posição oblíqua localizado na região sub-basal, de forma curva, coloração branco-leitosa; com a região periférica mais alargada que a interna; mede em média 0,65cm de comprimento e 0,24cm de diâmetro. Termos para indexação: morfologia, frutos, sementes, palmeiras, Attalea maripa. MORPHOLOGY OF THE FRUIT AND THE SEED OF INAJÁ (Attalea maripa (Aubl.) Mart.) - PALMAE ABSTACT - The present work purpose to accomplish a morphologic study on the fruit and the seed of Attalea maripa (Aubl.) Mart. Two hundred fruits were collected from three different trees at the University Campus in Manaus - AM. One hundred fruits were used for morphometrical studies and 30 for extracting the embryo and making the morphological characterisation of the seed. “Seed” consists of the joining of the endocarp with the almond. The fruit measures in average, 5.23cm in length and 2.59cm in diameter; its shape is usually ovoid; the pericarp presents a fibrous epicarpo and mesocarp constituted of fibrous mucilaginous material. The seed presents a variation in shape and size, measuring in average 3.84cm in length and 1.77cm in diameter and has mean weights of 6.62g of fresh matter and 5.75g of dry matter, which corresponds to 12.8% of humidity. The endocarp is completely adhered to the tegment, the of hard consistensce, thick; it may or not present septs, originating from uniloculed, biloculed or triloculed, ovaries forming fruits with one, two and three almonds respectively, being the ones from the two former types the most frequent. The almond is oblong shaped, when single, or presenting different shapes and sizes, when in 1 Aceito para publicação em 25.08.2000; trabalho realizado com apoio do CNPq. 3 Prof. Adjunto, MSc do DCFDA/FCA/UA. 2 LABAF/FCA/UA, MSc., Pesquisador DCR/CNPq; Rua 103, 7, núcleo 4 Prof. Titular, Dr., LBAF/DCFDA/FCA/UA, Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octavio 12, Cidade Nova 2, 69096-340, Manaus-AM; e-mail: Jordão Ramos, 3000, 69077-000, Manaus-AM; fax (92) 644-2354; e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Revista Brasileira de Sementes, vol. 22, nº 2, p.31-38, 2000 32 M.G.P. ARAÚJO et al. number of two or three. The seed coat is, externally, strongly adhered to the endocarp and, internally, to the endosperm; thin, with narrow marked grooves corresponding with the branches of raphe; the micropyle is observed in the basal end, protected by an operculum. The endosperm is solid, occupying almost the whole almond. The embryo which is curve shaped milky-white coloured with the peripheral region wider than the internal, measuring in average, 0.65cm in length and 0.24cm in diameter is found immersed in the endosperm. Index terms: morphology, fruits, seeds, palm, Attalea maripa. INTRODUÇÃO mestível; as sementes podem também fornecer óleo (Lorenzi et al., 1996). De acordo com Serruya (1979), os óleos das Estudos sobre a morfologia dos frutos e das sementes de amêndoas do inajá e do dendê são muito semelhantes, com palmeiras amazônicas são importantes para respaldar pesqui- vantagem para o inajá por apresentar maior rendimento em sas voltadas para a propagação das espécies, para viabilizar a óleo e menor acidez. Este autor destaca que as constantes produção de frutos com a finalidade de extração de óleo, de físico-químicas e a composição do óleo da polpa do inajá palmito e o uso no artesanato; além de explorar o potencial apresentam grande semelhança com outros óleos de palmei- paisagístico dessas espécies, como forma de inovação do mer- ras de valor comercial como os da polpa da oliva e do dendê. cado para fortalecer a economia da Amazônia. Considerando que os estudos morfológicos dos frutos e Segundo Altman (1958), a exploração industrial das pal- das sementes das palmeiras da Região Amazônica ainda são meiras ainda não se tornou viável devido à falta de matéria incipiente e principalmente pela relevância, dada a importân- prima adequada exigida pelas indústrias, o que só ocorrerá cia econômica das espécies, no presente trabalho objetivou- através de estudos aprofundados das sementes de espécies se realizar um estudo morfológico do fruto e da semente de com esse potencial. Attalea maripa. Attalea maripa (Aubl.) Mart. é vulgarmente conhecida no Brasil como anajá e inajá; na Venezuela é chamada de MATERIAL E MÉTODOS cucurito e anajá; cusu, huacava na Bolívia; guichire na Co- lômbia; inayio no Equador; maripa na Guiana Francesa e O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Botânica Suriname; incham, inaynga no Peru; kokerit-palm na Guiana Agroflorestal da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias da Univer- e aritá pelos Ameríndios (Henderson et al., 1995 e Lorenzi, sidade do Amazonas. Os frutos de Attalea maripa utilizados 1996). É distribuída na Floresta tropical úmida em áreas aber- neste trabalho, foram coletados de três árvores localizadas na tas no Norte da América do Sul, sendo muito comum em Área Verde do Campus Universitário, Zona Urbana de Manaus áreas perturbadas (Kahn, 1992), ou à margem de rios, lagos e - AM. pântanos herbáceos, em pequenas elevações com solos não A coleta foi realizada no mês de outubro de 1999, em inundados (Henderson et al., 1995). É uma da palmeira de fase final de maturação dos frutos, com o auxílio de um podão dossel, com estipe solitário, chegando a 20 metros de altura e e as análises foram realizadas logo após a coleta. 100cm de diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP); folhas inseridas Utilizaram-se 200 frutos/árvore, misturados em um úni- em cinco filas verticais, pinas lineares, agrupadas e dispostas co lote. Deste, aleatoriamente, foram retiradas 100 unidades em ângulos diferentes, bainhas persistentes no tronco em in- para a morfometria dos frutos e sementes, onde foram avalia- divíduos jovens (Ribeiro et al., 1999). A inflorescência é per- dos: comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos; comprimento, diâ- sistente, que nasce entre as folhas, em um longo pedúnculo. metro, peso da matéria fresca e da matéria seca das sementes. As flores masculinas têm seis estames, muito maiores que as Devido à grande dificuldade de partir o endocarpo e separá- pétalas. (Henderson et al., 1995). Na reserva do Campus lo da amêndoa, considerou-se semente o conjunto endocarpo Universitário está presente em todos os ambientes e com alta e amêndoa. freqüência. As dimensões foram obtidas utilizando-se um paquímetro As folhas são comumente utilizadas como cobertura de e as medidas de peso foram obtidas em balança de precisão. construções simples e casas populares em pequenos povoa- Após a obtenção do peso da matéria fresca, as sementes dos (Henderson et al., 1995). Os frutos podem ser usados na foram colocadas na estufa em 105±2oC, por 48 horas, para a alimentação humana e da polpa pode ser extraído óleo co- obtenção do peso da matéria seca constante. Determinou-se a Revista Brasileira de Sementes, vol. 22, nº 2, p.31-38, 2000 MORFOLOGIA DO FRUTO E SEMENTES DE INAJÁ 33 umidade das sementes em base úmida, pelo método do aque- quina fotográfica PENTAX PZ-10 e estereoscópio ZEISS cimento direto, de acordo com as normas analíticas do Insti- acoplado à câmera MC-80 DX. tuto Adolfo Lutz (Lara et al., 1976). Foram serradas 70 unidades, no sentido transversal, para RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO quantificar a freqüência do número de amêndoas. Outras 30 unidades foram quebradas e/ou serradas nos sentidos trans- Fruto de Attalea maripa - é apedunculado e apresenta versal e longitudinal, com o auxílio de uma morsa e serra de perianto e estígma persistentes (Figura 1A). A persistência aço, para retirar o embrião, para a avaliação quanto à posi- de partes remanescentes da flor, no fruto, é comum em pal- ção, tamanho, forma e coloração dos mesmos e demais ob- meiras (Uhl & Dransfield, 1995). Apresenta tamanho e for- servações da estrutura interna da semente. ma variados. O comprimento médio é de 5,23cm e o diâme- Os dados quantitativos foram analisados em planilha ele- tro médio mede 2,59cm (Tabela 1). A forma em geral é ovóide, trônica Excel e as ilustrações foram obtidas através de má- podendo alguns exemplares apresentar a forma oblonga (Fi- A Perianto Estigma 2 cm B 2 cm C Epicarpo Mesocarpo 2 cm FIG.
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