Tropentag 2007 International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development

Tropentag 2007 International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development Utilisation of diversity in land use systems: Sustainable and organic approaches to meet human needs Book of Abstracts Editor: Eric Tielkes Reviewers/scientific committee: Jan Barkmann, Andreas Bürkert, Oliver Hensel, Gabriele Hörstgen-Schwark, Christian Hülsebusch, Christoph Kleinn, Ronald Kühne, Uwe Muuss, Angelika Ploeger, Eva Schlecht, Stephan Schwarze, Martin Worbes Editorial assistance: Andreas Deininger, Anne Hoffmann, Grete Thinggaard ter Meulen Cuvillier Verlag Göttingen Impressum Die Deutsche Bibliothek — Cataloguing in Publication-Data (CIP) Utilisation of diversity in land use systems: Sustainable and organic approaches to meet human needs: international research on food security, natural resource management and rural development; book of abstracts / Tropentag 2007 Witzenhausen. Hrsg.: Eric Tielkes ISBN: 3-86727-372-3 978-3-86727-372-5 © University of Kassel, Centre for International Rural Development, Witzenhausen, Germany Online-Versions: Print-version, pdf: http://www.proceedings2007.tropentag.de Web-version, html: http://www.abstracts2007.tropentag.de Typesetting: LATEX 2ε Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag Göttingen Printed by: xy Strasse Göttingen October 2007 The authors of the articles are solely responsible for the content of their contribution. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owners. Preface The TROPENTAG is an International Conference for Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development. Since 1999 it is convened alternately by a number of German Universities in co-operation with ATSAF and GTZ/BEAF, all of which are engaged in agriculture and forestry in tropical countries. The TROPENTAG provides an international platform for scientific and personal ex- change for students, junior and senior scientists, and development practitioners alike. The increasing international interest in the TROPENTAG from a large and still growing audience - over 650 participants from 68 countries have registered so far - demon- strates its importance on the agenda of both, the development oriented scientific com- munity and the implementing development organizations. This year’s TROPENTAG is organised jointly by the University of Kassel-Witzen- hausen and the University of Göttingen under the conference theme “Utilisation of diversity in land use systems: Sustainable and organic approaches to meet human needs”. This theme covers many challenging aspects: diversity may refer to the (genetic) diversity of the natural resource base on which anthropogenic land use relies, and to the entire ecosystem with which this land use is interacting. Here, we under- stand diversity in a broad sense: it encompasses the diversity of the natural flora and fauna at the micro to the macro scale, and also, for example, variation of soils or site conditions. Diversity may also refer to the genetic diversity of domesticated plant and animal species, which over millennia supports livelihoods in almost all climates and regions worldwide. Utilizing diversity may mean harvesting non-timber forest products such as mushrooms, medicinal plants or wildlife, or to combine different crops in intercropping systems to better exploit compatibilities in time or space securing multiple household needs. Diversity may also refer to the large cultural diversity of human societies in different regions of the world, who have developed their individual knowledge and technologies to derive their livelihoods from the resource base at hand. Rapid population growth causes an increasing strain on the resource base, and urban- isation and the emergence of a new middle class in many upcoming economies leads to a dramatically growing demand livestock products on one hand and energy on the other. The recent past has shown that this may massively influence agricultural markets and practices across the world. Depending on biophysical and socio-economic conditions, export-oriented land use systems may or may not be less diverse than 3 systems producing for more localized markets. Whether or not smallholders do eco- nomically benefit from such developments can only be answered at the individual (regional) level. The TROPENTAG 2007 seeks to bring scientists and development practitioners to- gether to stimulate and advance the scientific debate on the above issues. New meth- ods and research results are presented addressing the eternal question of how we may reconcile increasing demands for food and energy by a growing world population and peoples’ search for improved livelihoods with our vision of sustainability and conservation of biodiversity in agro-ecosystems. In this context emphasis will also be placed on searching for discipline-specific indicators of sustainability and trying to combine these in a way that allows their useful application in assessing land use systems. To broaden the accessibility of the results of this venue the abstracts of all contributions are published both as hardcopies and on the Internet under www.tropentag.de. Witzenhausen and Göttingen, October 2007 for the Organising and Scientific Committee Andreas Bürkert Christoph Kleinn Eva Schlecht Christian Hülsebusch The organisers thankfully acknowledge the financial support by: Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ) - Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development # Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)- German Research Foundation # Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH - German Technical Cooperation # Deutsche Phytomedizinische Gesellschaft e.V. (DPG) # DITSL GmbH Witzenhausen # Eiselen Foundation Ulm # European Association NATURA # Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences / University of Kassel # Town Council of Witzenhausen 4 Contents Plenary Session 7 I Resource use efficiency and diversity in agroecosystems 11 a) Livestock nutrition and feed quality 13 b) Livestock and fodder production systems 47 c) Livestock genetic resources and production systems 65 d) Technological innovations in agriculture 79 e) Land use and livelihood strategies 101 II Towards the millennium development goals: Innovation and adoption in agriculture and forestry 123 a) Agricultural marketing and rural institutions 125 b) Food security and food safety 145 c) Determinants of technology adoption and implications for policy and pro- gram design 177 d) Sustainable development in practice - examples from GTZ’s projects 191 e) Research for development practitioners 197 III Diversity of land use and livelihood systems in the face of global change 211 a) Biodiversity and crop production 213 b) Biodiversity 229 c) Agroforestry and non-tree forest products 247 d) Forestry 267 e) Conservation, environmental services and value chains in the Amazon re- gion (GTZ, ACTO, AI, UNAMAZ) 287 IV Ecosystem services in forest and agrarian landscapes 297 a) Biofuels 299 b) Scientific basis of ecosystem services 313 c) Assessment and valuation of ecosystem services 319 d) Institutions and management of ecosystem services 331 e) Trade-off between conservation and development goals 345 V Current advances in analysis and modelling techniques 349 a) Current advances in analysis techniques 351 b) New applications of modelling 369 5 c) Spatial explicit modelling of land use change 383 d) Soil fertility and management of organic matter 397 e) Organic agriculture 415 VI Food production, food quality and food safety 427 a) Resource use and fertility management 429 b) Water use: current situation and perspectives 459 c) Cropping techniques in dry and humid areas 479 d) Plant protection 493 Index of Authors 527 Index of Keywords 539 6 Plenary Session MIGUEL ALTIERI: Agroecology: The Science of a Sustainable and Resilient Agriculture for the 8 XXI Century 7 Tropentag 2007 — Universities of Kassel and Göttingen Agroecology: The Science of a Sustainable and Resilient Agriculture for the XXI Century MIGUEL ALTIERI University of California, Division of Insect Biology, United Today there is considerable consensus that modern agriculture confronts an environmental crisis. A growing number of people have become concerned about the long- term sustainability of existing food production systems. Evidence has accumulated showing that whereas the present capital- and technology-intensive farming systems have been extremely productive and competitive, they also bring a variety of economic, environmental and social problems. An alternative food system is urgently needed. From an ecological perspective, the regional consequences of monoculture specialisa- tion are many-fold including the high use of agrochemicals (pesticides and fertilisers), and lately the use of transgenic crops, which are increasingly been linked to a an array of environmental problems, the worsening of insect pest and disease infestations and higher vulnerability to climate change. Moreover the efficiency of use of applied inputs is decreasing and crop yields in most key crops are leveling off. In some places, yields are actually in decline. There is no question that high-input conventional agricultural systems need to be converted to systems that require less use of external inputs and that are able to produce high quality food without degrading the environment On the other hand it is now well accepted that vast areas in the developing world, characterised

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