DOCSLIB.ORG

41 Thomas Hobbes' Relationship with Francis Bacon

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
41 Thomas Hobbes' Relationship with Francis Bacon Thomas Hobbes' relationship with Francis Bacon - an introduction1 ROBIN BUNCE Hobbes' work as Bacon's amanuensis is well documented.' According to John Aubrey, Hobbes took notes for Bacon, translated his Essays, and spent time con- versing with him.' This account is supported by the testimony of Samuel Sorbiere and Franqois du Verdus,4 and is usually taken to refer to the period in the 1620s, after Bacon's fall, during which Bacon completed the larger part of ' I owe many thanks to Simon Schaffer,Scott Mandelbrote,Alan Cromartie,Hannah Dawson, Brandon High, and Sami-JuhaniSavonius, of Cambridge University,Elena Sanders of Kent Universityand KatherineButler Brownof SOASfor commentingon early drafts of this paper. Vittoria Feola of Cambridge University and Eric Marquer of the Sorbonne also did me the great kindness of explaining the French of Samuel Sorbiere and Franyois du Verdus. I must also thank Alex Lindsey and Peter Fischer for preparing the Latin translationsthat appear in this paper. Finally, I am indebted to Quentin Skinner for his 1997 seminar series on Hobbes' Leviathan, and for pointing me in the direction of Noel Malcolm's De Dominis at an early stage in my research. 2 Samuel Sorbiere's Relation d'un voyage en Angleterre contains the first published account of Hobbes' time as Bacon's secretary. (Samuel Sorbiere,Relation d'un voyageen Angleterre, ou sont touchies plusieurs choses, qui regardent l'estat des sciences, & de la religion, & autres matieres curieuses (Paris, 1664)p. 97.) A partial English translationof the passage was published as part Thomas Sprat's commentaryon Sorbiere's text in 1665. (Thomas Sprat, A letter containing some observationson Monsieur de Sorbier voyage into England (London, 1665) pp. 232-4.) The classic statement of the relationship appeared in Aubrey's Brief lives, which was not published until 1898. (John Aubrey, 'Brief lives', chieflyof contemporaries,set down by John Aubrey,between the years 1669 & 1696, ed. A. Clark, (2 vols. Oxford, 1898) I, 331.) However, two other accounts, based directly or indirectly on Aubrey's manuscripts, were published prior to that. The first, Dr Richard Blackboume's Mac Hobbianae auctarium appeared in 1681. (Thomas Hobbes, ThomaeHobbes Angli Malmesburiensisphilosophi vita (London, 1681)pp. 21 ff.) The second, publishedin 1750, appeared in a collectionof Hobbes' works. (The moral and political works of ThomasHobbles of Malmesbury(London, 1750) p. xi.) Each version is discussedbelow. 3 Aubrey,'Brief lives', ed. Clark, I, 331. 4 Sorbièreand du Verdusboth made Hobbes' acquaintanceduring his exile in Paris during the 1640s. Both men were interested in the mechanisticphilosophy that was being developed by leading members of the circle around Marin Mersenneduring this period. Sorbiere,organised the printing of the second edition of Hobbes' De cive between 1646-7. Both men produced French translations of Hobbes' works and continued to correspond with Hobbes after he returned to London in 1650. Biographies of both men can be found in Noel Malcolm's edi- 41 his mature work.' Hobbes' interest in Bacon after the 1620s is less well known, but equally well documented. Hobbes' read, re-read and discussed Bacon and his works from the 1610s until the end of his life. The three explicit references to Bacon in Hobbes' works all refer to Bacon's natural philosophy. Nonetheless, Hobbes also read Bacon's historical writings and moral and civil philosophy, and looked to his old master as a stylist. Hobbes' work for Bacon is, as I have noted, well known. Consequently, the focus of this paper is Hobbes' ongoing interest in Bacon's works. First I will present a brief summery of Hobbes' personal relationship with Bacon. Once this is done I will turn to Hobbes' knowledge of Bacon's works. Finally, I will address the school of thought, which originated with Thomas Sprat, postulating an antithetical relationship between the two thinkers. My object here is not to show that Hobbes followed Bacon, but rather to show that he was not his opponent. In order to do this I conclude the second section by examining Hobbes' attitudes to Galileo Galilei, William Harvey, Rene Descartes, and Johannes Kepler, and comparing these with his attitude to Bacon. I then discuss Hobbes' polemic against the Royal Society. i. Hobbes' knowledge of Bacon and his works. a. Amanuensis. Setting aside speculation that Hobbes and Bacon met whilst Hobbes was a stu- dent at Magdalen Hall, Oxford,6 the first evidence of Hobbes' involvement with Bacon is linked to the activities of Hobbes' first pupil, Sir William Cavendish, tion of Hobbes' correspondence. See: Thomas Hobbes, The correspondence, ed. Noel Malcolm, (2 vols., Oxford, 1994), II, 893-899 and 904-913. Also see: Quentin Skinner, 'Thomas Hobbes and his disciples in France and England', Comparative studies in society and history, 8 (1966), 153-67. 5 See for examples: Samuel I. Mintz, The hunting of Leviathan (Cambridge, 1966) p. 6. Miriam M. Reik, The golden lands of Thomas Hobbes (Detroit, 1977) p. 33; Richard Tuck, Hobbes (Oxford, 1989)p. 10; and, Noel Malcolm, 'A summarybiography of Hobbes', in Tom Sorell ed., The Cambridge companion to Hobbes (Cambridge, 1996) p. 18. A.P. Martinich, ThomasHobbes (London, 1997) p. 6. 6 Robert E. Stillman, The new philosophy and universal languages in seventeenth-century England. Bacon, Hobbes and Wilkins(London, 1995) p. 138. Stillman attributes this specula- tion to Rogow, but I have been unable to find any mention of such a meeting. (Arnold A. Rogow, Thomas Hobbes: radical in the service of reaction (New York, 1986) pp. 65-66.) Hobbes gained his BA in 1608, some time before Bacon's mature works were written. Indeed, accordingto John Locke, who gained his MA at Oxford in 1658,even in the 1650s the works of Aristotle dominated the university curriculum. (Mordechai Feingold, 'The mathematical sciences and new philosophies', in Nicholas Tyacke ed., The history of the university of Oxford(8 vols., Oxford, 1984-1999),IV, 359.) 42 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Swindon and Its Environs
    •/ BY THE SAME AUTHOR. ARTHUR YOUNG ANNOUNCES FOR PUBLICATION DURING 1897. THE HISTORY OF MALMESBURY ABBEY by Richard Jefferies, Edited, with Histori- cal Notes, by Grace Toplis. Illustrated by Notes on the present state of the Abbey Church, and reproductions from Original Drawings by Alfred Alex. Clarke (Author of a Monograph on Wells Cathedral). London : SiMPKiN, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., Ltd. V* THREE HUNDRED AND FIFTY COPIES OF THIS EDITION PRINTED FOR SALE r JEFFERIES' LAND A History of Swindon and its Environs pi o I—I I—I Ph < u -^ o u > =St ?^"^>^ittJ JEFFERIES' LAND A History of Swindon and its Environs BY THE LATE RICHARD JEFFERIES EDITED WITH NOTES BY GRACE TOPLIS WITH MAP AND ILLUSTRATIONS London Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co Ltd Wells, Somerset : Arthur Young MDCCCXCVI ^y^' COPYRIGHT y4// Rights Reserved CONTENTS CHAP. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS CHAP. PAGE 1. Ivy-Church. Avebury Font , Fro7itispiece 2. Jefferies' House, Victorl^, Street, ' Swindon I. i 3. The Lawn, Swindon I. 4. Ruins of Holyrood Church 5. The Reservoir, Coate . 6. Wanborough Church , . 7. Entrance to Swindon from Coate 8. Marlborough Lane 9. Day House Farm, Coate 10. Chisledon Church 11. Jefferies' House, Coate 12. West Window, Fairford Church Note. —The illustrations are reproductions from drawings by Miss Agnes Taylor, Ilminster, mostly from photographs taken especially by Mr. Chas. Andrew, Swindon. viii INTRODUCTION T IFE teaches no harder lesson to any man I ^ than the bitter truth—as true as bitter— that ''A prophet is not without honour, save hi his own country, and in his own housed Andfo7'ei7iost among modern prophets who have had to realize its bitterness stands Richard '' Jefferies, the ''prophet'' of field and hedge- " row and all the simple daily beauty which lies " about tis on every hand.
    [Show full text]
  • John Denham: New Letters and Documents
    JOHN DENHAM: NEW LETTERS AND DOCUMENTS HILTON KELLIHER IT was inevitable that the fundamental divisions made in English society by the Civil Wars should affect the ranks of the poets and playwrights, and unsurprising that the former largely and the latter almost entirely would adhere to the king's party. Not that, from our more distant vantage-point at least, the literary advantage lay with the larger faction. When the lines were drawn the Parliamentarians could muster Milton, Marvell, the young Dryden, and, proximum longo intervalloj the elderly George Wither, who had done his best work in the reign of James L Edmund Waller occupied an unenviable position between the two camps; while Cowley, Denham, Fanshawe, Lovelace, Quarks, and Suckling, along with the dramatists Davenant, the two Killigrews and Shirley, are the most notable of those who either served Charles I or his successor in exile or suffered directly on their behalf. Among the latter party John Denham (fig. i) occupied in political terms a moderately distinguished place, acting as agent at home and as envoy abroad to both Charles Stuarts in turn. As a poet he is chiefly remembered as the author of Cooper^s Hill^ the first great topographical poem in the language, and he is sometimes said to be the one who did most to promote the transition of English verse from the Metaphysical to the Augustan mode. The purpose of the present rather disjointed notes is to supplement the very different but equally indispensable accounts given by his earliest biographer, John Aubrey,^ and his latest, Brendan O'Hehir,^ with some letters and documents that have recently come to light, more especially relating to his life in exile on the Continent between September 1648 and March 1653.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Voice": History, Folklore and Oral Tradition in Early Modern England 1Iiiiiiil..1Iiiiii@
    The "Common Voice": History, Folklore and Oral Tradition in Early Modern England 1IIiiiiil..1IiiiII@ D. R. Woolf Past and Present, No. 120 (Aug., 1988),26-52. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0031-2746%28198808%290%3AI20%3C26%3AT%22VHFA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-U Past and Present is currently published by Oxford University Press. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/oup.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org/ Sat May 1520:56:51 2004 THE "COMMON VOICE": HISTORY, FOLKLORE AND ORAL TRADITION IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND* Historians have long recognized the contributions to modern histori­ cal methodology of the antiquary, that curious explorer of records, student of ancient coins and tireless traveller in search of inscriptions and other sorts of archaeological evidence." John Leland's "laboriouse serche" for England's antiquities has become legendary," while high praise is given to generations of his followers from William Camden in the sixteenth to Ralph Thoresby in the early eighteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Kington St. Michael Hall of Fame John Aubrey (1626-1697)
    Kington St. Michael Hall of Fame John Aubrey (1626-1697) John Aubrey was an English antiquary, natural philosopher and miscellaneous writer. He was born at Eastern Piers or Percy near Kingston St. Michael, Wiltshire on March 12 1626 and was educated at Trinity College, Oxford. His grandfather Isaac Lyte lived at Lytes Cary Manor, Somerset, now owned by the National Trust. His father Richard Aubrey owned lands in Wiltshire and Herefordshire. For many years an only child he was educated at home with a private tutor. His father was not intellectual, preferring field sports to learning. John was educated at the Malmesbury grammar school under Robert Latimer. Latimer had numbered the philosopher Thomas Hobbs as one of his earlier pupils and John would later write Hobbs’ biography at Latimer’s house. He then went on to study at the grammar school at Blandford Forum, Dorset. He entered Trinity College in 1642 but his studies were interrupted by the English Civil War. His earliest antiquarian work dates from this period in Oxford. In 1646 he became a student of the Middle Temple (The Honorable Society of the Middle Temple is one of the four Inns of Court exclusively entitled to call their members to the English Bar as ©Wiltshire OPC Project/2013/Christine Howison Barristers). He spent a pleasant time at Trinity making friends amongst his Oxford colleagues and collecting books. He spent much of his time in the country and in 1649 he first discovered the megalithic remains at Avebury which he later mapped and discussed in his important antiquarian work Monumenta Britannica.
    [Show full text]
  • Oral and Written Tradition
    Edinburgh Research Explorer Remembering the past in early modern England: oral and written tradition Citation for published version: Fox, A 1999, 'Remembering the past in early modern England: oral and written tradition', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, pp. 233-56. https://doi.org/10.2307/3679402 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.2307/3679402 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Transactions of the Royal Historical Society Publisher Rights Statement: © Fox, A. (1999). Remembering the past in early modern England: oral and written tradition. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 233-56doi: 10.2307/3679402 General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 06. Oct. 2021 Transactions of the Royal Historical Society http://journals.cambridge.org/RHT Additional services for Transactions of the Royal Historical Society: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here Remembering the Past in Early Modern England: Oral and Written Tradition Adam Fox Transactions of the Royal Historical Society / Volume 9 / December 1999, pp 233 - 256 DOI: 10.2307/3679402, Published online: 12 February 2009 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/ abstract_S0080440100010185 How to cite this article: Adam Fox (1999).
    [Show full text]
  • The Project Gutenberg Ebook of the Natural History of Wiltshire, by John Aubrey (#2 in Our Series by John Aubrey)
    The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Natural History of Wiltshire, by John Aubrey (#2 in our series by John Aubrey) Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the header without written permission. Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is important information about your specific rights and restrictions in how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. **Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** **eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** *****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** Title: The Natural History of Wiltshire Author: John Aubrey Release Date: January, 2004 [EBook #4934] [Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] [This file was first posted on March 31, 2002] [Most recently updated: April 14, 2002] Edition: 10 Language: English Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE NATURAL HISTORY OF WILTSHIRE *** This eBook was produced by Mikle Coker. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF WILTSHIRE JOHN AUBREY TO GEORGE POULETT SCROPE, ESQ. M.P., &c, &c. &c. ___________________________________ MY DEAR SIR, BY inscribing this Volume to you I am merely discharging a debt of gratitude and justice.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Fiction CD Booklet
    John Aubrey NON- FICTION Brief Lives Read by Brian Cox NA237812D 1 Desiderius Erasmus 1466–1536 4:07 Dutch scholar and humanist, opposer of religious tyranny and fanaticism. Published the first Greek edition of the New Testament with an accompanying Latin version. 2 John Colet 1467–1519 1:16 Scholar, theologian, he became Dean of St. Paul’s in 1504, spending £40,000 (inherited from his father) on founding St Paul’s School in 1505. 3 Sir Thomas More 1478–1535 3:38 Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII who resigned after refusing to agree to the king’s divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Refusing to acknowledge Henry’s subsequent claim to be Supreme Head of the English Church, he was accused of treason and beheaded. 4 Thomas Cooper 1517–1594 0:46 Theologian and scholar, famous for his Latin dictionary, published in 1548. 5 Sir William Fleetwood 1535–1594 1:16 M.P. and Recorder of London 1571. 6 William Butler 1535–1618 5:52 Physician to Henry, Prince of Wales who died (aged 18) in 1612. 7 Thomas Allen 1542–1632 2:23 Mathematician. Educated at Oxford, made Master of Arts in 1567. Obtained patronage of the Earl of Northumberland, but refused the offer of a bishopric from the Earl of Leicester as he preferred a life of retirement. 2 8 Sir Walter Raleigh 1552–1618 13:12 English explorer and favourite courtier of Elizabeth I. Imprisoned in the Tower of London by James I and executed after the failure of an expedition to Orinoco in search of gold.
    [Show full text]
  • John Aubrey's Education and Early Life by Kelsey Jackson Williams
    Kelsey Jackson Williams Training the Virtuoso: John Aubrey's Education and Early Life Training the Virtuoso: John Aubrey's Education and Early Life by Kelsey Jackson Williams This is an Author's Accepted Manuscript of an article published in THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 27.2 (Summer 2012): 157-182, © Taylor & Francis, available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.7227/TSC.27.2.2#.Ux2nZfl_tMY Abstract John Aubrey's contributions to antiquarianism and archaeology helped to shape the development of several disciplines in English scholarship. This paper looks at the educational milieu that produced his pioneering work, following him from his Wiltshire gentry background through school at Blandford Forum, Dorset, to Trinity College, Oxford, the Middle Temple, and beyond as a young gentleman with a scientific turn of mind in Commonwealth London. It substantially clarifies and revises previous estimates of the extent and nature of his education and offers a case study in the early training of a Restoration "virtuoso". Keywords: Antiquarianism, Education, Oxford, Rota, Science John Aubrey (1626-1697) is well-known for his contributions to the intellectual life of the early Royal Society, prehistoric archaeology in Britain, and other scientific and antiquarian disciplines.1 His education, however, has been comparatively neglected. Since Anthony Powell’s 1948 biography, there has been no full-scale study of the young Aubrey within his scholarly contexts.2 Historically, there existed a perception of Aubrey as a dilettante, an amateur with superficial knowledge of many subjects but who lacked the will, or the ability, to become master of any.3 While that tradition has been exploded by the work of Kate Bennett, Michael Hunter, Rhodri Lewis, and William Poole, more recent studies have focused on Aubrey's major scholarship, rather than its educational underpinnings.4 This paper explores those underpinnings by reconstructing his intellectual development up to his election to the Royal Society in 1663.
    [Show full text]
  • Sir William Davenant - Poems
    Classic Poetry Series Sir William Davenant - poems - Publication Date: 2004 Publisher: Poemhunter.com - The World's Poetry Archive Sir William Davenant(1606 - 1668) Sir William Davenant (or D'Avenant), dramatist and theater manager, poet and courtier, is a link between the older Elizabethan and Jacobean drama and the new Restoration drama. From his innovations improving the platform stage our modern playhouse is derived; he refined the genre of the heroic drama with the accompanying themes of love and honor; by tradition he first brought women onto the English stage; and his dramas influenced those of the next several generations, particularly John Dryden's. If he is remembered only for his "adaptations" of Shakespeare we do him disservice. Davenant was born in Oxford in late February 1606, the son of John Davenant, vinter and proprietor of the Crown Tavern, who at his death was mayor of Oxford, and Jane Shepherd Davenant. William Shakespeare, who lodged at the Crown "once a year," according to John Aubrey, may have been his godfather and, according to subsequent gossip, his natural father as well. The source of this rumor seems to have been Samuel Butler, whose report of a comment by Davenant was recorded by Aubrey: "it seemed to him [Davenant] that he writ with the very same spirit that Shakespeare [did], and seemed content enough to be called his son." Davenant never claimed he was Shakespeare's son, and his reference to the kinship is probably an acknowledgment of literary debtedness. Davenant was educated in Oxford at St. Paul's Parish under Edward Sylvester, "a noted Latinist and Grecian," according to Anthony à Wood; Aubrey adds that Davenant "was drawn from school before he was ripe enough," but at twelve he had written an "Ode in Remembrance of Shakespeare." In 1620-1621 he went to Lincoln College at Oxford, leaving, because of his father's death, to become page to the Duchess of Richmond.
    [Show full text]
  • “Druid Rocks”: Restoration, Originality, Nature and Authority in John Dryden, Titia Brongersma and William Blake’S Visions of Megalithic Monuments Eric Miller
    Document généré le 25 sept. 2021 14:35 Lumen Selected Proceedings from the Canadian Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies Travaux choisis de la Société canadienne d'étude du dix-huitième siècle “Druid Rocks”: Restoration, Originality, Nature and Authority in John Dryden, Titia Brongersma and William Blake’s Visions of Megalithic Monuments Eric Miller Volume 36, 2017 URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1037859ar DOI : https://doi.org/10.7202/1037859ar Aller au sommaire du numéro Éditeur(s) Canadian Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies / Société canadienne d'étude du dix-huitième siècle ISSN 1209-3696 (imprimé) 1927-8284 (numérique) Découvrir la revue Citer cet article Miller, E. (2017). “Druid Rocks”: Restoration, Originality, Nature and Authority in John Dryden, Titia Brongersma and William Blake’s Visions of Megalithic Monuments. Lumen, 36, 143–159. https://doi.org/10.7202/1037859ar All Rights Reserved © Canadian Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies / Société Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d’auteur. L’utilisation des canadienne d'étude du dix-huitième siècle, 2017 services d’Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d’utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne. https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ Cet article est diffusé et préservé par Érudit. Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l’Université de Montréal, l’Université Laval et l’Université du Québec à Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. https://www.erudit.org/fr/ “Druid Rocks”: Restoration, Originality, Nature and Authority in John Dryden, Titia Brongersma and William Blake’s Visions of Megalithic Monuments Eric Miller University of Victoria According to John Hughes in his Boscobel Tracts, Charles Stuart spent Wednesday the seventh of October, 1651, reckoning and re-reckoning the stones of Stonehenge, to beguile the time till he could return to his hostess Amphillis Hyde and her safe house, Heale.1 The King was fugitive from the rout at the Battle of Worcester.
    [Show full text]
  • Life, Liberty and Governance
    LIFE, LIBERTY AND SECURITY: USING THE SCIENCE AND POLITICS OF THOMAS HOBBES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION A Dissertation Presented to The Graduate Faculty of the University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Peter M. Paul December, 2006 LIFE, LIBERTY AND SECURITY: USING THE SCIENCE AND POLITICS OF THOMAS HOBBES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Peter M. Paul Dissertation Approved: Accepted: ______________________________ ______________________________ Advisor Department Chair Dr. Ralph Hummel Dr. Sonia Alemagno ______________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member Dean of the College Dr. Raymond Cox, III Dr. Ronald F. Levant ______________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Rajade M. Berry-James Dr. George R. Newkome ______________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member Date Dr. David B. Cohen ______________________________ Committee Member Dr. Michael Spicer ii ABSTRACT Can the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes be applied to public administration theory development? Insecurity and unease follow the events of 9/11, and scholars in the field respond by searching for an acceptable relationship between security and liberty. Locked into a historical horizon that barely dips into the landscape of thought before the Founders, before the Declaration, before the Constitution, scholars rarely make their way back to the one political philosopher who has produced the most complete system of civil society born of war. Could responses benefit from such a coherent system? Renascent issues are of security and liberty, of civil society born out of abhorrence of war, and of the rights of individuals who chose to abandon the war of all against all. The comforts of commodious living gain new salience when contrasted against increased integration of the individual into the artificial muscles and sinews of what Hobbes called the Artificial Man, the monster, the Leviathan that civil society has become.
    [Show full text]
  • TEACHERS' GUIDE Stonehenge Through Time
    TEACHERS’ GUIDE Stonehenge Through Time This pack has been designed to help teachers plan a visit to Stonehenge, providing essential insight into the story of Stonehenge from the Neolithic period to the present day. Use this resource to help students get the most out of their visit. INCLUDED • Learning Overview • Teachers’ Instruction Information • Glossary • Completed Timeline Plan • Evidence Box Contents Checklist Get in touch with our Education Booking Team 0370 333 0606 [email protected] https://bookings.english-heritage.org.uk/education/ Don’t forget to download our Hazard Information Sheet to help with planning. Share your visit with us @EHEducation The English Heritage Trust is a charity, no. 1140351, and a company, no. 07447221, registered in England. All photographs are copyright of English Heritage or Historic England unless otherwise stated. Published July 2017 TEACHERS’ GUIDE LEARNING OVERVIEW For a maximum PRIOR LEARNING of 30 students 1 hour to complete We recommend you do the following before your visit: • Develop students’ chronological understanding of the following Curriculum links periods and where they feature on a timeline: Neolithic, Bronze Age, • History Iron Age, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Norman, Medieval, Tudors and • English Stuarts, Georgian and Regency, Victorian, Edwardian, First World War, • Geography Interwar Years, Second World War and the Reign of Elizabeth II. • Discuss key words and concepts using the Glossary with students as Learning objectives these will be used when talking about the site and replica objects. WHAT Students will develop an PRE-VISIT ACTIVITY understanding of the story • Familiarise students with the concept of a historical timeline by of Stonehenge as a site from creating one in class.
    [Show full text]