Index Ablation surgery , 152 . See also Psycho - Behavioral scientists, social preconcep- surgery tions of , 113. See also Psychometrics; Abstinence syndrome , 121 Science Abuse liability , 120 - 121 , 122 . See also Behavior control Drug abuse brain surgery as, 156 Adam 's fall , 15 - 16 , 17 - 18 of children, 131 Addicts and concepts of deviance, 174 opiate , 120 and concepts of meaning and power, heroin , 122 119 Alcmaeon , 143 confinement as, 189 Alcohol definitions as instruments of, 138 deaths associated with , 123 eugenicsas , 41 (seealso Eugenics) dependence on , 114 , 121 - 122 and individual deviance, 127 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU ), by industrialists, 90 National Prison Project of , 202 - 203 institutionalized , 187 (seealso Prison American Psychiatric Association , Diqg - system) nostic and Statistical Manual of Men - measurementas justification of , 34 tal Disorders of . 128 methadone maintenance as, 128 American Psychological Association , 71 , naming as instrument of, 61- 62 72 nature of , 2, 9 Amniocentesis , 178 and persistenceof myths, 28 Am phetam ines power of , 20, 81 effects on learning , 131 in prisons, 187- 188, 196 for hyperkinetic syndrome , 130 and social problems, 116 Amygdala , 162 task of , 56 Amygdalectomies , 163 technology of, 10, 56 (seealso Mental Anectine treatment program , 206 testing movement) Aneuploidy , 177 Behavior modification , definitions for , Anti - Semitism , 72 190 A.rchives of Racial and Social Biology , Beliefs, and scientific method, 21. See 100 also Science Aristotle , 16 , 22 , 26 - 27 Bellarmine, Robert, 14, 15, 17 Arousal reaction , 114 Berscheid, Ellen, 183 Aryan supremacy , myths of , 9 Beyond Freedom and Dignity, 190 Asklepieion , 204 - 205 , 223 Bias Astronomy in human divers:ty measurements, 64 and biblical texts , 13 of mental testers, 36 Copernican view of , 12 Bias, social Attica massacre , 195 and physical appearances, 184 Attractiveness , physical , 183 - 184 and violence, 139 Augustine , Saint , 17 - 18 Binding, Karl, 97, 98, 10C Auschwitz concentration camp , 103 , Binet, Alfred , 36- 38, 50 104 Biological inferiority , doctrines of, 146, Automated battlefield , 196 149. Seealso Inferiority , social Aversion therapy , 205 Biology, as antecedent of socia! prob- lems, 105 " Bad blood " 64 , Bismarck, Otto von, 79 " Bad seed , " 42 , 179 , 180 , 186 Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Bayer pharmaceutical company , 120 Homogeneity (BITCH), 54 Beauty as Exhibited in Ancient Paintings Black people, " scientific " descriptions and Engravings , 34 of, 149- 150. See also Negroes, medi- Behavior cal misconceptions about; Race and brain , 136 , 143 , 149 Book of Genesis, 14, 15 brain surgery for modification of , 153 - " Boring's dictum ," 51 154 , 163 Boston City Hospital, 169 political , 3 (see also Politics ) Boston Hospital for Women, 176

228 Index Boston Lying - In Hospital , 186 Children Brain behavior control of , 128 , 131

and behavior , 143 killing of , 102 localization of function in , 144 , 148 - psychosurgery for , 173 149 psychotechnical management of , 132 phrenological measurement of , 147 stigmata on , 129 (see also Phrenology ) Christianity stimulation , 159 Adam ' s fall in , 15 - 16 and tolerance development , 114 and power of original sin , 18 Brain dysfunction Chromosomes , and crime , 179 , 180 and behavior , 137 Chromosome test , 176 deviance as , 148 Church and violence , 136 , 141 Inquisition of , 20 Brain size power to punish of , 19 as justification of eth nocentrism , 87 Civic organizations , 39 as measurement , 142 Civil rights movement , 47 Brain surgery . See also Psychosurgery Clarke , R . H ., 158 as behavior control , 156 Class , social , 22 effects of behavior , 163 and biological determinism , 92 , 93 leucotomy , 153 - 154 and definitions of drug abuse , 125 lobotomies , 154 , 155 , 157 justification of , 30 side effects associated with , 166 and phrenology , 146 stereotaxic , 158 - 159 , 161 , 165 and violence , 140 techniques , 157 - 158 Classical economic theory , biological Brainwashing , 199 , 200 , 204 hierarchy in , 91 Breggin , Peter R., 167 - 170 Clinical neurology , 145 Brigham , Carl , 70 , 72 , 73 College Entrance Examination Board , 71 Brown , M . Hunter , 172 , 195 Combe , George , 145 , 146 Bruno , Giordano , 19 - 20 Commission of Experts , of Nazi exter - BucyiPaul C., 162 mination program , 101 Burckhardt , Gottlieb , 141 - 142 , 148 , Commonwealth Fund , 72 152 Comparative anatomy , 145 Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Confinement , solitary , 191 , 194 . See Drugs (BNDD ), 124 , 127 also Prison system Burt , Cyril , 49 Control of Human Behavior , 112 Cooper , Sarah , 129 Cairnes , John Eliot , 91 Cooperative League , 68 Calvin , John , 13 Copernican theory Camper , Peter , 34 , 62 , 63 Church ' s response to , 19 Capital punishment , 188 and Renaissance Christianity , 14 Carbon monoxide poisoning , 102 . See Copernicus , 12 a/so Mental patients Corporate foundations , 40 , 68 Carnegie , Andrew , 67 , 94 " Cottage industries , " 191 Carnegie Institution of Washington , 41 Craniology , 142 Cartwright , Samuel A ., 64 - 65 , 149 , 150 Creation myths , 15 . See 0150 Myths CASE (Contingencies Applicable to Crichton , Michael , 164 Special Education ) project , 201 Crime , 123 Center for Responsive Law , 171 and addiction , 126 Center for Study of Crime and Delin - and chromosomes , 179 , 180 quency of NIMH , 186 , 187 definition of , 181 , 208

Chase Allen , 43 Criminality Chattel . See Slavery biological determinants of , 179 Child labor , justification of , 89 myths about , 187 " Child molesters , " 205 Cubberly , Ellwood P., 38- 39

229 Index Curare, 206 DNA , 33 Cyproteroneacetate , 198 Dolophine , 120 Down 's syndrome , 176 , 177 Darwin, Charles, 82, 83, 84 Drug abuse Darwinism critical functions in , 118 of German eugenicists, 81 politics of , 117 , 125 of Nazi movement, 9 as social problem , 115 social, 88, 95 Drugs threat of, 82, 83 definition of , 118 Davenport, Charles Benedict, 41, 42, 43 psychotropic , 156 Death camps, 80 tolerance to , 114 de Crinis, Max, 6, 7 Due process , guarantee of , 208 Defective germ plasm, 41, 42, 43, 69 Dumont , Matthew , 127 - 128 Defectology, criminal, 182 Dyscontrol syndrome , 166 Degeneracy eugenic sterilization for , 46 Economic theory , biological hierarchy " hereditary," 40 in , 91 Delayed responsetests , 153 Education Delgado, jose, M. R., 173- 174 compensatory , 31 Democracy, Platonian, 22 and industrialization , 36 Demonology , 178 Eiseley , Loren , 87 Depravity, myths about, 28 Electroencephalogram , 158 Deprivation, in behavior modification Electronic telemetry systems , 174 programs, 201 Elite

Descent orMan , The, 86 and Darwinism , 85 Determinism. See also Sociobiology and intelligence tests , 35 biological, 88, 104, 105 psychological support of , 46 concept of, 81 Ellis Island , line inspection at , 61 de Tocqueville, Alexis, 191 Eminence . See also Success Deviance as criterion , 49 and behavior control concepts, 174 and intelligence , 35 and brain dysfunction , 148 Environment , manipulation of , 2 , 6, childhood, 131 200 . See also Behavior control contempt for , 205 Epilepsy , 137 diagnosisof , 149 earl ier views of , 140 drug abuseas , 118- 119 and violence , 167 - 168

and eugenics, 41, 46 Ervin , Frank , 138 , 164 , 168 , 170 - 171 , group definition of, 132- 133 195 and public policy , 42 Ervin , Sam , 205 Dickens, Charles, 191 Ethics Dion, Karen, 183, 184 and drug abuse problem , 116 Disability , and eugenics, 41 medical , 149 Discrimination , among immigrant popu- of prison philosophy , 197 lation, 59. Seealso Racism of psychosurgery , 137 Disease and psychotechnology , 2 definition of , 132 Ethnocentrism , justification of , 87 genetic, 179 Ethnology , 142 neurological, 137 Eugenics Disraeli, Benjamin, 82, 83 behavior control as , 41 Diversity, human, 25 economic arguments of , 97 - 98 Charles White 's explanation of, 62 flourishing of , 94 determinants of , 31 Galton on , 40 and intellectual capacity, 48 genocidal translation of , 109 nature of , 56 as political device , 81

230 Index Eugenics Record Office , 42 vs . genesis , 10

Eugenics Research Association , 66 , 69 Nazi , 6 - 7 , 9

Eugenic sterilization laws , 42 , 43 , 96 German people , psychohistory of , 8

Euthanasia , 99 - 100 , 101 Germany

Evolutionary theory , 82 eugenic policy of , 98

controversy over , 84 - 85 medicine in , 78 , 99

A . R . Wallace ' s view of , 86 - 87 Gibbon , Edward , 19

Expectations , social , and beliefs , 4 Gillie , Oliver , 50

Extermination Gladstone , William , 82 , 83

classification for , 101 Glaucon , 23 - 24

Nazi , program of , 80 , 103 Goddard , Henry , 44 , 47 , 65 , 66 , 70

Goffman , Erving , 129

Facial features , 63 , 145 , 152 Goldberger , Joseph , 43

and criminality , 179 " Gompers , Samuel , 67

and intelligence , 34 Gould , Stephen , 142

Factory prisons , 191 Grant , Madison , 73

Fallacy of equivocation , 92 Great Chain of Being , 62 , 82 , 83

Federal Bureau of Prisons , 200 , 201 , Greeley , Horace , 145

202 Greenberg , David F . , 194

Federal Center for Correctional Re - Groder , Martin C . , 203 , 204

search , 203 Groups , social

F eeblem indedness dominant , 4 - 5

fear of , 45 mass extermination of , 7

menace of , 66 Gypsies , Nazi persecution of , 103

Filene , Edward A . , 68

" Final solution , " 9 , 10 , 80 Habituation , drug , 116

First Amendment ; 199 Hair , measures of , 63

Flourens , Pierre , 148 Harriman , Mrs . E . H . , 42

Foundations Head Start program , 31

corporate , 40 , 68 Heliocentric theory of universe , 13 , 15 , 20 private , 39 - 40

Freeman , Walter , 154 , 155 , 156 " Hereditary degeneracy , " 40

Free will Hereditary Genius , 32 , 35

vs . predestination , 19 Heresy , 13 , 14 . See also Meaning

St . Augustine ' s denial of , 18 Pelagian , 19

Frontal lobe surgery , 152 Renaissance Christian view of , 15 Heroin Fulton , John F . , 152 , 153 , 160

addiction , 114

Galileo , 13 , 16 , 19 , 83 deaths associated with , 122

Gall , Franz Josef , 143 , 144 - 145 , 146 effects of , 121 politics of , 124 Galton , Francis , 32 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 40 , 47 , 94 threat of , 122

Herrnstein , Richard , 44 Galton Society , 73 Hess , Walter R . , 160 Ganzheitbetrachtung , 94

Garrett , Henry E . , 47 , 48 Heyde , Werner , 102 Hierarchs , 16 Gas chambers , 102 . See also Extermina -

tion Hierarchy

Genesis . See also Myths and behavior control , 90

and Darwinism , 82 biological , 85 , 88 , 91 , 104 concept of , 81 J udaeo - Christian view of , 15

myths about , 10 in nature , 86 Genetics , 32 - 33 , 106 women in , 151 Genocide Hippocrates , 136 eugenics and , 109 Hitler , Adolph , 8 , 100 , 101 , 120

231 Index Hobbes, Thomas, 28, 182, 186 Intelligence tests , 31 , 32 , 35 . See also

Hoche, Alfred , 97, 98, 100 Mental testing movement

Holder, Willie, 207 for arriving immigrants , 65 - 66

" Holocaust, " 7 , 8 culture - fair , 55

Hook, Ernest, 180, 183, 185 group , 67

Hooton, Ernest, 179 for military draftees , 66

Hunter, John, 63 as predictors of success , 37

Huxley, Thomas Henry, 84 and sexual discrimination , 52

Hyperkinetic syndrome, 128 Stanford - Binet , 50

success as criterion for , 48 - 49

Ideas. See also Meaning Interests , and criminal behavior , 181 -

for behavior control , 10 182

as source of power, 13 Intermarriage , 47

Immigration , 58 IQ and Racial Differences , 48

national origin quotas for , 74 Isolation , social , 191 and Nazi genocide, 74

restriction of, 59, 67 jackson , George , 193

" sliding door" policy of, 67 jacobsen , Carlyle F . , 152 , 153 . 160

steerage, 59- 60 Jaffe , Jerome H . , 115 , 118 , 122 , 126 Immigration Restriction League, 72 127

Immorality , inheritance of , 47 Jefferson , Thomas , 63

Imprisonment, 188. Seealso Prison Jensen , Arthur , 31 , 32 , 38 , 49 , 50

system on definition of intelligence , 52

Incarceration, antecedentsof , 183 on power to define , 51

Indeterminate sentencing, 189, 194, 208 Jesus , 16

Industrial development Jews , 72

and child labor, 89 Nazi persecution of , 80 , 103

effects on education, 36 Johnson , Albert , 69

and health care, 79 Johnson - Lodge Immigration Act of

and human quality control , 39 1924 , 71 , 74

' and immigrant labor, 58 Justice , social , 21 Inequality , human

audacious fictions about, 24 Kaimowitz , Gabe , 198

biological basisfor , 107 Kallikak , Martin , 47

justification for , 108 Kamin , Leon , 50 , 70

myths about, 28 Katzenbach Commission , 183

Platonian justification for , 25- 26 Kille , Leonard A . , 166

Infants, killing of, 102. Seealso Children Kinnicutt , Francis , 72

Infant screening project, 185- 186 Klinefelter syndrome , 177

Inferiority , social. Seealso Biological Kling , Arthur , 163

inferiority , doctrines of Kluver , Heinrich , 162

German view of , 96 Kluver - Bucy syndrome , 162

Herbert Spencer's view of, 89 Krupp , Alfred , 79 , 94 - 95 , 103

Informed consent, 186, 203 Krupp essay contest , 94 - 95 , 103 Inmates, prison, 195. Seealso Prison

system Labeling , power of , 139

Inquisition , 20. See also Church Labor camps , 80

Intelligence. Seealso Mental abilities Laissez - faire political economy , 93 , 94

and beauty, 34 Laudanum , 119

Galton's scalefor , 35 Laughlin , Harry H . , 42 , 69 , 73 and national origin, 67- 68 Law

nature of, 51, 56 criminal , 188

psychom~tric definition of, 52 German , 79 social correlates of , 33 Law Enforcement Assistance Adminis -

Intelligence Quotient (IQ), 26 tration , 187

232 Index Law-enforcement process Meaning (continued ) definition of crime in, 181 in science , 133 (see a/so Science ) and drug abuse, 119 Measurement in prison system, 193 facial angle , 34 , 35 Lee, G. A., 89 of human diversity , 63 Legislation as instrument of behavior control , 109 eugenic sterilization , 42, 43, 96 phrenology as, 148 immigration, 58- 59 power of , 33 Lehner, Ludwig, 102 Medical science Leucotomy, 154 German , 78 , 79 - 80 Leviathan, 28 as instrument of behavior control , 127 Lima, Almeida, 153 vested interests of , 138 Limbic system, of brain, 161- 162 Mendel , Gregor , 33 Linnaean Society, 87 Mental abilities . See a/so Intelligence Lipmann, Walter, 7 immigration officers measurement of , " Lives devoid of value," 103 61

destruction of, 98, 99, 101 racial differences in , 45 mental patients, 6- 7, 81, 103 social correlates of , 33 Lobotomy , 154 and social stratification , 30

criticism of, 157 and success , 38 justification for , 155 Mental patients sequelaeof , 166 administrative mass killings of , 6- 7, 81 , side effects of, 155 101 , 103 Lohr, Hanns, 100 chromosomal abnormalities among , Lombroso, Cesare, 179, 180, 186 177 Lorenz, Konrad, 103 Mental perfection , Aristotelian view of , Luther, Martin , 13- 14 34 Mental testing movement , 31, 36, 56 McConnell , James V ., 199 central dogma of , 38 McCoy , Alfred , 123 corporate foundations ' support of , 41 , McGlothlin , William , 127 68

Malnutrition , 43 - 44 criticism of , 70 Malthus , Thomas , 87 , 88 and European immigration , 46 Management techniques , scientific , 39 and immigration law , 68 Mann , Horace , 36 and military draftees , 66 Mark , Vernon , 138 , 164 , 168 , 169 , 170 - rise in America , 40 171 , 195 " Mercy killing ," 99 - 100 , 101 Marriage , Aristotle on , 26 - 27 Merit , and social organization , 22 , 26 , 39 Marriage advising law , 97 Methadone maintenance programs , 120 ,

Massachusetts I nstitute of Technology , 125 , 127 199 Michelangelo , 15 " Master race , " 80 . See also Biological Military draftees , classification of , 66 inferiority Milton , John , 15 Masturbation , castration for , 41 " Minimal brain dysfunction " (MBD ), Meaning 128 in astronomy , 12 brain correlate of , 132 domain of , 3 incidence of , 130 as instrument of behavior control , 109 mass screening for , 131 interface with power , 4 , 5 , 12 recognition of , 129 and organizational interests , 16 Mind , physical control of , 174 . See a/so of original sin , 17 Brain in Plato 's society , 22 Minorities , privileged , 26 . See a/so Elite and public understanding , 85 Miscegenation , 47 , 48 Mitford , Jessica, 194

233 Index Moniz, Egas, 153- 154, 160 Origin of the Species , The , 82 , 83 , 87 , Montague, Ashley, 178 89 Morality Owen , Richard , 84 crimes against, 181 and drug abuse problem, 116 Papez, James, W., 161 , Moral weakness, assumption of, 117 Parole , 189 , 193 . See a / so Prison system Morphine, 119 Passing of the Great Race , The , 73 Morton, Samuel, 142 Patients , intentional killing of , 97 . See Murder schools, 102- 103 a/so Mental patients " Myth of the metals," 23- 24, 30, 31 Pelagius, 18- 19 Myths Penology . See a/so Prison system creation, 15 institutionalization of , 192 human nature, 25 treatment philosophy of , 187 of inborn criminality , 187 Perception , effect of prejudice on , 64 and social control , 21 Philanthropy , corporate , 40 , 68 Socratic view of, 23 Phrenology , 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 concept of crime in , 179 Nader , Ralph , 171 as measurement , 148 Naming , power of , 61 , 182 social orientation of , 147 National Academy of Sciences, 73 Physical beauty National Prison Project , of AClU , 202 - Aristotelian view of , 34 203 and social behavior , 183 - 184 National Research Council , Committee Plato , 22

on Scientific Problems of Human needful falsehood of , 24 , 108 Migration , 70 social value of , 25 Natural Jaw, 92 Ploetz , Alfred , 94 , 95 Natural selection , 82 , 88 Poles , Nazi persecution of , 103 Darwinism , 81 , 83 , 88, 95 Political power , as behavior control , 3 vs. social selection , 95 Political theory , 21 Nazis Politics , 26 compulsory sterilization programs of , Politics

98 - 99 of crime , 182 genocide policy of , 6- 7 of pronouns , 174

and medical profession , 80 Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia , sociobiology of , 100 The , 123 - 124 Negative reinforcement , for behavior Positive reinforcement , for behavior control , 90 control , 90 Negroes, medical misconceptions about , Poverty . See a/so Social control 155 - 156 . See also Race and biological determinism , 92 Neuropathology , 145 and drug abuse, 126 Neurosurgery . See Psychosurgery Power

Nixon , Richard , 117 Aristotelian view of , 26 Nonconformity , defining , 188 of behavior control , 20 , 81 , 170 (see Nordic superiority , 70 - 71 a/so Behavior control ) Norms , and criminal behavior , 181 - 182 of church , 16 Nugent , Arthur , 206 , 207 to define , 34 , 51 , 182 Nurenberg War Crimes Tribunal , 6 and definitions of social problems , 115 domain of , 3 On Aggression , 105 ideas as source of , 13 Operant conditioning , 205 interface with meaning , 4, 5, 12- 14 , 52 Opiates (see a/so Meaning ) effects of , 120 , 125 justification of , 26 heroin , 114 ; 121 , 122 , 124 of labeling , 139 morphine , 119 to measure , 33 (see a/so Measurement ) Opium , 119 , 123 to name , 61 , 182

234 Index Power (continued) Psychotechnology , 2 , 3 of organizational interests , 14 Public policy , vested interests of , 138 of original sin , 17 Public schools , integration of , 48 in penal institutions , 189 Punishment , for behavior control , 90 in Plato 's society , 22 Pythagoras , 143 of prison administrators , 192 - 193 and public understanding , 85 Quotas , immigration , 74 to punish , 19 in science , 133 Race social , 20 - 21 (see also Social control ) discrimination , 107 symbolic , 9 (see also Meaning ) and immigration procedures , 60 - 61 Preconceptions , of scientists , 112 and IQ debate , 45 Predestination , vs . free will , 19 and mental capacity , 35 Prejudice , and scientific partitioning of segregation , 47 immigrants , 72 Racial hygienists , 98 Premarital screening , 95 Racial improvement , Galton on , 40 Prenatal genetic screening , 178 " Racial purification , " 69 Prisoners Racial superiority

chromosomal abnormalities among , Konrad Lorenz on , 105 177 A . R . Wallace ' s view of , 87 psychosurgical control of , 172 Rage , psychotherapy as treatment for , Prison system 164 - 165 aversion therapy in , 205 Rassenhygiene , 80 , 95 - 96 behavior control technology of , 192 , Reagan , Ronald , 195 206 Reason , and social preconceptions , 7 - 8

behavior modification programs in , Reform

201 , 203 - 204 prison , 192 , 208 cruel and arbitrary treatment in , 202 rhetoric of , 207 due process in , 208 Rehabilitation indeterminant sentencing in , 189 , 194 , philosophy of , 189 208 in prison , 202 justification of , 207 Remote police tracking , 196 lawlessness in , 193 , 208 Republic , 22 management of , 199 - 200 Ritalin , for hyperkinetic syndrome , 130 theory behind , 187 Rockefeller , john D . , 94 Privacy , right to , 199 Rockefeller , Nelson , 126 Privilege Rodin , Ernst , 169 justific ~tion of , 30 Rudin , Ernst , 100 of minority , 26 Ryan , William , 92 Progressive era, 38 , 39 Psychohistory , 8 St . Augustine , 17 - 18 Psychology Salvation , and power of church , 16 and behavior control , 112 San Quentin massacre , 195 nature of , 113 - 114 Saunders , Arpiar G . , Jr . , 202 Psychometrics , 32 , 35 , 51 Schall mayer , Wilhelm , 95 , 97 , 104 Psychosurgery Schein , Edgar H . , 199 , 200 , 204 case histories , 1 64 - 173 Schwitzgebel , Ralph , 196 controversy over , 137 Science development of , 157 behavior control in , 112 for deviance , 172 criminal defectology as , 182 justification for , 1 38, 141 and interplay between meaning and limbic system , 164 power , 113 , 133 prefrontal , 154 medical , 78 , 79 - 80 , 127 , 138 for prisoners , 196 nature of , 143 stereotaxic , 158 - 159 , 161 , 165 , 195 and social contempt doctrines , 147 for violence , 136 , 139 , 195 Science and Human Behavior , 112 - 113

235 Index Science and Politics of IQ , The , 50 Nazi , 9 , 80 , 98 Scientific method , 21 political dimension of , 103 and human diversity , 69 reasoning of , 93- 94 Scientists , social preconceptions of , 113 scholarship in , 109 Segregation , and sterilization program , Sociobiology : The New Synthesis , 106 46 . See also Race Socrates , 22 , 23 - 24 Self -fulfilling prophecy , 184 - 185 , 186 Sonnenstein , mental hospital at, 6, 7 Sewall , Thomas , 147 Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Sex Prevention '(SAODAP ), 115 , 116 discrimination , 107 Speck , Richard , 177 - 178 and IQ correlates , 53 Spencer , Herbert , 89 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 104 and mental capacity , 35 Spurzheim , Johann Gaspar , 146 Sexual deviants , psychosurgery for , 173 START (Special Treatment and Re- Sherwin , Ira , 169 habilitation Training ), 201 , 202 - 203 Shields , Stephanie A ., 218n Starvation , in behavior modification Shockley , William , 48 programs , 201 Sickness insurance , in pre-war Germany , State , power of , 22 . See also Power 79 Status , social . See also Class

Skinner , B . F . , 28 , 112 - 113 , 189 , 197 and behavior control , 149 Slavery inheritance of , 33 Aristotle ' s defense of , 26 - 27 , 107 , 108 and phrenology , 145 in Germany , 103 Steerage, conditions of , 59- 60 justification of , 64- 65 Stender , Fay , 194 medical defense of , 151 Stereotaxic techniques , 158 - 159 , 161 , Social control . See also Behavior control 165 , 195 Bismarck ' s view of , 79 Stereotypes and definition of human nature , 27 - 28 criminal , 180 and drug abuse, 118 racial , 61 and elimination of certain classes , 44 Sterilization . See also Eugenics in industry , 90 compulsory , 101 justification of , 21 legal , 42 , 45 medical science as instru ment of , 97 for welfare recipients , 48 psychotechnology for , 174 Stimoceiver , 173 , 174 of reproductive behavior , 99 Structural approach , vs . systems ap - Social organizations proach , 118 - 119 , 132 established power of , 75 " Struggle for existence ," 82 , 83 , 89 , 91 implications of Darwinism for , 95 Struggle for Justice , 193 Platonian , 24 Success Social problems , definition of , 115 intelligence tests based on , 36- 37 , 48 - Social Statics1 89 , 94 49 , 56 Social stratification , 30 . See also Hier - socially defined standard of , 113 archy Succinylcholine , 206 justification of , 107 - 108 Surgery , brain , 141 . See also Psycho - mythological base for , 22 surgery

Social system , hierarchical , 90 . See also Survival of fittest , 83 , 89 , 91 , 92 - 93 Hierarchy Sweeney , Arthur , 71- 72 Sociobiology Sweet , William H . , 138 criticism of , 91 Sydenham , Thomas , 120 determinism of , 19 Synanon , 204 development of , 88 Systems approach , vs . structural ap - of genetics , 106 proach , 118 - 119 , 132 German tradition of , 99 of Herbert Spencer , 89 Teachers ' ratings , as intelligence stan- of immigration period , 58 dard , 37, 50 . See a/so Intelligence of Konrad Lorenz , 105 tests

236 Index Technology Welfare recipients, voluntary sterilization and behavior control , 10 , 56 (see also programs for , 48 Behavior control ) Wender, Paul H., 129 and mental measurement , 31 (see also Wertham, Frederic, 101 Mental measurement movement ) White, Charles, 62 Terman , Lewis M . , 38 , 45 , 50 , 52 , 66 , Wilberforce, Samuel, 84 72 Williams, Robert L., 54 Therapy Wilson, Edward 0 ., 106- 108 aversion , 205 Withdrawal syndrome, 121 torture as , 207 Women Thomson , Edward , 147 Galton on, 36 Thorndike , Edward , 46 - 47 , 73 medical misconceptions of , 155- 156 Tolerance , drug , 116 , 121 nineteenth-century inferiority of , 151 Torture , as therapy , 207 proving mental inferiority and emo- Toxicity , 122 . See also Drug abuse tional instability of, 146 Tranquilizers , 156 and test discrimination , 53 Trisonomy , 177 World-view, hierarchical, 62. See a/so Truth . See also Meaning Hierarchy vs . doctrine , 16 - 17 vs. public understanding , 84- 85 Xyy karyotype , 177- 181, 182, 186 Twentieth Century Fund , 68 Xyy syndrome, 178 Twin studies , of mental abilities , 49 Yerkes, Robert M., 39, 66, 70 United Nations Economic and Social Council (UNESCO ), 204 Universe , judaeo -Christian view of , 15 Utopian treatises , 22

Vacaville , California Medical Facility at, 206

Valenstein , Eliot , 154 Value judgments , 113 Values

and criminal behavior , 181 - 182 and psychotechnology , 2 Victim blaming , 92 Victorian society , justification of , 91 Violence

brain surgery for , 138 definition of , 139 and epilepsy , 140 - 141 , 167 - 168 and heroin addiction , 124 mental health approach to , 140 official , 139 / psychosurgery for , 136 , 164 - 165 , 219 research in , 187 Violence and the Brain , 141 , 164 , 169 Violence in California Prisons , 195 Virchow , Rudolph , 78 , 81

Walden Two , 28 Waldinger , Robert J., 98 Wallace , Alfred Russell , 83 , 86 Watts , James, 154 Wealth , inheritance of , 33

237 Index