Die Nichtkodierende RNA Stair18 Und Ihre Pathophysiologische Funktion Im Glioblastom

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Die Nichtkodierende RNA Stair18 Und Ihre Pathophysiologische Funktion Im Glioblastom Die nichtkodierende RNA STAiR18 und ihre pathophysiologische Funktion im Glioblastom Von der Fakultät für Lebenswissenschaften der Universität Leipzig genehmigte D I S S E R T A T I O N zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor rerum naturalium Dr. rer. nat. vorgelegt von M. Sc. Biol. Ivonne Zipfel geboren am 24.01.1989 in Leipzig Dekan: Prof. Dr. Marc Schönwiesner Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Thomas Magin Prof. Dr. Stefan Hüttelmaier Prof. Dr. Friedemann Horn Tag der Verteidigung: 15.11.2019 BIBLIOGRAPHISCHE DARSTELLUNG Ivonne Zipfel Die nichtkodierende RNA STAiR18 und ihre pathophysiologische Funktion im Glioblastom Fakultät für Lebenswissenschaften Universität Leipzig Dissertation 219 Seiten, 270 Literaturangaben, 53 Abbildungen, 14 Tabellen Fehlregulationen von nichtkodierenden RNAs können Einfluss auf die Tumorgenese, Proliferation und Invasion verschiedenster Tumortypen, unter anderen auch auf das Glioblastom, nehmen. Das Glioblastom stellt nicht nur den häufigsten, sondern mit einer mittleren Überlebensrate von lediglich 14 Monaten auch den tödlichsten Hirntumor dar. Ein tieferes Verständnis der molekularen Grundlagen, die hinter dem hochinvasiven Verhalten dieses aggressiven Tumors liegen, ist folglich von großer Bedeutung, um neue gezielte Therapieansätze entwickeln zu können. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die lange nichtkodierende RNA STAiR18 als möglicher Regulator der zellulären Funktionen von Glioblastomzellen strukturell und funktionell charakterisiert. STAiR18 zeigt eine ubiquitäre Expression in allen untersuchten humanen Geweben, wobei es durch zelltypspezifische, alternative Spleißvorgänge zu einer hohen Anzahl verschiedener Transkriptvarianten kommt, deren Expressionslevel einer strikten Regulation unterliegen. Die für das Glioblastom spezifische Transkriptstruktur von STAiR18 wurde mit Hilfe der neuartigen MinIONTM- Sequenzierung aufgeschlüsselt und ausgewählte Transkriptvarianten mittels in situ Hybridisierung visualisiert. Die erhöhten Expressionslevel von STAiR18 in jedem untersuchten Tumortyp im Vergleich zum Normalgewebe könnten auf eine umfassende Rolle von STAiR18 während der Tumorgenese hindeuten. Zur Analyse der physiologischen Funktion wurde STAiR18 mittels RNAi in Glioblastomzellen ausgeschaltet, was sich auf die Adhärenz sowie das Migrations- und Invasionsverhalten der Zellen auswirkte. Im Rahmen globaler Transkriptomanalysen konnte eine Vielzahl von infolge des STAiR18-Knockdowns unterdrückten oder induzierten Zielgenen identifiziert werden, wobei die einzelnen Transkriptvarianten von STAiR18 unterschiedliche Gensets zu regulieren scheinen. Durch weiterführende Interaktionsstudien konnten direkte Bindungspartner von STAiR18 detektiert und die zentrale Rolle von STAiR18 bei der Regulation der Zellmigration untersucht werden. Die erhobenen Daten sollen damit Einblicke in die komplexen Regulationsnetzwerke des Glioblastoms gewähren und Zusammenhänge zwischen langen nichtkodierenden RNAs und Tumorerkrankungen aufschlüsseln. INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1 EINLEITUNG .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Das Glioblastom ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Nichtkodierende RNAs ........................................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Biologische Rolle der langen ncRNAs ............................................................................. 6 1.2.2 lncRNAs in Tumorerkrankungen ................................................................................... 10 1.2.3 STAT3-induzierte nichtkodierende RNAs (STAiRs) ....................................................... 13 1.3 Motivation und Zielstellung.................................................................................................. 15 2 MATERIAL UND METHODEN ........................................................................................................ 17 2.1 Zellbiologische Methoden .................................................................................................... 17 2.1.1 Zellkultur ....................................................................................................................... 17 2.1.2 Transiente Transfektion................................................................................................ 18 2.1.3 Vitalitätsbestimmung ................................................................................................... 19 2.1.4 Migrationsassay ............................................................................................................ 21 2.1.5 Invasionsassay .............................................................................................................. 21 2.2 Molekularbiologische Methoden ......................................................................................... 22 2.2.1 RNA-Isolation ................................................................................................................ 22 2.2.2 Kern-Zytoplasmafraktionierung ................................................................................... 23 2.2.3 DNA-Isolation................................................................................................................ 24 2.2.4 Konzentrationsbestimmung von Nukleinsäuren .......................................................... 24 2.2.5 DNase-Verdau und cDNA-Synthese .............................................................................. 25 2.2.6 Quantitative real time PCR ........................................................................................... 26 2.3 Proteinbiochemische Methoden .......................................................................................... 28 2.3.1 Proteinisolation und Konzentrationsbestimmung ....................................................... 28 2.3.2 SDS-Polyacrylamid Gelelektrophorese ......................................................................... 29 2.3.3 Immunoblot ................................................................................................................. 30 2.4 Spezifische Anreicherung von RNA und deren Bindungspartnern ...................................... 31 2.4.1 Präzipitation der Ziel-RNA aus Zelllysaten (ChIRP) ...................................................... 31 2.4.2 Präzipitation der Ziel-RNA aus total-RNA ..................................................................... 35 2.5 Globale Analysen ................................................................................................................. 35 2.5.1 Transkriptomanalyse mittels Microarray ..................................................................... 35 2.5.2 RNA-Sequenzierung mittels MinIONTM ........................................................................ 37 2.6 Fluoreszenz-basierte Färbetechniken .................................................................................. 38 2.6.1 Immunfluoreszenz ....................................................................................................... 38 2.6.2 Fluoreszenz in situ Hybridisierung mittels ViewRNATM ................................................ 39 2.7 Gewebe- und Patientenproben ........................................................................................... 40 2.8 Software und Statistik .......................................................................................................... 41 3 ERGEBNISSE .................................................................................................................................. 43 3.1 Charakterisierung und Expressionsanalyse der langen nicht kodierenden RNA STAiR18 ... 43 3.1.1 Genomische Lokalisation von STAiR18 ........................................................................ 43 3.1.2 STAiR18 weist Merkmale einer mRNA auf ................................................................... 47 3.1.3 STAiR18 ist eine nicht proteinkodierende RNA ........................................................... 49 3.1.4 STAiR18 wird ubiquitär exprimiert ............................................................................... 52 3.1.5 STAiR18 wird alternativ gespleißt ................................................................................ 55 3.1.6 STAiR18 wird im Tumor überexprimiert ...................................................................... 56 3.1.7 STAiR18 wird in Alzheimer-Proben verstärkt exprimiert ............................................. 58 3.2 Funktionsanalyse von STAiR18 in Glioblastomzellen ........................................................... 61 3.2.1 STAiR18 beeinflusst die Adhärenz, Migration und Invasion von Glioblastomzellen ... 61 3.2.2 STAiR18 nimmt keinen Einfluss auf die Vitalität von Glioblastomzellen ..................... 71 3.3 Analyse der STAiR18-Transkriptstruktur im Glioblastom .................................................... 74 3.3.1 Expressionslevel ausgewählter STAiR18-Isoformen im Glioblastom ........................... 75 3.3.2 Analyse der STAiR18-Transkriptstruktur durch Knockdown-Studien ........................... 78 3.3.3 Analyse der STAiR18-Transkriptstruktur mittels MinIONTM-Sequenzierung ................ 81 3.3.4 Intrazelluläre Lokalisation der STAiR18-Isoformen in Glioblastomzellen .................... 87 3.4 Molekulare Wirkweise von STAiR18 in Glioblastomzellen ................................................... 95 3.4.1 Genomweite Transkriptionsanalyse
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