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Civil Society in Turkey: at a TURNING POINT

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Civil Society in Turkey: at a TURNING POINT Civil Society in Turkey: AT A TURNING POINT Civil Society Index Project Analytical Country Report for Turkey II Civil Society in Turkey: AT A TURNING POINT Civil Society Index Project Analytical Country Report for Turkey II • Project Supporters • • Civil Society Forum Host • Civil Society in Turkey: At a Turning Point CIVICUS Civil Society Index (CSI) Project Country Report for Turkey II Ahmet İçduygu Project Team Zeynep Meydanoğlu Selim Erdem Aytaç Foreword Deniz Ş. Sert Mehpare Özlem Başdoğan Ahmet İçduygu Derya Kaya Civil society in Turkey is going through a rapid transformation. Civil society’s building blocks, TÜSEV Publications, April 2011 Zeynep Meydanoğlu civil society organisations, are emerging as important actors in Turkey’s development and de- No: 51 Deniz Ş. Sert mocratisation agendas, while increasing in their numbers and impact. ISBN 978-975-01025-9-2 Advisory Committee TÜSEV (Third Sector Foundation of Turkey) has played an important role in this process Aycan Akdeniz since its establishment in 1993. The foundation has made important contributions to reform- Filiz Bikmen Bugay ing the legislation concerning civil society organisations and space, has played a leading role Graphic Design: Ayhan Bilgen in generating knowledge and policy on the sector’s future, and has promoted dialogue and Gülru Höyük Ömer Çaha Umut Güner cooperation between the public, private and third sectors. Today, TÜSEV’s Board of Trust- Print: Levent Korkut ees, which is composed of the leading associations and foundations in Turkey, continues Uzerler Printing Industry Co. Dilek Kurban to cooperate under TÜSEV’s umbrella for a more enabling legal, fiscal and operational civil Turan Güneş Bulvarı 22/8, Çankaya Yörük Kurtaran society infrastructure. Ankara / Turkey Uygar Özesmi Tel. +90 312 441 90 15 Hande Paker In this context, generating a useful and comprehensive knowledge base has a crucial role to Aysun Sayın play in promoting the health of the third sector in Turkey. TÜSEV has strengthened the sec- Nurdan Şahin © All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced tor through its Publications and Research Programme, which has produced over 50 valuable Zehra Taşkesenlioğlu by any mechanical or electronic means without the permission of Derya Uysal publications on the third sector in Turkey. Third Sector Foundation of Turkey (TÜSEV). Şentürk Uzun The CIVICUS Civil Society Index (CSI) project holds a special place among these initiatives. TÜSEV Contributors Not only did the first CSI implementation result in the first comprehensive and internation- Bankalar Cad. No. 2 Esin Aksay ally comparative study on civil society in Turkey, but now the second implementation ex- Minerva Han Zeynep Alemdar pands its scope even further and offers readers an opportunity to make comparisons over a Karaköy 34420 Namık Ceylanoğlu five year period. İstanbul / Turkey Rana Birden Çorbacıoğlu Tel. +90 212 243 83 07 PBX Tuğçe Demir Fax. +90 212 243 83 05 The country report examines some key issues related to civil society in Turkey and gives a Tevfik Başak Ersen fresh perspective through the answers it offers. For instance, how are citizens participating in [email protected] Derya Kaya civil society in Turkey? What is civil society’s impact on Turkey’s leading social and political www.tusev.org.tr Peren Özturan Hande Paker problems? How do the public and private sectors relate to civil society? What has been the ef- Müge Yamanyılmaz fect of the European Union accession process on Turkey’s civil society? Are there any regional Opinions expressed in this publication belong to the authors and Bilal Zivali differences concerning citizen participation and civil society organisations? What kinds of may not necessarily reflect TÜSEV’s views as an organisation. transitions have been taking place since 2005? 07 As we complete this project, we are hopeful that it will provide a fresh perspective on civil so- ciety in Turkey and inspire initiatives towards strengthening it further. In sharing this publica- tion with you, I would like to thank our Trustees, supporters and donors, Board of Directors, staff and all that have contributed to this project for making this happen. Acknowledgements Üstün ERGÜDER Chairman The Civil Society Index (CSI) project was a large collaborative effort which was made possible Third Sector Foundation of Turkey (TÜSEV) by the dedication and support of several individuals and institutions. We would first thank CIVICUS: World Alliance for Citizen Participation for pioneering the design of the methodology, awarding TÜSEV the opportunity to implement the project in Turkey, and providing training and guidance throughout the project. We are particularly grateful to Amy Bartlett, Mariano De Donatis, David Kode, Andrew Firmin and Mark No- wottny for their dedication and support. Our project supporters, all leading foundations in the country, helped make this project pos- sible: Aydın Doğan Foundation, Chrest Foundation, Kadir Has Foundation, Sabancı Founda- tion and Vehbi Koç Foundation. We thank them all for their support and confidence. We also thank Kadir Has University who kindly hosted us during the Civil Society Forum. The CSI Advisory Committee provided guidance on the local implementation of the CSI. We thank them, all experts in their fields and civil society, for their time, valuable contributions and guidance: Aycan Akdeniz Levent Korkut Aysun Sayın Filiz Bikmen Bugay Dilek Kurban Nurdan Şahin Ayhan Bilgen Yörük Kurtaran Zehra Taşkesenlioğlu Ömer Çaha Uygar Özesmi Derya Uysal Umut Güner Hande Paker Şentürk Uzun Exceptional thanks are due to Project Team members Selim Erdem Aytaç and Mehpare Özlem Başdoğan for their efforts on the survey and regional focus group activities. We are also thank- ful to the Civil Society Development Center (STGM) who kindly shared their contact lists and regional support centres with us. 06 07 Last but not least, we would like to thank the survey and consultation participants who pa- tiently shared their perspectives and provided input for this study. Their tireless efforts and dedication were a factor essential to the success of the project. We hope that this publication will be an informative guide towards better understanding and Table of Contents strengthening the third sector in Turkey and that the dialogue and synergies created during the project will stimulate new initiatives. List of Tables and Figures 13 Ahmet İÇDUYGU Zeynep MEYDANOĞLU Deniz Ş. SERT Research Coordinator Project Coordinator Research Coordinator List of Acronyms 15 Koç University TÜSEV Koç University Executive Summary 17 Introduction 23 I. Civil Society Index Project and Approach 25 1. Project Background 27 2. Project Approach 31 3. Limitations of CSI Study 37 3.1 The Diversity of Turkey’s Civic Landscape 39 3.2 Scarce Civil Society Data and Literature for Turkey 39 3.3 The Tension between Comparability and Turkey’s Idiosyncrasies 40 II. Civil Society in Turkey 41 1. Concept of Civil Society 45 2. History of Civil Society in Turkey 49 3. Mapping Civil Society 55 3.1 CSOs According to Legal Structures 57 3.2 CSOs According to Focus Area 59 III. Analysis of Civil Society 61 1. Civic Engagement 65 1.1 and 1.4 Extent of Civic Engagement (Social and Political) 68 1.2 and 1.5 Depth of Civic Engagement (Social and Political) 70 1.3 and 1.6 Diversity of Civic Engagement (Social and Political) 72 Conclusion 79 08 09 2. Level of Organisation 81 Appendices 147 2.1 Internal Governance 83 Appendix 1 CSI Indicator Matrix 149 2.2 Support Infrastructure 84 Appendix 2 CSI Turkey Methodology and Implementation 161 2.3 Sectoral Communication and Cooperation 84 Appendix 3 Case Study Summaries 165 2.4 Human Resources 85 Appendix 4 Foundations and Associations in Turkey 173 2.5 Financial and Technological Resources 87 Appendix 5 Socio-Economic and Socio-Political Context Indicator Tables 177 2.6 International Linkages 91 Conclusion 94 Bibliography 181 3. Practice of Values 97 3.1 Democratic Decision-Making Governance 99 3.2 Labour Regulations 101 3.3 Code of Conduct and Transparency 102 3.4 Environmental Standards 103 3.5 Perception of Values in Civil Society as A Whole 103 Conclusion 106 4. Perception of Impact 107 4.1 and 4.4 Responsiveness (Internal and External Perception) 110 4.2 and 4.5 Social Impact (Internal and External Perception) 111 4.3 and 4.6 Political Impact (Internal and External Perception) 112 4.7 Impact of Civil Society on Attitudes 114 Conclusion 114 5. External Environment 117 5.1 Socio-Economic Context 119 5.2 Socio-Politic Context 119 5.3 Socio-Cultural Context 121 Government-Civil Society Relations 122 Private Sector-Civil Society Relations 124 European Union Accession Process 126 Conclusion 127 IV. Strengths and Weaknesses of Civil Society in Turkey 129 V. Recommendations 135 VI. Conclusion 141 10 13 List of Tables and Figures Tables Tables I.1.1 List of CSI Implementing Countries 2008-2011 30 Tables II.3.1 Civil Society Organisations 57 Tables II.3.2 CSI Civil Society Actors List 60 Tables III.1.1 Civic Engagement Scores 67 Tables III.1.2 Extent of Civic Engagement 68 Tables III.1.3 Regional Distribution of Association Members 69 Tables III.1.4 Depth of Civic Engagement 70 Tables III.1.5 Proportions of Association Members to Population 71 Tables III.1.6 Diversity of Civic Engagement by Social Group 76 Tables III.1.7 Diversity of Civic Engagement by Region 78 Tables III.2.1 Level of Organisation Scores 83 Tables III.2.2 Office Infrastructures of CSOs 90 Tables III.2.3 Associations having Official Relations at UN and/or
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