DOCSLIB.ORG

"Beriberi" in Cheduba Island, Arakan, Burma

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
beriberi " in chedubA inland. ARAKAN, BURMA1./ By G. G. JOLLY, c.i.e., m.b., LIEUTENANT-COLONEL, Officiating Director of Public Health, Burma. In the rainy season of 1929, beriberi appeared in epidemic form in Cheduba, a large island which forms a township in the Kyaukpyu district of the Arakan division of Burma. The island, which, according to the 1921 census, had a -population of 32,521, almost entirely Arakan Buddhists, lies to the south- west of Kyaukpyu Island, on the eastern boundary of the Bay of Bengal, in latitude 18?50' N. The inhabitants are very back- ward; the island contains no proper roads, and internal communications are of the most pri- mitive description, communication between the sea coast and the interior being very difficult ' 384 THE INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE. [July, 1930. insects. As for the the from a few by required consumption during rajps. Apart sailing rice is hand till it turns white. In boats, which carry rice to Akyab and Bassein pounded addition to the Sub-Assistant Surgeon in the open season, the only connection with rice, found that was what the outside world is by means of a steam curry eaten, containing he considered to be a launch of the Arakan Flotilla Company, which quite inadequate supply of fish or as a with calls at Cheduba village once a week, linking prawns, prepared soup which were deficient in it with Ramree and Kyaukpyu on Kyaukpyu vegetables quantity. The Sub-Assistant conclusions were Island. There is 110 hospital, dispensary or Surgeon's that rice was the cause of the outbreak. doctor 011 the there are several mouldy island, although He formed this because he considered pleaders; litigation as usual having developed opinion if diet were the the ahead of medicine. that, deficiency cause, disease should not be so associated The first intimation of the occurrence of the definitely with the rains. He noted that the rains had disease was received by the District Health been severe this season. He con- Officer in the month of October, and a unusually early cluded that the ate this rice to Sub-Assistant Surgeon of the Public Health people mouldy and that the disease was due to a was to Chedu'ba to excess, Department despatched toxin in the rice. He believed that investigate. He found 011 his arrival on the present towards the end of or with 12th October, that the outbreak had subsided, August September, an in the the rice also he saw 38 cases, of which a few improvement weather, and, although in and also that the hard were not out of danger, there were no fresh improved condition; labour in the rice fields over then, cases developing, and, excepting for the deaths being by the did not eat so much of the rice, which had occurred, the vast majority were people the amount of toxin convalescent. He was informed that most of thereby reducing consumed. He formed the that the hand the cases had occurred in the months of July opinion pounded as used the was not totally and August. The principal signs and symp- l'ice, by villagers, devoid of vitamin B. toms he reported were loss of knee-jerks, numb- This was the at the end of October, ness and weakness of the lower extremities, position as and ankle drop, and (edema, principally of the lower and, the outbreak had subsided my was with limbs, in about 50 per cent, of cases. The only department fully occupied urgent " end cardiac involvement he reported was hyper- work, I postponed further enquiries till the " of the In November the island was in a number of cases, but later en- year. trophy who quiries showed that palpitation was a common visited by the Hygiene Publicity Officer, on causes and symptom. A noticeable feature was the strong carried out publicity work the of and in 1930 appetite of those attacked. Most of the cases prevention beriberi, February developed fairly suddenly when the men and an Epidemic Sub-Assistant Surgeon was posted to Cheduba to continue and t? women were out at work, and not a few were investigation, to work rapidly fatal. The majority of cases were carry out from village village educative on leaflets on among adults from 18 to 30 years old, and beriberi prevention, distributing the in among more men arc reported to have been attacked subject the Burmese language than women. the people. In April 1930 I managed to pa/ a visit to the and to condi- A the Officer, island, investigate report by Township Cheduba, tions on the stated that there had been 1,007 cases spot. with. had 64 deaths by the end of September. Subse- By this time a good deal of information quent investigation has brought the total up to been collected. It had been established beyond local 1,650 cases with 188 in the period from doubt that this disease, well known to the deaths, 01 names of the beginning of Julv up to the 5th October people under the htunua, padarek 1929. htunsketna, is endemic in the island, and haCj occurred more or less severely every rain} The Sub-Assistant first upon the Surgeon season so long as people could remember, begin' scene visited some of the affected villages, and ning when monsoon conditions were well estao' carried out with the aid ol propaganda work, of lished about the end of June or first week the Public Health leaflet on beri- Department's July. It came prominently to notice in 19* beri; He also the of investigated question because the outbreak that year was exception" diet. Rice is the and he noted that staple diet, ally severe. The villages attacke some rice he found stored in houses was principally appa- are those the sea in tn along coast, villages ' the he took in a rently mouldy, though sample interior being little affected. In 1929 the oil test-tube showed no of mould, when he sign break began in July, became widespread examined it with a hand lens 24 hours after. 1^ " " August, and subsided about the end of Septet' Rice is stored by villagers in the red con- ber. Tn 43 of the more heavily affected vill^Se" dition, in bamboo baskets or bins treated big inspected the north and east coasts ther with cow or along externally dung internally were in thatched, 520 cases, with 101 deaths. earthenware jars, or in wooden boxes, some of nd which were lined with zinc sheet, removed Tn 1929 the rains were unusually heavy, the are aj* cases in which matches packed. the weather very rough with S^ |romIn the frequent rains the rice is attaeked a good deal and strong winds, and a good deal of flooding- " 385 JuiA', 1930.] BERIBERI" IN CHEDUBA ISLAND: JOLLY. Work in the fields was hard, and the people by the well-to-do. Coconut milk becomes were exposed to much cold and wet. available in the later part of the rains. llice is the main crop of Cheduba. Several The position as regards is varieties are grown, and the island rice, parti- toddy interesting. Hie local is made from the dhani known as toddy palm. cularly the variety yakhine-tha-ma -It is esteem- plentiful during the cold and the hot which has a long slender grain, is highly of it is weather, but very scarce from to ed and commands a high price. Much May Septem- ber. In June and July the is at its exported to Akyab, Bassein and Kyaukpyu. supply lowest, and ceases to the fact The same kinds of rice are eaten by the people practically owing the in- that the stem of the dhani blossom, from of the coastal villages as by those of which the is is small and thin at terior. The stored in village houses, sap obtained, rice, being this season. In the coastal is as red is hand in small quantities villages toddy rice, pounded an article of diet. In one mills 011 the important before use. There are no rice I village visited of 300 600 bottles of a island and hand rice is exclusively houses, toddy pounded day are obtained in the used. The I have do not autumn, and, although villagers questioned much is sold to other the elders consider that the rice became mouldy in the villages, village informed me that all the children rains of and maintain that its taste and except young 1929, and a old people drink it, and that bottle a ^mell remained fresh throughout the season. day is an usual ration at this season, File of hand rice I saw in quite samples pounded 'he village supply of 600 bottles a day in the houses of the were exceptionally people October falls to 120 bottles by April, and decorticated for hand pounded rice. thoroughly in dwindles to almost none by the end of May. Jn all cases the germ was absent, and only A an occasional grain could any of the red peri- consideration of all the circumstances leads carp be detected. The rice cleanings, after the me to the opinion that while mouldy rice as a rice is pounded in the wooden mortar, are given possible factor cannot be entirely excluded, all as food to cattle and hens, and the villagers the evidence points in the direction of the have noted how well these animals thrive 011 disease being a true beriberi due to diet defi- them. When rice is cooked the water in which ciency. The incidence of the disease, just at Jt the its lowest and is boiled is thrown away.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Rohingya Crisis: an Analysis Through a Theoretical Perspective
    International Relations and Diplomacy, July 2020, Vol. 8, No. 07, 321-331 doi: 10.17265/2328-2134/2020.07.004 D D AV I D PUBLISHING Rohingya Crisis: An Analysis Through a Theoretical Perspective Sheila Rai, Preeti Sharma St. Xavier’s College, Jaipur, India The large scale exodus of Rohingyas to Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand as a consequence of relentless persecution by the Myanmar state has gained worldwide attention. UN Secretary General, Guterres called it “ethnic cleansing” and the “humanitarian situation as catastrophic”. This catastrophic situation can be traced back to the systemic and structural violence perpetrated by the state and the society wherein the Burmans and Buddhism are taken as the central rallying force of the narrative of the nation-state. This paper tries to analyze the Rohingya discourse situating it in the theoretical precepts of securitization, structural violence, and ethnic identity. The historical antecedents and particular circumstances and happenings were construed selectively and systematically to highlight the ethnic, racial, cultural, and linguistic identity of Rohingyas to exclude them from the “national imagination” of the state. This culture of pervasive prejudice prevailing in Myanmar finds manifestation in the legal provisions whereby certain peripheral minorities including Rohingyas have been denied basic civil and political rights. This legal-juridical disjunction to seal the historical ethnic divide has institutionalized and structuralized the inherent prejudice leveraging the religious-cultural hegemony. The newly instated democratic form of government, by its very virtue of the call of the majority, has also been contributed to reinforce this schism. The armed attacks by ARSA has provided the tangible spur to the already nuanced systemic violence in Myanmar and the Rohingyas are caught in a vicious cycle of politicization of ethnic identity, structural violence, and securitization.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chittagonians in Colonial Arakan: Seasonal and Settlement Migrations Jacques Leider
    The Chittagonians in Colonial Arakan: Seasonal and Settlement Migrations Jacques Leider To cite this version: Jacques Leider. The Chittagonians in Colonial Arakan: Seasonal and Settlement Migrations. Morten Bergsmo; Wolfgang Kaleck; Kyaw Yin Hlaing. Colonial Wrongs and Access to International Law, 40, Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, pp.177-227, 2020, Publication Series, 978-82-8348-134-1. hal- 02997366 HAL Id: hal-02997366 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02997366 Submitted on 10 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Public Domain Colonial Wrongs and Access to International Law Morten Bergsmo, Wolfgang Kaleck and Kyaw Yin Hlaing (editors) E-Offprint: Jacques P. Leider, “The Chittagonians in Colonial Arakan: Seasonal and Settlement Migrations”, in Morten Bergsmo, Wolfgang Kaleck and Kyaw Yin Hlaing (editors), Colonial Wrongs and Access to International Law, Torkel Opsahl Academic EPub- lisher, Brussels, 2020 (ISBNs: 978-82-8348-133-4 (print) and 978-82-8348-134-1 (e- book)). This publication was first published on 9 November 2020. TOAEP publications may be openly accessed and downloaded through the web site https://www.toaep.org which uses Persistent URLs (PURLs) for all publications it makes available.
    [Show full text]
  • Migration from Bengal to Arakan During British Rule 1826–1948 Derek Tonkin
    Occasional Paper Series Migration from Bengal to Arakan during British Rule 1826–1948 Derek Tonkin Migration from Bengal to Arakan during British Rule 1826–1948 Derek Tonkin 2019 Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher Brussels This and other publications in TOAEP’s Occasional Paper Series may be openly accessed and downloaded through the web site http://toaep.org, which uses Persistent URLs for all publications it makes available (such PURLs will not be changed). This publication was first published on 6 December 2019. © Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, 2019 All rights are reserved. You may read, print or download this publication or any part of it from http://www.toaep.org/ for personal use, but you may not in any way charge for its use by others, directly or by reproducing it, storing it in a retrieval system, transmitting it, or utilising it in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, in whole or in part, without the prior permis- sion in writing of the copyright holder. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the copyright holder. You must not circulate this publication in any other cover and you must impose the same condition on any ac- quirer. You must not make this publication or any part of it available on the Internet by any other URL than that on http://www.toaep.org/, without permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-82-8348-150-1. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 2 2. Setting the Scene: The 1911, 1921 and 1931 Censuses of British Burma ............................
    [Show full text]
  • Ministry of Food and Disaster Management
    Situation Report Disaster Management Information Centre Disaster Management Bureau (DMB) Ministry of Food and Disaster Management Disaster Management and Relief Bhaban (6th Floor) 92-93 Mohakhali C/A, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh Phone: +88-02-9890937, Fax: +88-02-9890854 Email: [email protected] ,H [email protected] Web: http://www.cdmp.org.bdH ,H www.dmb.gov.bd Emergency Tsunami Warning and Flood Situation Title: Emergency Bangladesh Location: 20°22'N-26°36'N, 87°48'E-92°41'E, Covering From: TUE-11-SEP-2007:1800 Period: To: WED-12-SEP-2007:2359 Transmission Date/Time: WED-12-SEP-2007:2200 Prepared by: DMIC, DMB Tsunami Bulletin; Flood, Rainfall and River Situation; Summary of Water Levels; Flood Forecast (24 & 48 Hrs); Weather Warning and Forecast; District Wise Flood Situation; Relief Distribution Status of UK Government and Status of WFP Emergency Response (4th round) Current Situation: Maritime ports of Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar and Mongla have been advised to hoist local cautionary signal number three (r) three. All fishing boats and trawlers over North Bay and deep sea have been advised to come close to the coast and proceed with caution till further notice. The mighty Brahmaputra- Jamuna recorded rise at all points and the trend may continue till tomorrow and is expected to start falling from day after tomorrow. The Ganges-Padma continued rising and is likely to rise further at a lower rate. The flood situation in the South-central part of the country is deteriorating and is likely to continue. The prevailing flood situation in the districts of Sylhet & Sunamganj is likely to start improving in the next 48-72 hrs.
    [Show full text]
  • "The British Indian Empire, 1789–1939." a Global History of Convicts and Penal Colonies
    Anderson, Clare. "The British Indian Empire, 1789–1939." A Global History of Convicts and Penal Colonies. Ed. Clare Anderson. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018. 211–244. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 27 Sep. 2021. <http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350000704.ch-008>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 27 September 2021, 22:00 UTC. Copyright © Clare Anderson and Contributors 2018. You may share this work for non- commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. 8 The British Indian Empire, 1789–1939 Clare Anderson Introduction Between 1789 and 1939 the British transported at least 108,000 Indian, Burmese, Malay and Chinese convicts to penal settlements around the Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean, and to prisons in the south and west of mainland India. The large majority of these convicts were men; and most had been convicted of serious crimes, including murder, gang robbery, rebellion and violent offences against property. In each location, convicts constituted a highly mobile workforce that was vital to British imperial ambitions. The British exploited their labour in land clearance, infrastructural development, mining, agriculture and cultivation. They also used them to establish villages and to settle land. Asian convicts responded to their transportation in remarkable ways. They resisted their forced removal from home, led violent uprisings and refused to work. They struck up social and economic relationships with each other and with people outside the penal settlements. They joined cosmopolitan communities or helped to forge new syncretic societies. If ‘creolization’ and ‘coolitude’ capture conceptually the interactions and culture and identity outcomes of enslaved and indentured people in the Indian Ocean world, ‘convitude’ might do the same work for the experiences of transported Asian convicts.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract the Search for 'Home': Anglo-Burman
    ABSTRACT THE SEARCH FOR ‘HOME’: ANGLO-BURMAN IDENTITY AT THE END OF EMPIRE Katrina Chludzinski, PhD, Department of History Northern Illinois University, 2019 Trude Jacobsen, Director The study of mixed race populations and their identity formation have become important fields of historical research over the past few decades within the larger scope of colonialism. This dissertation explores how Anglo-Burmans formed and redefined their own place in the twentieth century as a consequence of conflicting perspectives on race and ‘belonging’ in the British Empire on the one hand, and majority Burman policies in the post-independence era on the other. These views are largely derived from archival records in the United Kingdom and Myanmar. Minutes from meetings as well as correspondence with Anglo-Burmans, British officials, and Burmese officials illustrated the complex situation the Anglo-Burman community found themselves in. Memoirs from Anglo-Burmans as well as contemporaneous print media help augment these perspectives. In this dissertation I show that Anglo-Burmans had different perspectives on their futures across temporal periods and often disagreed about how they should position themselves to best survive. The growth of the population in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries shaped how Anglo-Burmans understood their place and the degree to which they belonged in Burma. Complex British reactions to miscegenation between British men and Burmese women and the mixed-race offspring that arose from these relations left Britons in fear of their own futures in the colony. Given their connections to the colonial regime and consequent economic advantages, Anglo-Burmans thought of themselves as being superior to the Burmese population.
    [Show full text]
  • THE INDIAN OCEAN the GEOLOGY of ITS BORDERING LANDS and the CONFIGURATION of ITS FLOOR by James F
    0 CX) !'f) I a. <( ~ DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY THE INDIAN OCEAN THE GEOLOGY OF ITS BORDERING LANDS AND THE CONFIGURATION OF ITS FLOOR By James F. Pepper and Gail M. Everhart MISCELLANEOUS GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS MAP I-380 0 CX) !'f) PUBLISHED BY THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY I - ], WASHINGTON, D. C. a. 1963 <( :E DEPARTMEI'fr OF THE ltfrERIOR TO ACCOMPANY MAP J-S80 UNITED STATES OEOLOOICAL SURVEY THE lliDIAN OCEAN THE GEOLOGY OF ITS BORDERING LANDS AND THE CONFIGURATION OF ITS FLOOR By James F. Pepper and Gail M. Everhart INTRODUCTION The ocean realm, which covers more than 70percent of ancient crustal forces. The patterns of trend of the earth's surface, contains vast areas that have lines or "grain" in the shield areas are closely re­ scarcely been touched by exploration. The best'known lated to the ancient "ground blocks" of the continent parts of the sea floor lie close to the borders of the and ocean bottoms as outlined by Cloos (1948), who continents, where numerous soundings have been states: "It seems from early geological time the charted as an aid to navigation. Yet, within this part crust has been divided into polygonal fields or blocks of the sea floQr, which constitutes a border zone be­ of considerable thickness and solidarity and that this tween the toast and the ocean deeps, much more de­ primary division formed and orientated later move­ tailed information is needed about the character of ments." the topography and geology. At many places, strati­ graphic and structural features on the coast extend Block structures of this kind were noted by Krenke! offshore, but their relationships to the rocks of the (1925-38, fig.
    [Show full text]
  • To NGA Charts, Region 6
    1 REGION 6 COASTAL CHARTS 2 Stock Number Title Scale =1: 61000 Algoa Bay to Cape Town 798,688 61003 Durban to Algoa Bay 830,131 61015 Webi Jubba to Zanzibar 971,600 61018 Hobyo to Kismaayo 973,000 61020 Mozambique Channel-Southern Reaches 1,000,000 61021 Raas Xaafuun to Hobyo 964,515 61300 Madagascar-North Coast and Seychelles 1,000,000 61400 Mozambique Channel-Northern Reaches 1,000,000 61450 Mozambique Channel 1,000,000 61500 Madagascar-South Coast 1,000,000 61550 Madagascar-East Coast 1,000,000 61650 Iles Kerguelen (OMEGA) 300,000 62000 Gulf of Aden (OMEGA) 1,000,000 62001 Red Sea 1,800,000 Plan: Khalig El Suweis (Gulf of Suez) 500,000 62024 Al Masirah to Ra's Raysut including Suqutra Island 1,000,000 62028 Gulf of Oman and Adjacent Coasts-Karachi to Jazirat Masirah 1,000,000 62032 Persian Gulf 1,000,000 63000 Karachi to Bombay, India & Pakistan (OMEGA) 903,500 63005 Bombay to Cochin including the Lakshadweep 1,000,000 63010 Cochin to Calimere Pt, with Sri Lanka & the northern portion of the 964,000 Maldives (OMEGA) 63015 Coast of India-Calimere Point to Kalingapatam (OMEGA) 945,197 63020 Kalingapatam to Goyagyi Kyun 900,000 3 REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA 4 Stock Number Title Scale =1: 61040 Yzervarkpunt to Cape of Good Hope 246,000 61050 Cape St. Francis to Ystervarkpunt 246,530 61051 Approaches to Mossel Bay 40,000 Plan: Mossel Bay (Not shown on index) 10,000 61060 East London to Cape St. Francis 249,500 61061 Approaches to Port Elizabeth 40,000 Plan: Port Elizabeth 10,000 61070 Mbashe Point to East London 251,860 61071 Approaches to
    [Show full text]
  • Report with Annexes 0.Pdf
    Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS AND MEETING TO SIGN THE MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING CONCERNING CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF DUGONGS (DUGONG DUGON) AND THEIR HABITATS THROUGHOUT THEIR RANGE 28 - 31 October 2007, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates REPORT OF THE TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS AND MEETING TOSIGN THE DUGONGS MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING Introduction 1. The Technical Workshops and Meeting to sign the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning Conservation and Management of Dugongs (Dugong dugon) and their Habitats throughout their Range was held at the Beach Rotana Hotel, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, from 28 to 31 October 2007. The Workshops and Meeting were convened under the auspices of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) and were hosted by the Government of Abu Dhabi, represented by the Environment Agency–Abu Dhabi. 2. The development of a Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Dugongs had been called for in Recommendations 7.5 and 8.5 of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Migratory Species, in 2002 and 2005 respectively (CMS/DUGONG/Inf.1). A draft Memorandum of Understanding (CMS/DUGONG/Inf.5) and associated Conservation and Management Plan (CMS/DUGONG/Inf.6) had been developed at two meetings on dugong conservation and management held in Bangkok, Thailand, in August 2005 and May 2006. 3. The purposes of the current meeting were to further discuss the Implementation of the Conservation and Management Plan; to obtain updates on progress made by various Range States; and to sign the Memorandum of Understanding.
    [Show full text]
  • The London Gazette of FRIDAY, 6Th APRIL, 1951
    39195 1881 SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO The London Gazette OF FRIDAY, 6th APRIL, 1951 Registered as a Newspaper THURSDAY, 12 APRIL, 1951 .The War Office, 1951. OPERATIONS IN BURMA FROM 12th NOVEMBER, 1944, TO 15th AUGUST, 1945 NOTE.—A set of maps for this Despatch is on separate sale at Is. Od. net. This set of maps also covers the operations described in the other Army and Air Despatches of the Burma Campaign from 16th November, 1943 to 12th September, 1945. The following Despatch was submitted to the Finally, I have attached a table of contents Secretary of State for War on the 4th of the Despatch and two other Appendices to February, 1947, by LIEUTENANT- which reference is made in the body of the GENERAL SIR OLIVER LEESE, Bart., Despatch. K.C.B., C.B.E., D.S.O., Commander-in- PART I Chief, Allied Land Forces, South-East NARRATIVE OF OPERATIONS Asia. SECTION I (paras. 2-18) THE SITUATION ON INTRODUCTION TAKING OVER COMMAND Location of my H.Q.: Constitution of the 1. This Despatch covers the period from the command: Note on the topography and climate 12th November, 1944, on which date I of Burma: The task: Strategic plans already assumed the appointment of Commander-in- in existence: The new directive. chief, Allied Land Forces, South-East Asia, to the 15th August, 1945, when the Japanese 2. I took over 11 Army Group from General surrendered and when I relinquished my Sir George Giffard on the 12th November, appointment. I have included the planning 1944, with the new title of Commander-in- for subsequent operations, as it was initiated Chief, Allied Land Forces, South-East Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Andrew Cook Phd Thesis V3ii
    4?8J4A78D 74?DK@C?8 #*/,/&*0)0$% <K7DB;D4C<8D FB F<8 84EF =A7=4 6B@C4AK 4A7 FB F<8 47@=D4?FK 4E CG5?=E<8D2 4 64F4?B;G8 B9 5BB>E 4A7 6<4DFE HB?G@8 ===% 64F4?B;G8 52 64F4?B;G8 B9 74D?K@C?8dE 6<4DFE% H=8IE% C?4AE 4A7 7=4;D4@E% C4DF +2 */0-&*/1- 4XO[P` E' 6YYU 4 FSP\T\ E^MWT]]PO QY[ ]SP 7PR[PP YQ CS7 L] ]SP GXT_P[\T]b YQ E]' 4XO[P`\ *11, 9^VV WP]LOL]L QY[ ]ST\ T]PW T\ L_LTVLMVP TX DP\PL[NS3E]4XO[P`\29^VVFPa] L]2 S]]Z2(([P\PL[NS&[PZY\T]Y[b'\]&LXO[P`\'LN'^U( CVPL\P ^\P ]ST\ TOPX]TQTP[ ]Y NT]P Y[ VTXU ]Y ]ST\ T]PW2 S]]Z2((SOV'SLXOVP'XP](*))+,(+.,- FST\ T]PW T\ Z[Y]PN]PO Mb Y[TRTXLV NYZb[TRS] FST\ T]PW T\ VTNPX\PO ^XOP[ L 6[PL]T_P 6YWWYX\ ?TNPX\P 0 ALEXANDER DALRYMPLE (1737-1808), HYDROGRAPHER TO THE EAST INDIA COMPANY AND TO THE ADMIRALTY, AS PUBLISHER: A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS AND CHARTS ANDREW S. COOK VOLUME III CATALOGUE B: CATALOGUE OF DALRYMPLE'S ENGRAVED CHARTS, VIEWS, PLANS AND DIAGRAMS PART 2: 1784-1794 Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of St. Andrews September 1992 u IN,v B354 840000 MADAGASCAR [1784 1 (Part of the coast of Madagascar, with Comoro Islands, Aldabra Islands, Farquhar Islands, Seychelles, Cargados Garajos, Mauritius and Rfiunion.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rohingya Issue: a Thorny Obstacle Between Burma (Myanmar) and Bangladesh
    The Rohingya Issue: A Thorny Obstacle between Burma (Myanmar) and Bangladesh Kei NEMOTO Introduction Though the political and economic relationships among the countries of the sub-region of Eastern South Asia have been strengthened since 1990s, the ties between Burma (Myanmar) and Bangladesh have often been disrupted by the Rohingya issue. The Rohingyas, a Muslim minority group residing in the northwestern part of the Arakan (Rakhine) State1 in Burma, have not been recognized as a national minority by the state since 1974 when the Ne Win government denied their citizenship officially. They have suffered from oppression under the Burmese government and the Burmese Army (Tatmadaw). They fled en masse to Bangladesh twice by crossing the Naf River on the border. The Rohingya refugees numbered between 200,000 and 250,000 in 1978 and more than 250,000 in 1991. These exoduses largely were resolved through agreements on the repatriation between the two governments and relief operations by the United Nations as well as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). However, Burmese military government has no intention to accept those returnees as a national minority and instead classifies them as foreigners or illegal immigrants. The Government of Bangladesh which fears of accepting another mass exodus of refugees has been strengthening the border patrol system, but has actually not been able to stop the daily continuous trespassing of the Rohingyas from Arakan to Bangladesh. There seems no guarantee that another exodus may not happen in the future. Since the latter half of 1990s, the two towns, Maungdaw (of Arakan) and Teknaf (of Bangladesh) between the Naf River, have been identified by the two governments as the future strongholds for promoting the border trade2.
    [Show full text]