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Sino-Brazilian Economic Ties

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Sino-Brazilian Economic Ties Sino-Brazilian economic ties Is this an example of South-South cooperation? Rob Keizers S1518038 Master of Arts Thesis Program: International Relations Specialization: Global Political Economy Supervisor: Dr. Karen Smith Word count: 14826 Leiden, January 2019 Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 2 1.1 About the topic 1.2 Methodology 1.3 Conceptualization 1.4 Chapter Overview Chapter 2 Literature Review 10 Chapter 3 A historical overview of the Sino-Brazilian economic relation 15 3.1 The first decades of economic ties between China and Latin America 3.2 Sino-Brazilian trade 3.3 Chinese investments in Brazil Chapter 4 Case studies 20 4.1 Brazil’s soybean exports to China 4.2 Brazil’s import of Chinese manufactured goods 4.3 The Twin Ocean Railway 4.4 China’s investments in Brazil’s oil sector Chapter 5 Brazil’s and China’s views on South-South cooperation 28 5.1 China’s view on South-South cooperation 5.2 Brazil’s view on South-South cooperation 5.3 China and Brazil their view towards each other regarding SSC Chapter 6 Conclusion 34 Bibliography 37 2 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 About the topic After the 2017 BRICS summit in the Chinese city of Xiamen, Xi Jinping talked positively about South-South cooperation. He framed, among others, the Sino-Brazilian relation as mutually beneficial and said to be in favor of South-South cooperation (XinhuaNet, 2017). A few weeks before, Jair Bolsonaro, a federal deputy of the State of Rio de Janeiro argued: ‘’A China não está comprando do Brasil, está comprando o Brasil’’ (Bolsonaro, 2017). This means that the Asian country is not buying from Brazil, but it buys Brazil itself. At the end of October 2018, after counting the votes of the second round of the presidential elections in Brazil, it became clear that Jair Bolsonaro won the elections, which made him president-elect. According to the Group of 77 and China (2009) that tries to foster development among the developing countries, South-South cooperation has to benefit mutually, which means that both countries that work together on a project have to reap the benefits of it. This seems logical because if the objective of ‘cooperation’ is taken into consideration, one will notice that no form of cooperation will exist if a certain kind of commitment is not beneficial for the party that one represents. However, Jair Bolsonaro frequently has warned Brazilians for the Chinese dominant way of acting in Brazil. Nevertheless, later on, while being the new president-elect of Brazil, Bolsonaro revealed that he is in favor of Chinese investments and a growing Sino-Brazilian trade (Reuters, 2018). His distrust towards the Chinese economic influence in Brazil was, at least for the most part, lifted by this statement. The Sino-Brazilian economic relation is of relevant importance given that China, the second biggest economy in the world after the U.S., is Brazil’s main trading partner. On top of that, in Latin America, Brazil is China’s main trading partner either. One of the characteristics that has to be taken into account concerning world trade is that nowadays manufactured goods are likely to come from China. In 1980 only 49,7% of its export consisted of manufactured goods, while in 2006, more than 94% of China’s exports existed of manufactured products (Chen, 2017). During the last three decades, China developed from a poor country with a relatively high agricultural population to the world’s leading possessor of metropolises in the world (Economy & Levi, 2014). Between 1978 and 2014, the Chinese urbanization degree increased from 17,9% to 54,8% (Huang; Yan; Wu, 2016). In addition, the Chinese government estimates that by 2030, an extra 300 million people have moved from the countryside to the city. The development that China experienced, has led to a significant demand of resources. Regardless the kind of resources the Asian country needs, it will pursue what is considered necessary to fulfill the economic, political and military requirements (Economy & Levi, 2014). 3 On the contrary, Brazil could rather be considered as a main exporter of commodities. Iron ore, soybeans, frozen chicken, oil and sugar are examples of Brazil’s commodity exports. During Brazil’s commodity boom of the 2000s, the prices of commodities were high. However, largely as a result of falling commodity prices, Brazil went through a grave crisis between 2014 and 2016. The Economist creatively elaborated the difference between ‘the boom’ and Brazil’s economic and political crises in Brazil by using two opposite covers, respectively in November 2009 and in January 2016. Source: The Economist Source: The Economist The left picture about the country’s take off was The Economist’s cover because by then Brazil was seen as an emerging power. Its fall was shown at the cover in 2016, the year when president Dilma Rousseff faced an impeachment. In the meantime, although China’s GDP does not experience a continuous relatively high growth anymore, Chinese Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Latin America (principally in Brazil) is significantly higher than during the 2000s. In addition, as has been said before, China is Brazil’s main trading partner. In this thesis China is classified as being part of the Global South. Possibly a little group of scholars would not agree on this, but generally speaking, the country is considered as a Global South country. 1.2 Methodology 4 To study the Sino-Brazilian economic relation and its link to South-South cooperation, a qualitative case study methodology will be used in this research. In accordance with Baxter and Jack (2008), ‘’[t]his qualitative case study is an approach to research that facilitates exploration of a phenomenon within its context using a variety of data sources’’ (Baxter and Jack, 2008: 544). Yin (2003) argues that a case study should be used when the emphasis of a study is placed on explaining why and how phenomena occurred. In addition, it should not be possible to influence the attitudes of the involved ‘actors’ in the case study. Furthermore, the contexts of the phenomena are considered as important because they have affected them. Finally the boundaries between the contexts and the phenomena are not easy to recognize (Yin, 2003). There is a lot of confusion about the meaning of a case study (Baxter & Jack, 2008). First of all it is interesting to explain the word ‘case’. According to Gerring, ‘’[it] connotes a spatially delimited phenomenon (a unit) observed at a single point in time or over some period of time’’ (2007: 19). The distinction between a case study and a study that is cross-case is not very clear to define because the more cases that are used, the less deeply studied they are, which means that it deserves the term of case study to a lesser extent. If within a research the focus is placed on several case studies instead of one single case study, a study is rather called cross-case due to the lack of intensity (Gerring, 2007). In this sense, according to Gerring (2007), this thesis would rather be based on a cross-case study because four different case studies are used in a relatively small research. Case studies vary in their scope. Two characteristics of the case study methodology define their depth. Firstly, the amount of case studies that are used within a research. Secondly, it is important how much information is collected for each case study (Hammersley & Gomm, 2000). In accordance with Biesanz and Biesanz, ‘’[t]he case study is a form of qualitative analysis involving the very careful and complete observation of a person, a situation or an institution’’ (Mustafa, 2008: 5). Furthermore, by taking into account quality and quantity, it is important to know the difference between statistical method and the case study method. Statistical method differs from the case study method because by using statistical method, the importance of quantity is stressed, while for the case study method, one is much freer in giving explanations. On top of that, a case study is more profound in comparison with statistical method because, if this latter method is applied, preferably one generalizes on the basis of the quantity of measurements (Mustafa, 2008). It is also relevant to explain the different kinds of case studies. The first one is the single case study. This type entails lots of details and could be applied for instance for theory testing. The second one is the deviant case study, which differs completely from the existing detailed literature. Using this type of case study may lead to modifications of theories. The third one is the comparative case study, also called the multiple case study. 5 This research consists of various cases (at least two) and with the aid of a multiple case study a theory could be tested several times (Mustafa, 2008). The latter mentioned type of case study will be used for this thesis, that is to say the multiple case study. However, Gerring (2007) would rather call this research a cross case study. Although ‘the Sino-Brazilian relation’ entails more than just economic ties, this thesis will focus on the economic relation between China and Brazil. For that reason the principal division in order to study the Sino-Brazilian economic relation shall consist of two main components, which are trade and investments. Concerning trade, Brazil’s imports deriving from China as well as Brazil’s exports to China shall be taken into account. Regarding the part that is about investments, only the Chinese investments in Brazil form part of this thesis. In contrast to China, Brazil has not sought to invest considerably in China (such as China did in Brazil).
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