Reproduction and Dispersal of Biological Soil Crust Organisms
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Mycorrhizae's Role in Plant Nutrition and Protection from Pathogens
Current Investigations in Agriculture and Current Research DOI: 10.32474/CIACR.2019.08.000277 ISSN: 2637-4676 Research Article Mycorrhizae’s Role in Plant Nutrition and Protection from Pathogens Mohammad Imad khrieba* Plant Pathology and Biological Control, National Commission of Biotechnology (NCBT), Syria *Corresponding author: Mohammad Imad khrieba, Plant Pathology and Biological Control, National Commission of Biotechnology (NCBT), Syria Received: October 22, 2019 Published: December 02, 2019 Abstract Mycorrhizae establish symbiotic relationships with plants and play an essential role in plant growth, disease protection, and overall soil quality. There are two main categories of Mycorrhizae relationships: Endomycorrhizal fungi (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi) (AMF) form relationships with over 90% of plants (including turf grasses). Ectomycorrhizae fungi form relationships with only about 2% of plants, but some of them are quite common. In this scientific review, we will only talk about Endomycorrhizal. Mycorrhizae described in current scientific literature, the Endomycorrhizal the most abundant and widespread. The molecular basis of nutrient exchange between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and host plants is presented. The role of AM fungi in disease protection, Root colonisation by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) can improve plant resistance/tolerance to biotic stresses. Although this bio protection has been amply described in different plant systems, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Besides mechanisms such as improved plant nutrition and competition, experimental evidence supports the involvement of plant defense mechanisms in the observed protection. During mycorrhiza establishment, modulation of plant defenses responses occurs upon recognition of the AMF in order to achieve a functional symbiosis. As a consequence of this modulation, a mild, but effective activation of the plant immune responses may occur, not only locally but also systemically. -
Mycorrhizae, Mycorrhizospheres, and Reforestation: Current Knowledge and Research Needs
929 Mycorrhizae, mycorrhizospheres, and reforestation: current knowledge and research needs D. A. PERRY Department of Forest Science, College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, U.S.A. 97331 R. MOLINA United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, U.S.A. 97331 AND M. P. AMARANTHUS Department of Forest Science, College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, U.S.A. 97331 Received October 21, 1986 Accepted May 13, 1987 PERRY, D. A., MOLINA, R., and AMARANTHUS, M. P. 1987. Mycorrhizae, mycorrhizospheres, and reforestation: current knowledge and research needs. Can. J. For. Res. 17 : 929-940. Although not a panacea, management of mycorrhizae and associated organisms is an important reforestation aid. Its three major components are protection of the indigenous soil community and evaluation of inoculation needs, integration of inoculation programs into existing reforestation technology, and research. Clear-cutting frequently results in reduced mycorrhizae formation, particularly when reforestation is delayed and no other host plants are present to maintain fungal populations. Implications of such reductions for reforestation vary with environmental factors and tree species. Adequate mycorrhiza formation is especially critical for ectomycorrhizal trees growing on poor soils or in environments where seedlings must establish quickly to survive. It may also be important where early successional, noncrop plants do not support the same mycobiont as the crop. In such circumstances, a self-reinforcing trend may develop, with poor mycorrhiza formation reducing seedling survival and poor tree stocking leading to further loss of mycorrhizal inocula. Inoculating nursery seedlings with mycobionts holds promise for improving outplanting performance only if site-adapted fungi are used. -
Long-Term Changes in Biological Soil Crust Cover and Composition Eva Dettweiler-Robinson1*, Jeanne M Ponzetti2 and Jonathan D Bakker3
Dettweiler-Robinson et al. Ecological Processes 2013, 2:5 http://www.ecologicalprocesses.com/content/2/1/5 RESEARCH Open Access Long-term changes in biological soil crust cover and composition Eva Dettweiler-Robinson1*, Jeanne M Ponzetti2 and Jonathan D Bakker3 Abstract Introduction: Communities change over time due to disturbances, variations in climate, and species invasions. Biological soil crust communities are important because they contribute to erosion control and nutrient cycling. Crust types may respond differently to changes in environmental conditions: single-celled organisms and bryophytes quickly recover after a disturbance, while lichens are slow growing and dominate favorable sites. Community change in crusts has seldom been assessed using repeated measures. For this study, we hypothesized that changes in crust composition were related to disturbance, topographic position, and invasive vegetation. Methods: We monitored permanent plots in the Columbia Basin in 1999 and 2010 and compared changes in crust composition, cover, richness, and turnover with predictor variables of herbivore exclosure, elevation, heat load index, time since fire, presence of an invasive grass, and change in cover of the invasive grass. Results: Bryophytes were cosmopolitan with high cover. Dominant lichens did not change dramatically. Indicator taxa differed by monitoring year. Bryophyte and total crust cover declined, and there was lower turnover outside of herbivore exclosures. Lichen cover did not change significantly. Plots that burned recently had high turnover. Increase in taxon richness was correlated with presence of an invasive grass in 1999. Change in cover of the invasive grass was positively related to proportional loss and negatively related to gain. Conclusions: Composition and turnover metrics differed significantly over 11 years, though cover was more stable between years. -
Biology and Systematics of Heterokont and Haptophyte Algae1
American Journal of Botany 91(10): 1508±1522. 2004. BIOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS OF HETEROKONT AND HAPTOPHYTE ALGAE1 ROBERT A. ANDERSEN Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, P.O. Box 475, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04575 USA In this paper, I review what is currently known of phylogenetic relationships of heterokont and haptophyte algae. Heterokont algae are a monophyletic group that is classi®ed into 17 classes and represents a diverse group of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial algae. Classes are distinguished by morphology, chloroplast pigments, ultrastructural features, and gene sequence data. Electron microscopy and molecular biology have contributed signi®cantly to our understanding of their evolutionary relationships, but even today class relationships are poorly understood. Haptophyte algae are a second monophyletic group that consists of two classes of predominately marine phytoplankton. The closest relatives of the haptophytes are currently unknown, but recent evidence indicates they may be part of a large assemblage (chromalveolates) that includes heterokont algae and other stramenopiles, alveolates, and cryptophytes. Heter- okont and haptophyte algae are important primary producers in aquatic habitats, and they are probably the primary carbon source for petroleum products (crude oil, natural gas). Key words: chromalveolate; chromist; chromophyte; ¯agella; phylogeny; stramenopile; tree of life. Heterokont algae are a monophyletic group that includes all (Phaeophyceae) by Linnaeus (1753), and shortly thereafter, photosynthetic organisms with tripartite tubular hairs on the microscopic chrysophytes (currently 5 Oikomonas, Anthophy- mature ¯agellum (discussed later; also see Wetherbee et al., sa) were described by MuÈller (1773, 1786). The history of 1988, for de®nitions of mature and immature ¯agella), as well heterokont algae was recently discussed in detail (Andersen, as some nonphotosynthetic relatives and some that have sec- 2004), and four distinct periods were identi®ed. -
Agricultural Soil Compaction: Causes and Management
October 2010 Agdex 510-1 Agricultural Soil Compaction: Causes and Management oil compaction can be a serious and unnecessary soil aggregates, which has a negative affect on soil S form of soil degradation that can result in increased aggregate structure. soil erosion and decreased crop production. Soil compaction can have a number of negative effects on Compaction of soil is the compression of soil particles into soil quality and crop production including the following: a smaller volume, which reduces the size of pore space available for air and water. Most soils are composed of • causes soil pore spaces to become smaller about 50 per cent solids (sand, silt, clay and organic • reduces water infiltration rate into soil matter) and about 50 per cent pore spaces. • decreases the rate that water will penetrate into the soil root zone and subsoil • increases the potential for surface Compaction concerns water ponding, water runoff, surface soil waterlogging and soil erosion Soil compaction can impair water Soil compaction infiltration into soil, crop emergence, • reduces the ability of a soil to hold root penetration and crop nutrient and can be a serious water and air, which are necessary for water uptake, all of which result in form of soil plant root growth and function depressed crop yield. • reduces crop emergence as a result of soil crusting Human-induced compaction of degradation. • impedes root growth and limits the agricultural soil can be the result of using volume of soil explored by roots tillage equipment during soil cultivation or result from the heavy weight of field equipment. • limits soil exploration by roots and Compacted soils can also be the result of natural soil- decreases the ability of crops to take up nutrients and forming processes. -
Bioaerosols Exposure Assessment in Mold-Damaged Houses in Normandy, France
Air Pollution XXVI 313 BIOAEROSOLS EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT IN MOLD-DAMAGED HOUSES IN NORMANDY, FRANCE ANTOINE DELANOE1, VIRGINIE SEGUIN1, VERONIQUE ANDRE1, STEPHANIE GENTE1, PHILIPPE VERITE1, EDWIGE VOTIER1, ESTELLE RICHARD1, VALERIE BOUCHART2, MARGOT DELFOUR2, NATACHA HEUTTE3 & DAVID GARON1 1Normandie Univ., UNICAEN & UNIROUEN, Centre F. Baclesse, ABTE EA4651 - ToxEMAC, Caen & Rouen, France 2LABEO, Caen, France 3Normandie Univ., UNIROUEN, CETAPS EA3832, Rouen, France ABSTRACT The deterioration of houses and indoor air quality caused by moisture and molds is a major health and economic concern in many countries. In 2009, the World Health Organization published a report that highlighted moisture problems in 10 to 50% of European homes. Damp indoor conditions lead to growth of microorganisms which can be released into the air. Airborne molds represent a significant part of these bioaerosols and are able to produce mycotoxins that may cause various adverse effects such as cytotoxicity or genotoxicity. This study follows 3 objectives: 1) characterization of airborne molds and selection of relevant microbiological indicators for monitoring air quality; 2) study of the toxicity of bioaerosols and molds collected from bioaerosols; 3) determination of the effects of climatic factors on fungal growth and mycotoxins production. Bioaerosols were collected in mold-damaged homes selected by local partners and then analyzed for their microbial composition (quantification of molds, endotoxins and glucans) and their toxicological properties (cytotoxicity on lung and skin cells). A questionnaire for assessing the health impact and the habits of residents was also systematically completed. Airborne mold concentrations ranged from 16.7 to 361,000 cfu/m3 and showed a fungal diversity ranging from 4 to 20 species per home. -
Biological Soil Crust Community Types Differ in Key Ecological Functions
UC Riverside UC Riverside Previously Published Works Title Biological soil crust community types differ in key ecological functions Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2cs0f55w Authors Pietrasiak, Nicole David Lam Jeffrey R. Johansen et al. Publication Date 2013-10-01 DOI 10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.05.011 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Soil Biology & Biochemistry 65 (2013) 168e171 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Soil Biology & Biochemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/soilbio Short communication Biological soil crust community types differ in key ecological functions Nicole Pietrasiak a,*, John U. Regus b, Jeffrey R. Johansen c,e, David Lam a, Joel L. Sachs b, Louis S. Santiago d a University of California, Riverside, Soil and Water Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Sciences, 2258 Geology Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA b University of California, Riverside, Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA c Biology Department, John Carroll University, 1 John Carroll Blvd., University Heights, OH 44118, USA d University of California, Riverside, Botany & Plant Sciences Department, 3113 Bachelor Hall, Riverside, CA 92521, USA e Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic article info abstract Article history: Soil stability, nitrogen and carbon fixation were assessed for eight biological soil crust community types Received 22 February 2013 within a Mojave Desert wilderness site. Cyanolichen crust outperformed all other crusts in multi- Received in revised form functionality whereas incipient crust had the poorest performance. A finely divided classification of 17 May 2013 biological soil crust communities improves estimation of ecosystem function and strengthens the Accepted 18 May 2013 accuracy of landscape-scale assessments. -
Challenges and Perspectives for Biosensing of Bioaerosol Containing Pathogenic Microorganisms
micromachines Review Challenges and Perspectives for Biosensing of Bioaerosol Containing Pathogenic Microorganisms Meixuan Li, Lei Wang †, Wuzhen Qi, Yuanjie Liu and Jianhan Lin * Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; [email protected] (M.L.); [email protected] (L.W.); [email protected] (W.Q.); [email protected] (Y.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected] † Co-first author: This author contributes equally to the first author. Abstract: As an important route for disease transmission, bioaerosols have received increasing attention. In the past decades, many efforts were made to facilitate the development of bioaerosol monitoring; however, there are still some important challenges in bioaerosol collection and detection. Thus, recent advances in bioaerosol collection (such as sedimentation, filtration, centrifugation, impaction, impingement, and microfluidics) and detection methods (such as culture, molecular biological assay, and immunological assay) were summarized in this review. Besides, the important challenges and perspectives for bioaerosol biosensing were also discussed. Keywords: bioaerosol; collection; biosensing; microfluidic chip; pathogenic microorganisms Citation: Li, M.; Wang, L.; Qi, W.; 1. Introduction Liu, Y.; Lin, J. Challenges and Bioaerosols within the diameter of 100 µm mainly refer to bacteria, viruses, fungi, and Perspectives for Biosensing of some microbial fragments suspended in the air [1–3]. The size of bioaerosols containing Bioaerosol Containing Pathogenic fungi, bacteria, and viruses generally range from 1 to 30 µm, from 0.25 to 8 µm and less than Microorganisms. Micromachines 2021, 0.3 µm, respectively [4,5]. According to the report from the World Health Organization, 12, 798. -
Lichens of Alaska's South Coast
United States Department of Agriculture Lichens of Alaska’s South Coast Forest Service R10-RG-190 Alaska Region Reprint April 2014 WHAT IS A LICHEN? Lichens are specialized fungi that “farm” algae as a food source. Unlike molds, mildews, and mushrooms that parasitize or scavenge food from other organisms, the fungus of a lichen cultivates tiny algae and / or blue-green bacteria (called cyanobacteria) within the fabric of interwoven fungal threads that form the body of the lichen (or thallus). The algae and cyanobacteria produce food for themselves and for the fungus by converting carbon dioxide and water into sugars using the sun’s energy (photosynthesis). Thus, a lichen is a combination of two or sometimes three organisms living together. Perhaps the most important contribution of the fungus is to provide a protective habitat for the algae or cyanobacteria. The green or blue-green photosynthetic layer is often visible between two white fungal layers if a piece of lichen thallus is torn off. Most lichen-forming fungi cannot exist without the photosynthetic partner because they have become dependent on them for survival. But in all cases, a fungus looks quite different in the lichenized form compared to its free-living form. HOW DO LICHENS REPRODUCE? Lichens sexually reproduce with fruiting bodies of various shapes and colors that can often look like miniature mushrooms. These are called apothecia (Fig. 1) and contain spores that germinate and Figure 1. Apothecia, fruiting grow into the fungus. Each bodies fungus must find the right photosynthetic partner in order to become a lichen. Lichens reproduce asexually in several ways. -
Ordovician Land Plants and Fungi from Douglas Dam, Tennessee
PROOF The Palaeobotanist 68(2019): 1–33 The Palaeobotanist 68(2019): xxx–xxx 0031–0174/2019 0031–0174/2019 Ordovician land plants and fungi from Douglas Dam, Tennessee GREGORY J. RETALLACK Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA. *Email: gregr@uoregon. edu (Received 09 September, 2019; revised version accepted 15 December, 2019) ABSTRACT The Palaeobotanist 68(1–2): Retallack GJ 2019. Ordovician land plants and fungi from Douglas Dam, Tennessee. The Palaeobotanist 68(1–2): xxx–xxx. 1–33. Ordovician land plants have long been suspected from indirect evidence of fossil spores, plant fragments, carbon isotopic studies, and paleosols, but now can be visualized from plant compressions in a Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian or 460 Ma) sinkhole at Douglas Dam, Tennessee, U. S. A. Five bryophyte clades and two fungal clades are represented: hornwort (Casterlorum crispum, new form genus and species), liverwort (Cestites mirabilis Caster & Brooks), balloonwort (Janegraya sibylla, new form genus and species), peat moss (Dollyphyton boucotii, new form genus and species), harsh moss (Edwardsiphyton ovatum, new form genus and species), endomycorrhiza (Palaeoglomus strotheri, new species) and lichen (Prototaxites honeggeri, new species). The Douglas Dam Lagerstätte is a benchmark assemblage of early plants and fungi on land. Ordovician plant diversity now supports the idea that life on land had increased terrestrial weathering to induce the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event in the sea and latest Ordovician (Hirnantian) -
Aloina Obliquifolia (Pottiaceae, Bryophyta) New to South America, and New Reports of Aloina in the Neotropics
Cryptogamie, Bryologie, 2008, 29 (1): 75-81 © 2008 Adac. Tous droits réservés Aloina obliquifolia (Pottiaceae, Bryophyta) new to South America, and new reports of Aloina in the Neotropics María J.CANO* , M. TeresaGALLEGO, Juan A. JIMÉNEZ & JuanGUERRA Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain (Received 29 May 2007, accepted 2 July 2007) Abstract – Aloina obliquifolia is newly reported for South America from Ecuador and Peru. This species has been known previously only from China and Europe. In addition, A. catillum is reported new to Chile and Ecuador and A. bifrons is reported for the first time from Ecuador. The diagnostic characters, habitat preferences, illustrations and updated ranges of the treated species are included, as well as an identification key to the known species of Aloina in South America. Aloina / Pottiaceae / Distribution / South America / Neotropic Resumen – Aloina obliquifolia se cita por primera vez para Sudamérica de Ecuador y Perú. Previamente esta especie se conocía sólo de Europa y China. Además, A. catillum es novedad para Chile y Ecuador y A. bifrons para Ecuador. Se aportan datos sobre los caracteres diagnósticos, hábitat, ilustraciones y distribución de las especies tratadas, así como una clave de identificación de las especies de Aloina en Sudamérica. Aloina / Pottiaceae / Distribución / Sudamérica / Neotrópico INTRODUCTION Aloina Kindb. (Pottiaceae) is a rather widely distributed genus that usually grows on open soils and soil-covered rocks in dry places from the sea level to high, open ranges. The world revision of Delgadillo (1975) recognized 12 taxa. Gallego et al. (1998) described a new species, Aloina humilis M.T.Gallego, M.J. -
Evolution of Bacterial Communities in the Wheat Crop Rhizosphere
bs_bs_banner Environmental Microbiology (2014) doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12452 Evolution of bacterial communities in the wheat crop rhizosphere Suzanne Donn, John A. Kirkegaard, Geetha Perera, per year, yet need to lift to at least 1.5% per year by 2050 Alan E. Richardson and Michelle Watt* to avoid food price increases (Fischer and Edmeades, CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2010). Intensive cereal systems, including wheat following 2601, Australia. wheat rotations, dominate many global food production systems and yields have been declining in these systems, often due to undiagnosed soil biological causes (Lobell Summary et al., 2009). Developing a predictive understanding of the The gap between current average global wheat yields links between soil biology, agronomy and crop perfor- and that achievable through best agronomic manage- mance would be a first step towards improving productivity ment and crop genetics is large. This is notable in of intensive cereals, and would have a major impact on intensive wheat rotations which are widely used. global food production (Cassman, 1999). Expectations are that this gap can be reduced by Globally, expectations are high that soil biology can be manipulating soil processes, especially those that manipulated through crop management and genetics involve microbial ecology. Cross-year analysis of the to increase yields in agricultural production systems soil microbiome in an intensive wheat cropping (Morrissey et al., 2004; Welbaum et al., 2004). Rhizobial system revealed that rhizosphere bacteria changed associations with legumes for N2-fixation, crop species much more than the bulk soil community. Dominant rotation for pathogen control and mycorrhizal associations factors influencing populations included binding to are obvious examples that have had clear productivity roots, plant age, site and planting sequence.