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A Novel 1-9 Ghz On-Body Antenna for Low-Loss Biomedical Telemetry with Implants

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A Novel 1-9 Ghz On-Body Antenna for Low-Loss Biomedical Telemetry with Implants This is the author's version of an article that has been published in this journal. Changes were made to this version by the publisher prior to publication. The final version of record is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2018.2889159 > AP1804-0782< 1 Bio-Matched Horn: A Novel 1-9 GHz On-Body Antenna for Low-Loss Biomedical Telemetry with Implants John Blauert, Student Member, IEEE, and Asimina Kiourti, Member, IEEE monitoring/control equipment. Such wireless communications Abstract— We present the Bio-Matched Horn antenna: a are typically performed in approved frequency bands, novel 1.773 cm3 on-body antenna for very-low-loss including the Medical Device Radiocommunications Service communication with wireless implants across the 1 to 9 (MedRadio) band [17] of 401-406 MHz or the Industrial, GHz bandwidth. To achieve this unique performance, the Scientific and Medical Radio (ISM) bands of 2.4-2.5 GHz and Bio-Matched Horn is composed of water-filled holes used 5.725-5.875 GHz [18]. to mimic the frequency-dependent permittivity of the Accordingly, design of on-body antennas that are underlying tissue over its entire bandwidth. The horn specifically optimized for biomedical telemetry with wireless shape further allows the proposed antenna to implants has attracted considerable scientific interest [19]- communicate efficiently through biological tissue for both [21]. Expectedly, design of such on-body antennas is subcutaneous and deep-tissue wireless implants. associated with a number of challenges, including: Measurement results at 2.4 GHz are in good agreement (a) Mismatch at the biological tissue and antenna interface. with simulations and show a transmission loss of 8.01 dB to The relative permittivity of human skin is noticeably higher (ε a 4-mm-deep implant and 19.21 dB to a 2-cm-deep r = 46.79 at 400 MHz and ε = 38.06 at 2.4 GHz) [22] than that implant. Compared to previous designs, this is a r remarkable improvement by 14.5 dB and 10.8 dB for of the surrounding free-space (εr = 1). Exterior antenna designs subcutaneous and deep-tissue communication, reported to date for telemetry with wireless implants do not respectively. In this paper, we discuss the operation take this high permittivity into account [7]-[9]. Instead, the principle and design of the Bio-Matched Horn, its most common approach entails the use of an interrogating performance for subcutaneous and deep-tissue implant antenna separated from the human body through free-space telemetry, sensitivity to rotational and positional [4]-[6], [11]-[12]. This approach has shown to introduce a misalignment, and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) noticeable mismatch loss of 17.42 dB at the skin-air interface performance. at 2.4 GHz [9]. On-body antennas have been reported, but the relative permittivity of their substrate is typically εr ~10 [9], Index Terms— Biomedical telemetry, deep tissue implying, again, considerable mismatch losses. coupling, wearable antenna, wireless implants. (b) Environmental and inter-subject variability. Electrical properties of biological tissues can vary based upon factors I. INTRODUCTION such as temperature, age, gender, daily activities, etc. [23]. In HE rapid development of implantable medical devices for fact, research has demonstrated possible changes in Tsensing (brain implants, glucose monitors, etc.) and permittivity and conductivity as high as ±20% from their stimulation (pacemakers, defibrillators, etc.) [1]-[5] is poised nominal values [24]. Such changes may cause detrimental to reinvent medical healthcare as we know it. Developing detuning of the on-body antennas. To account for this, wireless implanted medical devices requires the development broadband antenna designs are needed [12]. Adaptive of efficient implantable antennas [4]-[16]. The latter are impedance matching techniques could potentially be an integrated within the implant and, depending on the alternative to using broadband designs [25]. Nevertheless, to application, they may operate in subcutaneous [4]-[8] and/or date, research on adaptive matching has mostly be limited to deep-tissue environments [9]-[12]. In turn, the utmost aim of inductive coupling rather than antenna-based communications these implantable antennas is to enable efficient wireless [26]-[27]. communication, namely biomedical telemetry, with exterior (c) Frequency-dependent tissue properties. Electrical properties of biological tissues are frequency-dependent, with Manuscript received April 27, 2018, revised August 28, 2018. This work permittivity and conductivity of skin changing by as much as was supported in part by the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation under 21% and 87% in the 1-9 GHz range, respectively [22]. Even if grant 2-SRA-2016-237-Q-R and by the Consortium on Electromagnetics and Radio Frequencies (CERF). matching of the antenna substrate is pursued to overcome J. Blauert and A. Kiourti are with the ElectroScience Laboratory, Dept. of challenge (a) raised above, such matching will only be valid at Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, a given frequency. That is, broadband matching of an OH, USA (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]). Copyright (c) 2019 IEEE. Personal use is permitted. For any other purposes, permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing [email protected]. This is the author's version of an article that has been published in this journal. Changes were made to this version by the publisher prior to publication. The final version of record is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2018.2889159 > AP1804-0782< 2 TABLE I. SUBCUTANEOUS COUPLING: COMPARISON OF PROPOSED DESIGN VS. THE STATE OF THE ART Implantation Transmission Ref. Frequency Air Gap Size / Antenna Type Bandwidth Depth Loss 2.4 GHz 3.3 mm 4 mm π × 72.52 × 13.635 mm3 / Spiral 0.6-6 GHz 26 dB [5] 4.8 GHz 3.3 mm 4 mm π × 72.52 × 13.635 mm3 / Spiral 0.6-6 GHz 19 dB 400 MHz 4 mm 5 cm 375 mm / Dipole NA 34 dB [6] 2.4 GHz 4 mm 5 cm 62.4 mm / Dipole NA 32 dB [7] 2.4 GHz 4 mm 0 cm 26.3 × 30 × 1.6 mm3 / Spiral 2-11 GHz 22.5 dB This work 2.4 GHz 4 mm 0 cm 22 × 22 × 10 mm3 / Horn 1.4-8.5 GHz 8.01 dB TABLE II. DEEP TISSUE COUPLING: COMPARISON OF PROPOSED DESIGN VS. THE STATE OF THE ART Implantation Transmission Ref. Frequency Air Gap Size / Antenna Type Bandwidth Depth Loss [8] 400 MHz 9 mm 0 cm 28 × 26.8 × 0.635 mm3 / Patch 380-470 MHz 24 dB π ×17.52 × 0.76 mm3 / Exponentially [9] 2.4 GHz 2 cm 0 cm 2.35-2.7 GHz 30 dB Tapered Slot [10] 2.4 GHz 3.5 cm 10 cm NA / Free-Space Horn 0.9-2.45 GHz 56.5 dB [11] 400 MHz 1 cm 1.5 cm 70 × 60 × 1.6 mm3 / Patch 350-450 MHz 50 dB [12] 2.4 GHz 5 cm 2.55 m NA / Free-Space Horn NA 81 dB This work 2.4 GHz 2 cm 0 cm 22 × 22 × 10 mm3 / Horn 1.4-8.5 GHz 19.2 dB antenna’s permittivity to the underlying tissue environment As highlighted in Tables I and II, the Bio-Matched Horn proves challenging via traditional approaches that rely on offers a promising alternative to existing on-body antenna ceramic laminates (i.e., substrates with frequency-independent designs for wireless telemetry with both subcutaneous (<5- properties). mm-deep) and deep-tissue (>5-mm-deep) implants. As seen, (d) Inherent material loss of biological tissues. Biological the proposed antenna is remarkably efficient, offering 14.5 dB tissues are inherently lossy, implying detrimental effects in the lower transmission loss vs. previous designs [7] at 2.4 GHz for associated on-body-to-implant wireless communication [28]. a 4 mm implantation depth. Concurrently, the Bio-Matched For example, the loss tangent of skin and muscle tissues at 2.4 Horn offers 10.8 dB lower transmission loss vs. previous GHz is equal to 0.284 and 0.242, respectively [22]. As a designs [9] at 2.4 GHz for a 2 cm implantation depth. comparison, the loss tangent of free-space is typically Although the proposed antenna has a 1 cm height, which is not approximated as zero, while conventional ceramic and optimal for wearables, the antenna was constructed as proof- polymer substrates exhibit loss tangents of <0.02. Efficient, of-concept design for the heterogeneous water-based dielectric high-gain on-body antenna designs are, thus, needed to matching technique. overcome the associated wireless path losses. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II To mitigate these issues, we propose the Bio-Matched discusses the operation principle and design of the Bio- Horn antenna: a miniaturized (1.773 cm3) on-body horn Matched Horn. Section III presents the employed antenna that employs an anisotropic material configuration to measurement and simulation set-ups. Section IV discusses the mimic the frequency-dependent electrical properties of antenna performance. The paper concludes in Section V. biological tissues across its 1 to 9 GHz bandwidth. Notably, developing a 1-9 GHz bandwidth allows for several benefits, II. OPERATION PRINCIPLE AND ANTENNA DESIGN as it: (a) covers the 1.4 GHz WMTS band commonly used in The proposed Bio-Matched Horn is shown in Fig. 1(a) with ocular implants [4], (b) covers the 2.4 GHz ISM band which is design parameters given in Table III. The antenna is compact, emerging as extremely popular for wireless implants (brain maintaining a volume of 1.773 cm3, and is intended for on- implants, glucose monitors, and so on [4]-[7],[9]-[10],[12]), body operation and telemetry with subcutaneous and/or deep- (c) covers the 5.8 GHz ISM band, which has already been tissue wireless implants.
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