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Brinkley, Chapter 2 Notes Brinkley The Founding of Jamestown 3 ships set sail for Virginia in 1607. They reached the American coast in the spring of 1607, sailed into Chesapeake Bay and up a river they named the James The colony was swampy and Chapter 2 bordered the land of local Powhatan Indians. Early colonists were susceptible to malaria. Futile energy was Transplantations and Borderlands spent searching for GOLD rather than building a permanent settlement. No women were sent. Within one year of landing, only 38 of the 104 settlers survived. Jamestown survived largely as a result of Captain John Smith. Smith united the divided colony, and imposed work and order. He organized raids on Indian villages to steal food and kidnap natives. By the summer of 1609, the colony was showing promise of survival. Exchanges of Agricultural Technology Reorganization and Expansion Jamestown's survival was largely a result of As Jamestown struggled to survive, the London Company (renamed the Virginia agricultural technologies developed by the Company) obtained a new charter in the spring of 1609 from the king, which Indians and borrowed by the English. increased its power, territory, and population. Many who reached Jamestown died before winter. The winter of 1609-1610 became known as the “starving time”. The local Indians killed off the livestock in the woods and kept the colonists barricaded Indians grew beans, pumpkins, and maize. The English within their colony. The colonists lived off quickly recognized the value of corn, which was easier to what they could find. cultivate and produced larger yields than any English grains. They also learned the advantages of growing beans alongside corn to enrich the soil. When help arrived the colonists tried to flee back to England. As they proceeded down the James, they met an English ship coming up the river with the colony's first governor, Indians also introduced the canoe to colonists which was much better at navigating Lord De La Warr. The departing settlers agreed to return to Jamestown. The effort to the rivers and streams than large English vessls. turn a profit in Jamestown resumed. The Powhatans Indian War of 1622 The influx of land hungry migrants and conversion-minded ministers sparked conflict with the Indians. Relations had been relatively calm between the groups since the marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe in 1614. Led by Chief Powhatan Opechancanough - Brother of Powhatan By 1618, upon the death of Chief Powhatan, relations soured. Opechancanough, began Saved! to secretly plan the elimination of the English. In 1622, tribesmen called on the colonists Pocahontas - as if to offer goods for sale - then they suddenly attacked. Daughter Took Captain John Smith 347 colonists died but ultimately, the Indians had to retreat. Wars would continue for Saw English as potential allies. Provided captive. years between the two groups. In 1624, shocked by the Indian surprise, King James I revoked the VA Co's charter and made it a royal colony. Arranged them with corn. In return wanted marriage to hatchets, bells, beads, copper, and "two John Rolfe to great guns." He did not get the tribute. The king and his ministers appointed the governor and a small advisory council. The ensure peace House of Burgesses remained, but all legislation had to be approved by the King's Privy with English. Council (group of political advisors). The king also decreed the legal establishment of Bore a son, the Church of England. Therefore, Virginians had to pay taxes to support the clergy. Thomas. Died Powhatan realized the English did not come to trade when she was but "to invade my people and possess my country" VA became a model for future royal colonies in America. 21 in England. when John Rolfe began to plant tobacco. 1 Brinkley, Chapter 2 Notes Tobacco in Virginia Tobacco in Virginia Under the leadership of its first governors, VA survived and expanded. New settlements To entice new workers to VA, the VA Co. established the "headright system." emerged. The colonists had military protection against the Indians and discovered a new, Headrights were 50 acre grants of land. Each new settler received a single headright marketable crop: tobacco. for himself or herself. 1612 - John Rolfe cultivated tobacco in VA Tobacco planting quickly expanded. Needed large This encouraged families to migrate areas of land to grow b/c it exhausted the soil quickly. together. More people = more land for Demand for land increased rapidly. Colonists the family. The VA Co also transported established plantations deeper into the interior, ironworkers and other skilled craftsmen isolating themselves from Jamestown and pushing into to VA to diversify the economy. Indian territory. 1619 - VA Co. sent 100 Englishwomen to VA to become wives. It promised male colonists full rights of Englishmen, an end to arbitrary rule, and even a share in self- government. By the end of July, delegates from various communities in VA met as the House of Burgesses - the first elected legislature in the colonies. First Africans Arrive Bacon's Rebellion Late August 1619 - a Dutch ship brought in "20 and odd Negroes." Colonists 1st Falling tobacco prices signaled an imbalanced market thought of them as indentured servants. Initially, the use of black labor was limited. Falling prices also reflected the British Parliament's passage of the Navigation Acts of Planters preferred European indentured servants until the 1670s. 1651, 1660, and 1663. Acts allowed only British or colonial ships to enter American ports. This excluded Dutch merchants who paid the highest price for tobacco. Africans who labored did so for wealthy plantation owners as indentured servants. They were not legally enslaved. The English Constitution did not recognize chattel Acts required colonists to ship tobacco, sugar, and other "enumerated articles" only to slavery - the ownership of human beings as property. England, where monarchs continually raised import duties, stifiling market demand. Colonists were forced to find a way to reduce their costs to produce tobacco. Boom and Bust Cycle Africans were generally socially mobile until the price of tobacco collapsed in the 1660s. Planters had to find a way to produce tobacco cheaper - African slavery. The other event that ushered in the use of African slaves was Bacon's Rebellion. Seeds of Rebellion Berkeley and the Indians Despite low prices, Virginians continued to plant tobacco In 1607 there were 35,000 Indians in the land called Virginia. because there was no other cash crop. Poor planters could By 1675, there were 3,500 Indians left living on the fringes of not afford their own land and became indentures or tenant the Virginia territory. farmers. Poor landless servants demanded that Berkeley expel or A planter-merchant aristocracy formed as a result. They exterminate the Indians. Aristocratic planters objected because secured grants from the royal governors, particularly from they wanted to prevent those poor farmers from gaining their own Sir William Berkeley. Berkeley bestowed large land land - they wanted the cheap labor. Berkeley agreed with the grants on members of his council. The councilors aristocracy. promptly exempted these lands from taxation and appointed friends as local justices of the peace and county Fighting broke out late in 1675, when a small VA militia murdered 30 Occaneechee judges. Indians. Then, 1,000 militiamen surrounded a fortified Susquehannock (Iroquois) village and killed 5 chiefs. The Indians retaliated by attacking outlying plantations and killing To win support in the House of Burgesses, Berkeley bought off legislators with 300 colonists. land grants and lucrative appointments as sheriffs and tax collectors. Social Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy landowner living on the frontier, asked governor Berkeley to unrest erupted when Berkeley took voting rights away from landless freemen, grant him a military commission. Berkeley refused. As a result, Bacon mobilized his who constituted 1/2 of adult white men. By 1670 political representation neighbors and attacked any Indians he could find. declined to where only free property owners could vote. 2 Brinkley, Chapter 2 Notes Bacon and the Indians Impact of Bacon's Rebellion Nathaniel Bacon emerged as the leader of the rebels. Bacon had a position on the governor's council, but he owned a After Bacon's Rebellion, wealthy planters retained frontier estate, & differed with Berkeley on Indian policy. their dominance by curbing corruption and appointing ambitious young farmers to public office. After Bacon mobilized his neighbors and attacked They appeased these yeoman and tenants by cutting Indians, Berkeley expelled Bacon from the council and taxes and expelling the Susquehannocks, had him arrested. But Bacon's army forced the governor Piscataways, and other Indian peoples from the to release Bacon and hold legislative elections. region. The newly elected House of Burgesses enacted far-reaching political reforms that not only curbed the powers of the governor and council but also restored voting rights to landless freemen. The reforms though, came too late. Most important, wealthy planters Backed by over 400 men, Bacon issued a "Manifesto and Declaration of the forestalled another rebellion by poor People" that demanded the death or removal of the Indians and an end to the rule of whites by cutting the use of wealthy planters. indentured servants and instead Bacon moved his army to Jamestown and burned the plantations of Berkeley's allies. importing thousands of African Bacon then died suddenly of dysentery in 1676 and Berkeley took revenge. He dispersed laborers; the Burgesses explicitly the militia, seized the estates of wealthy men in the militia, and hanged 23 men. legalized chattel slavery in 1705. Tobacco in Maryland The Founding of Maryland Like VA, tobacco quickly became the main crop. Europeans A 2nd growing tobacco colony developed in Maryland. began to crave the nicotine in tobacco.
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