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Geochemistry of Subsurface Late Quaternary Ironstones in Rajshahi and Bogra Districts, Bangladesh: Implications for Genetic and Depositional Conditions

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Geochemistry of Subsurface Late Quaternary Ironstones in Rajshahi and Bogra Districts, Bangladesh: Implications for Genetic and Depositional Conditions Acta Geochim (2019) 38(3):404–413 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-018-00310-0 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Geochemistry of subsurface Late Quaternary ironstones in Rajshahi and Bogra Districts, Bangladesh: implications for genetic and depositional conditions 1 1 2 Md. Sazzadur Rahman • Ismail Hossain • Pradip Kumar Biswas • 3 2 1 Md. Abdur Rahim • A. S. M. Mehedi Hasan • Md. Ibrahim Adham Received: 4 June 2018 / Revised: 22 November 2018 / Accepted: 25 December 2018 / Published online: 3 January 2019 Ó Science Press and Institute of Geochemistry, CAS and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract The present study deals with the geochemistry of mostly formed by bacterial build up in swamps and mar- Late Quaternary ironstones in the subsurface in Rajshahi shes, and was subsequently embedded in clayey mud. and Bogra districts, Bangladesh with the lithological study Within the coastal environments, the water table fluctuates of the boreholes sediments. Major lithofacies of the studied and goethite and siderite with mud and quartz became dry boreholes are clay, silty clay, sandy clay, fine to coarse and compacted to form ironstone. grained sand, gravels and sands with (fragmentary) iron- stones. The ironstones contain major oxides, Fe2O3*(* Keywords Ironstone Á Geochemistry Á Goethite Á Siderite Á total Fe) (avg. 66.6 wt%), SiO2 (avg. 15.3 wt%), Al2O3 Bangladesh (avg. 4.0 wt%), MnO (avg. 7.7 wt%), and CaO (avg. 3.4 wt%). These geochemical data imply that the higher per- centage of Fe2O3* along with Al2O3 and MnO indicate the 1 Introduction ironstone as goethite and siderite, which is also validated by XRD data. A comparatively higher percentage of SiO2 Iron, which is estimated to make up about 4.7% of the indicates the presence of relative amounts of clastic quartz earth’s crust, is present in significant amounts in almost all and manganese-rich silicate or clay in these rocks. These sedimentary rocks. More than 400 Fe-minerals are reported ironstones also have significant amounts of MnO (avg. 7.7 in different literatures; however, only iron ore minerals wt%) suggesting their depositional environments under with more than 15% of Fe are relevant (H.G. Dill, personal oxygenated condition. Chemical data of these ironstones communication). Aggregates of iron ore minerals, namely suggest that the source rock suffered deep chemical ironstone, are sedimentary rocks, either deposited directly weathering and iron was mostly carried in association with as ferruginous sediment or created by chemical replace- the clay fraction and organic matter. Iron concretion was ments that contains a substantial proportion of an iron compound. The iron minerals comprising ironstones can consist either of oxides (i.e., goethite, limonite, hematite, Electronic supplementary material The online version of this and magnetite), carbonates (i.e., siderite), silicate (i.e., article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-018-00310-0) contains sup- plementary material, which is available to authorized users. chamosite) or some combination of these minerals (James 1996). The studied subsurface ironstones are mostly light & Ismail Hossain gray to brown in color, very hard and compact, and con- [email protected] coidal with spherical or elliptical nature. These types of ironstones are occasionally found during 1 Department of Geology and Mining, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh the drilling of a shallow or deep water pump setup at a depth of about 45–84 m below the study areas (Fig. 1). 2 Institutes of Mining, Mineralogy and Metallurgy (IMMM), BCSIR, Joypurhat, Bangladesh Dominant lithologies of these areas (from boreholes data) are clay, silty clay, sandy clay, fine to coarse grained sand 3 Department of Disaster Resilience and Engineering, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, and sands with gravel and/or ironstones. Generally, the Dumki, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh geochemical process for iron concentration is controlled by 123 Acta Geochim (2019) 38(3):404–413 405 Fig. 1 Location map showing borehole positions in Mohanpur, Rajshahi and Kahaloo, Bogra Districts, Bangladesh the dynamic tectonic evolution of earth (Mohanta 2007). 2 Geological setting The silicate mineral weathers to release Fe, which precip- itates as goethite, chamosite, siderite and pyrite in the The Bengal Basin is an asymmetric basin. The sediments sedimentary geochemical environment depending upon the increase in thickness toward the southeast, with the thickest low temperature thermodynamics prevailing in the depo- being about 22 km thick (Curray 1991). The basin was sitional site (Mohanta 2007). The presence of ironstones in shaped by the dynamic interaction of three plates, namely the studied geological sections may occur through different the Indian, Eurasian and Burmese sub-plates (Fig. 2). geochemical processes or genetic inheritances. Uddin and Lundberg (2004) reported the tectonics of the It is a very remarkable phenomenon that the present basin, which is primarily related to the rifting due to the subsurface ironstones have complex genetic history. In this separation of the Indian Plate from Antarctica-Australia case, the Bengal Basin is an ideal museum in understand- during the Gondwana break-up, and then its movement, ing weathering, erosional and tectonic history. Raymo and initially northwestward and then northward. Most likely Ruddiman (1992) also established that chemical weather- during the Late Eocene, the initial collision with the Bur- ing in the Himalayas and the global climate have potential mese sub-plate resulted in the rising of an Eocene island connection. The study areas are within the southern slope arc, which created the Bengal Basin to the west and the of the Bogra Shelf within the Paleoproterozoic Irrawady Basin in the east (Fig. 2). After the separation of Stable Platform flank of the Bengal Basin. Main aims of these basins during the Miocene, the Indian Plate sub- the study are to outline the lithology of the boreholes, ducted beneath the Burmese sub-plate with anti-clockwise identify the rock types, and assess the genetic history of rotation and ultimately the Bengal Basin commenced ironstones and depositional conditions. The geochemistry closing in the northeast and gradually turned into a remnant of the rocks with the overall lithologies of the boreholes basin (Uddin and Lundberg 2004). Bangladesh comprises a helps to reveal the mineralogical composition of the rocks, major part of the Bengal Basin. Several scientific articles and its depositional conditions, as well as the interacting have already been published regarding the regional geol- factors including provenance, weathering and tectonism. ogy of the Bengal Basin and its surrounding areas (Reim- The geochemical data also helps with understanding the ann 1993; Goodbred and Kuehl 2000; Hossain et al. 2018 ore, its utility and the recovery of valuable metals of the and others). Representative lithological succession of the rock. There are few studies on denuded sedimentary rocks study areas is recorded in Table 1. in the Bengal Basin from Himalaya (Najman et al. 2008; Bangladesh is divided into two major tectonic units:the Ferdousy 2011; Hossain et al. 2014), as there are not much Palaeoproterozoic stable platform in the northwest and the study on geochemistry in these areas. Due to the lack of Bengal Foredeep on the southeast, which are separated by studies on ironstone and iron-formation deposition in these the Hinge Zone. The northwest stable platform is divided areas, this research may help geologists reveal the new into three major elements: Bogra shelf, Rangpur saddle and geoenvironmental condition of these areas. Dinajpur slope. Geographically, the study area lies between 123 406 Acta Geochim (2019) 38(3):404–413 Fig. 2 Dynamic nature of the Bengal Basin with interaction of three plates (Indian, Eurasian and Burmese sub-plate). Figure also showing two prominent basins of the Irrawady Basin (east) and the Bengal Basin (west). Hinge zone indicates the edge of the Indian Craton (modified after Steckler et al. 2016; Rangin 2017) Table 1 Stratigraphic succession of Bogra slope and adjoining areas of shelf zone, Bengal Basin (slightly modified after Zaher and Rahman 1980; Islam 2001; Hossain et al. 2007) Age Group/Formation Lithology Holocene Alluvium Sand, silt, clay, sporadically present ironstones in some places Pleistocene Barind Clay Yellow–brown sticky clay, sandy clay Middle Pliocene to Late Miocene Dupi Tila Fm. Sandstone with subordinate pebble bed, grit bed and shale Early Miocene Jamalgonj Fm. Fine to medium grained sandstone, sandy and silty shale, siltstone, shale Oligocene Bogra Fm. Siltstone, carbonaceous shale and fine grained sandstone Late Eocene Kopili Fm. Sandstone, locally glauconitic and highly fossiliferous, shale with the calcareous bands Middle to Late Eocene Sylhet Limestone Nummulitic limestone with sandstone interbeds Fm. Middle Eocene to Paleocene Tura Sandstone Fm. Gray and white sandstone, with subordinate greenish gray shale and coal Late Cretaceous Trapwash Coarse yellow brown sandstone, volcanic material, white clay Late Jurassic to Middle Rajmahal Trap Amygdaloidal basalt, Serpentinized shale and agglomerate Cretaceous Late Early Permian Paharpur Fm. Feldspathic sandstone, shale and coal beds Kuchma Fm. Sandstone and grit with subordinate shale interbedded with coal beds Paleoproterozoic Basement Rocks Diorite, Quartz-diorite, Granodiorite, Gneiss, Schist a part of the Rangpur saddle and Bogra shelf. The study 3 Materials and methods areas cover
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