Bild Und Gefäß Studien Zu Den Gefäßkeramiken Pablo Picassos

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Bild Und Gefäß Studien Zu Den Gefäßkeramiken Pablo Picassos Bild und Gefäß Studien zu den Gefäßkeramiken Pablo Picassos Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Institut für Europäische Kunstgeschichte vorgelegt bei Prof. Peter Anselm Riedl von Harald Theil aus Paris 2 3 Für Carole und Elias 4 5 INHALT VORWORT 8 EINLEITUNG 12 I. KERAMIK UND KUNST 30 1. Keramik als angewandte Kunst im 19. Jahrhundert 30 2. Die Keramiken Gauguins 34 3. Grundlinien der künstlerischen Keramik im 20. Jahrhundert 40 4. Gliederungsprobleme der Picasso-Keramik 47 II. PICASSO UND DIE KERAMIK 52 1. Picassos Keramiken vor 1946 52 1.1 Erste künstlerische Berührungen Picassos mit der Keramik 52 1.2 Paco Durrio und der Einfluss Gauguins 53 1.2.1 Paco Durrio. Biographische Daten und keramisches Werk im Überblick 56 1.2.2 Entwurfszeichnungen Picassos für Keramiken 1901-1906 62 1.2.3 Zwei Keramikplastiken 1906 68 1.2.4 Fazit: Picassos Erkenntnis der Bedeutung der Keramik Gauguins 70 1.3 Picasso und Josep Llorens Artigas 1920-1923 72 1.4 Picassos Zusammenarbeit mit Jean van Dongen 77 1.5 Picassos erster Besuch einer Töpferwerkstatt in Vallauris 1936 80 2. Vallauris und Madoura 82 2.1 Vallauris als Ort der utilitären Keramikherstellung 82 2.2 Die dekorative Keramik in Vallauris 83 2.3 Die Entstehung neuer Handwerksbetriebe in Vallauris 84 2.4 Die Töpferei Madoura 85 2.4.1 Gründung und Entwicklung der Töpferei 1938-1946 85 2.4.2 Formen und Herstellungsverfahren der Madourakeramik 86 3. Die Anfänge der Zusammenarbeit Picassos mit Madoura 88 3.1 Picassos erste Kontakte mit Madoura 1946 und 1947 88 3.2 Picassos Arbeitsweise: Experiment und Improvisation 93 3.2.1 Keramische Farben und als Malgrund benutzte Keramiken Picassos 95 3.2.2 Plastisches Arbeiten 100 3.2.3 Auflagen 104 3.2.4 Probleme der Chronologie der ersten 1947 entstandenen Keramiken 106 III. ENTWURF UND AUSFÜHRUNG DER GEFÄßKERAMIKEN 108 1. Die Skizzenblätter Picassos mit Vorzeichnungen für Gefäßkeramiken 1946-1948, 1951-1953 108 1.1 Concetto und Entwurfszeichnung 110 1.2 Die Motiventwicklung auf den Skizzenblättern der Jahre 1946-1947 111 2. Das Ziel: Die Entwicklung einer neuen Formensprache 114 2.1 Genese der neuen Formensprache 116 2.2 Entwurfszeichnungen für eine keramische Stierplastik 121 2.3 Ikonographische Vorbilder der Stierentwürfe 125 2.4 Die Umsetzung der Stierentwürfe in Keramik 128 6 2.5 Keramische Grundelemente der neuen Formensprache 133 2.5.1 Die ovoide Volumenform 134 2.5.2 Utilitäre Gefäßformen 137 3. Die Methode: Serie und Variation 141 3.1 Kondore, Eulen und vogelförmige Henkelgefäße 143 3.2 Vasenfrauen 150 3.2.1 Entwürfe und Ausführungen der Vasenfrauen 151 3.2.2 Sechs Vorzeichnungen vom 21. Oktober 1947 157 3.2.3 Umsetzung der Vasenfrauen nach den Vorzeichnungen vom 21. Oktober 1947 158 3.2.4 Ikonographische Vorbilder der Vasenfrauen 160 3.3 Widder, Wildziege und Steinbock 174 3.3.1 Die Vorzeichnungen vom 1. Oktober 1947 174 3.3.2 Umsetzungen in Keramik nach den Vorzeichnungen vom 1. Oktober 1947 175 3.3.3 Ikonographische Quellen der Vorzeichnungen vom 1. Oktober 1947 177 4. Metamorphosen und Transformationen 179 4.1 Metamorphosen 180 4.1.1 Weiblicher Kentaur, weiblicher Faun oder Sirene? 181 4.1.2 Der weibliche Faun 182 4.1.3 Die ikonographischen Quellen der „Faunesse“ 184 4.2 Die Vorzeichnungen vom 1. November 1947 185 4.2.1 Der Reiter 185 4.2.2 Vogelkanne, Kentaur und „Kopf eines Fauns“ 187 4.3 Die Transformation von Gefäßen in figürliche Gefäßkeramiken ohne Vorzeichnungen 192 4.3.1 Köpfe 192 4.3.2 Sitzende und kniende Frauen 193 4.4 Transformation und Ambivalenz 194 5. Picasso und die Keramik als eigenständiges Medium der Kunst 198 5.1 Die Autonomie des Mediums Keramik 198 5.2 Picassos Auffassung der Keramik als Kunstgattung 202 6. Skulptur, Objekt, Figurengefäß und Gefäßplastik im Werk Picassos 206 6.1 Figurengefäße und Gefäßplastiken im Verhältnis zu Objets trouvés und Ready-mades 206 6.2 Die plastische Metapher 210 6.3 Bronzeversionen der Gefäßkeramiken und der Skulpturen aus Fundsachen 218 6.4 Picassos Skulpturen 220 6.5 Zusammengesetzte Volumenformen 226 6.6 Polychromie in Skulptur und Keramik 227 6.7 Schlussfolgerungen 230 IV. BEDEUTUNG, INTERPRETATION 233 1. Picassos figürliche Gefäßkeramiken und die Symbolik der Gefäße 233 1.1 Zur affektiven Valenz und Kinästhesie der Gefäßkeramiken Picassos 233 1.2 Gefäßsymbolik und Keramik 235 1.3 Picassos Verwendung der Gefäßsymbolik 238 2. Zur Deutung der keramischen Vasenfrauen Picassos 242 2.1 Die Vasenfrauen als Symbole der Erneuerung des Lebens 242 2.2 Die Vasenfrauen als Symbole des Todes, des Unheils oder des Schicksals 247 2.3 Picassos Vasenfrauen als archetypische Anspielungen 251 3. Zur Deutung der zoomorphen und hybriden Gefäßkeramiken Picassos 265 3.1 Der Stier 267 3.2 Die Eule 274 3.3 Der Kondor 275 3.4 Der Stelzvogel 278 3.5 Widder und Ziege 281 7 3.6 Weiblicher Faun und Sirene 283 4. „Bild-Funktion“ 288 4.1 Apotropaia und Beschwörungsbilder 290 4.1.1 Kongruenz von Form und Inhalt bei Picassos Rezeption der Stammeskunst 293 4.1.2 Glaube und Aberglaube: Die Prozessionen der „Imagenes“ in Málaga 299 4.1.3 Apotropäische Gefäße 303 4.1.4 Picassos Kunst als Form der Fürsprache und als Beschwörungsformel 305 4.2 Picasso Trismegistos 314 5. Picasso und die Erneuerung der Kunst 331 5.1 Picassos Auffassung der Kunst: Metamorphose statt Evolution 331 5.2 Figuration statt Abstraktion 340 5.3 Picassos „Wissenschaft vom schöpferischen Menschen“ 344 SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG 347 ABKÜRZUNGEN 351 ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS, BILDNACHWEIS 352 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 380 REGISTER 400 ANHANG: ABBILDUNGEN 8 VORWORT Diese Arbeit war ursprünglich als Erweiterung einer 1992 vollendeten Magisterarbeit über die damals noch weitgehend unveröffentlichten Entwurfszeichnungen Picassos und deren Umsetzung in Gefäßkeramiken geplant. Dies war insofern begründet, da 1994 in dem fotografischen Dokumentationsmaterial, das im Pariser Picasso-Museum aufbewahrt wird, weit mehr Bilder der Vorzeichnungen aus dem Nachlass des Künstlers aufgefunden wurden als in früheren Jahren. Das spannende Vordringen in diese „terra incognita“ zeigte, dass Picassos Keramik sowohl in der ungeheuren Quantität als auch in der Qualität für das Interesse des Kunsthistorikers ein sehr ergiebiges Forschungsfeld darstellt, da zahlreiche Querverbindungen sowohl mit der Keramikkunst als auch mit Picassos übrigem Werk bestehen. Diese Sachlage zwang den forschenden Abenteurer, der nicht nur entdecken, sondern auch verstehen wollte, warum Picasso sich so intensiv unmittelbar nach dem Ende des 2. Weltkrieges mit Keramik beschäftigt hatte, zu einer immer tieferen Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema und hatte sich bald zu einem Studium der Kunst Picassos ausgeweitet. Von der ursprünglichen Absicht, durch die systematische Analyse der Vorzeichnungen und der in Keramik umgesetzten Einzelobjekte den Grundstein für einen fehlenden aber notwendigen Katalog zumindest der volumetrischen Originalkeramiken Picassos zu legen, musste wegen der großen Anzahl der über die ganze Welt in Museen und Privatsammlungen verstreuten, zu einem großen Teil noch nicht publizierten Werke abgesehen werden. Durch die Publikation eines großen Teiles der Vorzeichnungen für Gefäßkeramiken in den Jahren 1998-1999 kam es nach einer zweijährigen Unterbrechung im Fortgang der Forschungsarbeit zu einer Neuordnung des umfangreichen zusammengetragenen Materials. Dies führte schließlich zu einer Schwerpunktverlagerung des Forschungsgegenstandes in Richtung einer Interpretation der Gefäßkeramiken Picassos. Als Materialbasis dienten die im Dokumentationszentrum des Picasso-Museums in Paris aufbewahrten Inventare des Picasso-Nachlasses als wertvolle Quellen für das Auffinden der hier untersuchten, zu einem Drittel noch unpublizierten Entwurfszeichnungen. Der Nachlass Picassos wurde bei Gründung des Picasso- Museums Paris inventarisiert und fotografiert. In diesem Dokumentationszentrum, dessen Bibliothek einen so gut wie vollständigen Überblick der internationalen Picasso- 9 Fachliteratur erlaubt, konnten auch weiterführende technische, datierungsrelevante und rezeptionsspezifische Informationen über zahlreiche Keramiken Picassos eingeholt werden, wie auch der Fundus der für die Erforschung der Keramik wichtigen Fotografien ausgewertet werden. Im Picasso-Archiv des Picasso-Museums Paris wurden 1996 vom Autor die unveröffentlichten Briefe Josep Llorens Artigas eingesehen und ausgewertet, die neue Erkenntnisse über die geplante Zusammenarbeit mit Picasso auf dem Gebiete der Keramik ergaben (Abb. 43). Ebenfalls hier konnte die Korrespondenz Suzanne und George Ramiés mit Picasso gesichtet werden, die zur Aufhellung keramiktechnischer Fragen und der Probleme der Chronologie wichtig war. Im Dokumentationszentrum des Musée d’Orsay in Paris wurde sonst schwer zugängliches Material zu den Keramiken Gauguins ausgewertet, während in der Bibliothek des Musée d’Arts Décoratifs in Paris wertvolles Material zu Paco Durrio und Jean van Dongen, besonders was deren Keramiktätigkeiten betrifft, ausfindig gemacht und untersucht werden konnte, die durch die in der Bibliothek des Musée National de la Céramique in Sèvres eingesehene Literatur und die vom Museo de Bellas Artes aus Bilbao dem Autor zugesendeten Materialien abgerundet wurde. Als weitere Bibliotheken, die für den Fortgang dieser Forschungsarbeit unerlässlich waren, sind außer der Heidelberger Universitätsbibliothek, die Fachbibliotheken des Musée National de l’Art Moderne und die Bibliothèque Forney, beide in Paris, sowie in geringerem Maße die Bibliotheken der „Fundación Picasso-Museo
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