Biophysikalische Und Pharmakologische Eigenschaften Der Erg-K+-Kanäle Der Ratte

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Biophysikalische Und Pharmakologische Eigenschaften Der Erg-K+-Kanäle Der Ratte Aus dem Physiologischen Institut der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover und dem Institut für Angewandte Physiologie des Universitätsklinikums Hamburg-Eppendorf Biophysikalische und pharmakologische Eigenschaften der erg-K+-Kanäle der Ratte INAUGURAL-DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des Grades einer DOKTORIN DER VETERINÄRMEDIZIN (Dr.med.vet.) durch die Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover vorgelegt von Katja Birgitta Mandel aus Mannheim Hannover 2006 Wissenschaftliche Betreuung: PD Dr. K. Huber PD Dr. CK. Bauer 1.Gutachter: PD Dr. K. Huber 2.Gutachter: Prof. Dr. H. Naim Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 16.05.06 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1 Einleitung............................................................................................................... 1 2 Literaturübersicht............................................................................................... 3 2.1 Biophysikalische Eigenschaften der erg-K+-Kanäle............................................. 3 2.2 Pharmakologische Eigenschaften der erg-K+-Kanäle.......................................... 9 2.3 Arbeitshypothese und Zielsetzung.......................................................................... 16 3 Material und Methoden.................................................................................... 17 3.1 Zellkultur .................................................................................................................. 17 3.2 Molekularbiologische Methoden............................................................................. 18 3.2.1 Synthese von siRNA.................................................................................................. 18 3.2.2 Westernblot................................................................................................................ 19 3.3 Heterologe Expression.............................................................................................. 19 3.4 Micro-Injektion........................................................................................................ 22 3.5 Elektrophysiologie................................................................................................... 23 3.6 Lösungen und Chemikalien.................................................................................... 26 3.6.1 Messlösungen............................................................................................................ 26 3.6.2 Chemikalien............................................................................................................... 27 3.7 Datenerfassung und Auswertung........................................................................... 28 3.8 Herstellerverzeichnis............................................................................................... 30 4 Ergebnisse............................................................................................................. 31 4.1 Biophysikalische Untersuchungen der erg-K+-Kanäle........................................ 31 4.1.1 Native erg-Ströme in MMQ-Zellen........................................................................... 31 4.1.2 Heterologe Expression von erg-Kanälen................................................................... 40 4.1.3 Unterdrückung endogener erg-Kanäle mit silencer-RNA......................................... 47 4.2 Pharmakologische Untersuchung der erg-Kanäle................................................ 54 4.2.1 Wirkung von Ciprofloxacin....................................................................................... 54 4.2.2 Wirkung von Enrofloxacin........................................................................................ 55 5 Diskussion............................................................................................................ 66 5.1 Beschreibung der langsamen Deaktivierung in laktotrophen und MMQ- Zellen........................................................................................................................ 66 5.2 Überexpression von erg-Kanälen in verschiedenen Zelllinien............................ 68 5.3 Unterdrückung endogener erg-Kanäle in MMQ-Zellen..................................... 70 5.4 Modulation durch Faktoren als Ursache der langsamen Deaktivierung.......... 71 5.5 Einfluss der Fluorochinolonantibiotika Ciprofloxacin und Enrofloxacin auf erg-Kanäle................................................................................................................ 72 6 Zusammenfassung.............................................................................................. 77 7 Summary................................................................................................................ 79 8 Literaturverzeichnis........................................................................................... 81 9 Anhang.................................................................................................................... 108 VERZEICHNIS DER ABKÜRZUNGEN A Adenosin AB Antibiotikum AS Aminosäuren Bp Basenpaare C Cytosin CHO Zelllinie aus dem Ovarialtumor des chinesischen Hamsters cDNA komplementäre Desoxyribonukleinsäure DMSO Dimethylsulfoxid DNA Desoxyribonukleinsäure dNTP Desoxynukleotidphosphat G Guanosin GH3B6 somatomammotrophe Zelllinie (Growth Hormone, 3.Klon, Linie B6) GΩ GigaOhm HEPES 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-piperazin-1-ethansulfonsäure hPa Hektopascal EDTA Ethylendiaminotetraessigsäure EGTA Ethylenglycol-bis-(2-aminoethyl)-N,N,N,N-tetraessigsäure HERG Humanes „ether-à-go-go-related-gene“ kD Kilodalton MMQ neuroendokrine Zelllinie die ausschließlich Prolaktin sekretiert mRNA „messenger“ Ribonukleinsäure PCR Polymerasekettenreaktion r-erg Ratten „ether-à-go-go-related-gene“ RNA Ribonukleinsäure RT Raumtemperatur S.E.M. Standardfehler (standard error of the mean) siRNA silencer Ribonukleinsäure T Thymidin τ Zeitkonstante TRH Thyreotropin releasing Hormon Upm Umdrehungen pro Minute 1 Einleitung 1 1 Einleitung Kaliumkanäle bilden unter allen Ionenkanälen der eukaryontischen Organismen die umfangreichste Gruppe. Ihre Aufgaben sind vielfältig. Sie sind beteiligt an der Osmoregulation, der K+-Homöostase, sekretorischen Prozessen und der Signalübertragung an elektrisch erregbaren Membranen (Pongs, 1999). Die in dieser Arbeit untersuchten erg (éther-à-go-go-related gene)-K+-Kanäle gehören der Familie der EAG (éther-à-go-go)-Kanäle an, die zunächst von Mutanten der Fruchtfliege Drosophila melanogaster geklont wurden. Der Name entstand aufgrund eines „Go-Go-Tanz“ ähnlichen Beinschlagens, das diese Fliegen nach Anästhesie mit Äther zeigten (Warmke et al., 1991). Erg-Kanäle sind bereits in vielen verschiedenen Geweben beschrieben (Shi et al., 1997; Wymore et al., 1997; Papa et al., 2000; Bauer & Schwarz, 2001), wobei ihre Expression in Herz und Hypophyse die Grundlage für diese Arbeit bildet. In laktotrophen Zellen der Hypophyse und Zellen der Hypophysentumorzelllinie MMQ wurde über eine zweigeteilte Deaktivierungskinetik der erg-Kanäle berichtet (Corrette et al., 1996; Rosati et al., 1998; Schäfer et al., 1999; Lecchi et al., 2002), die sich aus einer schnellen und einer langsamen Komponente zusammensetzt. Dieser besonderen Eigenschaft liegt möglicherweise die Existenz zellspezifischer, erg-Kanal modulierender Faktoren zugrunde (Buhk, 2004). Es wird allerdings auch ein neuer, bisher unbekannter erg-ähnlicher Kanal als Ursache diskutiert (Lecchi et al., 2002). Am besten charakterisiert ist der erg-Strom wohl im Myokard. Bei Untersuchungen des Aktionspotentials in Kardiomyozyten ergab sich eine Unterteilung des späten + repolarisierenden K -Stroms („delayed rectifier“) in den relativ schnell aktivierenden IKr und den langsam aktivierenden IKs (Sanguinetti & Jurkiewicz, 1990). Der IKr wird von erg1a- (Sanguinetti et al., 1995) und 1b- (Jones et al., 2004) α–Untereinheiten getragen. Eine Beteiligung von verschiedenen β-Untereinheiten wird teilweise kontrovers diskutiert (McDonald et al., 1997; Abbott et al., 1999; Cui et al., 2001; Finley et al., 2002; Weerapura et al., 2002). 1 Einleitung 2 Bei einer Reduktion des IKr-Stroms wird bei humanen wie animalen Patienten das Herz- Aktionspotential verlängert. Es entsteht das sog. Long QT-Syndrom (LQTS1), infolgedessen es zu den lebensgefährlichen Torsade-des-pointes-Arrhythmien kommen kann (Curran et al., 1995). Die typische Verlängerung des QT-Intervalls im Elektrokardiogramm kann durch Mutationen im für erg1 (HERG) kodierenden Gen verursacht werden. Eine pharmakologische Blockade des erg1-Kanals kann aber dieselbe Symptomatik auslösen. Arzneimittel mit erg- blockierender Wirkung sind weit verbreitet. Klasse III-Antiarrhythmika wie das Methansulfonanilid E-4031 sind als spezifische Blocker für erg-Kanäle experimentell von Bedeutung. Klinisch relevant ist hingegen die große Zahl von Arzneimitteln, die den erg- Kanal unspezifisch blockieren. Die dadurch hervorgerufenen Nebenwirkungen haben in der Vergangenheit nicht selten zu einem Widerruf der Zulassung und Rücknahme dieser Arzneimittel vom Markt geführt. Neben dem LQT-Syndrom wird seit 2000 auch über ein SQT (short QT)-Syndrom berichtet (Gussak et al., 2000). Als Ursache wurden 2 Mutationen im Codon 588 des HERG identifiziert (Brugada et al., 2004). Im Gegensatz zum LQT fließt hier nicht weniger, sondern mehr Strom durch den Kanal. Durch Verkürzung des QT Intervalls kann es ebenfalls zu atrialen oder ventrikulären Arrhythmien und plötzlichen Todesfällen kommen. Da dieser genetische Defekt häufig bereits im Säuglingsalter zum Tod führt, wird ein Zusammenhang mit dem plötzlichen Kindstod diskutiert
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