Congressional Record—Senate S6658

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Congressional Record—Senate S6658 S6658 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Ð SENATE June 8, 1999 VOINOVICH, and I ask that it be num- SEC. 8109. Of the funds appropriated in title supporting the strike missions against Yugo- bered and qualified. IV under the heading ``RESEARCH, DEVELOP- slavia, some of the longest combat missions The PRESIDING OFFICER. The MENT, TEST, AND EVALUATION, ARMY'', up to in the history of the Air Force. clerk will report. $5,000,000 may be available for visual display (5) The bravery and professionalism of the The assistant legislative clerk read performance and visual display environ- personnel of Whiteman Air Force Base have as follows: mental research and development. advanced American interests in the face of significant challenge and hardship. TEVENS The Senator from Alaska [Mr. S ], AMENDMENT NO. 594 (6) The dedication of those who serve in the for Mr. VOINOVICH, proposes an amendment Armed Forces, exemplified clearly by the numbered 591. (Purpose: To increase by $10,000,000 the amount provided for the Army for other personnel of Whiteman Air Force Base, is the The amendment is as follows: procurement for an immediate assessment greatest national security asset of the At the appropriate place in the bill, insert of biometrics sensors and templates reposi- United States. the following new section: tory requirements, and for combining and (b) It is the sense of Congress thatÐ SEC. Of the funds appropriated in this consolidating biometrics security tech- (1) the skill and professionalism with Act under the heading ``Operation and Main- nology and other information assurance which the B±2 bomber has been used in Oper- tenance, Army'', up to $500,000 may be avail- technologies to accomplish a more focused ation Allied Force is a credit to the per- able for a study of the costs and feasibility of and effective information assurance effort) sonnel of Whiteman Air Force Base, Mis- a project to remove ordnance from the Tous- souri, and the Air Force; saint River. On page 107, between lines 12 and 13, insert (2) the B±2 bomber has demonstrated an the following: The PRESIDING OFFICER. The unparalleled capability to travel long dis- SEC. 8109. Of the funds appropriated in title tances and deliver devastating weapons pay- amendment is numbered and laid aside. III under the heading ``OTHER PROCUREMENT, Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, I sug- loads, proving its essential role for United ARMY'', $51,250,000 shall be available for the States power projection in the future; and gest the absence of a quorum. Information System Security Program, of (3) the crews of the B±2 bomber and the The PRESIDING OFFICER. The which up to $10,000,000 may be made avail- personnel of Whiteman Air Force Base de- clerk will call the roll. able for an immediate assessment of bio- serve the gratitude of the American people The legislative assistant proceeded metrics sensors and templates repository re- for their dedicated performance in an indis- to call the roll. quirements and for combining and consoli- pensable role in the air campaign against Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, I ask dating biometrics security technology and Yugoslavia and in the defense of the United unanimous consent that the order for other information assurance technologies to States. accomplish a more focused and effective in- the quorum call be rescinded. formation assurance effort. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without AMENDMENT NO. 597 objection, it is so ordered. In the appropriate page in the bill, insert AMENDMENT NO. 595 the following: AMENDMENTS NOS. 592 THROUGH 601, EN BLOC (Purpose: To set aside $10,000,000 of Oper- SEC. Of the funds appropriated in title Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, I have ation and Maintenance, Defense-Wide III under the heading ``Aircraft Procure- a series of amendments that I ask be funds for carrying out first-year actions of ment, Air Force,'' up to $10,000,000 may be adopted at this time: A Bond-Santorum the 5-year research plan for addressing made available for U±2 aircraft defensive sys- amendment, $4 million for MTAPP; low-level exposures to chemical warfare tem modernization. Senator HELMS amendment, $5 million agents) for visual display environmental re- On page 107, between lines 12 and 13, insert AMENDMENT NO. 598 search; Senator BYRD, $10 million for the following: (Purpose: To set aside $25,185,000, the amount addressing exposure to chemical war- SEC. 8109. Of the funds appropriated in title provided for research and development re- II under the heading ``OPERATION AND MAIN- lating to Persian Gulf illnesses, of which fare agents; Senator BYRD, $10 million TENANCE, DEFENSE-WIDE'' for the Office of $4,000,000 is to be available for continu- for biometrics; Senators ASHCROFT and the Special Assistant to the Deputy Sec- ation of research into Gulf War syndrome BOND related to the B±2 bomber; Sen- retary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, up that includes multidisciplinary studies of ator SMITH, $10 million for U±2 up- to $10,000,000 may be made available for car- fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome grades; Senator HARKIN, $6 million for rying out the first-year actions under the 5- and $2,000,000 is to be available for expan- Gulf War syndrome; Senator GRAMM, year research plan outlined in the report en- sion of the research program in the Upper $17.5 million for the F±15 data link; and titled ``Department of Defense Strategy to Great Plains region) Senator COLLINS, $3 million for MK±43 Address Low-Level Exposures to Chemical At the appropriate place in the bill, insert Warfare Agents (CWAs)'', dated May 1999, the following: gun conversion; Senator INOUYE for that was submitted to committees of Con- SEC. 8104. Of the amount appropriated in Ford Island. I ask that these amend- gress pursuant to section 247(d) of the Strom title IV under the heading ``RESEARCH, DE- ments be considered en bloc and adopt- Thurmond National Defense Authorization VELOPMENT, TEST, AND EVALUATION, DE- ed en bloc. Act for Fiscal Year 1999 (Public Law 105±261; FENSE-WIDE'', $25,185,000 shall be available The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without 112 Stat. 1957). for research and development relating to objection, the amendments will be con- Persian Gulf illnesses, of which $4,000,000 sidered en bloc. shall be available for continuation of re- The clerk will report. AMENDMENT NO. 596 search into Gulf War syndrome that includes The assistant legislative clerk read (Purpose: To express the sense of Congress multidisciplinary studies of fibromyalgia, as follows: commending the men and women of White- chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple chemical man Air Force Base, Missouri, for their on- sensitivity, and the use of research methods The Senator from Alaska [Mr. STEVENS] going contributions to Operation Allied of cognitive and computational neuro- proposes amendments numbered 592 through Force over Yugoslavia) science, and of which up to $2,000,000 may be 601, en bloc. made available for expansion of the research The amendments are as follows: At the end of the general provisions, add the following: program in the Upper Great Plains region. AMENDMENT NO. 592 SEC. 8109. (a) Congress makes the following AMENDMENT NO. 599 (Purpose: To set aside $4,000,000 for the Man- findings: ufacturing Technology Assistance Pilot (1) The B±2 bomber has been used in com- (Purpose: To set aside $17,500,000 for procure- Program) bat for the first time in Operation Allied ment of the F±15A/B data link for the Air On page 107, between lines 12 and 13, insert Force against Yugoslavia. National Guard) the following: (2) The B±2 bomber has demonstrated un- At the appropriate place in the bill insert SEC. 8109. Of the funds appropriated in title paralleled strike capability in Operation Al- the following: II under the heading ``OPERATION AND MAIN- lied Force, with cursory data indicating that SEC. 8109. Of the total amount appropriated TENANCE, AIR FORCE'', up to $4,000,000 may be the bomber could have dropped nearly 20 per- in title III under the heading ``AIRCRAFT made available for the Manufacturing Tech- cent of the precision ordnance while flying PROCUREMENT, AIR FORCE'', up to $17,500,000 nology Assistance Pilot Program. less than 3 percent of the attack sorties. may be made available for procurement of (3) According to the congressionally man- the F±15A/B data link for the Air National AMENDMENT NO. 593 dated Long Range Air Power Panel, ``long Guard. (Purpose: To set aside $5,000,000 of Army range air power is an increasingly important RDT&E funds for visual display perform- element of United States military capa- AMENDMENT NO. 600 ance and visual display environmental re- bility''. (Purpose: To increase funds for the MK±43 search and development) (4) The crews of the B±2 bomber and the Machine Gun Conversion Program) At the appropriate place in the bill, insert personnel of Whiteman Air Force Base, Mis- At the appropriate place in the bill, insert the following: souri, deserve particular credit for flying and the following: June 8, 1999 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Ð SENATE S6659 SEC. Of the funds appropriated in Title of first refusal to acquire the facility covered paragraph shall be available in accordance III under the heading ``WEAPONS PROCURE- by the lease. with the provisions of section 2883 of title 10, MENT, NAVY,'' up to $3,000,000 may be made (e) REQUIREMENT FOR COMPETITION.ÐThe United States Code, for activities authorized available for the MK±43 Machine Gun Con- Secretary of the Navy shall use competitive under subchapter IV of chapter 169 of that version Program. procedures for purposes of selecting the re- title at Ford Island. cipient of real or personal property under (j) INAPPLICABILITY OF CERTAIN PROPERTY AMENDMENT NO.
Recommended publications
  • 25Th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology (SPRAT XXV) Conference
    National Aeronautics and Space Administration An Overview of The Photovoltaic and Electrochemical Systems Branch at the NASA Glenn Research Center Eric Clark/NASA GRC 25th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology (SPRAT XXV) Conference Ohio Aerospace Institute Cleveland, Ohio September 19, 2018 www.nasa.gov 1 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Outline • Introduction/History • Current Projects – Photovoltaics – Batteries – Fuel Cells • Future Technology Needs • Conclusions www.nasa.gov 2 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Introduction • The Photovoltaic and Electrochemical Systems Branch (LEX) at the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) supports a wide variety of space and aeronautics missions, through research, development, evaluation, and oversight. –Solar cells, thermal energy conversion, advanced array components, and novel array concepts –Low TRL R&D to component evaluation & flight experiments –Supports NASA missions through PV expertise and facilities –Management of SBIR/STTR Topics, Subtopics, and individual efforts. • LEX works closely with other NASA organizations, academic institutions, commercial partners, and other Government entities. www.nasa.gov 3 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Examples of LEX activities Advanced Solar Arrays Solar Cells Array Blanket and Component Technology Solar Cell Measurements & Calibration Solar Array Space Environmental Effects www.nasa.gov 4 National Aeronautics and Space Administration History • 1991The Photovoltaic Branch – Multijunction Cell development, Advanced
    [Show full text]
  • Friction Stir Welding Handbook
    Friction Stir Welding Handbook EUROPEAN FRICTION STIR WELDING OPERATOR FSW-TECH ERASMUS + PROJECT | www.fsw-tech.eu Project E+ 2017-1-SK01-KA202-035415 Project E+ 2017-1-SK01-KA202-035415 Partnership to implement Project E+ Project E+ 2017-1-SK01-KA202-035415 Editors Associatia de Sudura din Romania Anamaria Feier European Federation for Welding, Joining and Cutting Rita Bola Instituto de Soldadura e Qualidade Célia Tavares Vyskumny Ustav Zvaracsky Peter Zifcák Institut za varilstvo d.o.o. Miro Uran "The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author. The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein“ Project E+ 2017-1-SK01-KA202-035415 Project E+ 2017-1-SK01-KA202-035415 Contents 1. FSW Fundamentals ................................................................................................. 1 Introduction to FSW ......................................................................................... 1 Welding equipment ........................................................................................ 8 Welding processes ........................................................................................ 20 Parent Materials ............................................................................................. 24 References ..................................................................................................... 27 2. Joint Preparation ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Design, Development, and Initial Testing of a Computationally-Intensive, Long-Endurance Solar-Powered Unmanned Aircraft
    Design, Development, and Initial Testing of a Computationally-Intensive, Long-Endurance Solar-Powered Unmanned Aircraft Or D. Dantsker,∗ Mirco Theile,† and Marco Caccamo‡ Renato Mancuso§ University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 In recent years, we have seen an uptrend in the popularity of UAVs driven by the desire to apply these aircraft to areas such as precision farming, infrastructure and environment monitoring, surveillance, surveying and mapping, search and rescue missions, weather forecasting, and more. The traditional approach for small size UAVs is to capture data on the aircraft, stream it to the ground through a high power data-link, process it remotely (potentially off-line), perform analysis, and then relay commands back to the aircraft as needed. All the mentioned application scenarios would benefit by carrying a high performance embedded computer system to minimize the need for data transmission. A major technical hurdle to overcome is that of drastically reducing the overall power consumption of these UAVs so that they can be powered by solar arrays. This paper describes the work done to date developing the 4.0 m (157 in) wingspan, UIUC Solar Flyer, which will be a long-endurance solar-powered unmanned aircraft capable of performing computationally-intensive on-board data processing. A mixture of aircraft requirements, trade studies, development work, and initial testing will be presented. Nomenclature CG = center of gravity DOF = degree of freedom ESC = electronic speed controller GPS = global navigation satellite system IMU = inertial measurement unit IR = infrared L/D = lift-to-drag ratio PW M = pulse width modulation RC = radio control AR = aspect ratio b = wingspan c = wing mean chord g = gravitational acceleration L = aircraft length m = aircraft mass P = power p, q, r = roll, pitch and yaw rates S = wing area W = weight v = velocity ∗Graduate Research Fellow, Department of Aerospace Engineering, AIAA Student Member.
    [Show full text]
  • Friction Stir Welding of Aluminium Alloy AA5754 to Steel DX54
    Aalto University School of Engineering Department of Engineering Design and Production Hao Wang Friction Stir Welding of Aluminium Al- loy AA5754 to Steel DX54: Lap Joints with Conventional and New Solu- tion Thesis submitted as a partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Technology. Espoo, October 27, 2015 Supervisor: Prof. Pedro Vila¸ca Advisors: Tatiana Minav Ph.D. Aalto University School of Engineering ABSTRACT OF Department of Engineering Design and Production MASTER'S THESIS Author: Hao Wang Title: Friction Stir Welding of Aluminium Alloy AA5754 to Steel DX54: Lap Joints with Conventional and New Solution Date: October 27, 2015 Pages: 100 Major: Mechanical Engineering Code: IA3027 Supervisor: Professor Pedro Vila¸ca Advisors: Tatiana Minav Ph.D. The demand for joining of aluminum to steel is increasing in the automotive industry. There are solutions based on Friction Stir Welding (FSW) implemented to join these two dissimilar metals but these have not yet resulted in a reliable joint for the automotive industrial applications. The main reason is the brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs) that are prone to form in the weld region. The objective of this thesis was to develop and test an innovative overlap joint concept, which may improve the quality of the FSW between aluminum alloy AA5754-H22 (2 mm) and steel DX54 (1.5 mm) for automotive applications. The innovative overlap joint concept consists of an interface with a wave shape produced on the steel side. The protrusion part of the shape will be directly processed by the tip of the probe with the intention of improving the mechanical resistance of the joint due to localized heat generation, extensive chemically active surfaces and extra mechanical interlocking.
    [Show full text]
  • Self Powered Electric Airplanes
    Advances in Aerospace Science and Applications. ISSN 2277-3223 Volume 3, Number 2 (2013), pp. 45-50 © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com/aasa.htm Self Powered Electric Airplanes Adesh Ramdas Nakashe 1and C. Lokesh2 1,2Department of Aeronautical Engineering Rajalakshmi Engineering College Chennai-602105, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract The field of aeronautical engineering began to foresee its advancements in the future, the moment it evolved. Various new technologies and techniques were discovered and implemented almost in all branches of aviation industry. One branch where the researchers are continuously working for further more development is propulsion. Many new ideas are continuously being proposed. This paper deals with the use of renewable energy as the source of power for the aircraft. It gathers or creates the energy to move ON ITS OWN, it uses NO fuel. It is electric, having motors powered by electricity for propulsion. We are going to apply the same principle of electrical airplane and this can be operated as self powered electrical airplane. Here, starting power is provided to the engine and when engine gets maximum torque it starts generating current as per wind mill principle. As it produces electricity that will be used as the input for engine, so there is no need of any external electrical supply further. Efficiency of power produced can be increase to 100% by using electromagnetic generators. So the aircraft will be self driven and electrically powered. Keywords: Renewable energy, Self-powered, Electromagnetic generators. 1. Introduction This paper deals with the conceptual design of an electrically powered commercial aircraft that can carry 30 to 40 passengers.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrical Generation for More-Electric Aircraft Using Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
    PNNL-XXXXX Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Electrical Generation for More-Electric Aircraft using Solid Oxide Fuel Cells GA Whyatt LA Chick April 2012 PNNL-XXXXX Electrical Generation for More- Electric Aircraft using Solid Oxide Fuel Cells GA Whyatt LA Chick April 2012 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352 Summary This report examines the potential for Solid-Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) to provide electrical generation on-board commercial aircraft. Unlike a turbine-based auxiliary power unit (APU) a solid oxide fuel cell power unit (SOFCPU) would be more efficient than using the main engine generators to generate electricity and would operate continuously during flight. The focus of this study is on more-electric aircraft which minimize bleed air extraction from the engines and instead use electrical power obtained from generators driven by the main engines to satisfy all major loads. The increased electrical generation increases the potential fuel savings obtainable through more efficient electrical generation using a SOFCPU. However, the weight added to the aircraft by the SOFCPU impacts the main engine fuel consumption which reduces the potential fuel savings. To investigate these relationships the Boeing 787-8 was used as a case study. The potential performance of the SOFCPU was determined by coupling flowsheet modeling using ChemCAD software with a stack performance algorithm. For a given stack operating condition (cell voltage, anode utilization, stack pressure, target cell exit temperature), ChemCAD software was used to determine the cathode air rate to provide stack thermal balance, the heat exchanger duties, the gross power output for a given fuel rate, the parasitic power for the anode recycle blower and net power obtained from (or required by) the compressor/expander.
    [Show full text]
  • Macdill Says Goodbye to Chief Cody , Leaving for 18Th AF Bylauren Rachal 6Th AMW Public Affairs Intern
    C M Y K Vol. 35, No. 27 Friday, July 4, 2008 MacDill says goodbye to Chief Cody , leaving for 18th AF byLauren Rachal 6th AMW Public Affairs intern “The career, not a given day or a given mo- ment,” is what Chief Master Sgt. James A. Cody, command chief, 6th Air Mobility Wing said, when asked what his most rewarding ex- perience has been as an Airmen. “Where I am today, I attribute that to all the Airmen that we work with,” said Chief Cody. MacDill will be losing a high-caliber com- mand chief come early July, as Chief Cody will embark on a new assignment to Scott Air Force Base, Illinois. He will be taking the posi- tion of command chief for the 18th Air Force. “I am very excited about the opportunity to move to numbered Air Force,” said Chief Cody. As the command chief of 6th AMW, Chief Cody served as the liaison between the wing commander and the enlisted force assigned to the wing. He was an advisor to the commander and staff on matters that included health, wel- fare, morale, training and effective utilization of assigned enlisted personnel. “This is just a wonderful place to be,” said Chief Cody. “You get to live the dream every File photo day right here in Tampa, Florida.” Col. Matthew Arens, Vice Wing Commander, Chief Master Sgt. James Cody, 6th Air Mobility Wing command chief, is moving on in his ca- 6th AMW has worked with Chief Cody since reer after almost a year at MacDill. He’s taking over as command chief for the 18th Air Force.
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Propulsion
    UNIVERSITY LEAD INITIATIVE Dr. Mike Benzakein Assistant Vice President, Aerospace and Aviation UNIVERSITY LED INITIATIVE Electric Propulsion – Challenges and Opportunities The challenges and the goals: • The team • System integration vehicle sizing • Batteries energy storage • Electric machines • Thermal management • The demonstration WHY ARE WE DOING THIS? • World population is growing 10 Billion by 2100 • Commercial airplanes will double in the next 20 years, causing increased CO2 emissions that affect health across the globe. • Goal is to have a carbon neutral environment by 2050. • National Academy of Engineering has established that a reduction of a 20% in fuel burn and CO2 could be attained with electric propulsion. Great to help the environment, but challenges remain THE TEAM System Integration Vehicle Sizing Initial Sizing Thermal Management Final Concept 1. Requirements Battery Definition Definition 2. Electric Power 1. Iterate with battery testing 1. Update Scaling Usage 2. Trade battery life against laws, and maps 3. density 2. Energy storage 4. 3. 3. July 2017 – July 2018 4. 4. Prelim. Sizing Resized vehicle Vehicle Design Frozen Vehicle Update July 2018 June 2019 June 2020 June 2021 Iterative cooperative process Vehicle Update between Universities June 2022 ULI Concept Benefits Assessment Baseline Aircraft Next Generation Distributed Hybrid (CRJ 900) Aircraft Turbo Electric 8% Distributed Propulsion 9% and typical payload and typical Use of Hybrid Propulsion 6% Fuel Burn Reduction at 600 nmi Reduction Burn Fuel 15% improvement
    [Show full text]
  • Friction Stir Welding for Naval Applications
    ADVANCES IN HIGH ROTATOINAL SPEED – FRICTION STIR WELDING FOR NAVAL APPLICATIONS A Thesis by Nicholas Thurlby Bachelor of Engineering, Wichita State University, 2009 Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the faculty of the Graduate School of Wichita State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science May 2009 i © Copyright 2009 by Nicholas Thurlby All Rights Reserved ii ADVANCES IN HIGH ROTATOINAL SPEED – FRICTION STIR WELDING FOR NAVAL APPLICATIONS The following faculty members have examined the final copy of this thesis for form and content, and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science with a major in Mechanical Engineering George Talia, Committee Chair We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Brian Driessen, Committee Member Krishna K. Krishnan, Committee Member iii DEDICATION To Jill, Rocky, Apollo, Callaway, and to the future Baby iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my profound gratefulness to my advisor, Dr. George Talia, for his unyielding support, encouragement, supervision, and valuable suggestions throughout this research work. Through advices for course work to life in general, his support and continued guidance enabled me to complete my work successfully. I am grateful to have his support. I also would like to thank my friends and family that have put up with me and my quest for higher education. I express my sincere thanks to my family, both abroad and here at home for their support. To my twin sister Victoria who valiantly succeeded in writing a paper at the same time as I was.
    [Show full text]
  • Jet Composition in Magnetic Pulse Welding: Al-Al and Al-Mg Couples
    Stern Supplement Aug2014112_Layout 1 7/14/15 2:31 PM Page 257 WELDING RESEARCH Jet Composition in Magnetic Pulse Welding: Al-Al and Al-Mg Couples MPW jet phenomena were investigated and jet material composition for similar Al alloys and two samples of dissimilar Al-Mg alloy couples were observed BY A. STERN, O. BECHER, M. NAHMANY, D. ASHKENAZI, AND V. SHRIBMAN the maximum magnetic pressure. The ABSTRACT acceleration of the outer tube through the standoff gap is higher near the open Magnetic pulse welding (MPW) produces a mechanically induced essentially solid end of the tube due to higher magnetic state but partially fusion-type weld, with an extremely small fusion zone and pressure and decreases down to zero at extremely high cooling rates. Composition of material jet emission in MPW was inves- the weld end where there is no move- tigated for similar and dissimilar metal lap joints. The jet residues emitted from Al/Al ment of the outer tube (Refs. 6–8). As a and Al/Mg lap joints were collected and characterized, and their composition was mi- croanalyzed by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectometry result, the collision is oblique and the (SEM-EDS). The composition of the jet remains was governed by the degree of rela- initial part of the joint collides at a high tive density difference between the two metal components. The metal jet emitted collision angle and at very high collision during Al/Mg welding was mainly composed of Mg, the metal component with lower velocity; frequently, no bond is formed density.
    [Show full text]
  • NASA Spinoff 2008
    NASA Design Strengthens Welds Originating Technology/NASA Contribution While exploring methods to improve the use of FSW in manufacturing, engineers at Marshall Space Flight he Welding Institute (TWI), a nonprofit pro- Center (a licensee of TWI’s technology) created new pin fessional organization based out of the United tool technologies, including an automatic retractable pin Kingdom and devoted to the industry of joining T tool, to address the method’s shortcomings. The tool uses materials, engineering, and allied technologies, developed a computer-controlled motor to automatically retract the a novel form of welding in the 1990s. Friction stir welding pin into the shoulder of the tool at the end of the weld, (FSW), the name under which it was patented, has been preventing keyholes. The new technology addressed the widely recognized as providing greatly improved weld limitations, and Marshall’s innovative retractable pin tool properties over conventional fusion welds, and has been has since contributed to customized FSW that has been applied to manufacturing industries, including aircraft, proven to provide routinely reliable welds. marine, shipbuilding, including building decks for car fer- ries, trucking, railroading, large tank structure assembly, fuel tanks, radioactive waste container manufacturing, automotive hybrid aluminum, and the aerospace industry, where it is used to weld the aluminum external tank of the space shuttle. FSW is a solid-state joining process—a combination of extruding and forging—ideal for use when the original metal characteristics must remain as unchanged as pos- sible. During the FSW process, the pin of a cylindrical shouldered tool is slowly plunged into the joint between the two materials to be welded.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Optimization Parameters of Semi-Solid Metal 6063 Aluminum Alloy from Friction Stir Welding Process Using Factorial Design Analysis
    Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing Article Evaluation of Optimization Parameters of Semi-Solid Metal 6063 Aluminum Alloy from Friction Stir Welding Process Using Factorial Design Analysis Chaiyoot Meengam and Kittima Sillapasa * Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +66-453-53-343 (ext. 3373) Received: 9 November 2020; Accepted: 14 December 2020; Published: 17 December 2020 Abstract: The semi-solid-metal 6063 aluminum alloy was developed for the automotive industry. The objective of this research was to optimize parameters in friction stir welding process that can provide the highest tensile strength. The ANOVA factorial design was used to analyze rotation speed, welding speed, and tool geometry at different factor levels of experimentation. The results showed that the optimized tensile strength was 120.7 MPa from the cylindrical tool, rotation speed was from 1300 to 2100 rpm, and welding speed less than 75 mm/min in the coefficient of determination R2 was 95.09%, as can be considered from the regression equation. The examination of the stir-zone and thermal mechanical affected zone using SEM and EDX showed that the new recrystallization of the microstructure causes fine grain in the stir-zone, coarse grain in advancing-side thermal mechanical affected zone, and equiaxed grain in the retracting-side thermal-mechanical affect zone. The intermetallic compounds of β-Al5FeSi phase transformation phase were formed to three types, i.e., β”-Al5Fe, Mg2Si, and Al8Fe2Si phase were observed. Moreover, in the stir-zone and thermal-mechanical-affected zone, defects were found such as flash defects, void or cavity defects, crack defects, lack of penetration defects, tunnel defects, kissing bond defects, and dendrite formation defects affecting weldability.
    [Show full text]