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Benemérita Universidad Autónoma De Puebla Instituto De Ciencias Sociales Y Humanidaes “Alfonso Vélez Pliego” Maestría En BENEMÉRITA UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE PUEBLA INSTITUTO DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES Y HUMANIDAES “ALFONSO VÉLEZ PLIEGO” MAESTRÍA EN ANTROPOLOGÍA SOCIOCULTURAL “TE VOY A ENSEÑAR A CH AMBIAR, APÁ”: TRABAJO, REPRODUCCIÓN Y SUBJETIVIDAD EN LA EMPRESA CRIMINAL “LAS MUDANZAS A CASA HABITA” EN LA CIUDAD DEL BUSINESS Tesis presentada para obtener el grado de: MAESTRO EN ANTROPOLOGÍA SOCIOCULTURAL PRESENTA: Marco Antonio Zagal Guzmán DIRECTOR DE TESIS Dr. Ricardo Francisco Macip Ríos CODIRECTOR Dr. Rodolfo Alejandro Hernández Corchado Puebla, México Diciembre 2019 Índice Introducción ..................................................................................................................... 1 Metodología .............................................................................................................................. 4 A.- La etnografía: el trabajo de campo, la observación y las conversaciones dirigidas.............. 4 B.- El regreso a El Barrio ....................................................................................................... 10 Estructura de la tesis .............................................................................................................. 14 A.-La ciudad del Business ...................................................................................................... 17 1.- De la Ciudad de México a la ciudad del Business: La llegada de Izquierda y Judas ............ 17 2.- Los barrios de la ciudad ................................................................................................... 22 3.- El crimen en la ciudad...................................................................................................... 25 B.-The Business-Men! ............................................................................................................ 29 1.- El Business ....................................................................................................................... 29 2.- La Banda Habita .............................................................................................................. 31 3.- El catolicismo popular y La Banda Habita ......................................................................... 35 C.- La empresa criminal Las mudanzas a Casa Habita ....................................................... 39 1.- El reclutamiento de la fuerza de trabajo .......................................................................... 39 2.- La estructura interna de la empresa y la división social del trabajo .................................. 45 3.- Las mudanzas a Casa Habita y las mañas locales .............................................................. 49 Capítulo II.- “Las grandes ligas”. Trabajo, reproducción y subjetividad en la empresa del robo ........................................................................................................................... 54 A. – El trabajo en Las mudanzas a Casa Habita .................................................................. 56 1.- El trabajo criminal .......................................................................................................... 56 2.- La jornada de trabajo y el ingreso no formal ................................................................... 60 3.- Un proletariado criminal.................................................................................................. 67 B. - La reproducción social en Las mudanzas a Casa Habita ............................................... 70 1.- Criminales de segunda y tercera generación .................................................................... 70 2.- El trabajo en los negocios legales de La Banda Habita ..................................................... 73 3.- La empresa criminal, el parentesco y los negocios ........................................................... 76 C.- Experiencias de clase entre los integrantes de La Banda Habita ................................... 79 1.- “Uno nace pa’ esto, el rata no se hace”. Subjetividad e ideología .................................... 79 2.- Empresarios de sí mismo ................................................................................................. 82 3.- La geografía del Business y la clase social ........................................................................ 84 Capítulo III.- Circulación, venta e intercambio de mercancía robada en Las Mudanzas a Casa Habita ................................................................................................................. 88 A.- La mercancía robada ....................................................................................................... 90 1.- Fetichismo y enajenación ................................................................................................ 90 2.-El doble proceso de realización de la mercancía robada ................................................... 93 3.- El mercado, la circulación y las formas de intercambio .................................................... 95 B.- La realización de valor de la mercancía robada .............................................................. 98 1.- La adhesión de valor de la mercancía en el mercado ....................................................... 98 2.- “Las cosas calientes”. Definiendo la mercancía .............................................................. 101 3.- Los celulares. La mercancía con mayor demanda ........................................................... 104 C.- Los bienes materiales y su consumo .............................................................................. 106 1.- “El dinero mal habido” y los bienes materiales .............................................................. 106 2.- “Un negocito pa’ llevársela con carmela, mija”. El Iuun y El Ele ...................................... 108 3.- “La misión por la piedra”. El Malilla y El Chihuas. ........................................................... 111 Conclusiones ................................................................................................................. 116 Glosario ........................................................................................................................ 122 Bibliografía ................................................................................................................... 128 Agradecimientos Esta etnografía la pude concluir gracias al apoyo, el interés y el trabajo de varias personas con las que estaré siempre en deuda. Primero que nada, agradezco al Dr. Ricardo Macip por su confianza, ayuda y amistad; cualidades que me hicieron darle un sentido a lo que hago. Al Dr. Rodolfo Hernández por esos regaños interminables y consejos que me motivaron a reconocer mi posición, y desde ahí avanzar. Al Mtro. Christian Pacheco por sus lecturas detalladas y críticas de cada uno de los borradores que entregué durante mi proceso de formación como Mtro. en Antropología Sociocultural. Y, a la Dra. María Eugenia D’Aubeterre por sus comentarios y aclaraciones respecto a la temática del parentesco. Igualmente, agradezco a mis compañeros de Seminario de Investigación Permanente Poder, Clase y Cultura por su disciplina y criticas objetivas. A la Lic. Patricia por el apoyo y las experiencias salvadoreñas compartidas. Y, a La Banda Habita; pues sin ellos no hubiera tenido acceso a los mundos sociales de la criminalidad. Gracias a mi previa relación de camaradería pude obtener información de primera mano y con niveles de comprensión y análisis que pocos antropólogos y etnógrafos pueden llegar a tener. Agradecer a mi familia es poco: a mi padre “El Chef” Marcos Zagal, y a mi madre Ma’ Luisa; a mi hermana “La Bióloga” Mayra, y a mi hermano “El Chef” Jesús. “A pesar de todo, el azúcar, el té y los productos similares representaban la libertad creciente de la gente común, su oportunidad de participar en la elevación de su propio nivel de vida. Pero si afirmamos esto surgen algunas preguntas. La proclamación de la libertad de elegir significaba libertad solo dentro de un rango de posibilidades establecido por fuerzas sobre las cuales no tenían ningún control los que se suponía elegían libremente. Sustancias como el azúcar podían transformarse, de curiosidades o adornos de la vida inglesa, en ingredientes esenciales de la hospitalidad decente y respetuosa, siempre que la gente la integrara a su vida cotidiana, dotándolas de significado y aprendiendo unos de otros a disfrutar su consumo”. (Mintz 1996: 235). Sidney Mintz, Dulzura y poder. El lugar del azúcar en la historia moderna. En la memoria de un cámara inigualable, El Izquierda. “He aprendido a valorar las cosas bellas. En verdad me enorgullece mi pasado, aquel tiempo que jugué con mis hermanos, que corríamos risueños y descalzos. Son momentos que quedaron en mi mente. Aunque me cambió la suerte, yo empecé de mero abajo. Luego anduve por las calles, a bordo de una patrulla, me dije: la vida es dura, pero tengo que buscarle. Un día me encontré a un amigo y en cuanto me vio me dijo: ¡Quieres aventarte un jale! Bien recuerdo que le conteste al instante: usted diga yo estoy listo pa’ atorarle. Desde entonces tengo apoyo del señor”. Fragmento de la canción, Mi pasado y mi presente de Los Traviesos De la Sierra. Introducción Esta tesis es una etnografía de un grupo de personas que trabajan en una empresa criminal dedicada al robo a casa habitación. Para ello, realicé trabajo de campo durante tres meses— de junio a septiembre del 2018— en lo que denominó como “la ciudad del Business”, lugar en el que identifico la existencia
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