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Diseases and Insect Pests of CABBAGE and RELATED PLANTS

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Diseases and Insect Pests of CABBAGE and RELATED PLANTS Diseases and Insect Pests of CABBAGE and RELATED PLANTS IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL By L. H. SHROPSHIRE and K. J. KADOW Circular 454 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS .. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AND EXTENSION SERVICE IN AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS IN COOPERATION WITH ILLINOIS STATE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY CONTENTS PAGB A BASIC CONTROL PROGRAM................................. 4 DISEASES AND THEIR CONTROL. .. .. .. ... .. 6 yellows...................... ..... ...... .......... .............. 6 Black Rot .............................. ... ..................... 9 Clubroot.................................... ... ............ '" .' 12 Root Knot................................. .. ........ .... ..... 14 Damping-Off Complex ........................ ................. 16 Wire Stem........................ .. ... .... ... ........ ... .. .. 19 Stem Rot....................................................... 19 Bottom Rot..................................................... 20 Soft Rot ................. ......... ..... ... .. ......... .. .. ..... 22 White Rust.................. .... .. ..... ........... ......... 22 Blackleg.. ............................... ............ ... .... .. .. 26 Black Leaf Speck............................................... 28 INSECT PESTS AND THEIR CONTROL. .... ..... .. ...... ... 30 Imported Cabbage Worm....................................... 30 Cabbage Looper ....... .... .. .... ........ ........... ... ...... 31 Diamond-Back Moth............................................ 32 Cabbage Maggot......... ...... ...... ... ...... .. ...·............ 33 Cabbage Aphids ..... .. ............... .......... ........ .... .... 35 Cutworms................... ................................... 37 Harlequin Bug........ ... ........ .... .. .. .. ... ..... ... ....... .. 38 Flea Beetles ....... .. ........... ... .... ..... .. ..... ............ 39 Other Insect Pests........ ....... ........ .. .... ........ .... .. 40 SOIL STERILIZATION METHODS .............................. 41 INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES.. ............. .. ........ .... 44 ALL INQUIRIES concerning plant diseases should be sent to the Department of Horticulture, University of Illinois, Urbana, and should be accompanied by an entire plant adequately illustrating the trouble. For control methods for insects not discussed herein, write direct to the Illinois State Natural History Survey, Urbana, and include a damaged plant and at least one of the insects. Send all such samples of phnts and insects in a pack­ age that will give full protection from crushing in transit. Urbana, Illinois May, 1936 Printed in furtherance of the Agricultural Extension Act approved by Congress May 8, 1914. H. W. MUMFORD, Director, Extension Service in Agricul­ ture and Homt' Economics, University of Illinois Diseases and Insect Pests of Cabbage and Related Plants: Identification and Control By L. H. SHROPSHIRE and K. ]. KADOW l IfARGE AREAS of cabbage and other "crucifer" crops-Brussels L sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, turnips, rutabaga, radish, rape, charlock, horse-radish, Chinese cabbage, mustard2-are grown on a commercial scale in Illinois. Some of these plants are par­ ticularly susceptible to damage by diseases and insects; and many of them are subject to the same diseases and insect pests. Control prac­ tices, consequently, often have rather general application to the entire group. Not all of the diseases or insects attacking crucifer crops have taken a toll in Illinois heavy enough to be of particular concern to commercial growers of vegetables. Others of these pests are a serious menace, and growers spend thousands of dollars each year on meas­ ures to protect their crops sufficiently so that a marketable product may be produced at a reasonable profit. Waste in this control pro­ gram is at present far from the minimum which might be attained. Waste arises from a failure to recognize the pests when they appear, a lack of knowledge about the different pests, the use of control measures not adapted to the particular pests or conditions, Qr the use of ineffective materials for control. The purpose of this circular is to give growers sufficient informa­ tion about the insects and diseases attacking this group of vegetables, and about methods of control and prevention, to enable them to cope more successfully with these hazards. IThe section on insects has been prepared by L. H. SHROPSHIRE, Field Entomologist, Illinois State Natural History Survey; the section on diseases by K. J. KADOW, Associate Pathologist, Department of Horticulture, University of Illinois. 2Members of the botanical family Cruciferae. Mustard may better be con­ sidered as a cruciferous weed along with other common ones such as shepherd's pu rse and peppergrass. 3 4 CIRCULAR No. 454 A BASIC CONTROL PROGRAM When particular diseases or insects are prevalent, specific control measures must be taken to combat them, but many diseases and insects can be prevented from becoming serious problems by following strictly a few general principles of vegetable culture. Good cultural practices, listed and discussed below, should form the basic control program of every grower of crucifer crops. 1. Use disease-free seed if obtainable. Certain diseases of cruci­ fers offer very good examples of the importance of planting disease­ free seed. Black rot, blackleg, and other diseases may be transmitted by the seed. Since black rot and blackleg are the two outstanding diseases carried with the seed, the safest procedure is to purchase seed pro­ duced in regions free from these diseases. It now seems well estab­ lished that seeds of crucifer crops produced in the Puget Sound region of the state of Washington are free from them. The climate in that district prevents the development of such troubles. Treat questionable seed. If the seed to be used is not known to be disease free, it should be treated with mercuric chlorid (commonly known as corrosive sublimate), which may be purchased at any drug store. The treatment should be made in a dilution of 1 part mercuric chlorid to 1,000 parts water mixed in p. non-metallic container to pre­ vent corrosion. P lace the seeds to be treated in a cheesecloth bag large enough to permit thoro agitation of the seed within. Soak fo r 30 minutes and then rinse thoroly in running water. After rinsing spread the seed out in thin layers to dry. CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE IS A DEADLY POISON. Be careful to keep it out of the reach of children and animals. The above treatment will kill all disease-producing organisms carried on the seed but not those carried within. A hot-water treat­ ment is sometimes used for the control of diseases borne inside the seeds, but it is not listed here because it has proved impractical in the hands of the average grower. Details of the hot-water method will be furnished upon request. 2. Apply dust treatment. Just prior to the actual planting of the seed, whether in cold frames, hotbeds, fiats, greenhouse benches, or in the fie ld, the seed should be treated with either zinc oxid or Semesan to prevent losses from damping-off (see page 19). The straight technical zinc oxid does not stick to most cruciferous seeds as well as is necessary, but some. companies have added materials to overcome this difficulty. PROGRAM FOR DISEASE AND INSECT CONTROL 5 Do not use any form of copper upon the seed of any crucifer crop. If copper compounds are used, severe injury may result. If the soil has been adequately sterilized, seed treatment for the control of damping-off is not necessary or advisable. 3. Sterilize contaminated soil. Clean seed is of no avail if the soil of the seedbed is contaminated with any of the serious disease­ producing organisms. If the soil is not known to be free from black rot, blackleg, yellows, club root, or nematodes, it should be thoroly sterilized with steam. If it is known to be free of parasitic nematodes, other treatments may be substituted. (See sterilization methods, pages 41 to 44). 4. Rotate crops. Healthy vigorous seedlings should be selected and planted on a well-drained site which has not been cropped with a CRUCIFER FOR AT LEAST THREE YEARS. While this prac­ tice will not control some diseases once they are established, it will go a long way toward preventing their appearance in serious form. 5. Be alert to recognize need for spraying or dusting. While no general recommendations for spray's or dusts can be made, growers should be on the alert to detect diseases and insect pests that may require treatment and should promptly apply the material or materials indicated for their control. 6. Keep fields and storage places free of debris and rotted plants. Generally speaking, sanitation is one of the most important, but one of the least practiced, of all control measures. Its importance in preventing losses from diseases and insect pests cannot be over­ emphasized. To prevent heavy losses from plant pests is much easier, more effective, and less expensive than to control them once they become well established. After harvest is complete, all debris in and around the fields should be destroyed rather than plowed under, as is usually done. A special effort should be made to destroy plants which died during the growing season, since it is highly probable that they were killed by diseases or insects and would build up the infestation if left to decay. The safest way to destroy vegetable debris is to burn it. If animals eat it or if it becomes mixed in other ways with manure, the diseases which are present will again be returned to
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