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A Monte-Carlo-Based Method for the Optimal Placement and Operation Scheduling of Sewer Mining Units in Urban Wastewater Networks

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A Monte-Carlo-Based Method for the Optimal Placement and Operation Scheduling of Sewer Mining Units in Urban Wastewater Networks water Article A Monte-Carlo-Based Method for the Optimal Placement and Operation Scheduling of Sewer Mining Units in Urban Wastewater Networks Eleftheria Psarrou *, Ioannis Tsoukalas ID and Christos Makropoulos Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Politechniou 5, GR-15780 Athens, Greece; [email protected] (I.T.); [email protected] (C.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +30-210-772-2842 Received: 21 December 2017; Accepted: 6 February 2018; Published: 13 February 2018 Abstract: Pressures on water resources, which have increased significantly nowadays mainly due to rapid urbanization, population growth and climate change impacts, necessitate the development of innovative wastewater treatment and reuse technologies. In this context, a mid-scale decentralized technology concerning wastewater reuse is that of sewer mining. It is based on extracting wastewater from a wastewater system, treating it on-site and producing recycled water applicable for non-potable uses. Despite the technology’s considerable benefits, several challenges hinder its implementation. Sewer mining disturbs biochemical processes inside sewers and affects hydrogen sulfide build-up, resulting in odor, corrosion and health-related problems. In this study, a tool for optimal sewer mining unit placement aiming to minimize hydrogen sulfide production is presented. The Monte-Carlo method coupled with the Environmental Protection Agency’s Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is used to conduct multiple simulations of the network. The network’s response when sewage is extracted from it is also examined. Additionally, the study deals with optimal pumping scheduling. The overall methodology is applied in a sewer network in Greece providing useful results. It can therefore assist in selecting appropriate locations for sewer mining implementation, with the focus on eliminating hydrogen sulfide-associated problems while simultaneously ensuring that higher water needs are satisfied. Keywords: sewer mining; optimal placement; optimal pumping scheduling; hydrogen sulfide; Monte-Carlo method; SWMM model; decentralized wastewater treatment; water reclamation 1. Introduction Water scarcity problems have intensified considerably over the last decades. Rapid urbanization and population increase [1,2], water pollution and poor water management [3], as well as supply-side impacts of climatic changes [4,5], are the main causes of this problem. Moreover, technology advancement has improved living standards and consequently raised water demand. As existing technologies are often proven inadequate, a need for developing innovative water and wastewater collection, treatment and disposal practices emerges. In this direction, water reuse and reclamation approaches are constantly gaining ground. Reclaimed water is applicable for agricultural, urban and industrial uses and can also supplement existing water resources. Water reclamation helps alleviate the pressures on water resources and preserves environmental water quality. Furthermore, it reduces the costs associated with the development of new infrastructure and water transfer and treatment systems, as well as serves the need for a more sustainable use of water [6,7]. Interest is also focused on decentralized and satellite wastewater treatment technologies as an alternative to central treatment systems [8–10]. Central treatment systems have significant space Water 2018, 10, 200; doi:10.3390/w10020200 www.mdpi.com/journal/water Water 2018, 10, 200 2 of 23 Water 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 23 Interest is also focused on decentralized and satellite wastewater treatment technologies as an and energy requirements which are often difficult to fulfill. Decentralized systems can be a smart alternative to central treatment systems [8–10]. Central treatment systems have significant space and solutionenergy to this requirements problem. which They are often cost-effective difficult to and fulfill. economical, Decentralized since systems large can capital be a smart costs solution are avoided. In addition,to this lessproblem. pollutants, They nutrientsare cost-effective and contaminants and economical, emerge since after large decentralized capital costs wastewater are avoided. treatment, In thus humanaddition, health less andpollutants, environmental nutrients risks and arecontaminants reduced [11 emerge]. An example after decentralized of a mid-scale wastewater decentralized approachtreatment, applicable thus human at development health and level—up environmental to 5000 risks households are reduced for [11]. instance—is An example that of of a mid-scale sewer mining (SM) [decentralized12]. This technology approach isapplicable based on at extractingdevelopment wastewater level—up to out 5000 of households a wastewater for systeminstance—is and that treating it on-siteof sewer to produce mining recycled(SM) [12]. water. This technology Some treatment is based by-products on extracting may wastewater be acceptable out of a for wastewater return to the systemsystem under and strict treating quality it standardson-site to regardingproduce recy sludgecled characteristics.water. Some treatment These standards by-products are may determined be acceptable for return to the system under strict quality standards regarding sludge characteristics. in local consents or legislative provisions. The quality and quantity of the treatment by-products must These standards are determined in local consents or legislative provisions. The quality and quantity have little or no detrimental effects on the wastewater system, taking into consideration the receiving of the treatment by-products must have little or no detrimental effects on the wastewater system, sewer’staking capacity, into consideration along with the the wastewater receiving sewer’ qualitys characteristicscapacity, along downstreamwith the wastewater of the sludge quality return pointcharacteristics [13]. The recycled downstream water produced of the sludge is appropriate return point for non-potable [13]. The recycled uses, such water as irrigation produced of is urban greenappropriate areas, sports for facilities non-potable and golfuses, courses, such as toiletirrigation flushing of urban and green commercial areas, sports and industrial facilities and applications golf (e.g., aircourses, conditioning, toilet flushing cooling and towerscommercial etc.) [and14– 16industri]. Theal basic applications stages of(e.g., sewer air conditioning, mining implementation cooling can betowers seen inetc.) Figure [14–16].1. The basic stages of sewer mining implementation can be seen in Figure 1. FigureFigure 1. The 1. The basic basic concept concept of of a sewera sewer mining mining schemescheme (adapted (adapted from from Makropoulos Makropoulos et al. et [17 al.]). [17 ]). SewerSewer mining mining schemes schemes have have been been successfully successfully set up up in in numerous numerous cases cases worldwide worldwide [18–20], [18 –20], especiallyespecially in Australia in Australia where where the the technology technology was was pioneered pioneered [16,21–24]. [16,21–24 Although]. Although the advantages the advantages of sewer mining are considerable, they are often overshadowed because of financial restrictions, of sewer mining are considerable, they are often overshadowed because of financial restrictions, inadequate frameworks and public skepticism about the use of recycled water in general [17,24]. inadequateFurthermore, frameworks the extraction and public of wastewater skepticism and the about potential the use return of recycledof treatment water by-products in general to the [17 ,24]. Furthermore,wastewater the system extraction affect ofthe wastewater flow and the and bioche themical potential processes return inside of treatment pipes downstream by-products of the to the wastewatersewer systemmining affectapplication the flow point and [14]. the One biochemical important processes challenge inside in particular pipes downstream is the alteration of the in sewer mininghydrogen application sulfide point build-up [14]. inside One sewers. important Hydrogen challenge sulfide in (H particular2S) is primarily is the responsible alteration for in hydrogenodor, sulfidepipe build-up corrosion inside and sewers.health-related Hydrogen problems. sulfide (H2S) is primarily responsible for odor, pipe corrosion and health-relatedIn the present problems. study, the Monte-Carlo method is combined with the United States Environmental InProtection the present Agency’s study, Storm the Monte-Carlo Water Management method Model is combined (SWMM) with in order the Unitedto address States the Environmentalproblem of H2S production in sewer networks. A tool for optimal SM unit placement in sewer networks is Protection Agency’s Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) in order to address the problem presented, aiming to minimize hydrogen sulfide production inside network pipes and, at the same of H S production in sewer networks. A tool for optimal SM unit placement in sewer networks is 2time, to maximize the benefits from the technology application. After the identification of optimal presented,locations aiming for SM to minimizeunit placement, hydrogen the network’s sulfide production response when inside sewer network mining pipes is applied and, atand the sewage same time, to maximizeis pumped the out benefits of the fromsystem the is technologyadditionally application.examined. The After study
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