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To Common Herbivore Pests Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Host-plant resistance in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) to common herbivore pests Author(s): Stöckli, Sibylle Carmen Publication Date: 2008 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005711196 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library DISS. ETH NO. 17849 Host-plant resistance in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) to common herbivore pests A dissertation submitted to ETH ZURICH for the degree of Doctor of Sciences presented by SIBYLLE CARMEN STÖCKLI Dipl. Natw. ETH born 02 October 1976 citizen of Luthern (LU), Switzerland accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. S. Dorn, examiner Dr. M. Kellerhals, co-examiner Dr. K. Mody, co-examiner 2008 Der Apfelgarten Komm gleich nach dem Sonnenuntergange, sieh das Abendgrün des Rasengrunds; ist es nicht, als hätten wir es lange angesammelt und erspart in uns, um es jetzt aus Fühlen und Erinnern, neuer Hoffnung, halbvergessnem Freun, noch vermischt mit Dunkel aus dem Innern, in Gedanken vor uns hinzustreun unter Bäume wie von Dürer, die das Gewicht von hundert Arbeitstagen in den überfüllten Früchten tragen, dienend, voll Geduld, versuchend, wie das, was alle Masse übersteigt, noch zu heben ist und hinzugeben, wenn man willig, durch ein langes Leben nur das Eine will und wächst und schweigt. Rainer Maria Rilke Table of Contents 1. Summary……………………………………………………………………………….001 2. Zusammenfassung……………………………………………………………………..004 3. General introduction…………………………………………………………………..007 3.1. Insect-plant relationships………………………………………………................. 007 3.2. From the fruit of paradise to the commercial apple………………………………. 007 3.3. Most common apple tree pests……………………………………………………. 009 3.4. Host-plant resistance in apples……………………………………………………. 011 3.5. Molecular approaches in host-plant resistance…………………………………….012 3.6. Thesis outline……………………………………………………………………... 014 4. QTL mapping of resistance in apple to Cydia pomonella and Lyonetia clerkella, and of two selected fruit traits………………………………….. 015 4.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………….. 016 4.2. Materials and methods…………………………………………………................. 018 Study site and plant material Phenotypic data Data analysis QTL mapping 4.3. Results…………………………………………………………………………….. 021 Phenotypic data QTL analysis for C. pomonella and L. clerkella resistance in apple QTL analysis for fruit number and -diameter 4.4. Discussion………………………………………………………………………… 027 4.5 Supplementary material (SM)……………………………………………………...031 5. Influence of canopy aspect and height on codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larval infestation in apple, and relationship between infestation and fruit size………………………………... 032 5.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………….. 033 5.2. Materials and methods……………………………………………………………. 035 Plant material and orchard locations Codling moth survey Measurement of fruit traits Temperature and wind data Statistical analysis 5.3. Results…………………………………………………………………………….. 037 Codling moth larval infestation Canopy aspect Canopy height Fruit diameter in uninfested apples Temperature and wind data 5.4. Discussion………………………………………………………………………… 045 6. QTL analysis for aphid resistance and growth traits in apple…………………….. 048 6.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………….. 049 6.2. Materials and methods…………………………………………………................. 050 Orchard location and plant material Aphid survey Plant-growth characteristics QTL mapping Pedigree analysis Spatial distribution of aphids Statistical analysis 6.3. Results…………………………………………………………………………….. 055 Aphid infestation Influence of genotype, site and year on aphid abundance QTLs for aphid resistance QTLs for different plant-growth characteristics Spatial distribution of three aphid species Relationship between different aphid species Relationship between different plant-growth characteristics and aphid infestation 6.4. Discussion……………………………………………………………………….... 069 Genetic background of aphid resistance in apple Environmental factors related to aphid resistance Outlook 6.5. Supplementary material (SM)….…………………………………......................... 074 7. Aphis pomi population development, shoot characteristics, and antibiosis resistance in different apple genotypes……………………………... 079 7.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………….. 080 7.2. Materials and methods……………………………………………………………. 082 Study site and plant material Aphid population development in sleeve cages Shoot characteristics and general tree vigor Antibiosis-based resistance Statistical analysis 7.3. Results…………………………………………………………………………….. 084 Aphid population development Shoot characteristics and general tree vigor Climatic conditions Aphid development and shoot characteristics at different sleeve cage positions Relationship between aphid population development and shoot characteristics Relationship between aphid population development and general tree vigor Antibiosis-based aphid resistance 7.4. Discussion………………………………………………………………………… 091 8. Rust mite resistance in apple assessed by quantitative trait loci analysis………….094 8.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………….. 095 8.2. Materials and methods…………………………………………………................. 097 Orchard characteristics and plant material Assessment of mites and other herbivores QTL analysis Data analysis 8.3. Results…………………………………………………………………………….. 100 Evaluation of rust mite abundance QTLs for rust mite resistance Spatial distribution of rust mites Relationship between rust mite abundance and co-occurring herbivore species 8.4. Discussion………………………………………………………………………… 109 8.5. Supplementary material (SM).……………………………………......................... 112 9. General discussion……………………………………………………………………. 115 9.1. Host-plant resistance……………………………………………………………… 116 9.2. Genetically based resistance in apple to herbivore pests………………................. 117 9.3. Environmental factors influencing the expression of resistance……….................. 119 9.4. Perspectives in apple breeding……………………………………………………. 120 9.5. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………... 121 Appendix: Herbivore resistant and susceptible apple selections: genetic background and fruit quality…………..…………………………………….... 122 A.1. Objectives………………………………………………………………….......... 123 A.2. Materials and methods…………………………………………………………..123 Plant material and study sites Herbivore survey and categorization Fruit quality Statistical analysis A.3. Results…………………………………………………………………………… 125 Herbivore resistant apple selections Genetic background of herbivore resistant and susceptible apple selections Fruit quality of herbivore resistant and susceptible apple selections A.4. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………......... 129 10. References……………………………………………………………………………. 131 11. Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………….. 143 12. Curriculum vitae…………………………………………………………………….. 145 Chapters based on: 1 Stoeckli, S., K. Mody, C. Gessler, D. Christen, and S. Dorn. 2009. QTL mapping of resistance in apple to Cydia pomonella and Lyonetia clerkella, and of two selected fruit traits. Annals of Applied Biology: in print. 2 Stoeckli, S., K. Mody, and S. Dorn. 2008. Influence of canopy aspect and height on codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larval infestation in apple, and relationship between infestation and fruit size. Journal of Economic Entomology 101:81-89. 3 Stoeckli, S., K. Mody, C. Gessler, A. Patocchi, M. Jermini, and S. Dorn. 2008. QTL analysis for aphid resistance and growth traits in apple. Tree Genetics & Genomes 4:833-847. 4 Stoeckli, S., K. Mody, and S. Dorn. 2008. Aphis pomi population development, shoot characteristics, and antibiosis resistance in different apple genotypes. Journal of Economic Entomology 101:1341-1348. 5 Stoeckli, S., K. Mody, A. Patocchi, M. Kellerhals, and S. Dorn. 2008. Rust mite resistance in apple assessed by quantitative trait loci analysis. Tree Genetics & Genomes doi: 10.1007/s11295-008-0186-5. 1. Summary In agriculture, arthropod herbivores cause high economic losses by plant feeding and transmitting plant pathogens. Host-plant resistance is a persistent and environment-friendly control method, compatible with other integrated pest management methods. The main objective of the present thesis was to evaluate the genetic basis of resistance in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) to common herbivore pests through quantitative trait loci (QTLs) analyses. A linkage map of the apple cultivars 'Fiesta' and 'Discovery', saturated with 235 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), 475 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and 129 simple sequence repeats (SSR or microsatellite) markers, was the basis for identifying molecular markers associated with herbivore resistance. A total of 160 highly heterozygous F1 progeny plants (genotypes) were investigated for their resistance to two lepidopteran species, the codling moth (Cydia pomonella) and the apple leaf miner (Lyonetia clerkella); three aphid species, the rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea), the leaf-curling aphids (Dysaphis cf. devecta species complex), and the green apple aphid (Aphis pomi); and the rust mite (Aculus schlechtendali). Methods for field evaluations comprised quantification of herbivores per leaf or tree, or a survey of leaves and fruits with damage indicating infestation by a distinct herbivore species. The field survey was carried out at three orchards in different regions of Switzerland and during two consecutive years. The proportion of variation in herbivore infestation that can
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