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Topical Antifungal Therapy for Toenail Onychomycosis

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Topical Antifungal Therapy for Toenail Onychomycosis TherapeuTics for The clinician Efinaconazole Solution 10%: Topical Antifungal Therapy for Toenail Onychomycosis Antonella Tosti, MD Practice Points Toenail onychomycosis is a common disease with limited treatment options, as treatment failures and relapses frequently are encountered. Many patients experience long-term disease that affects multiple toenails and causes substantial discom- fort and pain. Although many patients prefer topical therapies, treatment efficacy with ciclopirox and amorolfine lac- quers has been disappointing.CUTIS Toenail onychomycosis is a common disease with provides a viable alternative to oral therapy for limited treatment options, as treatment failures the treatment of toenail onychomycosis. and relapses frequently are encountered. Many Cutis. 2013;92:203-208. patients experience long-term disease that affects multiple toenails and causes substantial discom- fort and pain. Although many patients prefer topi- nychomycosis, most frequently seen in toe- cal Dotherapies, treatment efficacyNot with ciclopirox Copynails, is a common growing problem in der- and amorolfine lacquers has been disappointing. matology practice and can be difficult to O1,2 Efinaconazole solution 10% is a new triazole treat. It is not self-healing; rather it often is the antifungal agent specifically developed for the source of more widespread disease.3 Onychomycosis treatment of onychomycosis. Efinaconazole has can have a substantial impact on the patient and shown a broad spectrum of antifungal activity also can spread to his/her family members.4-6 Toenail in vitro and is more potent than ciclopirox against appearance is a real concern, as it can negatively common onychomycosis pathogens. It has lower impact the patient’s quality of life and occasionally keratin binding and quicker drug release from can result in remarkable pain and discomfort.4 Many keratin than ciclopirox and amorolfine and exhibits patients have long-term disease that can affect several remarkably greater in vivo activity. Efinaconazole toenails.7 Although the true burden of the disease is has limited or no potential for drug interactions unknown, the patient’s desire to cure his/her affected and a low resistance potential. Efinaconazole nails is clear.4,8 The objective of this article is to briefly review onychomycosis and current treatment options as well as to provide an overview of a new topical treatment, efinaconazole solution 10%. From the Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Florida. Overview of Onychomycosis Dr. Tosti was an advisor to Medicis, a division of Valeant Onychomycosis usually is caused by dermato- Pharmaceuticals North America LLC. Correspondence: Antonella Tosti, MD, Department of Dermatology & phyte fungi (Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton 1,9-11 Cutaneous Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University mentagrophytes in 80%–90% of cases) but of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 ([email protected]). can be caused by nondermatophyte fungi, mainly WWW.CUTIS.COM VOLUME 92, OCTOBER 2013 203 Copyright Cutis 2013. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Therapeutics for the Clinician Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Fusarium species, or amorolfine lacquers (amorolfine lacquer is not avail- Aspergillus species. Nondermatophyte infections are able in the United States) have been disappointing, increasingly prevalent in some countries, particularly probably due to limited penetration through the dis- in Europe and South America.12 eased nail.24,25 Efinaconazole solution 10% is a triazole Distal lateral subungual onychomycosis (DLSO) is antifungal agent specifically developed for topical the most common form of toenail onychomycosis in treatment of mild to moderate DLSO.26,27 which the fungus, usually T rubrum, invades the nail bed at the distal and lateral edges.13 Hyperkeratosis Nonclinical Development occurs under the nail, resulting in detachment from A topical antifungal must penetrate through the the nail bed and subungual thickening. Some degree dense keratinized nail plate into the deeper nail lay- of tinea pedis almost always is present.14 Other clini- ers and nail bed and be present in its free form to be cal types include superficial onychomycosis (white effective. Keratin binding can reduce the availability or black), originating on the superficial nail plate of the free active drug.28,29 Antifungal drugs possess or beneath the proximal nail fold and resulting in a high affinity to keratin that can have a deleterious a powdery white, patchy discoloration of the nail effect on efficacy.30 Keratin binding also can decrease surface or transverse striae with severity and spread drug penetration to the deeper nail layers, even after from a complex host-parasite relationship15; proximal repeated topical application. Although keratin bind- subungual onychomycosis with invasion through the ing can result in persistent drug concentrations in the proximal margin embedded within the proximal nail nail, it is only beneficial if the drug is released at a fold, resulting in the infection slowly extending dis- sufficient concentration and rate so as not to compro- tally (commonly coexists with immunodeficiency); mise efficacy. endonyx onychomycosis with lamellar splitting of the Although in vitro and in vivo fungicidal activities nail, discoloration, and internal invasion of the nail are not necessarily predictive of clinical outcome, plate; and total dystrophic onychomycosis, the end they are important indicators of therapeutic success. stage commonly seen in DLSO in which the nail plate With the greater emergence of nondermatophytes crumbles away and the nail bed becomes thickened, and yeast in onychomycosis, a broad spectrum of ridged, and often covered withCUTIS debris.14 Two addi- activity is ideal. tional classifications—mixed pattern onychomycosis and onychomycosis secondary to other nail disease— Pharmacokinetic Profile also have been proposed.13 Topical efinaconazole 10% is a clear, low-surface- Treatment options are limited both in the number tension solution. Its low systemic exposure means that of available agents and their low to moderate efficacy. DDIs are unlikely.31 Two single-center, open-label Treatment selection depends on the disease type, studies of healthy participants and participants with the numberDo of affected nails, andNot the severity of nail severe onychomycosisCopy assessed the DDI potential of involvement.16 The proximity of the infection to the efinaconazole by characterizing its pharmacokinetic nail matrix, degree of subungual hyperkeratosis, and profile and systemic exposure. Topical application of presence of dermatophytoma are important consid- efinaconazole solution 10% resulted in low systemic erations when assessing disease severity and select- exposures to efinaconazole in patients with severe ing therapy.17 onychomycosis as well as healthy participants.32 The Relapse and reinfection are common, occurring likelihood of an in vivo DDI with efinaconazole was in 20% to 25% of cases; therefore, new therapeutic considered remote, especially because efinaconazole options are needed.18 Current treatments range from is highly plasma protein bound and the model (vali- topical care with no systemic side effects but limited dated LC-MS/MS method) takes into account both efficacy to systemic treatments that are more effective free and bound forms.31 but can be limited in some patients due to drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and safety concerns, most nota- Mechanism of Action and Unique bly hepatotoxicity.19,20 In some cases, topical treat- Physicochemical Properties ments and nail avulsion21 may be combined with oral The unique physicochemical properties of efina- antifungals to decrease adverse effects and duration conazole and the nature of its vehicle formulation of therapy.22 are important contributors to its clinical success. Topical therapy is used in mild to moderate DLSO, Efinaconazole is a triazole antifungal agent (Figure 1) in initial treatment of classic superficial onychomyco- that inhibits fungal lanosterol 14a demeth- sis,14 and in patients cured with systemic therapy to ylase involved in ergosterol biosynthe- prevent recurrence.23 Although many patients may sis at concentrations below its minimum prefer topical treatments, results with ciclopirox and inhibitory concentration (MIC). Efinaconazole 204 CUTIS® WWW.CUTIS.COM Copyright Cutis 2013. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Therapeutics for the Clinician of onychomycosis.32 In vitro studies suggested low 34,35 potential for antibiotic resistance. CH3 OH Nonclinical Toxicology Efinaconazole and efinaconazole solution 10% were N N N well tolerated following chronic dosing in rats via subcutaneous injection and minipigs via dermal appli- N cation, respectively; only minor vehicle-related skin F toxicity was observed in minipigs.36 There was no sys- temic toxicity at plasma efinaconazole exposures of at least 70-fold higher than in onychomycosis patients.37 Efinaconazole was not mutagenic or clastogenic in F in vitro and in vivo assays and was not oncogenic in a 2-year dermal carcinogenicity study in mice.36 Efinaconazole elicits “azole class effect” embryo- Figure 1. Efinaconazole—(2R,3R)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)- fetal and early postnatal mortality at high, maternally 3-(4-methylidenepiperidin-1-yl)-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-
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