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SERVIZIO STUDI – Dipartimento Affari Esteri  066760-4939–  St Affari Esteri@Camera.It Documentazione e ricerche Incontro con il Vice Ministro degli Affari esteri ellenico, responsabile per gli Affari europei, Nikos Xydakis n. 256 4 ottobre 2016 Camera dei deputati XVII LEGISLATURA Documentazione e ricerche Incontro con il Vice Ministro degli Affari esteri ellenico, responsabile per gli Affari europei, Nikos Xydakis n. 256 4 ottobre 2016 Servizio responsabile: SERVIZIO STUDI – Dipartimento Affari esteri 066760-4939– [email protected] La documentazione dei servizi e degli uffici della Camera è destinata alle esigenze di documentazione interna per l'attività degli organi parlamentari e dei parlamentari. La Camera dei deputati declina ogni responsabilità per la loro eventuale utilizzazione o riproduzione per fini non consentiti dalla legge. I contenuti originali possono essere riprodotti, nel rispetto della legge, a condizione che sia citata la fonte. File: es0535.docx INDICE SCHEDA PAESE 3 RAPPORTI PARLAMENTARI ITALIA-GRECIA 46 PROFILO BIOGRAFICO DI NIKOS XYDAKIS 55 I SCHEDA PAESE GRECIA Aggiornamento: 3 ottobre 2016 INDICE CENNI STORICI 6 POLITICA INTERNA 4 SITUAZIONE ECONOMICA 7 POLITICA ESTERA ERRORE. IL SEGNALIBRO NON È DEFINITO. RAPPORTI BILATERALI 20 STRUTTURA ISTITUZIONALE E POPOLAZIONE Dati di base ed indicatori sociali Nome Ufficiale: Repubblica Ellenica (Grecia) Capitale: Atene (3 milioni aggl. urb.) Principali città: Salonicco (400.000 ab.- 900.000 aggl. urb.) Pireo (190.000 ab.) Patrasso (155.000 ab.). Superficie: 132.020 km2 Popolazione: 11.040.000 Aspettativa di vita: 78,74 Gruppi nazionali: Greci 98%, altri 2% Lingue: Greco moderno Religioni: Cristiani Ortodossi 98% Musulmani 1,3% Cristiani Cattolici 0,5% Ebrei 0,2% Struttura istituzionale Sistema legale: Diritto codificato Forma di governo: Repubblica parlamentare Sistema legislativo: Parlamento unicamerale (300 seggi) Suffragio: Universale, 18 anni 4 Capo dello Stato: Prokopis Pavlopoulos Capo del Governo: Alexis Tsipras Ministro degli Esteri: Nikos Kotzias Partiti politici in Parlamento: SYRIZA (35,46% - 145), Nea Dimokratia (28,10% - 75), Alba Dorata (6,99% - 18), PASOK (6,28% - 17), Kke (5,55% - 15), To Potami (4,09% - 11), Anel- Greci Indipendenti (3,69% - 10), Unione di Centro (3,43% - 9), Unità Popolare (2,86% - 0). PARTECIPAZIONE A BSEC, CERN, FAO, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, Interpol, ORGANIZZAZIONI IOC, IOM, ITU, MINURSO, NATO, OSCE, UNCTAD, INTERNAZIONALI: UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO. 5 CENNI STORICI La storia della Grecia moderna inizia nel 1821 con la Guerra d’Indipendenza dall’Impero ottomano che si concluse nel 1830. Con le guerre balcaniche del 1912-13, la Grecia conquistò l’Epiro meridionale, Salonicco e Creta. Durante la Prima guerra mondiale, dopo un periodo di neutralità, il filo-tedesco re Costantino fu deposto e il Paese si affiancò all’Intesa. I Trattati di Neuilly (1919) e di Sèvres (1920) le assegnarono la Tracia occidentale e una vasta area in Asia Minore. Respinta con le armi dalla nuova Repubblica turca guidata da Mustafa Kemal detto Atatürk, nativo di Salonicco, e perduto ogni diritto sull’Anatolia già bizantina (Trattato di Losanna, 1923), la Grecia conobbe un periodo di crisi e la dittatura di Metaxas (1936-41). Occupata nel 1941 da Tedeschi ed Italiani, dopo la seconda guerra mondiale e fino al 1949 visse un periodo di guerra civile, conclusosi con la sconfitta delle formazioni comuniste. Al governo conservatore di Karamanlis succedette nel 1963 quello di G. Papandreu, avversato dal nuovo re Costantino II. La crisi che si produsse sfociò nel 1967 nella “dittatura dei colonnelli” la cui caduta, nel 1974, fu favorita dalla crisi di Cipro e dall’intervento turco sull’Isola. Nel 1981 la Grecia, già membro della NATO, entrò nella CEE. Lo stesso anno la vittoria elettorale socialista portò al governo A. Papandreu. Travolto quest’ultimo da uno scandalo politico-finanziario (1988), si ebbero governi di coalizione fino al ritorno al potere dei socialisti nel 1993. Il leader socialista Simitis veniva riconfermato nelle legislative dell’aprile 2000; egli promuoveva una politica di consolidamento macro-economico e di riforme strutturali, indispensabile per la partecipazione all’Unione Economica e Monetaria, concretizzatasi nel 2001 con l’ingresso nell’Euro. Gli anni tra il 2007 e il 2015 sono stati caratterizzati dal dominio dei due grandi partiti tradizionali Nea Democratia (centro-destra) e PASOK (socialista). Il partito di centro-destra ha governato dal 2007 al 2009, con Karamanlis Primo Ministro; il PASOK di George Papandreou dal 2009 al 2012. Le elezioni del 17 giugno 2012, se da una parte hanno sancito la vittoria di Neo Democratia, hanno visto anche una netta affermazione della sinistra radicale di SYRIZA, il netto indebolimento del PASOK e l’inquietante ingresso dei neonazisti di Alba Dorata. 6 Le elezioni del 25 gennaio 2015 hanno segnato la vittoria di SYRIZA, con un margine che le ha quasi consentito di ottenere la maggioranza assoluta dei seggi in Parlamento. Un accordo con i Greci Indipendenti hanno consentito a Tsipras di ottenere dall’allora Presidente Papoulias il mandato per formare il governo. Il Primo Ministro si è dimesso il 20 agosto, dopo l’irreparabile rottura con la componente di sinistra del proprio partito. Il 20 settembre scorso si sono tenute le elezioni politiche anticipate, che hanno segnato la riconferma di Tsipras. 7 POLITICA INTERNA ASSETTO ISTITUZIONALE La Grecia è una Repubblica parlamentare unicamerale, basata sulla Costituzione del 1975 e sul successivo emendamento del 1986. Il Capo dello Stato viene designato con mandato quinquennale dal Parlamento. Qualora il Parlamento non raggiunga la maggioranza qualificata prevista sono indette nuove elezioni ed il Presidente può essere eletto a maggioranza semplice dal nuovo Parlamento. Fra i poteri del Presidente: designazione del Primo Ministro, rinvio di un provvedimento al Parlamento per il riesame, scioglimento del Parlamento nel caso di due successive dimissioni del Governo o di due successivi voti di sfiducia. Il 18 febbraio 2015 è stato eletto come nuovo Presidente della Repubblica Prokopis Pavlopoulos, appartenente al partito Nea Dimokratia e insediatosi il 13 marzo 2015. Pavlopoulos succede a Karolos Papoulias (eletto per la prima volta nel 2005 e confermato nel mandato nel 2010). Il Parlamento (Βoυλή - “Voulì”) è composto da 300 membri, eletti per quattro anni. Dal 1993 è in vigore un sistema proporzionale integrato da un consistente premio di maggioranza, con una soglia di sbarramento del 3%. Il Primo Ministro è designato dal Presidente della Repubblica, che tuttavia non dispone di margini di discrezionalità, dato che l’incarico deve essere affidato al leader del partito di maggioranza. Eccezionalmente il Governo può chiedere l’indizione di nuove elezioni, motivando la richiesta con la necessità di conseguire unità di indirizzo su questioni nazionali di importanza prioritaria e di urgentissima trattazione. In tal caso, il Presidente della Repubblica, accertata la sussistenza delle condizioni, è tenuto a procedere allo scioglimento del Parlamento. SVILUPPI RECENTI 1. Gli sviluppi politici degli ultimi anni in Grecia si sono strettamente intrecciati con le conseguenze della disastrosa crisi economica che ha investito il paese e con i rapporti con i creditori internazionali, UE e FMI in primis. Nonostante gli indubbi successi nei negoziati e nella stabilizzazione delle finanze pubbliche elleniche con la concessione di ingenti prestiti, i 8 timori per un nuovo peggioramento delle condizioni politiche ed economiche ad Atene permangono. 2. La storia recedente del Paese è stata segnata dalle elezioni del 25 gennaio 2015 che hanno consentito, per la prima volta nella storia repubblicana greca, a un partito della sinistra radicale di vincere le elezioni. Un vantaggio di oltre otto punti percentuali su Nea Demokratia ed un accordo con il partito dei Greci Indipendenti hanno consentito ad Alexis Tsipras di ottenere il mandato per il nuovo governo e il voto di fiducia del Parlamento il successivo 5 febbraio. Tsipras ha mostrato piena consapevolezza della difficoltà di dover far accettare un eventuale accordo con i creditori internazionali all’ala più massimalista di SYRIZA. In quest’ottica si spiega il referendum indetto il 5 luglio 2015 sulla proposta presentata dai creditori internazionali durante l’Eurogruppo straordinario del 25 giugno 2015 (estensione per ulteriori cinque mesi del programma di assistenza finanziaria in scadenza il 30 giugno), che ha visto la vittoria con il 61,3%, del “no” appoggiato da Tsipras (affluenza alle urne del 62,5%). All’indomani del referendum il Ministro delle Finanze Varoufakis si è dimesso, lasciando il suo posto al Capo negoziatore con la “troika” Tsakalotos. Il successivo 12 luglio a Bruxelles, nell’ambito di un drammatico Consiglio europeo, sono state raggiunte delle intese approvate dal Parlamento greco a grande maggioranza il 16 luglio (interventi significativi IVA, pressione fiscale, pre-pensionamenti anticipati e indipendenza dell’ente nazionale di statistica). Il lungo e a tratti caotico dibattito parlamentare ha però sancito la crisi di SYRIZA, con 39 parlamentari su 149 che hanno fatto mancare il proprio sostegno, portando ad un rimpasto di governo. Un nuovo Governo Tsipras ha quindi giurato il 18 luglio escludendo i dissidenti di SYRIZA. Il secondo pacchetto di riforme sulla riforma del codice civile e il recepimento della direttiva europea sulla risoluzione delle banche (cd. “bail-in”) è stato approvato con i voti favorevoli di 123 deputati di SYRIZA, 13 Greci Indipendenti e ND, PASOK e
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