DOCSLIB.ORG

Insecticidal Properties of Piper Nigrum Fruit Extracts and Essential Oils Against Spodoptera Litura

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Insecticidal Properties of Piper Nigrum Fruit Extracts and Essential Oils Against Spodoptera Litura INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGY ISSN Print: 1560–8530; ISSN Online: 1814–9596 10–500/ZIP/2011/13–4–517–522 http://www.fspublishers.org Full Length Article Insecticidal Properties of Piper nigrum Fruit Extracts and Essential Oils against Spodoptera litura LOH SIEW FAN, RITA MUHAMAD1, DZOLKHIFLI OMAR AND MAWARDI RAHMANI† Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia †Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 1Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT Chemical analysis by GC and GC-MS revealed presence of 39 compounds in the essential oil fraction of Piper nigrum fresh fruits. Limonene was the major compound present with 35.06% of total oil followed by beta-pinene (12.95%) and linalool (9.55%). Insecticidal properties of Piper nigrum fruit extracts and essential oils were investigated against tobacco army worm, Spodoptera litura using topical application bioassay on uniform weighted second instar larvae in the laboratory. The hexane extract was most effective in killing the larvae and showed the highest toxicity at 48 h after treatment. Toxicity of extracts decreased in the order of hexane (LD50: 1.8 mg/g) > acetone (LD50: 18.8 mg/g) > chloroform (LD50: NA, the toxicity was very low) > essential oil (no mortality). Insect development and growth index observations showed that the hexane extract had antifeedant properties resulting in severe growth inhibition of Spodoptera litura. 2011 Friends Science Publishers Key Words: Botanical insecticide; Piper nigrum; Spodoptera litura; Topical bioassay INTRODUCTION peepuloidin, piplartin and trichonine contribute in no small measure (Adgeh, 1989; Awoyinka et al., 2006). These Insect pests are a major constraint on crop production, compounds have been demonstrated to be toxic to fruit flies, especially in developing countries. Natural plant extracts adzuki bean weevils, cockroaches and several other insect play an increasingly prominent role as alternatives to species (Su & Hovart, 1981; Gbenwonyo et al., 1993; synthetic pesticides due to the increasing concern on health Awoyinka et al., 2006). Hence, the present study was hazards, environmental pollution and negative effects on conducted to: (i) evaluate the toxicity of P. nigrum extracts non target organisms (Sharma et al., 2006). Many floral against the S. litura larvae and (ii) study the effects of P. volatiles have anti-microbial or anti-herbivore activity nigrum hexane extract on development and antifeedant (DeMoraes et al., 2001; Friedman et al., 2002; Hammer et reaction in Spodoptera litura. al., 2003) and hence act to protect valuable reproductive parts of plants from damage (Dudareva et al., 2004). MATERIALS AND METHODS However, intensive screening is necessary to select compounds with pesticidal properties, but harmless to the Plant materials and preparation of extracts: Fresh and environment and ecosystem. Researches on potential dried fruits of P. nigrum were obtained from Sibu, Sarawak, botanical extracts which are safe with little or no residues East Malaysia. The essential oil fraction was extracted from and naturally derived with minimal technology are urgently fresh fruits by hydrodistillation method (Maisonneune & needed. There are more than 2400 plant species belonging Saint-Ruffine, 1975). The essential oils of P. nigrum was to 189 plant families which are said to be rich sources of stored in glass vial and put in refrigerator (-4º) for further bioactive organic compounds (Rao et al., 2005). Among the experiment. Dried fruits were ground into powder and families of plants investigated to date, one showing soaked in hexane, chloroform and acetone to yield enormous potential is the pepper family, otherwise known sequentially the non-polar, intermediate and polar as Piperaceae (Dodson et al., 2000). The phytochemical compounds. The solvents used were based on the elutropic screening of black pepper fruit shows that it contains 4% series. Three hundred grams of black pepper powder was alkaloids in the berry (Dev & Koul, 1997; Awoyinka et al., soaked in 1 L solvent and incubated for 48 h. The mixture of 2006). Although information on the compounds responsible solvent and plant material was filtered by Whatman No. 1 for the insecticidal activities is scarce, it has been filter paper and the solution was collected. The plant documented that the amide olefinic or alkyl isobutylamides material was soaked in 1 L of hexane for another 48 h. Final compounds such as piperine, piperettine, tricostacine, filtered solution was accumulated and evaporated by rotary To cite this paper: Fan, L.S., R. Muhamad, D. Omar and M. Rahmani, 2011. Insecticidal properties of Piper nigrum fruit extracts and essential oils against Spodoptera litura. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 13: 517–522 FAN et al. / Int. J. Agric. Biol., Vol. 13, No. 4, 2011 evaporator to yield dark viscous extracts. Same extraction μg/g insect that caused 50% mortality) along with 95% methods were repeated by soaking the black pepper powder confidence intervals. individually by chloroform and acetone. Effect of hexane extract on development of Spodoptera Identification of chemical constituents: Qualitative and litura: Based on the results of the toxicity study, the hexane quantitative data were determined by GC and GC-MS, extract was selected to further evaluate its effects on growth respectively. The identification of the chemical constituents and development of S. litura until adult emergence. The was assigned on the basis of comparison of their mass experiment was conducted by topical bioassay on 2nd instar spectra using Shimadzu NIST/EPA/NIH+ mass spectral larvae as previously described. After application, treated database (225-04793-92), which produces standard bar larvae were placed singly in disposable Petri dishes for graphs for direct comparison with published spectra. observation until adult emergence. Larvae mortality (%), Gas chromatography (GC): The oil was injected onto a larvae head capsule length (mm), larvae weight gain (g), Shimadzu GC-17A system, equipped with an AOC-20i percentage of pupation (%), pupa weight (g), malformed autosampler and a split/splitless injector. The column used pupae (%), adult emergence (%) and sex ratio were was BPX 5, 30 m, 250 µm i.d., 0.25 µm df, coated with 5% recorded. Corrected efficacy (%) of larvae mortality was phenymethylsilane, operated with the following oven calculated using the formula proposed by Abbott (1925), temperature programme: 60ºC, held for 3 min, rising at malformed pupae and pupae mortality were calculated by 20°C/min to 100ºC, rising at 7°C/min to 240ºC, held for 5 Sun-Shepard’s formula (Püntener, 1981) and adult min; injection temperature and volume, 250°C and 1.0 µL, emergence was calculated by Henderson-Tilton’s formula respectively; injection mode, split; split ratio, 28:1; carrier (Henderson & Tilton, 1955). Larval growth index and total gas, helium at 29.6 cm/s linear velocity and inlet pressure developmental growth index were calculated as per Gupta 27.0 kPa; detector temperature, 280°C; column flow rate, and Girah (2001). All data were analyzed using the 0.7 mL/min; sampling rate, 0.50 s. Data was acquired by ANOVA procedure in SAS Statistical package and means means of GC solution software (Shimadzu). were compared by Tukey's Studentized Range (HSD) Test. GC-MS: Shimadzu QP 5050 A mass spectrometer system Antifeedant test: The experiment was conducted using the equipped with a capillary column BPX 5 (30 m x 250 µm, leaf dip method. P. nigrum hexane extract was selected to 0.25 μm film thickness) was used. Helium was used as the test on the 2nd instar of S. litura. The hexane crude extract carrier gas. The MS operating conditions were: ionization (0.3883 g) was dissolved in 1.5 mL xylene (solvent) and 0.1 was induced by an electron impact (EI) at 70 eV, ion source g Triton X-100 (surfactant) as emulsifiable concentrate and 250ºC. The compounds present were identified by finally dissolved in 20 mL distilled water to get a clear conducting a library search using Shimadzu solution. The percentages of formulation were assigned NIST/EPA/NIH+ mass spectral database. The operating based on experimentation including trial and errors. Leaf parameters were identical with those of GC analysis discs, 60 mm diameter, were cut and soaked in the prepared described above. extract, air dried and singly placed into disposable petri Bioassay to evaluate toxicity of extracts: The experiments dishes. Feeding tests were conducted using second instar were conducted using topical application bioassay. larvae of Spodoptera litura. One larva per dish and a total of Armyworm larvae were obtained from laboratory colonies 50 larvae were used per treatment. Leaf disc areas were maintained by Malaysia Agriculture Research and measured using a leaf area meter (LI-3100, LI-COL, USA) Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang. Five doses of at 24 and 48 h after exposure. Antifeedant index (AI) was solvent extracts (ranging from 0 to 40 mg/g) and essential calculated as per Gupta and Girah (2001). oils (ranging from 0 to 40 µL/g) were tested on one hundred larvae per dose with acetone used as a control. A 0.5-µL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION droplet of pesticide-acetone solution or acetone was administered to the thoracic tergum using a micro syringe (5 Chemical constituents of black pepper essential oil: µL, Hamilton Series 600/700 Standard microliter syringe, Distilled oil production from the fresh fruits of P. nigrum Fisher Scientific). After treatment, treated larvae were was 0.8% (v/w), yielding a colourless liquid rich in pungent individually introduced into each Petri dish. Organic fragrance with many volatile components (Table I). Thirty- mustard leaves were applied to consume by the treated nine components were identified. The monoterpene larvae. Mortality was assessed at 24 h and 48 h. Larva was compounds consisted of approximately 64.05% of the total considered dead if it was unable to make a coordinated oil.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phytochemical Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity of Piper Cubeba
    Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 01 (08); 2011: 153-157 ISSN: 2231-3354 Phytochemical Evaluation and Antioxidant Received on: 08-10-2011 Revised on: 12:10:2011 Accepted on: 15-10-2011 activity of Piper cubeba and Piper nigrum Gayatri Nahak and R.K. Sahu ABSTRACT Indian spices that provide flavor, color, and aroma to food also possess many therapeutic properties. Ancient Indian texts of Ayurveda, an Indian system of medicine, detailed the medicinal properties of these plants and their therapeutic usage. Recent scientific research has established the presence of many active compounds in these spices that are known to possess specific pharmacological properties. The therapeutic efficacy of these individual spices Gayatri Nahak and R.K. Sahu for specific pharmacological actions has also been established by experimental and clinical B.J.B. Autonomous College, studies. The medicinal effects traditionally ascribed to Indian spices are validated by modern Botany Department, pharmacological and experimental techniques, thus providing a scientific rationale to their Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India traditional therapeutic usage. Many plant-derived molecules have shown a promising effect in therapeutics. Among the plants investigated to date, one showing enormous potential is the Piperaceae. Piperine is an alkaloid found naturally in plants belonging to the pyridine group of Piperaceae family, such as Piper nigrum and Piper cubeba. It is widely used in various herbal cough syrups and it is also used in anti inflammatory, anti malarial, anti leukemia treatment. So the present study was aimed to extract the phytochemical compounds in different solvent system in Piper nigrum and Piper cubeba. In preliminary screening and confirmatory test it was identified as alkaloid.
    [Show full text]
  • Langus Unr 0139M 12136.Pdf
    University of Nevada, Reno The Causes and Consequences of Variation in the Insect Immune Response A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biology by Tara Chenielle Langus Dr. Angela M. Smilanich/Thesis Advisor August, 2016 THE GRADUATE SCHOOL We recommend that the thesis prepared under our supervision by TARA CHENIELLE LANGUS Entitled The Causes And Consequences Of Variation In The Insect Immune Response be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Angela Smilanich, Advisor Matt Forister, Committee Member Lora Richards, Committee Member Chris Feldman, Graduate School Representative David W. Zeh, Ph. D., Dean, Graduate School August, 2016 i ABSTRACT Plants produce an array of secondary metabolites that play an important ecological role in defense against herbivores in addition to having varied effects on herbivore natural enemies. Here, I investigate the complex interactions between diet, the immune response, and microbiota. In my first experiment, I asked whether plant chemistry and the presence of egg microbes affect the immune response of a specialist herbivore and its resistance to viral attack. Common buckeye larvae (Junonia coenia) were inoculated with a densovirus (JcDNV) and reared on two host plant species (Plantago lanceolata and Plantago major) that differ in their composition and concentration of iridoid glycosides. In addition, a subset of eggs were surface sterilized to investigate whether microbes on the egg’s surface contribute to viral resistance. Survivorship, development time, pupal weight, hemocyte counts, and a colormetric assay of phenoloxidase (PO) enzyme activity were measured to identify what role plant chemistry and microbes play on the outcome of infection by a pathogen, Junonia coenia densovirus.
    [Show full text]
  • Peperomia Blanda (PIPERACEAE): AVALIAÇÃO DAS ATIVIDADES ANTIBACTERIANA E ANTIOXIDANTE
    UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS FARMACÊUTICAS CÂMPUS DE ARARAQUARA Peperomia blanda (PIPERACEAE): AVALIAÇÃO DAS ATIVIDADES ANTIBACTERIANA E ANTIOXIDANTE DANILO FUIN DIGNANI ARARAQUARA – SP 2009 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS FARMACÊUTICAS CÂMPUS DE ARARAQUARA Peperomia blanda (PIPERACEAE): AVALIAÇÃO DAS ATIVIDADES ANTIBACTERIANA E ANTIOXIDANTE DANILO FUIN DIGNANI ORIENTADORA: Profa. Dra. Taís Maria Bauab Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Área de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, como parte dos requisitos necessários para a obtenção do Titulo de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas. ARARAQUARA – SP 2009 Ficha Catalográfica Elaborada Pelo Serviço Técnico de Biblioteca e Documentação Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas UNESP – Campus de Araraquara Documentação Dignani, Danilo Fuin D575p Peperomia blanda (Piperaceae) : Avaliação das atividades antibacteriana e antioxidante. / Danilo Fuin Dignani. – Araraquara, 2009. 109 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Estadual Paulista. “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”. Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas Orientador: Taís Maria Bauab . 1.Peperomia blanda. 2. Difusão em Agar. 3.Microdiluição. 4. Antioxidante. I. Bauab, Taís Maria, orient. II. Título. CAPES: 40300005 “Da terra, o Senhor criou os remédios, e o homem de bom senso não os despreza. Não foi para manifestar o poder do Senhor que as águas foram adoçadas com um pedaço de madeira? O Senhor deu aos homens a ciência para que pudessem glorificá-lo por causa das maravilhas dele. Com elas, o médico cura e elimina a dor, e o farmacêutico prepara as fórmulas. Dessa maneira, as obras de Deus não têm fim, e dele vem o bem-estar para a terra”.
    [Show full text]
  • World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Antioxidant Capacity of Piper Longum and Piper Nigrum Fruits Grown in Bangladesh Proity
    World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN (Print): 2321-3310; ISSN (Online): 2321-3086 Published by Atom and Cell Publishers © All Rights Reserved Available online at: http://www.wjpsonline.org/ Original Article Antioxidant capacity of piper longum and piper nigrum fruits grown in Bangladesh Proity Nayeeb Akbar1,2, Ismet Ara Jahan1*, M. Hemayet Hossain1, Rajib Banik1, Husna Purvin Nur1 and Md. Tofazzal Hossain1 1Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dr. Quadrat-E-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205 2Randolph College, 2500 Rivermont Avenue, Virginia, USA Received: 13-07-2014 / Revised: 06-08-2014 / Accepted: 27-08-2014 ABSTRACT The study is performed to determine and compare the antioxidant capacity of water and ethanol extracts of Piper longum and Piper nigrum fruits grown in Bangladesh. DPPH, ABTS and nitric oxide free radical scavenging activity, FRAP, superoxide dismutase, Fe2+ ion chelating ability, total antioxidant capacity, reducing power assay, total flavonoid, and total phenolic content determination assays were used for evaluation of antioxidant capacity. The ethanol extracts of P. longum (long pepper from Dhaka, long pepper from Rajshahi) and P. nigrum (white pepper, black pepper) fruits showed significant activities compared to the water extracts in most of the antioxidant assays in a dose dependent manner. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents ranged between 32.83 to 174.92 mg of GAE/g of dry extract and 33.44 to 172.98 mg of QE/g of dry extract, respectively. In total antioxidant capacity and FRAP assay, the activity of the extracts ranged from 9.05 to 199.17 mg AAE/g extract and 5.32 to 18.33 mg FeSO4E/g extract.
    [Show full text]
  • Daftar Pustaka
    DAFTAR PUSTAKA Ahmad, F., Emrizal, Sirat, H. M., Jamaludin, F., Mustapha, N. M. adah, Ali, R. M., … Aboul-Enein, H. Y. (2014). Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of Piper porphyrophyllum (Fam. Piperaceae). Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 7(6), 1031–1033. Aktar, M. W., Sengupta, D., & Chowdhury, A. (2009). Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards. Interdisciplinary Toxicology, 2(1), 1–12. Akthar, M. S., Birhanu, G., & Demisse, S. (2014). Antimicrobial activity of Piper nigrum L. and Cassia didymobotyra L. leaf extract on selected food borne pathogens. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 4(S2), S911–S919. Almeida, R. R. P. de, Souto, R. N. P., Bastos, C. N., Silva, M. H. L. da, & Maia, J. G. S. (2009). Chemical Variation in Piper aduncum and Biological Properties of Its Dillapiole-Rich Essential Oil. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 6, 1427–1434. Aravind, A., Joy, M. L., & Nair, K. P. (2015). Lubricant properties of biodegradable rubber tree seed (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg) oil. Industrial Crops and Products, 74, 14–19. Arif, T., Bhosale, J. D., Kumar, N., Mandal, T. K., Bendre, R. S., & Lavekar, G. S. (2009). Journal of Asian Natural Products Research Natural products – antifungal agents derived from plants. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 11:7, 621–638. Asmarayani, R. (2018). Phylogenetic relationships in Malesian-Pacific Piper ( Piperaceae ) and their implications for systematics. TAXON, 67(4), 693–724. Ayoola, G., Coker, H., Adesegun, S., Adepoju-Bello, A., Obaweya, K., Ezennia, E., & Atangbayila, T. (2008). Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activities of Some Selected Medicinal Plants Used for Malaria Therapy in Southwestern Nigeria.
    [Show full text]
  • Intercontinental Long-Distance Dispersal of Canellaceae from the New to the Old World Revealed by a Nuclear Single Copy Gene and Chloroplast Loci
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84 (2015) 205–219 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Intercontinental long-distance dispersal of Canellaceae from the New to the Old World revealed by a nuclear single copy gene and chloroplast loci Sebastian Müller a,1, Karsten Salomo a,1, Jackeline Salazar b, Julia Naumann a, M. Alejandra Jaramillo c, ⇑ Christoph Neinhuis a, Taylor S. Feild d,2, Stefan Wanke a, ,2 a Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Botanik, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062 Dresden, Germany b Escuela de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (UASD), C/Bartolomé Mitre, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic c Centro de Investigación para el Manejo Ambiental y el Desarrollo, Cali, Colombia d Centre for Tropical Biodiversity and Climate Change, College of Marine and Environmental Science, Townsville 4810, Campus Townsville, Australia article info abstract Article history: Canellales, a clade consisting of Winteraceae and Canellaceae, represent the smallest order of magnoliid Received 10 July 2014 angiosperms. The clade shows a broad distribution throughout the Southern Hemisphere, across a diverse Revised 16 December 2014 range of dry to wet tropical forests. In contrast to their sister-group, Winteraceae, the phylogenetic rela- Accepted 17 December 2014 tions and biogeography within Canellaceae remain poorly studied. Here we present the phylogenetic Available online 9 January 2015 relationships of all currently recognized genera of Canellales with a special focus on the Old World Canellaceae using a combined dataset consisting of the chloroplast trnK-matK-trnK-psbA and the nuclear Keywords: single copy gene mag1 (Maigo 1). Within Canellaceae we found high statistical support for the mono- Canellales phyly of Warburgia and Cinnamosma.
    [Show full text]
  • Anticancer Principles from Medicinal Piper (胡椒 Hú Jiāo) Plants
    Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Vo1. 4, No. 1, pp. 8‑16 Copyright © 2014 Committee on Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Taiwan This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Journal homepage http://www.jtcm.org Anticancer Principles from Medicinal Piper (胡椒 Hú Jiāo) Plants Yue‑Hu Wang1,2, Susan L. Morris‑Natschke1, Jun Yang2, Hong‑Mei Niu2, Chun‑Lin Long2,3, Kuo‑Hsiung Lee1,4 1Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. 2Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People’s Republic of China. 3College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, People’s Republic of China. 4Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. ABSTRACT The ethnomedical uses of Piper (胡椒 Hú Jiāo) plants as anticancer agents, in vitro cytotoxic activity of both extracts and compounds from Piper plants, and in vivo antitumor activity and mechanism of action of selected compounds are reviewed in the present paper. The genus Piper (Piperaceae) contains approximately 2000 species, of which 10 species have been used in traditional medicines to treat cancer or cancer‑like symptoms. Studies have shown that 35 extracts from 24 Piper species and 32 compounds from Piper plants possess cytotoxic activity. Amide alkaloids account for 53% of the major active principles. Among them, piplartine (piperlongumine) shows the most promise, being toxic to dozens of cancer cell lines and having excellent in vivo activity. It is worthwhile to conduct further anticancer studies both in vitro and in vivo on Piper plants and their active principles.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecography ECOG-02498 Hansen, A
    Ecography ECOG-02498 Hansen, A. C., Glassmire, A. E., Dyer, L. A. and Smilanich, A. M. 2016. Patterns in parasitism frequency explained by diet and immunity. – Ecography doi: 10.1111/ecog.02498 Supplementary material 1 Appendix 1 2 Materials and Methods 3 Study System 4 Piper—The plant genus Piper (Piperaceae) contains over 2,000 species pantropically, with 1,500 5 species in the Neotropics and 50 described species at our study site in Costa Rica, La Selva 6 Biological Station (Jaramillo et al. 2008). The Piper species in this study, Piper imperiale C.DC. 7 and Piper cenocladum C.DC., grow in the understory of this tropical wet forest as small or mid- 8 canopy shrubs. The phytochemistry of both species has been carefully investigated. Piper 9 imperiale contains two imides: 5′-desmethoxydihydropiplartine, piplaroxide, an alkene, and at 10 least five different sesquiterpenes (Fincher et al. 2008). Piper cenocladum contains the following 11 amides: piplartine, 4'-desmethylpiplartine, and cenocladamide (Dodson et al. 2000). In addition 12 to differences in the chemical profiles, the total amide/imide concentrations differ, with P. 13 cenocladum containing concentrations as much as 10x higher than P. imperiale (0.029% vs. 14 1.068%) (Dodson et al. 2000, Fincher et al. 2008). A recent analysis using NMR data of forty- 15 three Piper species from La Selva found that P. cencocladum had higher phytochemical diversity 16 compared to P. imperiale (Richards et al. 2015). 17 Eois—Eois (Geometridae) caterpillars are specialists on Piper hosts (Dyer and Palmer 2004). 18 The species used here, Eois apyraria Guenee and Eois nympha Schaus, are both specialists on P.
    [Show full text]
  • Pensión Completa Para Hormigas En Plantas De Piper
    © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at A house in the tropics: full pension for ants in Piper plants Una casa en el tropico: pensión completa para hormigas en plantas de Piper R enate F ISCHER &Veronika M AYER Abstract: On the southern Pacific slope of Costa Rica, several species of Piper plants (Piperaceae) live in an obligate mutualism with Pheidole bicornis ants (Fomicidae: Myrmicinae). These plants produce small single-celled food bodies (FBs) in the leaf doma- tia formed by the petiole bases and roofing leaf sheaths. FBs of four of the five Piper species known to live with the obligate ant mutualist Pheidole bicornis were analysed: P. cenocladum, P. fimbriulatum, P. obliquum and P. sagittifolium. FBs mainly consist of lipids (41% to 48% of dry mass (DM)) and proteins (17% to 24%) and are a high-energy food source (up to 23 kJ g-1 DM) for the in- habiting ants. By measuring the natural abundance of the stable (i.e. non-radioactive) isotopes of carbon (13C) and of nitrogen (15N) in FBs of Piper fimbriulatum and in ants it was shown that especially the larvae of the ants mainly feed on FBs. By feeding inhabiting ants with the 15N-labelled amino acid glycine, which was supplied in sucrose solution to the ants, nutrient transfer was demonstrated not only from plants to ants via FBs but also from ants to plants via faeces. Nutrient transfer from ants to plants oc- curred remarkably fast. Within 6 days, up to 25% of the nitrogen ingested by the ants was incorporated by the plants.
    [Show full text]
  • SEBAGAI ANTI HIPERGLIKEMIA PADA MENCIT (Mus Musculus)
    EFEKTIVITAS PEMBERIAN INFUSA DAUN SIRIH MERAH (Piper crocatum) SEBAGAI ANTI HIPERGLIKEMIA PADA MENCIT (Mus musculus) SKRIPSI Oleh: FUJI LESTARI NPM. 16820083 FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN HEWAN UNIVERSITAS WIJAYA KUSUMA SURABAYA SURABAYA 2020 ii iii EFEKTIVITAS PEMBERIAN INFUSA DAUN SIRIH MERAH (Piper crocatum) SEBAGAI ANTI HIPERGLIKEMIA PADA MENCIT (Mus musculus) Fuji Lestari ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas pemberian infusa daun sirih merah (Piper crocatum) sebagai anti hiperglikemia pada mencit (Mus musculus). Hewan percobaan yang digunakan adalah mencit jantan sebanyak 24 ekor. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan dan 6 ulangan. Keempat perlakuan tersebut adalah P0 (Kontrol), P1 (6 ekor mencit dengan pemberian infusa daun sirih merah konsentrasi 5%), P2 (6 ekor mencit dengan pemberian infusa daun sirih merah konsentrasi 10%), dan P3 (6 ekor mencit dengan pemberian infusa daun sirih merah konsentrasi 15%). Perlakuan tersebut dilakukan setiap satu hari sekali selama 21 hari. Sebelum dilakukan perlakuan, dilakukan penimbangan berat badan awal dan pemeriksaan kadar glukosa darah dilanjutkan pada hari ke-7, pada hari ke-14, dan pada hari ke-21. Data yang diperoleh dari hasil penimbangan berat badan ditemukan nilai rata-rata P0 (25,67±2,994a) g, P1 5% (24,17±1,329a) g, P2 10% (22,67±2,658a) g, dan P3 15% (24,83±2,994a). Hasil data dari pemeriksaan kadar gula darah ditemukan nilai rata- rata P0 (97,17±57,784a) mg/dL, P1 5% (98,83±52,943a) mg/dL, P2 10% (82,00±41,313a) mg/dL, dan P3 15% /(94,67± 41,793a) mg/dL. Data yang diperoleh selanjutnya dianalisis menggunakan uji ANOVA yang secara statistik menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan nyata (P>0,05) dari berat badan dan kadar glukosa darah pada mencit (Mus musculus) yang diberi infusa daun sirih merah (Piper crocatum).
    [Show full text]
  • Inter- and Intraspecific Comparisons of Antiherbivore Defenses in Three Species of Rainforest Understory Shrubs
    J Chem Ecol (2008) 34:558–574 DOI 10.1007/s10886-008-9432-4 Inter- and Intraspecific Comparisons of Antiherbivore Defenses in Three Species of Rainforest Understory Shrubs R. M. Fincher & L. A. Dyer & C. D. Dodson & J. L. Richards & M. A. Tobler & J. Searcy & J. E. Mather & A. J. Reid & J. S. Rolig & W. Pidcock Received: 2 July 2007 /Revised: 24 November 2007 /Accepted: 9 December 2007 /Published online: 4 March 2008 # Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2008 Abstract Plants defend themselves against herbivores and herbivory. In other Piper studies, chemical and biotic pathogens with a suite of morphological, phenological, defenses had strong intraspecific negative correlations with biochemical, and biotic defenses, each of which is herbivory. A wide variety of defensive mechanisms was presumably costly. The best studied are allocation costs quantified in the three Piper species studied, ranging from that involve trade-offs in investment of resources to defense low concentrations of chemical defenses in P. imperiale to a versus other plant functions. Decreases in growth or complex suite of defenses in P. cenocladum that includes reproductive effort are the costs most often associated with ant mutualists, secondary metabolites, and moderate tough- antiherbivore defenses, but trade-offs among different ness. Ecological costs were evident for the array of defenses may also occur within a single plant species. We defensive mechanisms within these Piper species, and the examined trade-offs among defenses in closely related differences in defensive strategies among species may tropical rain forest shrubs (Piper cenocladum, P. imperiale, represent evolutionary trade-offs between costly defenses. and P.
    [Show full text]
  • I SKRINING FITOKIMIA DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN
    PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI SKRINING FITOKIMIA DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK METANOL DAUN SIRIH LENGKUNG ( Piper aduncum L.) SKRIPSI Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Farmasi (S.Farm.) Program Studi Farmasi Oleh: Clementia Nova NIM : 128114048 FAKULTAS FARMASI UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2016 i PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI iii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PERSEMBAHAN Dear God, Thank you for creating such a magical piece Known as a “smile”. It’s indescribable, the feeling when someone smiles at you sincerely, and their eyes sparkle as they do so. No matter how close, no matter how much of a stranger, a sincere smile just melts the heart. Dear God, Thank you for creating another magical piece known as a “cry”. The feeling of seeing someone cry warms my heart, because it simply shows how fragile and connected we all are. And, the feeling when it my selfcry, it brings relief and appreciation to life. Dear God, I enjoy talking to You -Dian Rikasari- Karya ini saya persembahkan: Untuk Tuhan Yesus Kristus, karena penyertaannya sepanjang hidupku Untuk Orang Tua yang selaluaku hormati dan cintai Untuk Keluarga Bituk yang selalu melengkapi hidupku Untuk KeluargaTiyap yang selalu mendoakan setiap langkahku Untuk Sahabat yang selalu memberi dukungan dan menyemangatiku Dan yang terakhir untuk orang-orang yang membantuku dalam mengerjakan skripsi ini. iv PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI v PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI vi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PRAKATA Puji dan syukur kepada Tuhan yang Maha Esa atas berkat, kasih dan kesempatan-Nya, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi berjudul “SKRINING FITOKIMIA DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK METANOL DAUN SIRIH LENGKUNG ( Piper aduncum L.)”.
    [Show full text]