Bodily Attractiveness As a Window to Women's Fertility and Reproductive

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Bodily Attractiveness As a Window to Women's Fertility and Reproductive Bodily Attractiveness as a Window to Women’s Fertility and Reproductive 7 Value Jaime M. Cloud and Carin Perilloux Dedicated to the memory of Devendra Singh (1938–2010) Intellectual debate regarding the universality of resources to support the metabolic costs of repro- standards of beauty has waned in recent years. An duction (Marlowe & Wetsman, 2001; Sugiyama, unprecedented number of researchers now 2004; Wetsman & Marlowe, 1999). Nearly every embrace the evolutionary perspective that morphological trait imaginable—from head (e.g., components of physical attractiveness reflect hair color; Swami, Furnham, & Joshi, 2008) to toe individuals’ health and reproductive condition, (e.g., foot size; Fessler, Haley, & Lal, 2005)—has rather than arbitrary cultural norms (e.g., Singh & received some empirical attention. In order to Singh, 2011; Sugiyama, 2005) (cf. Wolf, 1991). make the process of drawing inferences from this An increasing amount of attention has instead been data more tractable, a line is often drawn at the placed on the relative strength with which morpho- neck, separating facial and bodily components of logical traits predict perceptions of overall attrac- attractiveness (e.g., Confer, Perilloux, & Buss, tiveness. For instance, variations in body mass 2010). The primary focus of the current chapter is index (BMI) are frequently compared to those in the argument that bodily components of attractive- waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) to determine whether ness convey certain information about a woman’s BMI or WHR is the more salient index of a reproductive profile that cannot be gleaned as eas- woman’s bodily attractiveness (Singh, 1993; ily from facial components of attractiveness. Tove´e, Maisey, Emery, & Cornelissen, 1999). We begin this chapter by integrating evidence Studies consistently find that both measures affect that various bodily traits predict a woman’s health, perceptions of attractiveness (e.g., Furnham, hormonal profile, and reproductive status with Petrides, & Constantinides, 2005; Furnham, empirical findings that demonstrate systematic Swami, & Shah, 2006); however, the specific preferences for optimal levels within those traits. values associated with maximum levels of attrac- We then consider the plasticity of attractiveness tiveness appear to depend on the availability of judgments across cultures and time periods. In this local resources. For example, in subsistence- part, we present new evidence challenging the based societies, greater priority is given to body popular belief that Baroque ideals of attractiveness weight (BMI) than body shape (WHR), as the (e.g., high BMI) are vastly different from modern former indicates the availability of sufficient ideals. We conclude with evidence showing that J.M. Cloud (*) Department of Psychology, Western Oregon University, Monmouth, OR 97361, USA e-mail: [email protected] V.A. Weekes-Shackelford and T.K. Shackelford (eds.), Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Sexual 135 Psychology and Behavior, Evolutionary Psychology, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-0314-6_7, # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 136 J.M. Cloud and C. Perilloux men preferentially attend to women’s bodies in bodily traits simultaneously convey information short-term mating contexts (e.g., one-night pertaining to both. In this first part, we review stand). These results are discussed in light of the various bodily features, detailing their health and hypothesis that fertility cues may be better gleaned reproductive correlates, as well as empirical evi- from a woman’s body than her face. dence showing systematic preferences for specific variations in each trait. Components of Bodily Attractiveness Leg Length Aspects of physical attractiveness are experi- enced as “attractive” because they have been One of the more recent empirical developments reliably associated with individuals’ health, hor- over the past decade has been the identification monal profile, and reproductive status throughout of leg length as a determinant of attractiveness. human evolutionary history (Symons, 1979; This trait is frequently operationalized as a leg- Williams, 1975). These traits are said to be hon- to-body ratio (LBR), representing the proportion est, meaning the integrity of their signaling value of an individual’s height (usually including the is maintained by the inability of individuals with head) that is accounted for by the legs (Swami, decreased fitness to imitate such cues (Zahavi, Einon, & Furnham, 2006; Swami, Gray, & 1975). Bilateral symmetry, for example, reflects Furnham, 2006). Before its application in evolu- an individual’s ability to withstand environmen- tionary psychology, LBR was primarily used as a tal (e.g., parasitic) and genetic perturbations dur- measure of childhood nutritional status, with ing development (Thornhill & Gangestad, 1994). lower LBRs representing periods of interrupted Individuals with lower-quality immune systems growth (Davey Smith et al., 2001). LBR has also are more susceptible to developmental insults been associated with various indices of health, and are therefore less likely to maintain symmet- including lower BMI, blood pressure, and cho- rical features. Consequently, individuals with lesterol, as well as a reduced risk of coronary symmetrical faces and bodies are preferentially heart disease, diabetes, and cancer (Davey sought as mates (Gangestad & Thornhill, 1997; Smith et al., 2001; Gunnell, May, Ben-Shlomo, Thornhill & Gangestad, 1994). Yarnell, & Davey Smith, 2003; Gunnell, Although attended to by individuals of both Whitley, et al., 2003). Importantly, childhood sexes, men place relatively greater priority than environmental conditions have been shown to women on a potential mate’s physical attractive- influence leg length more strongly than any ness (Buss, 1989; Li, Bailey, Kenrick, & other component of stature (e.g., trunk length; Linsenmeier, 2002). This is because men’s repro- Gunnell, May, et al., 2003), rendering LBR an ductive success, more so than women’s, was pri- especially powerful marker of resource availabil- marily limited by access to healthy, fertile mates ity and health during development. over human evolutionary history (Sugiyama, 2005; In addition to functioning as an honest signal of Symons, 1979). Consequently, men’s mating psy- health, Swami, Einon, et al. (2006) propose that chology is designed to attend to cues of a woman’s women have a slightly higher LBR than men, and reproductive value (a measure of future reproduc- thus, LBR is used to differentiate masculine from tive potential that is strongly correlated with a feminine body types. To test this possibility, woman’s age) and fertility (i.e., fecundability, a Swami et al. presented men and women with line measure of a woman’s current ability to become drawings of male and female figures that varied in pregnant) and find women who possess high levels LBR. They hypothesized that if high LBRs are of both especially attractive. Although these two attractive because they indicate genetic quality, dimensions are partially dissociable (e.g., a young high LBRs should be considered more attractive pregnant woman is likely to have high reproduc- than low LBRs regardless of sex. If, on the other tive value despite a current fertility of zero), many hand, high LBRs signal femininity, high LBRs 7 Bodily Attractiveness as a Window to Women’s Fertility and Reproductive Value 137 should be considered more attractive only within selected toward smaller foot size, counteracting female figures. The results supported the latter evolutionary pressures (e.g., an increase in per- relationship between LBR and femininity: as ceived attractiveness) must have outweighed LBR increased, attractiveness ratings increased costs associated with small feet. In women, foot for female figures, but decreased for male figures. size gradually increases with age and parity (for This pattern of results also replicated in a cross- relevant citations, see Fessler et al., 2005); thus, cultural sample of British and Malaysian small feet may be considered attractive because participants (Swami, Einon, & Furnham, 2007). they indicate high reproductive value. Indeed, Other studies eschew the explanation provided by women with relatively large feet are judged to Swami, Gray, et al. (2006), given research that be older (Fessler et al., 2012) and less attractive shows no sexual dimorphism in LBR (for relevant (Fessler et al., 2005, 2012; Voracek et al., 2007) citations, see Sorokowski & Pawlowski, 2008). than those with relatively small feet. As would be These studies instead find a curvilinear, rather expected in light of biomechanical efficiencies, than linear, preference for LBR, with attractiveness women prefer men with average-to-large-sized assessments peaking at average (approximately feet (Fessler et al., 2012; Voracek et al., 2007), 0.50) to slightly above-average (elongated by although, consistent with unidirectional sexual 5–10 %) LBRs for both male and female stimuli selection for foot size, women are less interested (Frederick, Hadji-Michael, Furnham, & Swami, in men’s feet than men are in women’s feet 2010; Sorokowski, Sorokowska, & Mberira, (Fessler et al., 2012; Voracek et al., 2007). Foot 2012; Sorokowski & Pawlowski, 2008). Most size may therefore indicate a woman’s reproduc- notably, Sorokowski et al. (2011) surveyed the tive value and has been recognized (albeit not for LBR preferences of men and women from 27 the ultimate reasons indicated here) as an impor- nations and found average LBRs to be maximally tant component of female
Recommended publications
  • Hot Or Not.Pdf
    PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Research Article If I’m Not Hot, Are You Hot or Not? Physical-Attractiveness Evaluations and Dating Preferences as a Function of One’s Own Attractiveness Leonard Lee,1 George Loewenstein,2 Dan Ariely,3 James Hong,4 and Jim Young4 1Columbia University, 2Carnegie Mellon University, 3Duke University, and 4HOTorNOT.com, San Francisco, California ABSTRACT—Prior research has established that people’s Such attractiveness matching can potentially be explained own physical attractiveness affects their selection of by various theories, including evolutionary theories, which posit romantic partners. This article provides further support that assortative mating maximizes gene replication and in- for this effect and also examines a different, yet related, creases fitness (Thiessen & Gregg, 1980); equity theory, which question: When less attractive people accept less attractive proposes that a relationship built on attribute matching could dates, do they persuade themselves that the people they be perceived to be more equitable and satisfactory than a choose to date are more physically attractive than others relationship that involves a mismatch of personal attributes perceive them to be? Our analysis of data from the pop- (Walster, Walster, & Berscheid, 1978); market theories, which ular Web site HOTorNOT.com suggests that this is not the indicate that attractive people seek one another as mates, case: Less attractive people do not delude themselves into leaving the less attractive people to choose among themselves thinking that their dates are more physically attractive (Hitsch, Hortacsu, & Ariely, 2006; Kalick & Hamilton, 1986); than others perceive them to be. Furthermore, the results and parental-image theories, which claim that people are at- also show that males, compared with females, are less tracted to others who resemble their parents and thus indirectly affected by their own attractiveness when choosing whom themselves (Epstein & Guttman, 1984).
    [Show full text]
  • Human Mating Strategies Human Mating Strategies
    Human Mating Strategies Human Mating Strategies As descendants of a long line of successful maters, modern humans have inherited the mating strategies that led to their forebear’s success. These include long-term mating, short-term mating, and mixed mating strategies. This article presents empirical evi- dence supporting evolution-based hypotheses about the complexities of these mating strategies, which differ substantially for men and women. array of adaptations specifically dedicated to the David M. Buss, Professor, task of mating. Department of Psychology, Nowhere do people have an equal desire to mate University of Texas, Austin with all people. Everywhere, some people are pre- ferred as mates, others shunned. Desires are central to all facets of mating. They determine who we are attracted to, and who is attracted to us. They influ- ence which attraction tactics will be successful (those that fulfill desires) and which attraction tac- tics will fail (those that violate desires). Successful mate retention tactics involve continuing to provide resources that fulfill the desires of a mate. Failure to Perhaps no adaptive domain is more central to re- fulfill these desires causes breakup and divorce. At production than mating. Those in our evolutionary every step of the mating process, from mate selec- past who failed to mate failed to become ancestors. tion to mate expulsion, desires determine the Modern humans are all descendants of a long and ground rules. unbroken line of ancestors who succeeded in the complex and sometimes circuitous tasks involved in Sexual Selection and Parental Investment mating. As their descendants, modern humans have Although Charles Darwin (1859) recognized that inherited the adaptations that led to the success of survival was central to the evolutionary process, their ancestors.
    [Show full text]
  • Erotic Ambiguities : the Female Nude in Art / 30111 Helen Mcdonald
    1111 2 3 4 5111 EROTIC AMBIGUITIES 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 Art is always ambiguous. When it involves the female body it can also be erotic. 4 Erotic Ambiguities is a study of how contemporary women artists have recon- 5 ceptualised the figure of the female nude. Helen McDonald shows how, over 6 the past thirty years, artists have employed the idea of ambiguity to dismantle 7 the exclusive, classical ideal enshrined in the figure of the nude, and how they 8 have broadened the scope of the ideal to include differences of race, ethnicity, 9 sexuality and disability as well as gender. 20111 McDonald discusses the work of a wide range of women artists, including 1 Barbara Kruger, Judy Chicago, Mary Duffy, Zoe Leonard, Tracey Moffatt, Pat 2 Brassington and Sally Smart. She traces the shift in feminist art practices from 3 the early challenge to patriarchal representations of the female nude to contem- 4 porary, ‘postfeminist’ practices, influenced by theories of performativity, queer 5 theory and postcoloniality. McDonald argues that feminist efforts to develop 6 a more positive representation of the female body need to be reconsidered, 7 in the face of the resistant ambiguities and hybrid complexities of visual art in 8 the late 1990s. 9 30111 Helen McDonald is an Honorary Fellow in the School of Fine Arts, Classical 1 Studies and Archaeology at the University of Melbourne. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44111 i RUNNING HEAD 1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44111 ii RUNNING HEAD
    [Show full text]
  • Vaginal Health After Breast Cancer: a Guide for Patients
    Information Sheet Vaginal health after breast cancer: A guide for patients Key points • Women who have had breast cancer treatment before menopause may develop a range of symptoms related to low oestrogen levels, while post-menopausal women may have a worsening of their symptoms. • These symptoms relate to both the genital and urinary tracts. • A range of both non-prescription/lifestyle and prescription treatments is available. Discuss your symptoms with your specialist or general practitioner as they will be able to advise you, based on your individual situation. • Women who have had breast cancer treatment before menopause might find they develop symptoms such as hot flushes, night sweats, joint aches and vaginal dryness. • These are symptoms of low oestrogen, which occur naturally with age, but may also occur in younger women undergoing treatment for breast cancer. These changes are called the genito-urinary syndrome of menopause (GSM), which was previously known as atrophic vaginitis. • Unlike some menopausal symptoms, such as hot flushes, which may go away as time passes, vaginal dryness, discomfort with intercourse and changes in sexual function often persist and may get worse with time. • The increased use of adjuvant treatments (medications that are used after surgery/chemotherapy/radiotherapy), which evidence shows reduce the risk of the cancer recurring, unfortunately leads to more side-effects. • Your health and comfort are important, so don’t be embarrassed about raising these issues with your doctor. • This Information Sheet offers some advice for what you can do to maintain the health of your vagina, your vulva (the external genitals) and your urethra (outlet from the bladder), with special attention to the needs of women who have had breast cancer treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Writing the Naked Body: Sex and Nudity in Nuala Ní Chonchuír's Nude
    Estudios Irlandeses, Number 11, 2016, pp. 1-11 __________________________________________________________________________________________ AEDEI Writing the Naked Body: Sex and Nudity in Nuala Ní Chonchuír’s Nude Máximo Aláez Corral University of Oviedo, Spain Copyright (c) 2016 by Máximo Aláez Corral. This text may be archived and redistributed both in electronic form and in hard copy, provided that the author and journal are properly cited and no fee is charged for access. Abstract. This essay looks into the deconstruction of the male gaze and the objectification process around the concepts of nudity and nakedness. Starting from the review of some of Martha Nussbaum’s, John Berger’s, or Laura Mulvey’s main ideas on the topic of the gaze and objectification, a practical analysis of some of the short stories contained in Nuala Ní Chonchúir’s Nude (2009) is provided. By so doing, I intend to examine the ways in which conventional objectification phenomena can be turned upside down, challenged or parodied in order to reveal cultural discriminatory undercurrents and offer a new non-objectifying visual and written representation of the naked body. Key Words. Ní Chonchúir, Objectification, Male Gaze, Nude, Naked Body, Feminism. Resumen. Este ensayo analiza la deconstrucción de la mirada masculina y el proceso de reificación en torno al concepto de desnudez en toda su extensión. Tras plantear un breve repaso de algunas de las ideas planteadas por Martha Nussbaum, John Berger o Laura Mulvey acerca tanto de la mirada como de la reificación del cuerpo, realizo un análisis práctico de algunos de los relatos contenidos en Nude (2009), de la autora irlandesa Nuala Ní Chonchúir.
    [Show full text]
  • Predicting Aggression Using Domains of Self-Esteem: Direct and Indirect Aggression in Males and Females As a Function of Domain-Specific Self-Esteem
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2005 Predicting Aggression using Domains of Self-Esteem: Direct and Indirect Aggression in Males and Females as a Function of Domain-Specific Self-Esteem Carolyn Randolph Hodges College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms Commons, Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, and the Personality and Social Contexts Commons Recommended Citation Hodges, Carolyn Randolph, "Predicting Aggression using Domains of Self-Esteem: Direct and Indirect Aggression in Males and Females as a Function of Domain-Specific Self-Esteem" (2005). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539626503. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-n8rk-cv72 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PREDICTING AGGRESSION USING DOMAINS OF SELF-ESTEEM Direct and Indirect Aggression in Males and Females As a Function of Domain-Specific Self-Esteem A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Psychology The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Carolyn Randolph Hodges 2005 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 'Rand! lodges Approved by the Committee, July 2005 Lee A Kirkpatrick, PhD ’ennifei'A Stevens, PhD Todd M.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 356 2nd International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Ecological Studies (CESSES 2019) A New Exploration of the Combined Treatment of Symptoms and Social Work Psychology in Male Sexual Addiction Patients Chengchung Tsai Minyi Li School of Management School of Social Sciences Putian University University of Macau Putian, China Macau, China Abstract—Post-Orgasmic Illness Syndrome (POIS) was progesterone, low cholesterol, low dehydroepiandrosterone, first discovered by Professor Waldinger and Schweitzerl in low cortisol, high prolactin or hypothyroidism. Some cases 2002. After publishing several papers such as "POIS Records encountered by the author team indicate that when the of Emotional, Psychological and Behavioral Changes in Male mother was pregnant in the early years, she or her family had Patients" and "POIS Patients", "Clinical Observation Records smoking habits. Some mothers had long-term use of of Psychological and Behavioral Changes" and "POIS Male contraceptives or were used to eating animal internal organs. Disease Self-reports and Treatment Methods", in this paper, Even some cases were diagnosed as male gynecomastia. the author will cite the views of Chinese medicine practitioners on the treatment of POIS, and hope to provide more practical treatment methods and references for future research. TABLE I. SEVEN GROUPS OF POIS SYMPTOMS FOUND BY WALDINGER AND OTHER MEDICAL TEAMS Keywords—POIS; male; ejaculation; mental state; disorder; Body parts Various local sensations emotion Behavioral symptoms extreme fatigue, exhaustion, palpitations, forgetting words, being too lazy to talk, incoherent, inattention, irritability, I. INTRODUCTION photophobia, depression The main research objects of this paper are journalists, Flu symptoms fever, cold, hot, sweaty, trembling writers and other text workers, as well as creative designers Head symptoms head dizziness, groggy, confused and heavy who take creativity as the selling point as the research object.
    [Show full text]
  • Details of the Available Literature on Sex for Induction of Labour
    Appendix 1: Details of the available literature on sex for induction of labour At term, nipple and genital stimulation have been advocated as a way of naturally promoting the release of endogenous oxytocin. 1 In 2005, a Cochrane Review examined the evidence for breast stimulation as a method for inducing labour and found six trials of 719 women, showing a decrease in the number of women not in labour at 72 hours with nipple stimulation compared with no intervention. 2 However, this finding was only significant among women who already had a favourable Bishop score (a cervical assessment used to predict the success of achieving a vaginal delivery). When breast stimulation was compared with intravenous oxytocin in the review, there was no difference in rates of cesarean delivery, number of women in labour at 72 hours or rates of meconium staining. However, the included studies did not look at time to vaginal delivery as an outcome. Overall, nipple stimulation seems to have minimal or no effect for women with an unripe cervix, but may be helpful for inducing labour in those with a ripe cervix. Few studies have looked at the role of intercourse as a cervical-ripening technique. However, prostaglandin concentrations have been shown to be 10 to 50 times higher in the cervical mucous of pregnant women two to four hours after intercourse, compared with concentrations before intercourse. 3 In a study of 47 women who had sex at term compared with 46 who abstained, there was no significant difference in Bishop scores. On average, the sexually active group delivered four days earlier, which was not considered clinically significant.
    [Show full text]
  • Amber Spa Cosmetic Classic Energetic
    Amber Spa Cosmetic Classic Energetic english edition Philosophy Amber Spa Karawanserai healing oils For us, using of Your safe haven in the mountains to recover in a safe natural active ingredients is a way of expressing atmosphere. That is what the amber stands for – its honesty and individuality. That is one reason original effect as a healing stone and a place in our why we make our oils together with our regional Alpen-Karawanserai. Arrive at your sheltered room, pharmacies in order to save resources. Our full of warmth and hospitality, in a secure refuge recipes are based on natural aromas such as that is the perfect place to recharge your batteries, almond oil, frankincense and cardamom oil and gather your strength and find your bearings. we don‘t use any synthetic additives. To recharge with positive energy, we use healing stones such We will accompany you all throughout your as rock crystal, rose quartz or amber. journey. Experience circumspect attention and a Depending on the composition, our healing oil few relaxing moments of withdrawal here at the treatments can be invigorating or relaxing, and Amber Spa. give you a feeling of nurturing or fill you with new energy. Our Amber Spa symbols are your companions and should help you find your bearings in choo- Babor for the highest demands and sustainably sing your treatment. for healthy skin. We use the finest, natural ingredients from the Alps to give you luxury skin care that is both highly effective and gentle. P Finding peace Reviderm Microdermabrasion was originally R Recharging your batteries developed for the medical sector.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nude Figure in Renaissance Art Thomas Martin
    19 The Nude Figure in Renaissance Art Thomas Martin The establishment of the nude as an independent and vital subject in post-antique western art occurred during the Renaissance and is, along with the use of perspective, one of the most important markers differentiating Renaissance art from medieval art. One factor driving these innovations was the desire to portray a world that conforms to visual reality, where objects decrease in size as they move away from the picture plane, and where human anatomy is rigorously understood. Just as Renaissance artists employed perspective to portray naturalistic spaces, so they also populated those spaces with proportional, anatomically accurate figures and, during the course of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the occasions when those figures were depicted nude occurred more and more frequently. Naturalism, however, was but one motive for the increased use of the nude, and by the first half of the 1500s, the naked body had achieved a wider and more varied presence in art than had been the case in the Middle Ages or even in antiquity where, with few exceptions, its use was confined to male athletes, heroes, and divinities. This essay will focus on two issues: where is the nude used – i.e., what are its locations – and what are the meanings of its uses? As it is today, the body in the Renaissance was multivalent. European Christian society believed that as a cause of lust and sin, the body was fearful and needed to be covered up. Yet at the same time it was the form the Savior, Jesus Christ, took during his lifetime, and the Catholic Church taught that it is in our very own earthly bodies that, after the last trumpet, we will spend eternity either in bliss in Heaven or in despair in Hell.
    [Show full text]
  • Examining the Role of Relative Intelligence in Mate Preferences
    Personality and Individual Differences 139 (2019) 53–59 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Personality and Individual Differences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/paid Is smart sexy? Examining the role of relative intelligence in mate ☆ T preferences ⁎ Peter K. Jonason , Kristine Marsh, Omir Dib, Danielle Plush, Mark Doszpot, Ewing Fung, Kathleen Crimmins, Michael Drapski, Katrina Di Pietro Western Sydney University, Australia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: There has been a recent surge of research on the role of intelligence in mate preferences. To advance this area of Mate choice research, in two online studies (N = 743), we manipulated relative, as opposed to absolute, intelligence and Intelligence examined desirability in long-term and short-term relationships. In Study 1, we also examined the role of mate Sex differences value towards understanding differences in desirability and, in Study 2, we also manipulated target's levelof Evolutionary psychology physical attractiveness. The sexes found less intelligent partners less desirable, a more intelligent partner was no more desirable than partner who was equal in intelligence, and intelligence was particularly valued as a long- term mate. In addition, mate value was correlated with rejecting less intelligent mates and desiring more in- telligent ones in women only. And, last, we found that once men and women found sufficient rates of attrac- tiveness for their short-term partners, they care about the intelligence of their partner. 1. Introduction 2015) to provide new details about the role of intelligence in mate choice. Intelligence is likely to have played a role in ancestral problem- Research on the role of intelligence in mate choice is characterized solving (e.g., food-finding, animal hunting) and to the degree to which by several limitations.
    [Show full text]
  • Leading Article Sexuality and Women with Complete Spinal Cord Injury
    Spinal Cord (1997) 35, 136 ± 138 1997 International Medical Society of Paraplegia All rights reserved 1362 ± 4393/97 $12.00 Leading Article Sexuality and women with complete spinal cord injury Beverly Whipple1 and Barry R Komisaruk2 1College of Nursing Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 180 University Ave, Newark, NJ 07102; 2Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of NJ, 101 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA Keywords: spinal cord injury; sexual aspects; women Introduction There is very little known about sexual response in brain.7 However, women who have been diagnosed as women with SCI.1 Although it is well documented that having `complete' SCI reported to us anecdotally that women with spinal cord injury (SCI) are able to they experience orgasms. menstruate, conceive and give birth,1 the literature This led us to hypothesize that in women with concerning orgasm in women with SCI is scant. complete SCI, there may still exist intact genital Money2 referred to orgasms that people with SCI sensory pathways from the peripheral sensory recep- reported during their dreams; he called these orgasms tors to the brain. This hypothesis is based on studies in `phantom'. The term `phantom orgasm' is still used in laboratory animals that demonstrate multiple sensory the literature and rehabilitation settings today. How- pathways from the genital system to dierent levels of ever, this term is misleading, because it confuses the spinal cord as well as directly to the brain. perception of orgasm, which is real, with the absent or denervated peripheral sensory receptor, which is Nerve Pathways `phantom'. For example, in the case of `phantom limb pain', the pain is real but the limb is `phantom'.
    [Show full text]