DOCSLIB.ORG

Konsep Negara Hukum Dalam Hubungan Kekuasaan Freiss Ermerssen Dalam Welfare State Concept of Rule of Law in Related to Freiss Ermerssen Authority on Welfare State

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Konsep Negara Hukum Dalam Hubungan Kekuasaan Freiss Ermerssen Dalam Welfare State Concept of Rule of Law in Related to Freiss Ermerssen Authority on Welfare State KONSEP NEGARA HUKUM DALAM HUBUNGAN KEKUASAAN FREISS ERMERSSEN DALAM WELFARE STATE CONCEPT OF RULE OF LAW IN RELATED TO FREISS ERMERSSEN AUTHORITY ON WELFARE STATE Rusnan Fakultas Hukum Universitas Mataram Bagian Hukum Tata Negara E-mail : [email protected] Naskah diterima : 28/01/2014; revisi :18/02/2014; disetujui : 28/02/2014 ABSTRACT The history of welfare state started when the concept of rechtsstaat was introduced in the 19th century and beginning of 20th century where the situation was dominated by the idea that state and government is passive or the absence of government intervention in the citizen affairs except in such public interest as war and foreign relations. State was only considered as “nachtwacther state” or night watchman state. This idea is corresponding to the prevailing of economic liberalism concept at that time which was controlled by the idea “Laissez faire, laissez aller”. This means that if every person is allowed to take care of their own economy, the State economy itself will be healthy. But the liberalism caused economic crisis in 1961 and this made the world economy demolished. To cope with the economic crisis, the other state aid is needed and this made the state began to interfere the public life and since that the theory of welfare state grew rapidly. In welfare state or modern state law the principal tasks of the state is not only in law enforcement but also to achieve social justice (social gerechtigheid) for all the people. To achieve that, the public administration needs freedom (freiss Ermessen) or pouvoir discretionaire in carrying out its functions (bestuurszorg). As a logical consequence of the state intervention in all aspects of people’s lives in a welfare state, there would be a problem in public administration in making public policy that may make the possibility of arbitrary action against citizens. But keep in mind that the Freiss Ermessen is to resolve the problems that appear suddenly as a consequence of crisis. Kaywords : Rule of Law, Freiss Ermessen, Welfare State ABSTRAK Sejarah timbulnya welfare state (Negara Kesejahteraan), yang menjelaskan bahwa pada saat konsep rechtsstaat (Negara hukum atau rule of law) diintrodusir pada abad ke-19 dan permulaan abad ke-20 suasana pada saat itu didominasi oleh gagasan bahwa Negara dan pemerintah bersifat pasif atau tidak adanya intervensi dalam urusan kehidupan warga negaranya kecuali berkaitan dengan kepentingan publik seperti perang dan hubungan luar negeri. Negara hanya di anggap sebagai nachtwacther state atau Negara penjaga malam, gagasan ini sesuai dengan paham ekonomi liberalisme yang berlaku pada waktu itu yang di kuasai dalil “Laissez Faire, Laissez Aller” artinya jika setiap orang di beri kebebasan mengurus ekonominya masing-masing, maka dengan sendirinya ekonomi Negara akan sehat. Namun akibat dari paham liberalisme pada tahun 1931 muncul krisis ekonomi, sehingga melumpuhkan ekonomi Negara-negara di dunia. Untuk mengatasi situasi krisis ekonomi tersebut dibutuhkan bantuan negara yang berakibat intervensi negara mulai memaski kehidupan masyarakat dan sejak itu Teori Negara Kesejahteraan atau Negara tipe welfare state mulai berkembang dengan pesat. Tipe Negara kesejahteraan atau negara hukum modern, adalah tugas pokok negara tidak saja terletak pada pelaksanaan hukum IUS 1 Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan JURNAL IUS | Vol II | Nomor 4 | April 2014 | hlm 1 ~ 10 tetapi juga mencapai keadilan social (social gerechtigheid) bagi seluruh rakyat untuk mencapai itu administrasi negara memerlukan kebebasan (freiss Ermessen) atau Pouvoir discretionaire dalam melaksanakan fungsinya (bestuurszorg). Sebagai konsekuensi logis dari luasnya intervensi Negara dalam hampir semua aspek kehidupan masyarakat dalam Negara kesejahteraan (welfare state) maka akan muncul permasalahan dalam pelaksanaan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan karena dengan diberikan Freiss Ermerssen oleh administrasi Negara dalam mengambil kebijakan public, sehingga menimbulkan peluang terjadinya tindakan sewenang-wenang terhadap warga negara. Tapi yang perlu diingat bahwa freies errmessen ini dilakukan untuk menyelesaikan persoalan-persoalan yang muncul secara tiba-tiba sebagai akibat daripada adanya kegentingan. Kata Kunci : Negara Hukum, Freiess Ermessen, Negara Kesejahteraan PENDAHULUAN Walaupun demikian kewenangan ter- sebut bisa saja disalahgunakan dalam pe- HAMPIR SEMUA NEGARA di dunia mempu- laksanaannya sehingga menimbulkan yang nyai tujuan dan cita-cita untuk memberi- justru tidak melindungi kepentingan raky- kan kesejahteraan dan kemak muran bagi at, yang dilakukan oleh alat perleng kapan warga negaranya agar tujuan tersebut negara. Tindakan yang demikian itu ber- dapat tercapai, maka dalam menggerakkan arti melanggar prinsip-prinsip negara roda penyelenggaraan pemerintahan dalam hukum yang menjadi ciri dari negara-nega- suatu Negara diperlukan organ atau per- ra modern (Negara Kesejahteraan) saat ini angkat administrasi yang sesuai dengan yakni pengakuan dan perlindungan terha- fungsi dan wewenang masing-masing. Pe- dap hak-hak asasi manusia dan legalitas m berian kewenangan kepada organ negara tindakan pemerintahan ber dasarkan ke- atau perangkat negara termasuk dalam pada ketentuan-ketentuan hukum. r uang lingkup hukum Tata Negara, sedan- gkan pembatasan kewenangan organ ter- Kalau ditinjau dari sudut pertumbuhan sebut termasuk dalam ruang lingkup dan perkembangan hukum (Hukum Ad- hukum Administrasi Negara. ministrasi Negara) dalam suatu negera modern, maka intervensi pemerintahan Deskripsi tersebut di atas, secara aka- dalam setiap aspek kehidupan masyarakat demik tepat apa yang dikemukakan oleh menimbulkan pula kebutuhan akan ada- Van Vollen Hoven seperti dikutip Muh nya perangkat-perangkat hukum Adminis- Koesnardi dan Hermaily Ibrahim1 trasi Negara yang dapat memberikan per- “Badan Negara tanpa hukum tata lindungan dan jaminan hak-hak yang baru Negara itu lumpuh bagaikan tanpa di berbagai sektor kehidupan masyarakat. sayap, karena badan-badan itu tidak Apabila anggapan tersebut dikaitkan mempunyai wewenang sehingga ke- dengan Negara Indonesia sebagai negara adaannya tidak menentu, sebaliknya hukum, maka akan membawa konsekuensi badan-badan negara tanpa adanya seperti dikemukakan oleh Sjachran Basah2: hukum Administrasi Negara menjadi bebas tanpa batas, karena mereka “Dalam mengemban tugasnya secara dapat berbuat menurut apa yang mer- aktif administrasi negara harus dapat eka inginkan”. menjaga dan menjamin, bahwa tinda- kan-tindakannya tidak melanggar hak dan kewajiban asasi manusia, 1 Muh Koesnardi-Hermily Ibrahim, “Pengantar 2 Sjachran Basah, Eksistensi dan Tolak Ukur Badan Hukum Tata Negara, pusat studi HukumTata Negara”, Peradilan Administrasi di Indonesia, Alumni, Bandung, Fakultas Hukum UII, Jakarta,1983 , hlm. 37. 1985, hlm 3-5 2 IUS Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan Rusnan| Negara Hukum dalam Hubungan Kekuasaan–Freiss Ermessen dalam Welfare Satte ................... juga perlu mencari keseimbangan an- negara terpaksa harus bertindak cepat tara kepentingan negara atau “admin- membuat penyelesaian dan terlebih- istrasi negara” yang mewakili kepent- lebih dalam era pembangunan”. ingan umum, dan kepentingan rakyat Berangkat dari pendapat Sjachran atau perorangan. Akibatnya apabila Basah di atas, maka dalam suatu negara terjadi sengketa antara administrasi hukum modern atau Welfare state, tampak negara, atau Administrasi Negara peran pemerintah begitu luas, sehingga dengan rakyat maka dalam negara perlu adanya hukum Administrasi Negara hukum berdasarkan Pancasila sudah yang bertujuan untuk memungkinkan seharusnya diberi pengayoman hu- adanya negara menjalankan fungsinya di kum”. satu pihak dan pihak lain melindungi “…..Menegakkan negara hukum ber- warga negara terhadap sikap tindak Adm- dasarkan Pancasila tidak hanya in istrasi Negara sangat menentukan bagi dalam melaksanakan pemerintahan pelaksanan kesejahteraan masyarakat. saja, melainkan juga dalam menye- Berdasarkan uraian singkat di atas ma- lenggarakan kesejahteraan social me- ka dalam negara kesejahteraan di per lukan lalui Pembangunan Nasional. Yang adanya perlindungan dan kepastian hu- pola umumnya merupakan GBHN yang ditetapkan oleh MPR lima tahun kum tidak hanya untuk rakyat melain kan sekali”. negara untuk Administr asi Negara dalam melaksanakan tugasnya, sehingga hukum Selanjutnya beliau mengatakan bahwa : Administrasi Negara merupakan unsur yang sangat penting dalam Negara welfare “Dalam melaksanakan kesejahteraan state sebagai landasan hukum untuk men- sosial melalui pembangunan nasional capai masya rakat yang sejah tera. Sehingga itulah, di samping menjalankan tugas permasa lahan yang akan di jadikan pemba- pemerintahan, terkait adanya pembe- hasan dalam penelitian ini yaitu tentang rian wewenang, dari pemerintah kepa- bagaimanakah peranan hukum admin- da Administrasi Negera berdasarkan istrasi negara dalam hubungan kekuasaan- ketentuan perundang-undangan yang Freiss Ermessen dalam Negara Kesejah- berlaku, baik dalam bentuk undang- teraan. Penelitian ini merupa kan pe- undang maupun peraturan pelaksa- nelitian normatif dengan meng gunakan naannya. Karena Administrasi Nega- pendekatan konseptual (conceptual appro- ra mengemban tugas negara yang ach) adalah pendekatan yang beranjak dari khusus di lapangan penyelenggaraan pandangan-pandangan dan doktrin - dok- kepentingan umum, untuk mencapai trin yang berkembang didalam khasanah masyarakat yang adil dan makmur hukum Administrasi Negara. Dengan yang merata materiil serta spiritual mem pelajari pandangan-pandangan dan yang merupakan tugas service publik.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Shang Yang 商鞅 and Legalist 法家 Reform in the Ancient Chinese State of Qin 秦
    SHANG YANG 商鞅 AND LEGALIST 法家 REFORM IN THE ANCIENT CHINESE STATE OF QIN 秦 Daniel HAITAS Abstract Legalism has played a major role in the history of the Chinese legal and governmental tradition. One of the major exponents and formulators of this school of thought in ancient times was Shang Yang, an official in the state of Qin. Shang Yang oversaw a program of law reform in Qin in such areas as criminal law and the economic life of the country which aimed to strengthen the power of the state. This can be said to have had long term consequences for both Chinese and world history, in that the strengthening and reorganization of Qin along the lines of Legalist principles helped lead to its gaining preeminence amongst the other states vying for influence in the Warring States period, ultimately leading to the unification of China under the rule of the Qin dynasty. Keywords: Shang Yang, Legalism, law reform, Qin state, criminal law, economic regulation. that would be known among the general population, which included a system of strict punishments to be 1. Introduction applied equally to all. Additionally, he implemented Throughout much of the history of the Chinese reforms that favoured agriculture at the expense of legal and governmental tradition, two different schools commerce. of thought have been portrayed as competing and This study particularly draws on the Book of Lord coexisting at the same time; these are the Legalists 法 Shang 商君書, the earliest surviving and foundational 1 家 and the Confucians 儒家 . Both sought to maintain text of the Legalist school whose authorship is 7 social order, yet differed in the primary methods attributed to Shang Yang .
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Civilization
    Chinese Civilization PREHISTORY Sources for the earliest history Until recently we were dependent for the beginnings of Chinese history on the written Chinese tradition. According to these sources China's history began either about 4000 B.C. or about 2700 B.C. with a succession of wise emperors who "invented" the elements of a civilization, such as clothing, the preparation of food, marriage, and a state system; they instructed their people in these things, and so brought China, as early as in the third millennium B.C., to an astonishingly high cultural level. However, all we know of the origin of civilizations makes this of itself entirely improbable; no other civilization in the world originated in any such way. As time went on, Chinese historians found more and more to say about primeval times. All these narratives were collected in the great imperial history that appeared at the beginning of the Manchu epoch. That book was translated into French, and all the works written in Western languages until recent years on Chinese history and civilization have been based in the last resort on that translation. The Peking Man Man makes his appearance in the Far East at a time when remains in other parts of the world are very rare and are disputed. He appears as the so-called "Peking Man", whose bones were found in caves of Chou-k'ou-tien south of Peking. The Peking Man is vastly different from the men of today, and forms a special branch of the human race, closely allied to the Pithecanthropus of Java.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Foundations of East Asian Jurisprudence ― Confucianism, Legalism and Taoism ― 1)
    141 〈논 문〉 Ancient Foundations of East Asian Jurisprudence ― Confucianism, Legalism and Taoism ― 1) Chongko Choi* Foreword In the age of “Globalization,” the most important factor in the world politics seems to be the civilizations, not the ideologies, as Samuel Huntington eloquently asserts. With the magnificent emergence of the Chinese civilization on the world stage, many people, including intellectuals, pay attention with great interest to East Asian civilization.1) If you read books on Chinese philosophy, you may find that almost all the books overwhelmingly discuss ancient philosophies like Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism and “Hundred Schools”. This fact shows the richness of ancient philosophy and how it played continuously an important role in Chinese history. It applies not only to China, but also to Korea and Japan, perhaps to the whole of East Asia. I am currently trying to build up the concept of East Asian jurisprudence.2) * Professor of Law, Seoul National University 1) As the recent publications, Gina Barnes, China, Japan, Korea: The Rise of Civilization in East Asia, London, 1993: Warren Cohen, East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World, Columbia Univ. Press, 2000: Charles Holcombe, The Genesis of East Asia: 221BC-AD 907, Uni. of Hawaii Press, 2001. 2) Chongko Choi, Foundations of East Asian Jurisprudence, Seoul Law Journal, Vol. 41. No. 1, 2000, pp.60-76; Chongko Choi, The Development of East Asian Law till the End of 18th Century, Law in History, Vol. 1, 2000, pp.21-55; Chongko Choi, Foundations of Law and Justice in East Asia, Comparative Law, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Menurut Kranenburg, Shang Yang, Dan Ahli Lain )
    TUJUAN NEGARA ( menurut Kranenburg, Shang Yang, dan Ahli lain ) Nama: IRMA SETIAWATI Email: [email protected] BP.201000360004 UNIVERSITAS EKASAKTI AAI - PADANG FAKULTAS HUKUM BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. LATAR BELAKANG Negara adalah suatu wilayah di permukaan bumi yang kekuasaannya baik politik, militer,ekonomi, sosial maupun budayanya diatur oleh pemerintahan yang berada di wilayah tersebut. Negara juga merupakan suatu wilayah yang memiliki suatu sistem atau aturan yang berlaku bagi semua individu di wilayah tersebut, dan berdiri secara independen. Syarat primer sebuah negara adalah memiliki rakyat, memiliki wilayah, dan memiliki pemerintahan yang berdaulat. Sedangkan syarat sekundernya adalah mendapat pengakuan dari negara lain.Keberadaan negara, seperti organisasi secara umum, adalah untuk memudahkan anggotanya (rakyat) mencapai tujuan bersama atau cita-citanya. Keinginan bersama ini dirumuskan dalam suatu dokumen yang disebut sebagai Konstitusi, termasuk didalamnya nilai- nilai yang dijunjung tinggi oleh rakyat sebagai anggota negara. Bagaimanakah tujuan negara secara umum dan tujuan negara !ndonesia yang tercantum dalam "undang-"undang dasar 1945'. Selanjutnya akan dibahas dalam makalah ini. B.RUMUSAN MASALAH 1.pengertian Negara. 2.tujuan Negara menurut Kranenburg, Shang Yang, dan Ahli lain. BAB II PEMBAHASAN Tujuan negara menurut Kranenburg, Shang Yang, dan Ahli lain. Seperti yang kita ketahui bersama, bahwa Negara adalah suatu wilayah di permukaan bumi yang kekuasaannya baik politik, militer, ekonomi, sosial maupun budayanya diatur oleh pemerintahan yang berada di wilayah tersebut. Lantas apa tujuan suatu negara dibentuk? Dalam hal ini, kita akan belajar tentang tujuan negara secara rinci. Tujuan negara sangat menentukan segala keadaan yang ada dalam negara. Dengan mengetahui tujuan negara itu, kita dapat menjawab soal legitimasi kekuasaan, yaitu kekuasaan organisasi negara, dan juga dapat mengetahui sifat organisasi negara.
    [Show full text]
  • PHIL 192 Chinese Ethics and Asian Values Accreditation Through Loyola University Chicago
    PHIL 192 Chinese Ethics and Asian Values Accreditation through Loyola University Chicago Instructor: Sun Wei [email protected] Tel: + 86 13718631638 Office hours by email request. Course Description This course offers an overview of Chinese philosophy and its impacts on Asian values. The body of this course consists in studies of nine parts: (1) a general introduction of Chinese philosophy (the texts, most important characteristics, and influences); (2) an introduction of the school of Confucianism (Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi, Zhu Xi, Wang Yangming, etc.) (3) an introduction of the school of Daoism (Laozi, Zhuangzi, etc.) (4) an introduction of the school of Legalism (Shang Yang, Han Fei, etc.) (5) an introduction of the school of Moism (6) an introduction of neo-Confucianism in Song-Ming Dynasty (7) the impact of Chinese philosophy on East Asia (8) the methodology of comparing Chinese philosophy with Western philosophy (9) a case study of comparative philosophy (Xunzi and Aristotle) Textbooks and References Textbooks: Primary readings will be drawn from the following: • A Short History of Chinese Philosophy, by Fung Yu-lan, the Macmillan Company,1948. • A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy, tr. & compiled by Wing-tsit Chan, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963. References: It is not necessary for the students to read all the following books. Students will read about six books chosen according to their interest and their paper topics. • The Analects of Confucius: A Philosophical Translation, tr. with intro. by Roger T. Ames and Henry Rosemont, Jr., New York: Bollantine Books, 1998. • Key Concepts in Chinese Philosophy, by Zhang Dainian, tr. & ed. by Edmund Ryden, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2002.
    [Show full text]
  • Persistent Misconceptions About Chinese “Legalism” Paul R
    Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese “Legalism” Paul R. Goldin The reasons for avoiding the term “legalism” in the study of classical Chinese philosophy were summarized years ago by Herrlee G. Creel, 1 and most scholars would probably agree, if pressed, that the term is flawed, and yet one continues to find it deployed in published books and articles—almost as though no one is prepared to admit that it has to be abandoned. 2 I believe that “legalism” is virtually useless as a hermeneutic lens; indeed, in many contexts it obscures more than it clarifies. Even as a bibliographical category, as it was frequently used in imperial times, its value is questionable. In the following pages, I shall first review the weaknesses of the term “legalism,” then ask why scholars persist in adopting it even though they can hardly be unaware of its defects, and finally suggest a better approach to the material that is conventionally categorized as “legalist.” * * * “Legalism” is an imprecise Sinological translation of the Chinese term fajia 法家 . 1 “The fa-chia : ‘Legalists’ or ‘Administrators’?” (1961), reprinted in Creel’s What Is Taoism? and Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1970), 92-120. It should be noted that in his earlier publications, such as Chinese Thought from Confucius to Mao Tse-tung (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953), Creel seemed comfortable with the term. 2 Lest readers suppose that I am arguing against a straw man, consider the following titles, published just since 2000, using the term “Legalism” (or some cognate): Roger Boesche, “Han Feizi’s Legalism versus Kautilya’s Arthashastra ,” Asian Philosophy 15.2 (2005), 157-72; idem , “Kautilya’s Arthashastra and the Legalism of Lord Shang,” Journal of Asian History 42.1 (2008), 64-90; Hans van Ess, “Éducation classique, éducation légiste sous les Han,” in Education et instruction en Chine , ed.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Hanfei's Political Philosophy
    An Introduction to Hanfei’s Political Philosophy An Introduction to Hanfei’s Political Philosophy: The Way of the Ruler By Henrique Schneider An Introduction to Hanfei’s Political Philosophy: The Way of the Ruler By Henrique Schneider This book first published 2018 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2018 by Henrique Schneider All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-0812-9 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-0812-5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ....................................................................................................... vii Chapter One ................................................................................................. 1 Introduction – Hanfei, Legalism, Chinese Philosophy Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 27 Methodology – Reading Hanfei as a “Social Scientist”? Chapter Three ............................................................................................ 43 History – If Unimportant, Why Look at the Past? Chapter Four .............................................................................................. 65
    [Show full text]
  • Xunzi and Han Fei on Human Nature
    Xunzi and Han Fei on Human Nature Alejandro Bárcenas ABSTRACT: It is commonly accepted that Han Fei studied under Xunzi sometime during the late third century BCE. However, there is surprisingly little dedicated to the in-depth study of the relationship between Xunzi’s ideas and one of his best-known followers. In this essay I argue that Han Fei’s notion of xing, commonly translated as human nature, was not only influenced by Xunzi but also that it is an important feature of his political philosophy. “Aus so krummem Holze, als woraus der Mensch gemacht ist, kann nichts ganz Gerades gezimmert werden.” —Immanuel Kant, Idee zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte in weltbürgerlicher Absicht. T FIRST SIGHT, IT DOES not seem far-fetched to suggest that a thorough Astudy of Han Fei’s notion of xing (性)—commonly translated as human na- ture—should include an analysis of the role played by his teacher Xunzi. However, suggesting the existence of such influence has proven to be a quite controversial topic. For the most part recent interpreters of the history of Chinese philosophy tend to briefly mention the existence of some sort of philosophical relationship between Xunzi and Han Fei.1 What scholars generally acknowledge is that a master-student relationship existed between the two, which typically indicates some kind of influ- ence (or rejection) of one by the other. However, there is surprisingly little dedicated to the in-depth study of the relationship between Xunzi’s ideas and one of his best- known followers. This absence of detailed analysis is even more puzzling when it is contrasted with the profuse amount of research during recent years, dedicated to comparing Xunzi with Mencius, his most famous counterpart.2 In the following 1See, Geng Wu, Die Staatslehre des Han Fei: ein Beitrag zur chinesischen Idee der Staatsräson (Vienna: Springer, 1978) p.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolving Conceptualization of Tianxia (All-Under-Heaven)
    The Chinese View of World Order: The Evolving Conceptualization of Tianxia (All-Under-Heaven) A Thesis Presented to The Academic Faculty by Violetta Ravagnoli In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in International Affairs in the Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts Georgia Institute of Technology May 2007 The Chinese View of World Order: The Evolving Conceptualization of Tianxia (All-Under-Heaven) Approved by: Dr. Fei-Ling Wang, Advisor School of International Affairs Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Brian Woodall School of International Affairs Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Katja Weber School of International Affairs Georgia Institute of Technology Date Approved: April 9, 2007 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank my Advisor, Dr. Fei-ling Wang for his kind help and for being an excellent mentor in the process of writing this thesis. In addition, I would like to thank all the Professors of the Department of International Affairs that taught me with passion and enthusiasm during my course of study at the Georgia Institute of Technology. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vi SUMMARY vii CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 Historical Excursus 3 Imperial Government Since the Qin 6 Schools of Philosophies 10 2 Comparison Between Roman and Chinese Empires 24 Rome 27 China 41 Conclusive Remarks 54 3 The PRC Era 57 The Concept of Authority in China 57 Two eras in the Mirror 62 The New Chinese Empire 67 4 Conclusion 76 Tianxia in Zhao Tingyang and Other Scholars 78 Future Research 89 REFERENCES 94 iv LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: Chinese Dynasties Chronology 9 Table 2: Summary of the key features to be discussed in the following comparison between the Roman and the Chinese Empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Realism, Politics, and the State in Ancient China*
    GETTING THE TERMS RIGHT: POLITICAL REALISM, POLITICS, AND THE STATE IN ANCIENT CHINA* KAI VOGELSANG Introduction There is a strange ambivalence about the study of ancient China. On the one hand, ar- chaeological evidence as well as excavated and acquired manuscripts have provided an abundance of detailed information about material culture, textual production, adminis- trative practice, and intellectual currents in pre-Qin to Han times. We know exactly what the bamboo strips for official communication looked like, how they were produced, and how many scribes were involved. On the other hand, some of the oldest and most basic problems in the field remain unsolved. We are still uncertain about the authorship, da- ting, and structure of most classical texts, and many of their fundamental terms remain poorly understood. The latter problem is particularly important for scholars of ancient China. After all, no lesser man than Confucius allegedly called the task of “getting the terms right” his primary concern. Although his immediate focus was on the art of government, it cer- tainly applies to scholarship: “If one’s terms are not right, then one’s speech will not be consistent, and consequently one’s task will not be achieved.”1 This is more than just an anecdote. The problem of terminology is very much at the heart of scholarship. It is an essential task for every science or field of scholarship to coin its own terms, not only to distinguish itself from its non-scholarly context, but to establish itself as a field. Chemis- try is highly illustrative in this regard: When it emerged as a science in the 17th and 18th century, it inherited a whole lexicon of terms from alchemy.
    [Show full text]
  • Forging a Unified Empire: Qin
    Week 7 Forging a Unified Empire: Qin Historical Overview Around 350 BCE, Shang Yang strengthened Qin through comprehensive reforms. Decades later, Qin began its relentless expansion. In 316 BCE, Qin first turned southward, colonizing the non Chinese states Ba and Shu, acquiring the fertile lands of present day Sichuan Basin. In 256 BCE, the king of Zhou surrendered his small royal domain to Qin. The reign of Zhou, which lasted 800 years, officially ended. In the last decade of the warring states period, between 231 and 221 BCE, Qin conquered the other six states one by one. It destroyed Han in 230 BCE, Zhao between 229 and 228 BCE, Chu between 226 and 223 BCE, Wei in 225 BCE, Yan between 227 and 222 BCE, and finally, Qi in 221 BCE. In the year 221 BCE, the victorious Qin ruler declared himself the new ruler of all under heaven, or "Tianxia". He abolished Zhou's feudal and aristocratic system and implemented a centralized bureaucracy. He imposed unified systems of currency, weights, measures, and most importantly, writing. He also contained military expansion to the north and south, and tried to keep the expanding empire connected through massive constructions of roads and canals. Concurrent to Qin's conquest and expansion was the consolidation of nomadic tribes on the northern steppes. The resulting Xiongnu confederation was the first inner-Asian empire. To ward against the Xiongnu horsemen, the first emperor constructed the famous Great Wall, or "Changcheng". Much of Qin's institutions will live on for the next two millennia, but Qin itself only lasted 15 years.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Law in the People's Republic of China As Reflecting Mao Tse-Tung's Influence Shao-Chuan Leng
    Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 68 Article 2 Issue 3 September Fall 1977 The Role of Law in the People's Republic of China as Reflecting Mao Tse-Tung's Influence Shao-Chuan Leng Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Shao-Chuan Leng, The Role of Law in the People's Republic of China as Reflecting Mao Tse-Tung's Influence, 68 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 356 (1977) This Criminal Law is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. THE JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAw & CRIMINOLOGY Vol. 68, No. 3 Copyright © 1977 by Northwestern University School of Law Printed in U.S.A. THE ROLE OF LAW IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AS REFLECTING MAO TSE-TUNG'S INFLUENCE SHAO-CHUAN LENG During the heyday of the Cultural Revolu- Whatever the reasons for Mao's statements, tion (1966-69) in the People's Republic of and whatever the reasons for others to quote China, Mao Tse-tung called for the "smashing them, there is little doubt about the magnitude of Kung-chien-fa (public security, procurato- of Mao's impact on the Chinese legal system. rate, and judicial organs)"' and he was also This paper will attempt to examine the extent quoted as saying: "Depend on the rule of man, to which Mao has influenced the Chinese legal not the rule of law."12 However, at the time of system.
    [Show full text]