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Home , 1973 Summer Universiade, 1975 Pan American Games, Andrea Anastasi, Bebeto de Freitas, Bernardo Rezende, Bernard Rajzman

Kristina M. Pantelić Babić Nenad Živanović Petar D. Pavlović Branislav Antala (Editors)

HISTORY OF IN

FIEP Europe – History of Physical Education and University of Priština, Faculty of Section Sport and Physical Education in Association of Pedagogues of Leposavić Physical Education and Sport FIEP, Niš,

Niš - Leposavić, 2018. FIEP book

Edition: History of Physical Education and Sport

Book 4 Book: HISTORY OF VOLLEYBALL IN EUROPE

Editors: Kristina M. Pantelić Babić (BIH, Republic of Srpska) Nenad Živanović (Serbia) Petar D. Pavlović (BIH, Republic of Srpska) Branislav Antala ()

Publisher: University of Priština, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education in Leposavić

For publisher: Veroljub Stanković Reviewers: Branislav Antala (Slovakia) Kristina M. Pantelić Babić (BIH, Republic of Srpska) Nenad Živanović (Serbia) Nicolae Ochiana () Petar D. Pavlović (BIH, Republic of Srpska) Sergii Ivashchenko () Slađana Mijatović (Serbia) Sobyanin Fedor Ivanovich () Veroljub Stanković (Serbia) Violeta Šiljak (Serbia) Zoran Milošević (Serbia)

Prepress: Kristina M. Pantelić Babić

Book-jacket: SIGRAF Kruševac

Circulation: 200

Printed by: SIGRAF Kruševac

ISBN 978-86-82329-75-6 NOTE: No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of the authors. Authors:

Arūnas Emeljanovas (Lithuania) Barbaros Çelenk () Bernat Buscà Safont-Tria () Bogacheva Elizaveta Alekseevna (Russia) Bruno Telles Matos () Daiva Majauskienė (Lithuania) Daniela Dasheva () Dejan Milenković (Serbia) Dimitar Mihailov (Bulgaria) František Seman (Slovakia) Gheorghe Balint (Romania) Gıyasettin Demirhan (Turkey) Govindasamy Balasekaran (Singapore) Ioan Turcu (Romania) Ivashchenko Sergii (Ukraine) José Fernandes Filho (Brazil) Kadutskaya Larisa Anatolievna (Russia) Khtey Taras Yurievich (Russia) Kristina M. Pantelić Babić (BIH, Republic of Srpska) Laércio Camilo Rodrigues (Brazil) Manolis Adamakis () Marc Llinàs Folch (Spain) Milena Momirović (Serbia) Nenad Živanović (Serbia) Ng Yew Cheo (Singapore) Peggy Boey (Singapore) Petar D. Pavlović (BIH, Republic of Srpska) Shipulin Gennady Yakovlevich (Russia) Sinem Hazır Aytar (Turkey) Sobyanin Fedor Ivanovich (Russia) Vladimir Kotev (Bulgaria) Zhilina Larisa Vasilyevna (Russia) TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD ...... 9 BEGINNINGS AND DEVELOPMENT OF VOLLEYBALL IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA ...... 11 BEGINNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF VOLLEYBALL IN BULGARIA ...... 19 BEGINNINGS AND DEVELOPMENT OF VOLLEYBALL IN GREECE ...... 30 BEGINNING OF VOLLEYBALL IN LITHUANIA ...... 51 THE BEGINNINGS AND DEVELOPMENT OF VOLLEYBALL IN ROMANIA ...... 64 THE HISTORY OF VOLLEYBALL IN RUSSIA ...... 77 THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VOLLEYBALL IN SERBIA AND ACHIEVING THE SPORT OLYMP ...... 88 BEGINNINGS AND DEVELOPMENT OF VOLLEYBALL IN SLOVAK REPUBLIC ...... 102 A BRIEF HISTORY OF VOLLEYBALL IN SPAIN: FROM ITS EARLY BEGINNINGS TO THE LATEST DEVELOPMENTS ...... 121 BEGINNINGS AND DEVELOPMENT OF VOLLEYBALL IN TURKEY ...... 130 BEGINNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF VOLLEYBALL IN UKRAINE ...... 150 BEGINNINGS AND DEVELOPMENT OF VOLLEYBALL IN BRAZIL ...... 159 BEGINNINGS AND DEVELOPMENT OF VOLLEYBALL IN SINGAPORE ...... 176

FOREWORD

During one session of FIEP’s Section for history of Physical Education and held in Niš (Serbia) in 2014 originated the idea and initiative for writing of collective monograph on History of Sports and Physical Education in European countries. By exchange of views with present colleagues, the idea was accepted. After consent of FIEP Europe’s President Mr. Branislav Antala (Slovakia) regarding this matter, during the following Section’s session the Commission for leading this idea into realization was formed. Elected members of this Commission were: Nenad Živanović, Petar D. Pavlović, Branislav Antala and Kristina M. Pantelić Babić. At the same session was decided to start with writing of collective monograph History of Physical Education. With the work of stated Commission members, National Delegates and Assistant of National Delegate of FIEP Europe, as also other associates from most European countries, edition about beginnings of development of Physical Education in European countries was successfully published in 2015. Due to the fact that first part of the project was very successful, the idea continues also in the following 2016 with same Commission and with edition about history of IN EUROPE and in 2017 HISTORY OF IN EUROPE. This year we continue the tradition and present you the HISTORY OF VOLLEYBALL IN EUROPE. Besides already becoming an annual FIEP’s edition, this monograph may also be essential for the development of relevant scientific branches across Europe. For this publication 13 manuscripts were received, with the interesting fact that we have 11 manuscripts from Europe and 2 “guest” manuscripts, one from Brazil and one from Singapore. They all successfully passed review process, and all papers are classified by reviewers and editors as scientific papers. Papers are sorted alphabetically, beginning with countries from Europe which participated in this edition, and with Brazilian and Singapore papers at the end. We thank all authors for being a part of this interesting project and hope to continue our cooperation in 2018.

With kind regards, EDITORS

9

10 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

BEGINNINGS AND DEVELOPMENT OF VOLLEYBALL IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Kristina M. Pantelić Babić, University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, FIEP Europe assistant national delegate Petar D. Pavlović, University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, FIEP Europe national delegate

Introduction

Originally called „mintonette“, the of volleyball was invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan,1 a graduate of the Springfield College of the YMCA, USA. Morgan designed this game to be a combination of basketball, , , and .2 In the years to follow this game became more and more popular accross the world. In Europe volleyball appeared in 1917’s, first in and afterwards in . US soldiers brought this game with them when they were stationed in France that year. Since 1919’s it started to play also in other European countries: , , SSSR and others. International Volleyball Federation (FIVB) was founded in 1947 in (France), where, among 14 pioneer countries who presented this formation, was also a representative of Yugoslavia.3 At the territory of Kingdom of , Croats and Slovenians (Kingdom of SCS) (from 1929: ) volleyball started to play in Djevdjelija in 1918, before the establishment of a new country. It was played by French soldiers who were stationed there.4 People from Belgrade met volleyball in 1923 when the same year there was an edition of A. Brazdil “Gymnastic for schools, societies and army” where inter alia was also a description of volleyball. This edition was

1 Стефан Илић & Слађана Мијатовић: Историја физичке културе (History of physical culture), D.T.A. TRADE, д.о.о. Београд, Belgrade, 2006. 2 Retrived from: https://www.athleticscholarships.net/history-of-volleyball.htm 3 Retrieved from: http://www.fivb.org/EN/FIVB/FIVB_History.asp 4 Enciklopedija fizičke kulture (Encyclopedia of Physical Culture), tom 1, A – O, Jugoslovenski leksikografski zavod, Zagreb, 1975, heading Odbojka (Volleyball), p. 663 – 675.

11 approved by the Ministry of Education of Kingdom of SCS as an auxiliary textbook for teachers in primary, secondary and specialized schools.5 In Ljubljana in 1926 was a Federal Sokol course for sokol frontmen, where, among other things, was decided to implement volleyball in school curricula. After that many sokol societies included volleyball in their public performances and competition program. In the same year Sokol union of Kingdom of SCS received an invitation for Sokol slet in Prague with various competitions, among which also volleyball. So far we are not familiar with the fact if they actually took part in volleyball competition in Prague. At sokol slet in Belgrade in 1930 there was also a Sokol Union volleyball competition. Next year in Maribor there was a volleyball competition for youth and senior competitors of Sokol Union. After the competition there was probably the first international volleyball match between teams of Sokol society Maribor and Czech sokol team from Kromeriz. Czech team won by 2:0. After WWII the volleyball started with even more intensity at the territory of newly formed country.

Konjic

Male and female sokols from Herzegovina and Bosnia, who participated at 8th All-Sokol Slet in July 1926 in Prague, had the opportunity to see volleyball game. In late 1927 Milenko Đokić started to come to Sokol society in Konjic to teach dancing to the sokol members. Besides dancing he also demonstrated and explained one new game, unknown until that time at the territory of Herzegovina and Bosnia, game where the ball was played with fingers. The volleyball began playing in Herzegovinian sokol societies, firstly in Konjic in late 1927, and in other societies in early 1928. Milenko Đokić introduced this new game to male and female sokol members. Regarding this Pavo Jozanc wrote as follows: “... Volleyball in Konjic is becoming a very popular game, so the playground located on the site of the ‘Partizan’ playground is becoming insufficient to receive everyone interested in this game. There was a need for building a volleyball court. The playground was built at Pleha ... Participants in the game were passing the leather ball over the net trying to achieve a victory over the opponent. Teams were often mixed (together in one team were women and men).”6

Volleyball was played in other places in Herzegovina, primarily in sokol societies, and occasional some competitions were held. In 1928, in Mostar's

5 Ibid., p. 664. 6 Pavo Jožanc: Razvoj odbojke u Bosni i Hercegovini, Prilozi za istoriju fizičke kulture u Bosni i Hercegovini, god. 9, br. 10, Sarajevo, 1976, стр. 14.

12 Sokol Parish, there was a competition where in addition to other sports disciplines, was also volleyball. Male youth members of SS Konjic won 3rd place in their category. According to the reviewed sources, the 4th Competition of Sokol Societies of Mostar Sokol Parish in volleyball was held in 1936, which means that at least three competitions were held in previous years. During the competition in 1936 participated: male and female youth, and senior members. In the female youth category SS Mostar I took the first place, and SS Mostar II won the second place; in male youth category SS Mostar won first place, SS Konjic were second and SS Metković third. In the competition of the senior members SS Konjic took the first place, the second were SS Metković and third SS Nevesinje.7 According to Pavo Jožanc: “… in period 1932 – 1939 Konjic teams were one of the best volleyball teams in Mostar Sokol Parish.”8

Lukavac (near Tuzla)

Volleyball in Lukavac started in 1930, and already in next 1931 started also first competition. After forming of Sokol society in Lukavac in 1924, already in 1926 male and female members of this society start to go to sokols slets. That is how Osman Tufekčić, member of this society, after participation in Province Slet of Czechoslovakian Sokolism in 1929 in Plzen, brought volleyball rules back with him to Lukavac. Those rules were a handmade transcript from the ones in Plzen. Osman was the initiator of the idea to implement volleyball in program of Sokol societies in Tuzla Sokol Parish. From 1930 to 1931 was implemented and action of building and preparing the volleyball playgrounds in all sokol societies of Tuzla Sokol Parish. Administration of Tuzla Sokol Parish at their session held on March 23rd 1931 in Tuzla accepted the initiative of Head of SS Lukavac, Osman Tufekčić, and among other conclusion, decided that Tufekčić should go to Zemun and “… ‘learn the practical part of volleyball’ and to ‘demonstrate volleyball at public performance’ in Kreka 25/26 April 1931.”9 Jožanc stated that: “… out of that comes the conclusion that Administration of Tuzla Sokol Parish was familiar with the fact that volleyball is not played in other bosnian-herzegovinian Parishes, i.e. that beginnings of volleyball are related to Osman Tufekčić, that the rules of the game were

7 Kristina Pantelić Babić: Sokol movement in Herzegovina from 1893 to April 6th 1941, Doctoral dissertation, University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, department of Theory and Methodology of Sports, June 2018. 8 Pavo Jožanc: Razvoj odbojke u Bosni i Hercegovini, Prilozi za istoriju fizičke kulture u Bosni i Hercegovini, vol. 9, no. 10, Sarajevo, 1976, p. 14. 9 Ibid., p. 15.

13 rewritten by his hand in Plzen 1929 and that it was his initiative and persistence to implement the game in Lukavac and spread it to other sokol societies in Tuzla Sokol Parish.”10 We cannot accept the statement that “…beginnings of volleyball are related to Osman Tufekčić…” and that before that volleyball was not played in Bosnia and Herzegovina, because volleyball in Herzegovina started before that time, and first volleyball competitions were held in Mostar Sokol Parish in 1928, but we can confirm that most credits for beginnings of volleyball in Tuzla Sokol Parish belong to Osman Tufekčić. Administration of Tuzla Sokol Parish on session from Maj 31st 1931 concluded that “… Tufekčić attended a volleyball course in Šabac and that he held a course in Lukavac on May 24th 1931 where he demonstrated this game and trained the candidates…. from Brčko (6), Bukinja (5), Kreka (2), Gradačac (2), Modriča (1), Maglaj (1), Teslić (1), Tuzla (1) and Zvornik (1 member).”11 Session of leaders of sokol societies of Tuzla Sokol Parish was held on June 21st 1931 in Tuzla, where was stated that in “… ‘Report of Parish Leader about work of the leadership for first half-year period of 1931’ inter alia is stated that ‘for this year competition there is also volleyball’, that volleyball started in Lukavac where a playground was set and that Lukavac ‘players gladly play that game’, and that ‘a chance to learn this game was also given to other societies’.”12 At the session of Administration of Tuzla Sokol Parish held on June 7th 1931 in Tuzla four referees were nominated for volleyball competition of Tuzla Sokol Parish: Anđelić, Vejić, Kisić and D. Popović. In year that followed playing of volleyball continued with even more intensity. Competitions and public exercises were performed, and one of them was on April 30th 1932 in Lukavac. County competitions were organized on September 3rd 1932. In first (Tuzla) county winners were male seniors and female youth members of SS Lukavac. After county competitions, there was a competition for senior winners of certain counties. At this competition participated winners of three counties: first county (Tuzla), second county (Bosanski Brod) and fourth county (Zvornik). Sokol Society Lukavac was the winner of this competition, and therefore became the volleyball champion of Tuzla Sokol Parish.13 Volleyball in Lukavac was played until WWII, “… especially from the arrival of Manojlo Vlatković, volleyball player, referee and sokol frontman. Volleyball in SS Lukavac slowly developed and became more and more a game that gathered the largest number of active participants and sympathizers.”14

10 Ibid. 11 Ibid. 12 Ibid. 13 Ibid. 14 Ibid, p. 16.

14 After WWII volleyball continues its development in Lukavac.

Sarajevo

In Sarajevo Volleyball started in Sokol Society Sarajevo-Matica in 1931, whn first volleyball net was set at the summer playground of the Society.15 Sokol member, Bogomir Ružička, in that year for members of SS Sarajevo-Matica translated volleyball rules from Czech to Serbian, “… while the official rules and instructions for playing were approved by the Administration of Sokol Union of Kingdom of Yugoslavia on 1st of May 1931.”16 After setting the volleyball net at Sarajevo-Matica’s playground and start of volleyball there, it started to play also in Sokol societies Novo Sarajevo and Vratnik. as also on the playground of National elementary school in Nemanjina street. At its very beginnings volleyball was played as follows: “ – The line-up was the same like today, with slightly different positions when receiving service. The service was from the hand, while extraordinary individuals tried to do give a certain spin to the ball or some other kind of acceleration. There were also unsuccessful attempts of ‘tennis’ service. - After service, the reception was up with fingers or down with open palms with intention to pass the ball high in the middle of the net so it could be passed to the opponent side by jump and turn. According to rules today, those were a ‘catch’ balls.”17 Spiking was performed in a way “… that middle net player set the ball high above head, parallel with the net with some 30 – 40 cm distance, while the attacker, with quite a run-up, spiked the ball jumping from one leg. It would rarely happen that one player performs a , but the ball was spiked into the opponent court, so who gets to bump a ball with palms or fingers. The spike was rarely defended, at least during the first years of playing volleyball.”18 About attack and defense Jožanc wrote: “There was almost now system of attack or defense, but the situation was resolved ‘on site’ depending on whoever got the ball. Just about 1934 and beginning of inter-parish volleyball

15 Pavo Jožanc: Razvoj odbojke u Bosni i Hercegovini, Prilozi za istoriju fizičke kulture u Bosni i Hercegovini, vol. 9, no. 10, Sarajevo, 1976, p. 3 – 21. 16 Ibid, p. 3. 17 Ibid, p. 3 – 4. 18 Ibid., 4.

15 competitions, more attention was addressed to competitive side of volleyball, with developing attack and defense, substitutions of players, etc…”19 At the end of July 1934 in Sarajevo was organized volleyball competition for members of Sokol Societies: Vratnik, Novo Sarajevo and Sarajevo-Matica, during the afternoon hours. First match was played on Sarajevo-Matica’s playground at 5.30 pm. The competition was announced by daily journal Yugoslav Post from July 25th 1934: “On Sunday 29th t.m. first volleyball match between sokol societies Sarajevo-Matica, Vratnik, Novo Sarajevo. It starts at 5.30 pm. Entrance for membership 1 dinar, and for non-members 2 dinars. The match will take place at Sokol society Sarajevo-Matica, skenderija st. 3.”20 One more time in journal Yugoslav Post from July 28th 1934 they announced this match: “On Sunday 29th t.m. at the summer playground of Sokol society ‘Sarajevo – Matica’ very interesting volleyball match. This nice and extraordinary healthy game, gains more supporters every day and it seems like it will soon become popular in wider population.”21 More intensive playing of volleyball continued in Sarajevo. Already in 1935 there was a city championship with teams of Sokol societies from Sarajevo. After that there was a championship of Sarajevo Sokol Union. The winner was SS Sarajevo – Matica. Team members of SS Sarajevo – Matica were: Rudolf Ažman, Jakica Baruh, Sveto Gaćinović, Slavko Gaćinović, Rudolf Klimek, Mirko Ljuboje, Edo Montiljo, Nikola Ružička, Anton Suhi, Đurica Cvetković and Asim Šukalić. And for youth performed: Vojislav Bajović, Jozef Baruh, Slobodan Gašić, Pavo Jožanc, Milorad Mlađenović, Veljko Ostojić, Nenad Ostojić, Veljko Petrović, Strahinja Petrović, Srđan Stočević and Alfred Hesler.22 At those competitions, from other Sokol societies from Sarajevo, among others, performed also: Ivan Balgavi, Milan Glasović, Dic Karlo, Dic Lujo, Vlado Juvanec, Dušan Pavlović, Pavle Pavlović, Dušan Popović, Aleksandar Fajgelj, Ivan Fajgelj and Ladislav Šenk.23 Soon after ladies also started playing volleyball, and most credits for spreading volleyball among women members goes to Jelena Dopuđa. Among best female sokol volleyball players were: Zaga Aleksić, Žana Antonijević,

19 Ibid. 20 Cited in: Pavo Jožanc: Razvoj odbojke u Bosni i Hercegovini, Prilozi za istoriju fizičke kulture u Bosni i Hercegovini, vol. 9, no. 10, Sarajevo, 1976, p. 4. 21 Ibid. 22 Pavo Jožanc: Razvoj odbojke u Bosni i Hercegovini, Prilozi za istoriju fizičke kulture u Bosni i Hercegovini, vol. 9, no. 10, Sarajevo, 1976, p. 4. 23 Ibid.

16 Živka Antonijević, Ružica Baždar, Beba Bandić, Mira Bandić, Abida Kadić, Štefica , Zora Tolpa, Mira Ćurković, and others.24 Sarajevo male and female sokols played volleyball not only at their playgrounds, but also during picnics, camping and public classes. Volleyball Referees Seminar, probably first one of its kind in Bosnia and Herzegovina, was held at the end of 1936 or early 1937 (we have no exact data) in Sarajevo. This seminar was led by Vlado Juvanec, sokol member from Sarajevo. The members of sokol societies from Sarajevo, who also played volleyball, became first volleyball referees at this time. After the seminar they “… got a title of area-city referee, but all of this was not recorded anywhere, nor any referee received a diploma or confirmation of this referee exam or course.”25

Volleyball in other places of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Volleyball in Brčko, same as in other places, started to play in Sokol societies. In Brcko it started in 1932, after two Sokol members from Brcko, Petar Zelac and Boško Marković, came back from course about rules and playing volleyball in Tuzla. The same year first volleyball playground was made in Brčko. The most famous players from that time until beginning of WWII were: Nedo Basrak, Petar Zrelac, Fikret Kučukalić, Boško Marković, Atah Hadžialijagić and Harber Finci; and female volleyball players: Milica Bjelanović, Kata Jovanović, Olga Jović, Olga Marković, Vida Popović and Nada Popović.26 Volleyball in Breza, also as part of sokol society, started in 1930, and first competitions from 1934.27 During 1930 Nurudin Mujagić from Bosanski Brod and Manojlo Stanković from Slavonski Brod demonstrated volleyball game to members of Derventa Sokol society. After that members of this society started to play volleyball on playground of civil school in Derventa. Money for the first volleyball ball was given by Milan Đado, director of Derventa Bank, and Esad Alibegović went to buy and bring this ball to this town. Most famous volleyball players until WWII were: Nemudin Alagić, Brano Banović, Viki Vanjhard, Rudi Vanjhard, Franjo Vanjhard, Vojo Vasilić, Viki Dobrinić, Vaso Nečipar, Branko Popović, Nurudin Porobić and Izudin Hadžlagić; and female volleyball players: Koviljka Anđelić and Bogdana Beba Kostić.28

24 Ibid. 25 Ibid, p. 11. 26 Ibid, p. 19. 27 Ibid. 28 Ibid, p. 18.

17 REFERENCES

Enciklopedija fizičke kulture (Encyclopedia of Physical Culture), tom 1, A – O, Jugoslovenski leksikografski zavod, Zagreb, 1975, heading Odbojka (Volleyball), p. 663 – 675. Hajrudin, Ćurić: O fiskulturnoj aktivnosti u Mostaru posle prvog svjetskog rata, Prilozi za istoriju fizičke culture u Bosni i Hercegovini, vol. 1, no. 1, Sarajevo, 1968, pp. 54 – 55. Илић, Стефан & Мијатовић, Слађана: Историја физичке културе (History of physical culture), D.T.A. TRADE, д.о.о. Београд, Belgrade, 2006. Jožanc, Pavo: Razvoj odbojke u Bosni i Hercegovini, Prilozi za istoriju fizičke kulture u Bosni i Hercegovini, vol. 9, no. 10, Sarajevo, 1976, p. 3 – 21. Jugoslovenski sport 1933. Godišnjak saveza sportskih saveza Kraljevine Jugoslavije, urednik Hrvoje Macanović, Savez sportskih saveza Kraqevine Jugoslavije, Zagreb, 1933. Pantelić Babić, Kristina: Sokol movement in Herzegovina from 1893 to April 6th 1941, Doctoral dissertation, University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, department of Theory and Methodology of Sports, June 2018. Pašić, Šefik: Radnička sportska društva i organizacije u Hercegovini do 1941. godine, Prilozi za istoriju fizičke culture u Bosni i Hercegovini, vol. 7, no. 8, Sarajevo, 1974, pp. 3 – 18. Павловић Д., Петар & Пантелић Бабић М., Кристина: Спортски живот у Херцеговини од 1918. до 1941. године (Sport life in Herzegovina from 1918 to 1941), in: Ћоровићеви сусрети, Српска проза данас, scientific conference, Херцеговина у вријеме Краљевине СХС и Краљевине Југославије 1918 – 1941 године, (20 – 23. september 2012), Congress proceedings, ed. Nikola Asanović, СПКД „Просвјета“ Билећа – Гацко, 2013, pp. 293 – 313. http://www.fivb.org/EN/FIVB/FIVB_History.asp https://www.athleticscholarships.net/history-of-volleyball.htm

18 BULGARIA

BEGINNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF VOLLEYBALL IN BULGARIA

Vladimir Kotev, Dimitar Mihailov & Daniela Dasheva, National Sports Academy “V. Levsski” -

Volleyball in Bulgaria appeared relatively early. For the first time volleyball was played in October 1922 in the courtyard of the Technical School in Sofia. Shortly afterwards volleyball gained great popularity among young students. With enthusiasm, young people started to build volleyball playgrounds in different neighbourhoods of the city, equipped with the most needed facilities. The first balls, nets and outfits were quite primitive, but thanks to Bulgarian students who had studied abroad, this equipment was gradually modernized. This new sport for the country was quickly transferred to a number of provincial cities such as Plovdiv - 1926, Varna - 1928, Rousse, where women were considered its founders. According to historical data in the town of Pernik, at the end of October 1922, the physical education teacher Boris Stepanov demonstrated the game to his students by forming teams of 9 people in three lines of three who volleyed the ball over a rope placed at 2 m height. The first volleyball competitions in Bulgaria were held on a territorial basis – as school championships, regional championships and city championships. In 1925 the championship of the teams of the Second Sofia Male Secondary School was considered the first officially organized volleyball event in Bulgaria, which ended with a victory of the team of the seventh "D" grade (Fig.1.).

19

Figure 1. 1925 - The first officially organized volleyball event in Bulgaria – teams on the final

At the end of 1928, in order to popularize and develop the game, the organization that managed and administered the sporting events on the territory of Sofia - "Sofia Regional Sports Area" developed and published special regulations for the strengthening and development of volleyball. According to these regulations, the sports clubs in Sofia could not participate in the football championship unless they had volleyball teams to participate in the Volleyball City Championship. As a result, in 1929 the number of volleyball teams involved increased so much that the teams had to be divided into three divisions. There were volleyball teams in the big football clubs such as “Levski”, “Slavia”, “FC-13”, “AS-23” and also in the smaller neighbourhood clubs such as “Rakovski”, “Borislav”, “Asparuh”, “Omurtag”, "Refugees" and others. In addition, the organization of competitions was improved. The quality of the volleyball game was gradually improving. The enriched sports calendar called for qualified judges. At the end of 1928 the first competition rules were printed, and in 1930 the first course for volleyball sports judges was organized in Sofia. It is important to out that through volleyball many girls, mostly schoolgirls, made their first steps in sport. In the 1930s, sports events took place in almost all major cities - Varna, Bourgas, Rousse, Pernik, Kustendil, Pazardjik and others, with great interest and mass participation. Initially, through initiative of the volleyball players, and later of the sports clubs, intergovernmental competitions were also organized. Very often volunteers from Pernik walked 30 kilometers to Sofia to play their matches. Particularly popular were the meetings with the volleyball team of the Reserve Officers School. These competitions continued annually from 1937 to 1942. In 1934 the first international meeting of Bulgarian volleyball players took place. The team of the American College in Sofia visited , where it

20 played the Robert College. The experienced team of the hosts won the match with 3: 0 sets. Every year from 1930s, a student championship for the “Prosveta” Cup was held in Sofia. The beginning was in 1932. Typical of these competitions was that they were in the spirit of real sports celebrations and were attended by all teachers and students. At the same time, club teams, apart from the city championship, also participated in the annual “Sredets” Cup . With the growth of strong teams not only in Sofia, but also in other cities in the country, the idea of organizing state championships in Bulgaria was born. Twenty years after the appearance of volleyball in Bulgaria in 1942, the first state championship for men and women was held in Sofia. Competitions were of great interest. On the final, two teams from Sofia –“Rakovski” and “AS-23” met. The challenge kept the spectators in the midst of five disputed games. The victory was for the team of “Rakovski”, and hence the title first state champion. In the same year, the women's championship also reached the finals of “Rakovski” and “AS- 23” teams. Here the winner was the team of “AS-23” with 3: 1 sets and thus it became the first State champion. In the following 1943 the second State Volleyball Championship was held. The team of “Rakovski-Rodina” became the men’s champion and the women’s - again the team of “AS-23”. Typical for the teams' game was their composition, which was made of three attackers and three setters. Due to the situation at the end of the Second World War, the State Championship in 1944 did not take place. A real upturn in the development and practice of volleyball in Bulgaria came after the end of the Second World War. In 1945 some changes in the organization of the preparation of the teams, as well as their preparation had already started. In the same year, 1945, state championships for men and women were restarted. Bulgarian students returning from abroad provided a real contribution to the development of modern volleyball in Bulgaria. Valentin Ankov is considered the Patriarch of the contemporary Bulgarian volleyball. He completed his education in . The first official international event was at the Balkan Volleyball Games in Romania in 1946. In 1948, the Russian specialist Alexander Anikin gave practical help in the training work. For a few months in Bulgaria, he radically changed the methodology of training. He acquainted Bulgarian coaches and volleyball players with some unknown technical elements such as Estonian service, head- to-head smash and others. He also held the first coaching course. This course was attended by some of the biggest names in Bulgarian Volleyball - Kosta Shopov, Dragomir Stoyanov, Boris Gouderov, Georgi Komatov, Mityo Dimitrov, Milko Karaivanov, Boris Konstantinov, Alexander Azmanov and others. The rapid popularization of the game, both on national and international level, demanded in organizational terms the establishment of a National

21 Organization that would represent volleyball in Bulgaria and worldwide. In 1947 the International Volleyball Federation (FIVB) was set up, as well as the European Confederation (CEV). In order to activate the international activity on September 12, 1949 “Republican Volleyball Section” was established in Sofia, which only a year later grew into the Bulgarian Volleyball Federation, which started to work activity for strengthening and development of volleyball. Success followed soon, and at the FIVB first in 1949 in Prague (Fig.2.), the Bulgarian volleyball players won the bronze medals. These were the first medals for Bulgarian athletes from the World Championships. At the in 1951 in Paris, the men's national team ranked second (Fig.3.).

Figure 2. The team won the Bronze medals

Figure 3. Silver medal – Paris, 1951

22 In 1950, the championships for adolescents and girls began. One of the biggest successes of the Bulgarian volleyball was the organization and holding of a big demonstration tournament in September 1957. The occasion for this event was the 53rd Assembly of the Executive Committee of the International Olympic Committee in Sofia. The strongest male teams in the world participated in the tournament: Russia, Czechoslovakia, Romania, France, Italy and Bulgaria. One of the decisions that the IOC Assembly should take was to accept volleyball as an Olympic sport. The players, in the most convincing way, revealed to the members of the IOC the beauty, dynamics and charm of the volleyball game. The historic decision that volleyball was officially included in the 1964 in Tokyo was taken in Sofia. Over the years, Bulgarian volleyball has achieved prestigious success in the international sports field (Table 1) (Fig.4, 5, 6, 7 and 8).

Table 1: Bulgarian volleyball prestigious success in the international sports field

PRESTIGIOUS CLASSIFICATIONS OF OLYMPIC GAMES (up to 6th place) Men Women 1964 Tokyo 5th place 1968 6th place 1972 Munich 4th place 1980 2nd place 3rd place 2008 Beijing 5th place 2012 London 4th place WORLD SHAMPIONSHIPS (up to 6th place) MEN WOMEN 1949 – Prague 3th place 1952- Moscow 3rd place 1952 - Moscow 4th place 1956 - Paris 5th place 1956 - Paris 5th place 1970 - Sofia 2nd place 1962 – Moscow 4th place 1982 – 5th place 1970 - Varna 6th place 1986 - Paris 3rd place 1990 – 5th place 2006 - Tokyo 3rd place EUROPEAN SHAMPIONSHIPS (up to 6th place) MEN WOMEN 1950 – Sofia 4th place 1950 – Sofia 4th place 1951 – Paris 2th place 1955 – 5th place 1955 - Bucharest 3rd place 1958 – Prague 5th place 1958 – Prague 4th place 1963 – Constanta 5th place 1963 – Bucharest 4th place 1967 – Izmir 6th place 1975 – Belgrade 5th place 1971 – Milano 4th place 1981 - Varna 3rd place 1975 – Belgrade 4th place 1983 - 3rd place 1979 – Lyon 3rd place 1985 – 6th place 1981 – Sofia 1st place 1989 – 6th place 1983 – Berlin 4th place 1991 – Berlin 5th place 1987 – Gent 4th place

23 1993 – Turku 5th place 1995 – Arnhem 5th place 1995 - 5th place 1997 - 4th place 2001 – Ostrava 6th place 2001 - Varna 3rd place 2009 – Izmir 3rd place 2011 – – 6th place Cheech Republic 2013 – Denmark – 4th place Poland 2015–Bulgaria - Italy 4th place EUREOPEAN CLUB SHAMPIONSHIPS MEN WOMEN 1969-European 1964-European champions' Cup - 1st place champions' Cup - 1st place CSKA, Sofia CSKA, Sofia 1979-European 1976 -Cup of Cup 1st place champions' Cup - 1st place Winners - CSKA, Sofia CSKA, Sofia 1982 - Cup of Cup Winners - CSKA, 1st place Sofia 1984-European champions' Cup - 1st place CSKA, Sofia PRESTIGIOUS CLASSIFICATIONS FROM OTHER AGE GROUPS WORLD SHAMPIONSHIPS JUNIORS GIRLS (23 years old) 1989 – Abu Dabi 3rd place 2017 - 3rd place 1991 - Cairo 1st place 2009 - Teheran 3rd place EUROPEAN SHAMPIONSHIPS JUNIORS GIRLS (23 years old) 1966 - Budapest 2nd place 1969 -Riga 2nd place 1969 -Tallinn 2nd place 1982 -Munich 2nd place 1971 - 3rd place 1986 - Sofia 3rd place 1979 - Porto 2nd place 1984 – Clermont 2nd place Farrant 1986 - Pazardjik 1st place 1988 - Bormio 3rd place

24

Figure 4. Silver Olympic medal – Moscow, 1980

Figure 5. Bronze Olympic medal – Moscow, 1980

25

Figure 6. World Championship Sofia, 1970 – Silver Medal

Figure 7. Sofia, 1981 – EU Champion

26

Figure 8. World Champion Juniors - Cairo, 1991

The national teams - men and women - are multiple participants and prizewinners in the FIVB World Men's league and Women's Grand Prix. Bulgarian volleyball players have contributed to the development and achievements on national and international level. It is impossible to list everyone, but we cannot fail to mention the names of some of them. From the farther past: Kosta Shopov, Dragomir Stoyanov, Todor Simov, Boris Guderov, Panayot Pondalov, Georgi Komatov, Boyan Mashelov, Dimitar Zahariev, Tsvetana Berkovska, Nina Topalova, Neli Chakarova, Maria Dimcheva, Zdravka Asenova and others. From the recent past: Dimitar Zlatanov - accepted in the hall of the volleyball fame in Holyoke; Dimitar Karov, Vassil Simov, Zdravko Simeonov, Alexander Trenev, Tsano Tsanov, Emil Valchev, Mitko Dimitrov, Yordan Angelov, Mitko Todorov, Borislav Kiossev, Dimo Tonev, Lyubomir Ganev, Martin Stoev, Nayden Naidenov, Plamen Konstantinov, Tanya Gogova, Galina Stancheva, Verka Stoyanova, Tsvetana Bozhurina, Ani Uzunova, Antonina Zetova, Neli Marinova, Mila Kyoseva, Maya Stoeva and others. There are several generations of Bulgarian coaches who have contributed to the success of Bulgarian volleyball. At different times, representatives of the Bulgarian Volleyball School help volleyball development in more than 40 countries across Europe, Asia, America and Africa. The names of some of them are: Valentin Ankov, Georgi Krastev, Dimitar Gigov - appointed coach of the century by FIVB, Bogdan Kuchukov, Todor Piperkov, Todor Simov, Dimitar Zlatanov, Martin Stoev, Nayden Naydenov, Alexander

27 Azmanov, Vassil Simov, Vassil Gospodinov, Stefan Panchev, Vladimir Prochorov, Emil Trenev, among others (Fig.9 and 10).

Figure 9. V.Ankov, D.Gigov and B.Guderov

Figure 10. T.Piperkov and V.Simov

28 REFERENCES

Ankov, D. "70 Years Volleyball in Bulgaria". Bulgarian Volleyball Federation. 1992.

Güderov, B. "One ball, one net, one life" Medicine and Physical culture. 1975.

Krumova, A., et al. Volleyball. Medicine and Physical Culture, Sofia 1990.

Kuchukov, B. col. Volleyball. NSA Press, 2004.

Simov, T., A. Minchev. "For the best - facts and figures only". Bulgarian Volleyball Federation. 2016. www.volleyball.bg

29 GREECE

BEGINNINGS AND DEVELOPMENT OF VOLLEYBALL IN GREECE

Manolis Adamakis, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Greece; University College Cork, School of Education, Sport Studies and Physical Education, Ireland

Introduction

William G. Morgan, a Youth Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) physical education director, initially introduced volleyball as a sport in Holyoke, (USA), on 9th February 1895. Morgan, who was born in 1870 and was a former rugby player, invented volleyball during his attempt to find an indoor game suitable for leisure purposes, played by any number of players and less rough than basketball (which was catching on in the area). His initial though was to create a sport in order to maintain rugby players’ fitness levels and avoid severe injuries during breaks. With the help of YMCA employers at Springfield College, Massachusetts, and transforming some of tennis and handball rules, he ended up in a simplified version of modern volleyball [Federation Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB), 2017; Katsikadeli and Bergeles, 1986; Northern California Volleyball Association (NCVA), 2018; Shewman, 1996]. Fro the first game, conducted by William G. Morgan, a net 1.83 m high and a leather ball with a rubber inner tube, which weighted approximately 250- 340 grams, were used. Each team consisted of five players and the first official exhibition match was held in 1896 at Springfield College YMCA. Volleyball, like all sports in USA, was a derivative of the of the olympic idealism movement, proposed by Pierre de Coubertin (Katsikadeli and Bergeles, 1986; Shewman, 1996). Originally the game was called Mintonnete, a name derived from the game of (2 Wikipedia). Dr. Alfred Halstead was the first to notice the volleying nature of the game (the participants were trying to keep the ball up in the air while passing it from on side of the net to the other), so after a while the game became known as volleyball (FIVB, 2017; Katsikadeli and Bergeles, 1986; NCVA, 2018; Shewman, 1996). This newly introduced sport became extremely famous in USA and, with the International YMCA’s contribution, was spread globally. The first country outside the USA to adopt volleyball was in 1900, followed by (1905), Puerto Rico (1909), Philippines (1910), Uruguay (1912), and (1913). In Europe the American Expeditionary Forces introduced

30 volleyball to their allies during the First World War (1914-1918). France, ex Czechoslovakia, ex USSR, Italy and Poland had been initiated in volleyball before 1920. Each one of the above-mentioned countries developed their own game rules, which made necessary the foundation of an international federation in order to develop common rules for everyone (FIVB, 2018; Katsikadeli and Bergeles, 1986). The initial, unsuccesful though, attempt toward the foundation of an international federetion took place during Berlin’s Olympic Games in 1936. Almost 10 years later (1947) the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) was founded and the countries that contributed significanlty to the foundation were France, ex USSR, ex Czechoslovakia and Polan The founding FIVB members were Egypt, , Brazil, France, Italy, USA, ex Yugoslavia, , , Poland, , Romania, ex Czechoslovakia and Uruguay. Greece joined the federation in 1949. The number of FIVB members increased rapidly and by 1978 there were 145 country members (Kalaitzis, 2012; Katsikadeli and Bergeles, 1986). The rules evolved over time. Initially, in the Philippines (1916), the skill and power of the set and spike had been introduced, and four years later the ‘three hits’ rule and the rule against hitting from the back row were established. In 1917, the game changed from 21 to 15 points (Volleyball, 2018). However, it was not until FIVB was established that some rules became official, due to the fact that players’ physical characteristics were different between Eastern and Western countries. The lower height Asians had adapted the rules according to their characteristics and played the game with nine players in each team, without rotation, two serving attempts and in a larger court, while in Europe rotation was established since 1912 and each team consisted of six players (Katsikadeli and Bergels, 1986). The first men’s World Championship was held in Prague in 1949, with the participation of 10 countries, and the ex USSR was the winner. The first women’s World Championship was held in Moscow in 1952, with the participation of 8 countries and won again by the ex USSR. The first men’s European Championship was held in Rome in 1948 and won by Czechoslovakia, while the first women’s European Championship was held in Rome in 1949 and the winner was the ex USSR. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) designated volleyball as an Olympic , to be included in the 1964 Olympic Games and those winners were ex USSR (men) and Japan (women) (FIVB, 2018; Katsikdeli and Bergeles, 1986; NCVA, 2018)

31 The very beginnings of Volleyball in Greece1

Greek volleyball was initiated by the Greek YMCA on the aegean shores of west Anatolian peninsula (Asian Turkey) in 1919. A preliminary championship was held the same year with the participation of eight teams, won by Panionios. Volleyball was then transferred to mainland Greece after the Asia Minor catastrophe during the Greco-Turkish war (1919-1922). The first Greek volleyball coach was a physical education teacher named Athanasios Lefkaditis who lived in west Anatolian peninsula and was relocated to Greece after the war. This new-entry sport was widely accepted from its first beginnings and penetrated in many sport clubs and educational institutions in major Greek cities, such as Athens, Thessaloniki and Patra. In 1924 the first men’s Athens-Piraeus Championship took place and the winner was again Panionios. This championship continued during the two following years, won by Panellinios and Ethnikos respectively. In 1926 the first women’s Championship was organized in the city of Thessaloniki, with the participation of five teams: Aris, YWCA, AKOA, Iraklis and Pamakedonikos, however we are not sure which team won this tournament. The same year (1926) the best Athens and Thessaloniki volleyball players created two separate teams and competed against each other in Thessaloniki, a game organized by Iraklis team. Athens team was the winner by 2-0 sets (15-9, 15-7). A year later (1927) the first women’s Athens Championship was held with the participation of Panionios, which won the championship, Panellinios and Ethnikos. Gradually more female teams were created, such as Piraikos, Near East and Patra Volleyball Club. At this point we have to acknowledge the president of Panionios, D. Dallas, who was the visionary and leader of female volleyball in Greece. In Athens, during the interwar period (1918-1939), many teams were founded, such as Panionios, Ethnikos, Near East, Vyronas Youth, Piraikos, Ionikos and Ampelokipi just to mention some. Soon many more teams were created throughout Greece and local championships in many cities were organized. However, the most important era for volleyball was between 1936- 1940, when volleyball became the most popular team . A more unified men’s Championship was created, with more teams taking part from most major Greek cities, and the first winners were Panellinios (1936, 1937,

1 The information provided in the following sections are based on the book: Katsikadelli, Alkinoi, and Nikos Bergeles. Volleyball. Athens, Greece: Kegraft E.P.E., 1986. Further data, information and photos were collected thanks to the contribution of National Volleyball Teams’ Friendship Club (hellasvolley.gr), Nikos Bergeles and Thanasis Margaritis, who organized the honorary event on 21st May 2017, in order to celebrate the 50 years from the first official men’s National volleyball team participation in the Mediterranean Games of (1967).

32 1939, 1940) and Patra S.U. (1938). During the occupation of Greece by the Axis Powers (1940-1944) every official athletic activity and development, including volleyball, was suspended.

Figure 1. Tunisia, 1917: The first Greek national team that participated in the Mediterranean games.

1945-1951: Initial Greek teams’ international competitions

After the end of Second World War, many volleyball teams were rebuilt and more new ones were established. For example, in Thessaloniki, the teams that played the most important role for volleyball’s rebirth were Aris, Iraklis, PAOK and YMCA. In October 1946 the first international match of any Greek team took place. Sporting G.C., reinforced with some players from Panellinions, played a set of matches in Egypt against local teams. Five years late, on 13-15 August 1951, another Greek team (Pagkrati A.C.) visited Egypt and played three matches against local teams. Meanwhile, in 1951, Greece became an official member of FIVB.

1952-1965: Initial Greek national team’s international competitions and national championships

The initial matches against foreign teams were basically played against Egyptian, Turkish, French and ex Yugoslavian clubs. This might be well understood by the fact that at that time transportation was not as easily conducted as it was during the following years. In spring of 1952 men’s Greek national team played the first two international friendly matches against the French national team. The head coach of that team was Giannis Levantinos, while the players of this first national team were: Kostas Giataganas, Vasilis Eftaxias, Giorgos Karotsieris, Dionysis Anagnostopoulos, Giannis Lamprou, Dimitris Spyridonos, Nikos Lazaridis, Giannis Lazaridis and Dimitris Patras. In the team there were also the head of mission Kostas Niatas, as well as two team escorts, Giorgos Vasilakopoulos and E. Anagnostakis. In the first match, France won 3-1 sets.

33

Figure 2. Paris, 1952: Greek national team that played against France.

During 1955, many Greek teams played international matches against foreign teams, in Greece and abroad. The French team Côte de Beauté played against Panathinaikos and Panellinios, while the national team competed against the American College of Greece. In 1957, Greek national team played two exhibition matches againt Romania and in 1959 competed against mixted Egyptian teams in Cairo and Alexandria, Egypt. The head coach at that time was Aristos Kanellopoulos.

Figure 3. Cairo, 1959: Greek national team that played against Egypt.

34 Two years later, in early 1961, the position of the Greek team’s head coach was appointed to Savvas Grozdanovitch and, as a result, the first matches against ex Yugoslavian teams, Partizan and Jedinstvo, were held. Meanwhile, during the same year, more matches against Egyptian teams took place, both in Greece and Egypt. The two following years (1962-1963), both men’s and youth’s (U-23) national teams competed, again, in a couple of friendly matches against Egypt and Turkey. In 1966, the French team Racing visited Greece and played two exhibition matches, with the opponents been the teams of Panellinios and Milonas. Finally, it should be mentioned that in 1960-1961 the first Panhellenic Volleyball Championship took place in Athens and the first champion was the team of Panellinios.

Figure 4a (up right). Athens, 1961: Greek national team that played against Partizan. Figure 4b (up left). Alexandria, 1963: Kyriakos Pantelias performs a spike. Figure 4c (down right). Novi Sad, 1961: Andreas Bergeles attacks. Figure 4d (down left). Belgrade, 1962: Greek national team in Belgrade.

1966-1970: Foundation of the Hellenic Volleyball Federation and initial Greek national team’s participation in official competitions

The year 1966 was very important for Greek sports in general, because the Greek Sports Federation, with the participation of volleyball and basketball, was established. The first President of this newly established federation, as elected at the first general assembly, was Athanasios Mantellos, followed by three vice-presidents: Ioannis, Koutsoulentis, Georgios Pantelakis and Panagiotis Lampropoulos. By the end of 1966 a total of 129 sport associations were members of the Federation. Another important even in 1966 was the first official Balkan youth volleyball Championship, which took place in Smyrna, Turkey, in which the Greek team ranked fourth. The Greek youth team would also compete in the Balkan Championships to come and ranked first in

35 Romania (1969) and Athens (1971) (Armillota, Garin and Pandoski, 2006). Also, in 1966 the first A-class national Championship was organized and teams from the major Greek cities participated, with the winner being the team of Panathinaikos. That year the first Greek women’s national team was established and played two matches against Turkey in Istanbul, in which was defeated 3-0 sets in both matches. During 1967, men’s Greek national team participated for the first time in two international competitions, the Mediterranean Games (, Tunisia), and the European Championship (Turkey). In Tunis Greece would rank seventh, while in Turkey would take the 20th position. Some important players of these first attempts to participate in European competitions were Vasilis Kolokotronis, Stefanos Louloudas, Andreas Lorandos, Thanasis Margaritis, Nikos Bergeles, Kyriakos Pantelias, Ntinos Hasapis, and the head coach in both championships was Aristos Kanellopoulos. In 1968 a systematic approach for the development of Greek volleyball was initiated. The famous coach Stefan Roman, who is currently considered to be the volleyball technique founder in Greece, was hired by the Greek Sports Federation in order to further develop this particular sport. A year later, in 1969, Greek national team took part in the Spring Cup organized in . The same year the first developmental academies were created in Athens and Thessaloniki in order to create new talented and skillful players for the national teams. The year 1970 was an extremely vital year for Greek volleyball due to the fact that volleyball and basketball were separated, upon the efforts of Dr. Theodoros Andreadakou, and two independent Federations were created. The decision for this separation was taken by the General Sports Secretary, K. Aslanidis, and the Hellenic Volleyball Federation was established. From that year and on a radical development of Greek volleyball was initiated. After this foundation, a five-year developmental project was created. Scholarships were provided to volleyball athletes in order to study in Greek universities and local volleyball committees and referees’ school were created. Furthermore, mini volleyball teams were founded in order to attract children and students to volleyball and the first indoor gyms were built by the General Sports Secretary of Greece. Following these important events, Greece successfully organized that year’s Balkan Championship. For the first time a Greek national team won the Turkish (3-1 sets) and ranked fourth among other participants. Later this year the national team took part in the Pre-Olympic tournament held in Sofia, Bulgaria, however did not manage to make it through to the Olympics. Also the Greek national students team participated in the World at Torino, Italy.

36 1971-1984: Later years

The next few years vollyball development continued rapidly. The first international successes became a reality for the newly established sports federetion. The adolescents’ national team ranked third at the 1971 Balkan Championship, men’s national team ranked third at the 1972 Mediterreanean Games and fifth at the Spring cup the same year, the military national team took the first place at the 1973 CISM Championship and the adolescents’ national team ranked first at the 1973 Balkan Championship that was organized in Athens. In 1972 the first women’s central Greece chamionship was organized in Athens, as well as the first Greek national Championship in the city of Kavala. In both competitions, the winner was the female team of Panathinaikos. During the following years (1963-1975) the men’s team of Panatinaikos dominated in the national championships and won nine times, while between 1976-1982 the dominant team was that of Olympiakos. In women’s championships, the two dominant teams between 1972-1980 were Panathinaikos and ZAON. In 1982 the first women’s A-class national Championship was held and the winner was the team of Panathinaikos. Some other important events took place in 1980. Men’s Greek national team was the gold medalist at the Balkan Championship held in Athens, Greece, and at the Spring Cup (a success which was repeated also in 1981 and 1982). Also Panathinaikos men’s team was the silver medalist at the . In 1981 men’s national team participated at the final phase of the European Championship in Berlin, ranking 11th, while two years later (1983) in Berlin performed slightly better, ranking ninth. Finally, in 1984, youth’s national team also took part at the final phase of the European Championship held in France and ranked 10th.

1985-1987: Toward the international recognition of Greek volleyball

The year 1985 was a crucial time for the rise of the Greek volleyball in Europe. Initially, women’s national team was qualified for the first time at the final phase of the European Championship in Netherlands and took the 12th position (0-15 sets in total). On the other hand, men’s national team participated at the 14th edition of the European Championship, held in Netherlands, ranking eighth. In November of the same year (1985) the former coach of the youth’s national team, Thanasis Margaritis, became the head coach of the men’s national team, with the assistance of the coach Stefanos Polyzos. This recruitment became official in January 1986. The initial goal set at that time was the participation in the forthcoming World Champonship of France in 1986. In order to succeed this goal, Greek national team participated in the 1986 Spring Cup, which was held in Greece (Peace and Friendship stadium of

37 Pireus). During the first phase of the tournament, Greece was in the same group and competed against the national teams of Bahrain, Canada, Tunisia, and . In this phase, the Greek team ranked second and was qualified to the semifinals. In the first semifinal was defeated by Cuba, however managed to defeat Canada and take the third place, which provided the ticket for the World Championship participation. This success gave the opportunity to the Greek national team to compete in friendly matches against some of the top-classified national teams of that time, such as West , Netherlands, Italy, ex USSR, Brazil and ex Yugoslavia. The Greek team’s results of this historical Spring Cup tournament are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. 1986 Spring Cup results. DATE TEAMS SETS GAMES

04/04/1986 Greece – Bahrain 3-0 15-3, 15-10, 15-1

10-15, 15-9, 15-12, 5- 05/04/1986 Greece – Canada 2-3 15, 14-16

07/04/1986 Greece – Tunisia 3-1 15-7, 15-5, 11-15, 15-7 Greece – 08/04/1986 3-0 15-4, 15-3, 15-0 Australia Greece – S. 09/04/1986 3-0 15-13, 12-4, 12-4 Korea 11/09/1986 Cuba – Greece 3-0 15-13, 15-9, 16-1

12/04/1986 Greece – Canada 3-1 15-8, 15-8, 11-15, 15-10

38 Table 2. The players of the Greek national team in 1986 Spring Cup. NAME NUMBER Lefteris Terzakis 1 Stelios Kazazis 2 Kostas Margaronis 3 Makis Dimitriadis 4 Thanasis Moustakidis 6 Tasos Tentzeris 8 Vaggelis Koutsonikas 10 Giorgos Lykoudis 11 Mihalis Triantafyllidis 12 Dimitris Andreopoulos 13 Sotiris Amarianakis 14 Kostas Gkountakos 15 Dimitris Valsamidis 7 Theodoris Andreadis 5 Thanasis Margaritis Head Coach Stefanos Polyzos Assistant Coach

Figure 5. Peace and Friendship stadium, 12/04/1986: Win and qualification in the 1986 World Championship against Canada.

39

Figure 6. Peace and Friendship stadium, 12/04/1986: Greek players celebrate the qualification in the 1986 World Championship.

In this initial participation team in the World Championship, the Greek national team had to compete against some of the top-level volleyball teams worldwide. In the group that was played in Orleans, France, apart from Greece, there were also Japan, USA and . Unfortunately the Greek team did not managed to win a single game and ranked fourth in the group. Consequently, Greece competed in the group, which consisted of the fourth ranking teams of all groups (Taiwan, Egypt and Venezuela). In that group won all matches and took the 13th place in total. The Greek team’s results of this World Championship tournament are presented in Table 3.

Table 3. 1986 World Championship results. DATE TEAMS MATCH SETS 24/09/1986 Japan – Greece 3-0 15-8, 15-3, 15-6 25/09/1986 USA – Greece 3-0 15-6, 15-7, 15-4 26/09/1986 Argentina – 3-0 15-6, 15-3, 15-6 Greece 29/09/1986 Greece – Taiwan 3-0 15-10, 15-11, 15-12 30/09/1986 Greece – Egypt 3-2 11-15, 15-8, 12-15, 15-13, 15-12 01/10/1986 Greece – 3-0 15-3, 15-8, 16-14 Venezuela

40 Table 4. The players of the Greek national team in 1986 World Championship. NAME NUMBER Lefteris Terzakis 1 Stelios Kazazis 2 Kostas Margaronis 3 Makis Dimitriadis 4 Dimitris Gontikas 5 Thanasis Moustakidis 6 Tasos Tentzeris 8 Vaggelis Koutsonikas 10 Giorgos Lykoudis 11 Mihalis Triantafyllidis 12 Dimitris Andreopoulos 13 Kostas Gkountakos 15 Thanasis Margaritis Head Coach Stefanos Polyzos Assistant Coach

Figure 7. France, 1986: Greek national team in the World Championship.

After the success of participating in the World Championship in 1986, new talented players joined the Greek national team, e.g. Giorgos Dragovic, Dimitris Kazazis, Ioannis Fakas, while Sotiris Amarianakis, who did not participate in France, returned. Additionally, Kostas Gountakos was replaced by the experienced player Giannis Nikolaidis. Also the assistant coach was replaced and instead of Stefanos Polyzos, Kyriakos Pantelias was hired. In 1986 the Greek national team played 51 international matches during

41 the preparation for the forthcoming European Championship, resulting in a total of 480 hours of training activities in 160 days. The most important matches during this preparation phase are presented in the following tables.

Table 5. Hamburg tournament. DATE TEAMS MATCH SETS Greece – West 6-15, 8-15, 15-9, 27/12/1986 1-3 Germany 15-17 28/12/1986 Greece – Poland 0-3 8-15, 9-15, 11-15 29/12/1986 Greece - Finland 0-3 8-15, 11-15, 7-15

Table 6. Spring Cup – (3rd position). DATE TEAMS MATCH SETS 15-13, 15-8, 13-15, 13/04/1987 Greece – Spain 3-1 15-2 14/04/1987 Greece – Austria 3-0 15-2, 15-6, 15-6 15-7, 9-15, 15-5, 16- 15/04/1987 Greece – Finland 3-1 14 Greece – 17/04/1987 3-0 15-5, 16-14, 15-2 Portugal Germany – 15-13, 10-15, 15-11, 18/04/1987 3-1 Greece 16-14 19/04/1987 - Greece 3-0 15-11, 15-9, 15-13

42 Table 7. Matches against . DATE TEAMS MATCH SETS

E. Germany - 15-10, 12-15, 9-15, 30/04/1987 3-2 Greece 15-8, 15-12 Greece – E. 15-10, 10-15, 15- 01/05/1987 3-2 Germany 13, 11-15, 15-12 Greece – E. 9-15, 8-15, 15-4, 02/05/1987 3-2 Germany 15-5, 15-11 Greece – E. 03/05/1987 0-3 7-15, 10-15, 4-15 Germany

Table 8. Zagreb (ex Yugoslavia) tournament. DATE TEAMS MATCH SETS Greece – 17-15, 15-6, 15- 08/05/1987 3-0 Bulgaria 11 Greece - 15-7, 13-15, 15- 09/05/1987 2-3 Yugoslavia 12, 13-15, 8-15 Greece - 10/05/1987 0-3 2-15, 0-15, 11-15 Romania

In order Greece to participate in the finals of the European Championship that were going to take place in Belgium in 1987, Greek national team had to overcome the obstacle of four teams during the preliminary qualification round in Pori, Finland. In that group, Greece succeeded four consecutive wins against all teams and qualified to the European Championship finals, while the second qualified team was Romania.

Table 9. Pori (Finland) qualification’s round. DATE TEAMS MATCH SETS Greece – 15-9, 8-15, 15-11, 21/05/1987 3-1 Finland 15-10 Greece – 22/05/987 3-0 15-6, 15-3, 15-2 Greece – 7-15, 15-0, 16-14, 23/05/1987 3-2 Romania 15-17, 15-10 Greece - 24/02/1987 3-0 15-1, 15-3, 15-6 England

43 The following friendly matches took place after Greece’s qualification to the finals:

Table 10. Matches against the Netherlands (Peace and Friendship stadium, Piraeus, Greece). MAT DATE TEAMS SETS CH Greece - 15-5, 8-15, 15-7, 7- 30/07/1987 3-2 Netherlands 15, 15-7 Greece - 13-15, 14-16, 15-12, 31/07/1987 1-3 Netherlands 13-15 Greece - 15-12, 9-15, 3-15, 05/08/1987 1-3 Netherlands 10-15 Greece - 6-15, 8-15, 15-4, 15- 06/08/1987 2-3 Netherlands 12, 8-15 Greece - 15-4, 7-15, 15-8, 15- 07/08/1987 3-1 Netherlands 6

Table 11. Matches against Sweden (Nyköping, Sweden). DATE TEAMS MATCH SETS Sweden – 14/08/1987 2-2 No official data Greece Sweden – 15-12, 11-15, 15- 15/08/1987 3-1 Greece 11, 16-14 Sweden – 13-15, 15-13, 15- 16/08/1987 3-1 Greece 11, 16-14 Sweden - 17/08/1987 3-0 15-8, 15-10, 15-7 Greece

44 Table 12. Matches against Spain (in Tenerife, Spain). MATC DATE TEAMS SETS H 25/08/1987 Greece – Spain 3-0 No official data 26/08/1987 Greece – Spain 3-1 No official data 27/08/1987 Greece - Spain 3-0 No official data 15-12, 8-15, 11-15, 15- 28/08/1987 Greece – Spain 3-2 6, 15-8 16-14, 5-15, 15-5, 9-15, 29/08/1987 Greece - Spain 3-2 15-12

Table 13. Matches against ex Czechoslovakia (Athens, Greece).

DATE TEAMS MATCH SETS

Greece - 15-12, 15-2, 11/09/1987 Czechoslova 3-0 15-11 kia Czechoslova 15-9, 15-4, 12/09/1987 3-0 kia – Greece 15-8 Czechoslova 15-10, 15- 13/09/1987 3-0 kia - Greece 10, 15-12

The 1987 European Championship of Belgium was conducted in two separate groups of six teams each. Greek national team participated in Genk’s group with Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Spain, Belgium and Sweden. Won five out of six games and took the second place (9 points, 13-8 sets in total), which allowed the qualification to the semifinals. The results of that group are presented in the following table:

45 Table 14. 1987 European Championship results. DATE TEAMS MATCH SETS Greece – 13-15, 15-8, 15-6, 25/09/1987 Czechoslova 3-2 4-15, 15-5 kia Greece – 7-15, 15-8, 15-8, 26/09/1987 3-1 Bulgaria 15-8 Greece – 27/09/1987 3-0 15-7, 15-9, 15-12 Spain Greece – 15-7, 10-15, 15-7, 29/09/1987 3-2 Belgium 12-15, 15-8 Sweden – 15-8, 10-15, 15- 30/09/1987 3-1 Greece 10, 15-12

In the semifinals Greece played against the ex USSR and was defeated easily (3-0 sets). However, at the third/fourth place match, managed to defeat Sweden (3-2 sets) and take the bronze medal!

Table 15. 1987 European Championship results (semifinal and bronze medal match). DATE ROUND TEAMS MATCH SETS USSR – 11/09/1987 Semifinal 3-0 15-5, 15-5, 15-12 Greece Third/fourth Greece - 14-16, 15-9, 6- 13/09/1987 3-2 place Sweden 15, 15-10, 16-14

This huge success of the Greek volleyball boosted its popularity in Greece, however it never became a very popular sport because the same year (1987) Greek’s basketball national team won the European Basketball Championship held in Athens, Greece. Greece’s head coach Thanasis Margaritis mentioned later on that the conditions during the European Championship were not ideal for the team because they had to live in an elderly nursing home rather than a hotel! Furthermore, the opponents’ scooting was not developed at that time and Margaritis with the assistant coach Pantelias were kept awake during the nights in order to analyze the opponents’ way of playing. In order to present their findings to the players, they had to use the one and only black and white television available in the nursing home! The Greek national team during the 1987 European Championship was consisted of the following players:

46 Table 16. The players of the Greek national team in 1987 European Championship. NAME NUMBER Giannis Nikolaidis 1 Stelios Kazazis 2 Kostas Margaronis 3 Makis Dimitriadis 4 Dimitris Kazazis 5 Thanasis Moustakidis 6 Tasos Tentzeris 8 Vaggelis Koutsonikas 10 Dimitris Gontikas 11 Mihalis Triantafyllidis 12 Giorgos Dragovic 13 Sotiris Amarianakis 15 Thanasis Margaritis Head Coach Sotiris Pantelias Assistant Coach

Figure 8. Belgium, 1987: Greek national team that participated in the European Championship.

47

Figure 9. Ghent, 1987: Greek national team in the third place of the European Championship.

Figure 10. Athens, 1987: Greek national team players upon their return to Greece, bearing on the chest the bronze medal.

48

Figure 11. Ghent, 1987: Bronze medal won by Greece in the European Championship.

Concluding remarks

Greek volleyball was initially established by the Greek YMCA on the aegean shores of west Anatolian peninsula (Asian Turkey) in 1919. The first Greek volleyball coach was a physical education teacher named Athanasios Lefkaditis. The most important teams, both for men and women, were Ethnikos, Panathinaikos, Panellinios and Panionis in Athens and Aris, Iraklis, PAOK and YMCA in Thessaloniki. In 1952 men’s Greek national team played the first two international friendly matches against the French national team and in 1960-1961 the first Panhellenic Volleyball Championship took place in Athens and the first champion was the team of Panellinios. Greece joined the FIVB in 1949 and in 1966 the Greek Sports Federation, with the participation of volleyball and basketball, was established. In 1970 volleyball and basketball were separated, upon the efforts of Theodoros Andreadakou, and the Hellenic Volleyball Federation was established. During that time (1970-1975) the foundations of the in-depth diffusion of Greek volleyball were laid. Two crucial years for the international recognition of Greek volleyball were 1986 and 1987, when men’s Greek national team participated for the first time at the World Championship and took the bronze medal in the European Championship, respectively. Till that time, the Greek volleyball has faced positive and negative eras, with the last few years been extremely challenging and its further development has been limited due to several factors.

49 REFERENCES

Armillota, Giovanni, Garin, Erik, and Pandoski, Fatjon. “Balkan Youth Championship 1968-1981”. Last modified January 21, 2006. http://www.rsssf.com/tablesb/balkan-u23.html#77

FIVB. “The volleyball story: The birth of the game”. Accessed December 20, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20070127012658/http://www.fivb.com/ EN/Volleyball/story.htm.

FIVB. “The FIVB history: The founding”. Accessed February 22, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20070919033125/http://www.fivb.ch/E N/FIVB/History.htm.

Kalaitzis, Argyrios. “An exploratory approach to the technical elements that define win or loss in volleyball: Example from the Greek A1 men’s championship of 2010-2011”. Undergraduate diss., University of Thessaloniki, Greece, 2012.

Katsikadelli, Alkinoi, and Nikos Bergeles. Volleyball. Athens, Greece: Kegraft E.P.E., 1986.

NCVA. “How volleyball began”. Accessed February 21, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20070701143054/http://www.ncva.com/ page.aspx?id=14.

Shewman, Byron. Volleyball centennial: The first 100 years (Spalding Sports Library). Dallas, Texas: Master’s Press, 1996.

Volleyball. “History of volleyball”. Accessed February 21, 2018. http://volleyball.org/history.html.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank my Professor, Nikos Bergeles, as well as the National Volleyball Teams’ Friendship Club (hellasvolley.gr) and Thanasis Margaritis, whose contribution and photographic material was valuable in order to complete successfully the History of Volleyball in Greece.

50 LITHUANIA

BEGINNING OF VOLLEYBALL IN LITHUANIA

Daiva Majauskienė, Faculty of Sport Education, Lithuanian Sports University, Lithuania Arūnas Emeljanovas, Faculty of Sport Education, Lithuanian Sports University, Lithuania

World War I and the occupation did much harm on the economics, social life and sport development of the country. The state of Lithuania that originated in 1918 made the first steps of physical culture and sport. On the 13th of July 1919, the enthusiasts of the sport movement organized the first sport event before the fights for independence had finished. Different branches of sport originated in Lithuania and became popular gradually. J.Eretas’s book was published in 1921 and it was taught to play fistball at the course for physical culture teachers in Šiauliai in 1923. The first volleyball match in Lithuania was played in Kaunas on the 15th of August 1929 when the teams of Lithuanian men and women were visiting Kaunas (Bertašius, 1999; Narbutas 1978). The pioneers of volleyball in Lithuania were riflemen of Sanciai. It is already written in the protocol of the session of the Central Committee of the Lithuanian Sport League (hereinafter LSL) in March 1930 that the Committee of Volleyball is established and Zemonas –ŠSK, Toleikis and Sapranavičius from the Riflemen’s Club are included in it. In 1931, the women contributed to the popularization of volleyball very much (Steponaitytė, Mačiulytė, Kložunaitytė, Malinauskaitė, Radziulytė) as they organized a sport festival for women and invited specialists to compile the program in order to “make sportspeople interested in other games, such as volleyball”. In 1932, the volleyball team “Sparta” I played versus “Sparta” II at the sport festival for women (A.B., 1932). The sport of Lithuania was nationalized with the Law on Physical Culture enacted on the 15th of July 1932. In order to train and improve the body, the state institution House of Physical Culture (HPC) was established on the 1st of October 1932 and unions were grounded for the management of individual branches of sport. The committees of football, basketball, volleyball and fistball compiled in the Lithuanian Union of Ball Games led the activity of individual branches of sport (Bertašius,1999). In order to popularize volleyball, the employees of HPC as well as enthusiasts of this game announced publications with various information about volleyball in the periodic press. It was indicated in one of these publications that the goal of the article was to help the players to understand the

51 “significance of the airball game and make sportspeople interested in that game as that game was popular just in the higher schools of Lithuania and the wide family of sportspeople played it very seldom and some of them even thought it was a boring game. However, this game is as interesting as the other games: football, basketball etc. Thus, we will provide the main information how to play airball” (Orasvydžio žaidimo technika, 1934) Diržius wrote: “Airball is one of the most cheerful games. Thus, it is not surprising that our young people learn it willingly. Airball looks very simple at first sight. Some people could not imagine that it is necessary to learn. They just go to the playground and beat the net – as long as the both teams play individually, without any passes, everything looks nice. But if one team is able to make passes and passes over the net to an empty place suddenly or cuts next to the net, it emerges that it is necessary to learn the technique of airball like every game of fight”(Diržius, 1934). Moreover, the author emphasizes three main things about volleyball: „1) passing of the ball, 2) taking of the ball; 3) repassing to the own team and beating of the ball over the net to the opponent; so these things should be trained, otherwise better results are difficult to expect” (Diržius, 1934). J. Narbutas classified training people into four groups: some people play volleyball to take exercise and rest; others would like to achieve better results; third ones know the game and technique and reach for better results of the collective game, play well and come to the playground to win and fight against an equivalent opponent and fourth ones try to demonstrate the collective game (Narbutas, 1934) According to J. Narbutas, “if a coach or an instructor instructs and wants to get results of his/her work, he/she has to pay attention to this classification of groups and lead every group accordingly” (Narbutas, 1934). Thanks to the Committee of Volleyball of the Lithuanian Union of Ball Games (head Vencius, members Adomavičius, Zaroskis, Matusevičius), the rules of volleyball were translated into Lithuanian in 1934 and the head of the Organization of Ball Games Butavičius asked the director of HPC to approve them, grant some money for printing and print in the edition of 500 exemplars. The director of HPC V. Augustauskas and the head of the Committee of the Organization of Ball Games Butavičius approved the “Rules of Airball” on the 17th of November 1934. An active sportsman, head of sport and journalist J. Narbutas wrote: “At the end of this year, I also played volleyball that was called “airball” at that time. Using the library established at the Higher Course of Physical Culture, I found enough material about volleyball and wrote about it briefly. Moreover, I translated the international rules into Lithuanian, the Committee of Volleyball approved them and the championship of this year was organized according to them” (Narbutas, 1978). 500 exemplars of the edition of J. Narbutas “Orasvydis” were distributed among the sport organizations and arbiters in Kaunas and in all the sport circuits” (Narbutas, 1934)

52 At the end of 1934, the Lithuanian Union of Ball Games under the House of Physical Culture organized the course of volleyball and fistball to arbiters in Kaunas. They were familiarized with the theory and practice of games. At the course, K. Dineika taught the theory and rules of volleyball and A. Butavičius taught the ethics of an arbiter and the statute of championships. The course participants watched the demonstrative volleyball match, played themselves and organized flash tournaments. 52 volleyball arbiters completed the course. The first volleyball championship was organized from December 1934 to October 1935 (Bertašius, 1999) (table, 1; table 2).

Table 1: Results of the championship of men in Lithuania in 1934-1935

1 LFLS 11 1 23:5 22 2 Grandis 11 1 22:6 22 3 Sparta 5 7 11:14 10 4 CJSO 5 7 10:14 10 5 ASK 5 7 12:18 10 6 LDS 3 9 10:18 6 7 MSK 2 10 8:21 4

Table 2: Results of the championship of women in Lithuania in 1934-1935

1 CJSO 6 0 12:1 12 2 Sparta 4 2 9:5 8 3 Grandis 2 4 5:10 4 4 MSK 0 6 0:12 0

Accepting the work plan, V. Šodė (Lithuanian Union of Physical Culture) wrote: “The sport of airball is making the first steps here, thus, the Committee should first perform the administrative works and implement the necessary propaganda so that people like this sport in cities and especially in the country”. It was foreseen in the plan to publish literature about volleyball, organize annual courses for volleyball arbiters, heads, coaches and annual championships in Kaunas and in the province (LCVA, f. 933, ap. 1, b. 244, l. 7, 11, 16, 17.). In order to avoid any problems and improve the organization of competitions, the Lithuanian Union of Ball Games enacted the “Statute of the Olympic Airball Tournament of 1935” (LCVA, f.933, ap. 1, b. 245, l. 151) in 1935 and the rules of the tournament described in it showed the ability of LUBG to organize and regulate the registration and organization of competitions. The tournament was organized according to the Olympic system

53 – the losing team left the tournament. The income obtained from the tournament matches were spent on the popularization of volleyball in Lithuania and LUBG did it. It is written in the Statute: “All the players participating in the tournament that can prove their right of start and all the people that are enabled attending airball championship matches in Lithuania for free according to the statute of airball championships are included in the tournament for free” (LCVA, f. 933, ap. 1, b. 603, l. 313). In the same year, HPC introduced the accounting and registration of team members in order to improve the activity of physical culture and sport and obtain the compilation of more constant teams (avoid changing one team to another). A sore problem in Lithuania was halls, racks and inventory in volleyball teams of different levels. It was one of the reasons precluding the development of volleyball in Lithuania. In 1935, LUBG asked HPC to “build an airball playground with all necessary facilities in the open air in the centre of all sport circuits... grant 2 airball balls and one set of management tools: an awl, a pump etc. to each circuit. Moreover, other bigger centres and towns should also have a playground with facilities” (LCVA, f. 933, ap. 1, b. 238, l. 106) The Organization of Ball Games constantly implemented one of these goals – organize courses for arbiters and players in order to “popularize the branch of sport” (LCVA, f.933, ap. 1, b. 340, l. 12). Volleyball was also popularized by sport organizations that marked anniversaries of sport collectives or festivals. In 1935, the Lithuanian Union of Physical Culture was celebrating its 15th anniversary, organized a sport festival, and invited “all the Lithuanian sport organizations of Kaunas”. Volleyball was also included in the program together with football, track-and-field athletics, basketball and . LUBG (first of all Barkauskas) formed two committees – of volleyball and fistball – instead of one in October 1935. LUBG invited the volleyball teams of 19 sport clubs of Kaunas to participate in the Olympic volleyball tournament for the opening of the volleyball season. It was intended that the tournament for men and women would be organized according to one minus system. They were also invited into the volleyball championship in Kaunas in 1936. The championship was organized in classes: the first teams of men of all the clubs – in class A, the rest ones – in class B and the teams of women – in class M. Like in other branches of sport, there was better organization of the competition system; the teams were classified according to their mastery etc. It was written in a writing of LUBG: “when teams are registered, it is necessary to indicate the name and composition of the team (first names and surnames of all the team participants), the head-captain of the team and present certificates of the team participants-sportspeople to mark their start. Those ones who do not have this certificate must get it” ( LCVA, f.933, ap. 1, b. 238, l.45, 47). The results of the volleyball championship of 1935-1936 are presented in the table 3 and 4 (Bertašius, 1999).

54

Table 3: Results of the championship of men in Lithuania in 1935-1936

1 CJSO 10 1 21:4 20 2 Grandis 8 3 17:7 16 3 Sparta 8 3 16:7 16 4 LFLS 5 6 13:13 10 5 Makabi 4 7 10:17 8 6 LGSF 1 10 4:20 2 7 ASK 0 6 0:12 0

Table 4: Results of the championship of women in Lithuania in 1935-1936

1 CJSO 9 1 19:5 18 2 Sparta 7 3 17:8 14 3 CJSO-3 6 4 13:10 12 4 CJSO-2 4 6 12:14 8 5 Grandis 3 7 7:15 6 6 LFLS 1 9 3:19 2

LUBG kept on taking care of the conditions of trainings and competitions. In 1936, they asked the heads of HPC to tidy up the volleyball hall of HPC properly: “airball championships have a lot of problems related with an improper height of poles and the absence of constant and exact lines on the airball playground. It is inconvenient and inexact to draw lines with chalk every time and the hall ground is contaminated to no purpose. Moreover, they are often drawn badly or not drawn at all. The damage to the airball poles and their present low height do much harm to our airball players and accustom them to a lower net. When the net is rearranged later, they all have to train again so that their hits do not get into a higher net” (LCVA, f.933, ap. 1, b. 488, l. 158). In spring 1936, the Committee of Volleyball of LUBG decided to compile the Statute of Volleyball Championships (and did it) and intended to organize championships in circuits (the championships were organized) as well as organize the spring volleyball tournament in Kaunas city. The statute of the Olympic volleyball tournament approved in 1935 was foreseen in the organization (LCVA, f.933, ap. 1, b. 1017, l. 42). In order to popularize volleyball, LUBG proposed the Latvians to play a friendly demonstrative volleyball match in Kaunas at the beginning of 1936. The documents show the Estonians arrived and there was a match with them on the 27th of February 1936. The first interstate volleyball match Lithuania- Estonia was won by the latter 2:0 (9:15; 15:17). Andriulis (LFLS), Baltrūnas

55 (CJSO), Daukša (LFLS), Mažeika (LFLS), Šliupas (LFLS), Šodė (LFLS) (LCVA, f. 933, ap. 1, b. 340, l. 28) played for the team of Lithuania. As the new volleyball season started, the tournament „Žaibas“ was organized. The unexpected winner in the group of men was “Makabi” that beat the volleyball players from “Grandis”. The team „Sparta“ beat „Grandis“ in the final of women. These were sport clubs having more than one volleyball team (including that of women). J. Narbutas wrote in 1936: “The cultivation of this branch of the ball game started in Lithuania a few years ago... it still flounders... Except Kaunas city, there were no airball championships in other places of Lithuania... it is mostly cultivated in winter under comfortable conditions” (Narbutas, 1934). In 1936, LUBG decided to “ask HPC to allow organizing just one good match with tickets per evening and not to let in the spectators without tickets to another match organized in the same evening for the purpose of order”; the ticket prices were fixed: 50 ct, for sportspeople, students, soldiers and children 20 ct. Constant tickets (until the New Year) cost 12 LTL and for sportspeople and students 7 LTL. (LCVA, f. 933, ap. 4, b. 494, l. 29-30). There were incidents during volleyball (not just football) matches. At the end 1936, LUBG supported the decision of the Committee of Volleyball (22-10-1936) to penalize the volleyball team “Sparta I”, players and club for having left the playground, the player Daunoravicius from “Sparta” for arrogant behaviour on the playground, indiscipline, vituperation of the arbiter and threatening to apply physical force; a decision was made to increase the penalty imposed by the Committee of Airball with the disqualification of up to one year from all ball games. As the captain of the team “Sparta” Mackevicius refused to tell the arbiter the violator’s name and was unable to lead the team, a decision was made to increase the penalty imposed by the Committee of Airball with the disqualification of up to six months from all ball games. Moreover, a decision was made to make a remark to the team “Sparta” and warn: if there are any similar misdemeanours of the players of “Sparta” in any branch of sport and they disobey the decisions of the heads of LUBG, the team “Sparta” will be penalized by suspending from all game balls” (LCVA, f. 933, ap. 1, b. 494, l. 28). In order to improve the constant care of the members of representative teams, a decision was made to employ a doctor that would compile physiological-psychometrical tests for the members of all teams (football, basketball, volleyball) and undertake the consulting care of players (LCVA, f.933, ap. 1, b. 494, l. 32). LUBG invited the participants of all representative teams to familiarize with further order of trainings. The trainings of representative volleyball (and basketball) teams in the hall of HPC was interrupted for the holidays of Christmas and New Year – 20-12-1936-15-01-1937. At the end of the calendar year, HPC organized events and awarded the teams that had achieved the best results in the course of the year. Before the end of

56 1936, LUBG spent 450 LTL on presents to the teams-winners of volleyball, football and basketball competitions (LCVA, f. 933, ap. 1, b. 494, l. 34). As the volleyball season of 1936-1937 started, the following decision was made: “In accordance with Article 76 of the Statute of Basketball Championships, the airball team “Sparta I” must be excluded from airball championship matches for the period of 6 months for having left the playground during the match with “Makabi” without finishing the match on the 19th of October of the present year, the club must be penalized with a fine of fifty Litas and the players Suchna, Šliužinskas, Mackevičius, Gurskis, Daunoravičius and Geištoras must be disqualified from the airball championship for the period of six months” (LCVA, f. 933, ap. 1, b. 245, l. 3). As LUBG was reviewing the results of 1936, it stated there were “188 airball, 828 football and 484 basketball players“ in 1936 (LCVA, f.933, ap. 1, b. 238, l. 106). 9 teams of men and 7 teams of women from Kaunas participated in the Lithuanian championship of 1936-1937, the teams of women and men CJSO became winners and the results are presented in the table (Bertašius, 1999) (table 5 and table 6).

Table 5: Results of the championship of men in Lithuania in 1936-1937

1 CJSO 14 0 28:0 28 2 Grandis 12 2 24:4 26 3 Grandis-2 9 5 19:12 23 4 Makabi 9 5 18:12 23 5 Kovas 4 10 11:21 18 6 LDS 4 10 8:20 18 7 Makabi-2 2 12 6:25 16 8 LDS -2 2 12 5:25 16 Sparta Excluded

57 Table 6: Results of the championship of women in Lithuania in 1936-1937

1 CJSO 6 2 14:4 14 2 Grandis 6 2 13:5 14 3 Grandis-2 6 2 12:7 14 4 LFLS 2 6 5:12 10 5 CJSO-2 0 8 0:16 6 6 Sparta Excluded 7 Sparta-2 Excluded

At the beginning of 1937, LUBG wanted to check the play of the women’s basketball selection and watch the play of volleyball players, so it invited “a stronger Latvian basketball team for two matches. An airball match was also organized.” The number of teams registered by HPC and participating in the championship changed (table 7) (LCVA, f.933, ap. 1, b. 246, l. 18).

Table 7: Volleyball teams of 1937 according to HPC

No. Name of team Number Number of Number of teams teams of of teams of men women 1 CJSO 1 2 3 2 Grandis 2 2 4 3 Sparta 2 2 4 4 LDS 2 - 2 5 Makabi 2 - 2 6 LFLS - 1 1 7 ŠŠ Kovas 1 - 1 8 Aušros Gymnasium 4 - 4 of Boys 9 Jėzuitų Gymnasium 2 - 2 of Boys 10 German 1 - 1 Gymnasium Total 1-7 7 24

41 teams were registered in the volleyball championship of 1938: 16 teams of women and 25 teams of men, total 390 participants ( LCVA, f. 933, ap. 1, b. 246, 1. 18) (table 8).

58 Table 8: Volleyball teams registered by HPC

Number Included of teams No. Team M M L A B B L A 1 LFLS 1 1 2 - 1 - 5 2 CJSO 1 1 1 - 1 1 5 3 Grandis 1 - - - 1 2 4 4 ASK 1 1 - - - 1 3 5 Aušros Gymnasium of Boys 1 1 3 - - - 5 6 Aušros Gymnasium of Girls - - - - 1 1 2 7 III Gymnasium - - 1 - - - 1 8 IV Gymnasium 1 1 - - 1 - 3 9 Jėzuitų Gymnasium - 1 - - - - 1 10 Š.Šird. Gymnasium - - - - - 1 1 11 M.Pečkausk. Gymnasium - - 1 - - 1 2 12 German Gymnasium - 1 1 - - - 2 13 Makabi - 1 - - - - 1 14 Š.Kazim. Gymnasium - - - - 1 2 3 15 Russian Gymnasium - - - - - 1 1 16 Kaunas Yachtclub - - 1 - - - 1 17 Private Jewish Gymnasium II - - 1 - - - 1 Total: 6 8 11 0 6 10 41

The SELL Olympiad was organized in Lithuania in 1938. Students competed in , basketball and volleyball and it was written in the press: “Two countries participated in airball and basketball competitions: Lithuania and . The Latvians won the airball competition as it was expected because their airball technique is much better. However, it must be emphasized that our airball team of students was much better and stronger this time compared with all previous times. It consisted of Baltrūnas, Miniukas, Karazija, Jarošekas, Lasauskas, Leščius. The Latvians were made to make every effort and pull their socks up in the game“ (SELL orinio ir krepšinio varžybos, 55). The results of the championship are presented in the tables 9 and 10 (Bertašius, 1999),.

Table 9: Results of the championship of men in Lithuania in 1937-1938

1 CJSO 18 2 38:9 36 2 Aušra 16 4 36:13 32 3 IV Gymnasium 11 9 25:21 22 4 Grandis 10 10 24:24 20 5 LFLS 5 15 14:32 10 6 ASK 0 20 4:40 0

59

Table 10: Results of the championship of women in Lithuania in 1937-1938

1 Grandis 12 0 24:4 24 2 CJSO 9 3 20:7 18 3 Aušra 5 7 14:15 10 4 Kazimieraičių 4 8 9:17 8 Gymnasium 5 IV Gymnasium 0 12 0:24 0 LFLS Left

Volleyball and seventeen other branches of sport were included in the program of the First National Olympiad of Lithuania of 1938. 16 strongest teams of men and women each were selected to the Olympiad (LCVA, F.939, ap. 1, b. 798, l. 7-9, 22, 26, 27, 37, 41).

Table 11: Participants of volleyball competitions of men of the First National Olympiad of Lithuania

1 Aušros Gymnasium of Boys Central Sport Organization Club of Young 2 Lithuanians 3 Riflemen’s Sport Club Grandis Kaunas Sport Circuit 4 IV Gymnasium 5 Academic Sport Club 6 Third Gymnasium 7 Jėzuitų Gymnasium 8 LFLS 1 Vytauto Didžiojo Gymnasium Klaipėda Sport Circuit Klaipėda Region Lithuanian and Garrison 2 Sport Union Šiauliai Sport Organization of Young Šiauliai Sport Circuit 1 Lithuanians Marijampolė Sport Circuit 1 Vikaviškis Gymnasium of Men Telšiai Sport Circuit 1 Telšiai Government Gymnasium Panevėžys Sport Circuit 1 Ukmergė Sport Circuit 1 ...... 1 Total 16 Teams

60 Table 12: I Participants of volleyball competitions of women of the First National Olympiad of Lithuania

1 Riflewomen’s Sport Club Grandis 2 Šv.Kazimiero Gymnasium of Girls Central Sport Organization Club of 3 Young Lithuanians Kaunas Sport Circuit 4 Aušros Gymnasium of Girls 5 IV Gymnasium 6 LFLS 7 M.Pečkauskaitės Gymnasium 8 Šv. Širdies Kongr. Gymnasium 1 Klaipėda Sport Circuit 2 Šiauliai Sport Organization of Šiauliai Sport Circuit 1 Young Lithuanians Marijampolė Sport 1 Alytus Government Gymnasium Circuit Telšiai Sport Circuit 1 Telšiai Government Gymnasium Panevėžys Sport Circuit 1 Panevėžys Gymnasium of Girls Ukmergė Sport Circuit 1 ...... 1 Total 16 Teams

During the preparation for volleyball competitions of the National Olympiad, it was foreseen the team that would win two sets would win the match. It was foreseen the competitions would be organized on the national playground if the weather was good and in the hall of HPC if it was bad. The team of Vilnius Lithuanians became winner of volleyball competitions of men of the First National Olympiad of Lithuania and it consisted of Večkys, Astašauskas, Juknevičius, Kvaraciejus, Petruškevičius, Skrodzkis, Žydelis; the volleyball players Švamburys, Puskunigis, Paplauskas, Šembergas, Pivoriūnas, Freimanas, Domarkas from Šiauliai JSO won the silver medals; the team CJSO consisting of Baltrūnas, Mykolaitis, Daudaras, Šačkus, Variakojis, Bertašius, Miniukas won the bronze medals (LCVA, f.933, ap. 1, b. 1237, l.8). The volleyball players Vaškelytė, Didžiulytė, Abramčikaitė, Liutkevičiūtė, Klibavičiūtė, Urbonavičiūtė, Mockūnaitė, Stankevičiūtė, Šlekienė, Sakaauskaitė from the team CJSO won the gold medal in the group of women; the Sport Union of Latvian Lithuanians represented by the volleyball players from Riga and Liepaja Kirevičiūtė, Didžiulytė, Strazdaitė, Rudytė, Visockienė, Balceraitė won the silver medal; the volleyball players Vitartaitė,

61 Vitartaitė, Vilcinaitė, Ruplinskaitė, Čypaitė, Dievaitytė from Šiauliai JSO won the bronze medal (LCVA, f.933, ap. 1, b. 1237, l.8, 42). However, volleyball did not become popular: the championship organized in 1939 was not completed and there was no championship in 1940 at all (Bertašius, 1999). 1929-1939 is the period of the beginning of volleyball in Lithuania: the first match was played, the championships of women and men were organized and it was reached that volleyball and seventeen other branches of sport were included in the program of the first national Olympiad of Lithuania in 1938. However, volleyball was not a very popular branch of in the above-mentioned period.

Correspondence: Daiva Majauskienė [email protected] Phone: + 37037302626

62 REFERENCES

A.B. (1932). Moterų sporto šventė. Mūsų sportas, 14, 3. Bertašius, A. (1999). Lietuvos sporto žinynas 1919-1940. T.1., V. LSIC. Diržius. (1934). Orasvydžio technika. Kūno kultūra ir sveikata, 1, 765. Narbutas, J. (1934). Orasvydis. Kūno kultūra ir sveikata, 1. 734. Narbutas, J. (1978). Sportas Nepriklausomoje Lietuvoje. T.1-2. . LCVA, f.933, ap. 1, b. 238, l. 45, 47,106. LCVA, f.933, ap. 1, b. 244, l.7, 11, 16-17. LCVA, f.933, ap. 1, b. 245, l. 3, 151. LCVA, f.933, ap. 1, b. 246, l. 18. LCVA, f.933, ap. 1, b. 340, l.12, 28. LCVA, f.933, ap. 1, b. 488, l. 31, 158. LCVA, f.933, ap. 1, b. 494, l. 28-30, 32, 34. LCVA, f.933, ap. 1, b. 603, l. 313. LCVA, F.939, ap. 1, b. 798, l. 7-9, 22, 26, 27, 37, 41. LCVA, f.933, ap. 1, b. 1017, l.42. LCVA, f.933, ap. 1, b. 1237, l. 8, 42. (1934). Orasvydžio žaidimo technika. Kūno kultūra ir sveikata, 45, 684-685, 689. (1938). SELL Orinio ir krepšinio varžybos. Fiziškas auklėjimas, 2, 55.

63 ROMANIA

THE BEGINNINGS AND DEVELOPMENT OF VOLLEYBALL IN ROMANIA

Ioan Turcu, Transilvania University of Brasov, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Romania Gheorghe Balint, Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacau, Faculty of Movement, Sports and Health Sciences, Romania

The beginnings of the volleyball game in Romania are linked, like in other countries, to the invention of this wonderful and coveted sport by William Morgan, director of Physical Education at a college in Holyoke, Massachusetts, Mass. This teacher gave us the opportunity to practice or watch the volleyball of all fans around the world. Without his inspiration, we would not have had the opportunity to publish the following lines. Enriching its content, the volleyball game has gained a growing popularity and spread, practically encompassing the entire world. The volleyball game, along with other sports and sports games, takes an important place in the Physical Education system. Through its practical, hygienic and educational value, it is an important part of sports activity, representing a form of ludic manifestation of physical exercise. It combines the positive sanotrophic effects of sport and physical exercise with the educational influences of the game. It has a wide spread among the youth and other population categories. Due to its characteristics it positively influences the physical development and great functions of the body and it contributes to the development of motor skills and the formation of personality. The volleyball game is characterized by its attractiveness and accessibility. It does not require organizational conditions and complicated materials. It can be practiced both indoors and outdoors. It offers the possibility of gradating the effort corresponding to the age and the degree of training and has a positive influence on the strengthening of the health, physical and psychic detention, ensuring a harmonious physical development of those who practice it. If practiced at the level of performance, the game is characterized by dynamism and spectacle, and the popularity of the competitions provides it with an important place in the sports discipline. All this gives volleyball unquestionable biological and pedagogical valences and a well-defined position in the Physical Education and Sport system in the fields of: Physical Education, Sports for All and Performance Sport.

64 As a means of physical education, volleyball is present in the Physical Education classes at all levels in the form of dynamic volleyball games and global games, and its systematization is included in the content of physical education programs. It is practiced for recreational purposes by young people and the elderly, in organized forms (school, university, institution or neighborhood championships, etc.) or spontaneous. As a performance sport it is practiced and organized in form of Junior, Youth or Seniors Championships, Balkan Championships, European Championships, World Championships and Olympic Games. The game is a complex activity, predominantly motric and emotional, spontaneously performed according to predetermined rules, recreational, sporting and at the same time it is an adaptation to the social reality. Among the characteristics of the game we remember that it is a natural, free, spontaneous, attractive, total, disinterested, creative-compensatory activity. The athletic game is a system of exercise in form of a game with a specific object with specific dimensions and form, whereby two teams or two opponents compete in accordance with organizational or development rules. In order to define the notion of sports game, three elements are taken into account:  the player’s activity;  the ideas for the game gathered in the game design - setting the best ways to drive a system of principles and rules of action that determine what the players have to do;  the rules of the game - official normative act that specifies all the necessary details regarding the organization and conduct of the game.

All elements are dynamic, subject to perfection, evolution, and find themselves in close correlation. (I. Bota, D. Colibaba-Evulet, 1998) Over time, the volleyball regulation has been aware of various changes that have been introduced in its practice, either in terms of balancing the game by approaching defense to that of attack or commercial reasons (radio, television, marketing, etc.). As a result of the evolution of the rules of the game, there are important changes in its content, in the sense of enriching it with new elements of technique and tactics aimed at immediate purpose and game tasks. Along with the service and the passing of the ball, there are tendencies in the organization of the game, in the idea of sending the ball in the adversary field as difficult as possible - with an attack blow. As a reply, the jam and even the plunger appear as defenses. Improving the organization of the game results in the tendency of the players to specialize as hitter or setter on one hand, and on the other hand, the requirement of rotation requires some multilateralism on their part.

65 By looking back at the evolution and character of the game from the beginnings, we can recognize a few relative stages. Therefore the period marked by the emergence of the game and its relative stabilization in 1934 with the appearance of the Stockholm Technical Commission may be considered a period of pioneering, searching and crystallizing of the game of volleyball. The interval 1934-1964 can be considered as the beginning of modern volleyball, characterized by dynamism, a high degree of technicality and a greater accessibility to the high-performance game of practitioners. The 1964 period to date, which we call the contemporary or current period, is a time when a new type of game is launched, characterized by the dominance of the motor-driven power and speed at the expense of technique and imagination, by the appearance of the so called "Gigantoid" players and by diminishing the number of phases of great show. A retrospective on the content of the game and its evolution in the technical-tactical plan according to the period settings above is highlighting the following aspects, considered of course at the level of the performance teams (A. Prescorniţă, 2003):  The pioneering period in the volleyball game was a period of searching and crystallization in the field of the technique of striking and playing the ball. Of the many possibilities of ball intervention, a number of "techniques" have had a relative short life while others have established themselves, being present in the current game as well. We exemplify in the first group the high-rotating "reverse" ball service printed on the ball, the "pushed" service with the fingers of the kicker's arm, the cubital part of the forearms, the "pinned" kick, the kick off the leg. As current elements in the game remain the following: variations of the top-of-the- front service, the “classic” passing with two hands overhead, the variations of the hitting by jumping on both legs, etc. From a tactical point of view, attempts are made to organize the attack game, at first without specialization in posts, and later in various formulas related to the number of setters and hitters, and for the defense the dominant law - "the ball does not hit the ground".  The period of crystallization of the modern game bears the mark (by the appreciation of many specialists) of the domination of the attack over the defense. One of the basic technical elements, the service, was usually done in force - from the front ("Polish") or from the top ("rotatable"). Participation in the take-over was done by the whole team (except the setting player), this action being performed, in spite of the service force, with the "cup" with two hands overhead. Hitters mainly used the following methods, apart from the classic attack with balls with a "normal trajectory": attack from "short balls", the "wheel" attack, attack from a "block out", the dink attack. The blocking was a passive act, while the palms, according to the regulation, could not stop the attack in the adversary field by an active movement of the arms. The "back" and “side”

66 plungers were used as to give a higher precision to the balls played this way as opposed to the forward plunger. As a result of these aspects, the technical level of the players has much more influence on their performance than their size and physical qualities. The ball remained longer in the game, the phases were longer, the possibilities for recovering the ball were higher, the playing area was practically extended beyond the limits of the playing field. The dominant game system was 4T + 2R that used the combined attack and, as a rule, defending the retired Z6 player.  The current or contemporary period is characterized by the fact that the blocking becomes an immediate means of the immediate defense. Through its aggressiveness, the action of blocking the attack can be done in the adversary field by passing the palms over the net. The service evolves from the "floating" manner to the jump force service. Two-handed lower hands raise has a high level of precision and technicality, becoming the main means of receiving strong balls from the opponent. From a tactical point of view, it generalizes the 5T + 1R game system, with players specializing in both attack and defense phases. Super- specialization occurs in posts and tasks ("center", "fake", "attack" players, etc.) as well as the "libero" player.

Changes to the regulation have been done and will continue to be done in the future. They were initiated in order to contribute to the dynamics of the game, to balance the attack with the defense, in general, to make the game more beautiful. To the same law - the regulation in force - there were and there are different interpretations of a subjective nature. However, they have been initiated by the competent forums and "arbitration lines", which, under the same regulation, left the game be freer or showed a higher exigency. It is the place and the moment to show that the arbitration has also had a negligible contribution to the evolution of the game. Therefore, at the Tokyo Olympic Games in 1964, in addition to the essential regulatory changes, it was decided that the "General Arbitration Line" be very exigent towards receiving the service and taking over from the attack, actions that until then most of the time were done with two hands overhead and by that were rising various interpretations and discussions. As a result, the technical arsenal of the game improves and the hitting of the ball with two hands below, considered until then a "primitive" action, devoid of refinement and accidental, rises to a high level of technicality and precision . Things do not stop here, and the underhand serve with two hands is replaced by the "float" serve that initially causes serious problems to the hitter segment, obviously less skillful than the "cup" ball with two hands overhead. The main technical acquisitions - the aggressive and active blocking, the two- handed take-over and attack, the float serve - have immediate repercussions both for the attack tactics (the three moves and finishing) and in the defense tactic (broader possibilities of self-delivery, etc.)

67 There are also changes in game systems, using the 5T + 1R system, which obviously favors the number of shooters the attack stage. In order to overcome the aggressive blockade, more and more tall attackers appear, the average height increasing from 1.86 - 1.87 m in the years 1965- 1970, 1.92 - 1.94 m since the 1980s and with tendencies toward gigantism, many teams having 1-2 players over 2 m at present. Talia is complemented by physical qualities (particularly force and detent). Unfortunately, gaining in strength and in height, the attack loses technical and orientation, but instead, there are new versions of technical procedures. As a result, the second-line attack and the jumping service appear and gain more ground. Surely the evolution of the game can be discussed from a number of points of view and will continue to be a permanent one as long as volleyball is played. Statistics based on results from male and female teams in major competitions such as World Championships, European Championships, , Olympics, plus the results of some club teams in the European Champions Cup and the Cup of Cups, has in the past put Romania on an honorable 8th place in the world hierarchy of volleyball. This place is more honorable as the level of craftsmanship revealed by the big competitions is higher because of the competition created by a large number of competitors. Volleyball is currently the sport with the largest number of national federations affiliated to the FIA - 209 affiliated countries in 1992. Romania was one of the countries where this sports game was adopted very quickly after its international recognition, 1919 - 1920 being mentioned as years when volleyball entered the territory of our country. Introduced by US soldiers in missions in our country, it seems that the first games were played with partners from Romanian pupils, students or soldiers. The Encyclopedia of Physical Education and notes that in the competitions organized after the appearance of the volleyball game in our country, the technical-tactical actions were quite simple and few, as follows: the service was executed from the bottom rather than the top, taking over the ball and raising it the attack is executed mainly with two upper hands and rarely with two lower hands (with a plunger in extreme situations), the attack is executed on one leg and rarely beating on both legs, etc. From a tactical point of view, combinations in attack were without the entry of the second line builder, dominating the device with the player in the six advanced area, etc. It can be said that the current volleyball game, which is only in the hall, is different from the one played at the beginning when playing in the open air. It seems that the first volleyball ball flew over the net in our country in 1919. The schoolchildren learned this sport from the military missions present in the country at that time. There is no proof of an official activity sustained between 1919-1928. There have been some fun games, and later games between school teams.

68 The first international meeting was recorded in 1927, between the students from ONEF Bucharest and a Turkish team at Eforie. The team of the Romanian students won with the of 3-1. During this time several groups such as Turda, Viforul and others who organized volleyball games were founded. The date of September 24, 1928 marks the beginning of the official activity with the founding of the governing body for volleyball and basketball team of F.R.B.V. (Romanian Basketball and Volleyball Federation). From that year until 1948, volleyball and basketball went hand in hand. Most of the athletes who practiced one of these sports practiced the other as well. We quoted from the work "The Almanac of the Romanian Volleyball" published by the authors N. Mateescu and M. Popescu in 1966 in Bucharest, in the Union of Physical Culture and Sports Publishing House. Other authors designate 1931 as the year in which F.R.B.V. (Romanian Basketball and Volleyball Federation), this federation managing to "determine the vast majority of players and players to specialize and legitimate for both sports, either at the same club or at different clubs". It is certain that in 1948 the two games split up as the Central Volleyball Commission (by some authors) or the Central Volleyball Inspectorate (by other authors) emerges, a forum for organizing and developing the game. In 1946, when the first edition of the “Balkaniade” took place in Bucharest, the Romanian (male and female) teams were the winners of this competition. The representative male formation of our country participates in 1949 at the first edition of the World Championship in Prague, ranking the 4th place. As a result, the first national male championships were held in 1949 and females in 1950. From this date the national competition for the two sexes takes place regularly on different levels (Division A, Division B, Super League, University Campuses, etc.). Since 1955 the National Junior Championship is organized as well. In 1958, after a period of changes in the name of the federation, it comes back to being called the Romanian Volleyball Federation, which has its own independence. The competitive system is changing as well. Therefore, since 1949, the local championship teams have been promoted to the central championship on the basis of a pyramid hierarchy, and in 1954 the divisional competition system is introduced. The large number of teams will lead to the emergence of two competitive volleyball structures: Division A and Division B. Since 1969, the school championship has been replaced by the Junior Division and later the competition for cadets and hopes is also improving. Since 1970, the republican championship has been established and in the same year the children's championship (Minivoleyball).

69

Figure 1. Volleyball match at the “Tineretului” Stadium in Bucharest, in the competition "Unity of Youth Cup" (1948)

The volleyball tournament in Romania has flourished since it was organized on different stages and on several levels (Regional or County Championships, Division B, Division A, etc., Romanian Cup, University Championships, School Championships, Junior Championships, SE, etc.) as well as periods of recession in which a whole series of competitions mentioned above simply disappeared either because of financial deficiencies or because of deficiencies in the mass of combatants. The representative teams of the Romanian volleyball, at the level of the national team or at the level of leading club teams, have recorded over the years a series of results worth mentioning:  In 1956 at the World Championships in Paris, both the National Team of Boys and the Women's Team won 2nd place.  In 1958, on the occasion of the European Championships in Prague, the Men's National won 2nd place.  In 1960, at the World Championships in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the Men's National League is ranked No. 3.  In 1962, at the World Championships in Moscow, the Men's National team ranks 3rd.  In 1963, on the occasion of the European Championships held in Bucharest, the representative teams of our country are ranked 1st in boys and 3rd place in girls.  In 1966, at the World Championships in Prague, the male representative team of our country ranks 2nd.

70  In 1971, at the European Championships held in Milan, the male representative team of our country ranks 3rd.  In 1977, at the European Championships held in Helsinki, the male representative team of our country ranks 3rd.  In 1980, at the Olympic Games in Moscow, the same male representative team of Romania ranks 3rd.

Figure 2. The volleyball match between CSC Army and ATK (Czechoslovakia), score 0-3 (1949)

Also, at the World Championships, a series of leading men's and women's ranks were achieved, among which the titles obtained in 1954, 1957 and 1990 in the female and 1961 and 1981 in the male were distinguished. We quoted from the work "Volleyball in education" by V. Ghenadi et al., Plumb Publishing House, Bacau, 1998. At club team level, the best results were obtained by the teams: 1. Rapid Bucharest won the European Champions Cup in 1961, 1963 and 1965 and ranks second in 1960, 1962, 1966 and 1967. 2. Dinamo Bucharest won the European Champions Cup in 1966, 1967 and 1981 and ranks second in 1968, 1974 and 1977. 3. Steaua Bucharest ranks second in 1969 and 1979.

In Cup Of Cups: 1. Dinamo Bucharest won the trophy in 1979. 2. Steaua Bucharest ranks second in 1977.

71 In the Balkan Cup: 1. Explorari Baia Mare won the trophy in 1979 and 1980.

On the female teams things were weaker, only Penicilina Iasi and Dinamo Bucharest managed to get a 3rd place in the first two Cup of Cups editions 1973 and 1974. The above data can be found in the "Volleyball" work of Mr. Octavian Bâc, published at the University Publishing House of Oradea, 1999.

Figure 3. Women's volleyball match between Dinamo Bucharest and Traktor Schwerin teams in R.D. German (score 1-3 in sets), counting for the Cup Cups, played in the Dinamo in Bucharest (1975)

After 1980, the Romanian national teams entered a weak stage, the results gained internationally being far from those of the previous decades. The only notable results achieved in the last years are the ones obtained by the female university teams at 1991 Universities (Shefield) - 2nd place, and 1993 (Buffalo) - 1st place and the performance of the U Cluj Club male team managed to qualify for the finals in the Cup of Cups competition in 1996. The qualifying of the national women's team in the European Championship final round in 2004 can also be considered a success and offers the chance for a revival of the volleyball in the near future.

72 Only in 2016 CSM Bucharest will win the first European cup for the Romanian women's volleyball. CSM girls win the Challenge Cup after a clear victory over the Turk team in Trabzon, score 3-1, the same in both games as the host and as the visitor team. The Challenge Cup is the third European value competition after the Champions League and the European Volleyball Confederation Cup. Several teachers, coaches, athletes, doctors, psychologists, referees, journalists, representatives of FRV and the leadership of sports clubs in our country contributed to the development of the Romanian volleyball. Due to the long and laborious volleyball activity in Romania, the leadership of the International Volleyball Federation awarded the silver medal to the Romanian Volleyball Federation in 1974. Among the representative figures that led to the development and affirmation of the Romanian volleyball, we must remember, in the male competition - Constantin Chiţigoi, Marius Cătă-Chiţiga, Aurel Dobincă, Laurenţiu Dumănoiu, George Eremia, Gheorghe Ferariu, Cornel Oros, Marian Păuescu, Nicolae Sotir, and the female competition- Tatiana Avacum, Sonia Colceru, Doina Corbeanu Ivănescu, Doina Moţ Vinţan, Rodica Gherasim Şiclovan, Despina Mavrocordat etc. At the same time, since 1993, has more and more followers in Romania. The championship organized by FRV is attended by both male and female teams. The two teams, each consisting of two players, face each other on a sand field, competing in a set or in the three-set variant. Our national teams participate in international beach volleyball competitions, usually qualifying for the European or World Championships for this sports game. Therefore, in Greece, at the European Youth Championships, the female couple Cristina Androhovici and Laura Dulceanu won the third place bringing home the bronze medal. In the present in Romania the strongest teams are grouped in the Division A1, both male and female. Therefore, the national volleyball championship includes 12 male teams (Steaua Bucharest, Tricolorul LMV Ploiesti, Arcada Galati, ACS Vollei Municipal Zalău, CS Municipal Bucharest, SC U Craiova, Dinamo Bucharest, Unirea Dej, Stiinta Explorari Baia Mare, Universitatea Cluj, CSS 2 CNE Baia Mare, CSU Universitatea de Vest Timisoara) and 10 female (CSM Bucharest, CSM Vollei Alba Blaj, CSM Targoviste, Stiinta Bacau, UVT Agroland Timisoara, CSM Lugoj, Dinamo Bucharest, CSU Medicina CSS Tirgu Mures , Universitatea NTT Data Cluj, ACS Penicilina Iasi). Finally we are proposing some directions for developing the volleyball game at a national and global level. The modern volleyball game is characterized by the speed and variety of playing, through the continuous improvement of the action, the striking pitch of

73 the ball, the creativity in building attack combinations and the flexibility in choosing the defense system. The emotional content of the game has also increased, especially following regulatory changes and the introduction of the tie-break rule. In the future, specialists in the field expect the main directions of the game development to increase the flexibility in team strategy and tactics, to develop a players' mental training and to gradually eliminate the differences between the content of the game played by the female teams and the one played by the male teams. (Flavia Rusu). At the level of high-performance teams, we are witnessing an acceleration of the pace of the game, increasing the number of attack simulations, and altering the distribution of attack actions along the net, with the goal of increasing uncertainty and preventing the effective organization of the blocking of the opponent team. There is also an increase in the serving force, which is more and more becoming a weapon for attacking the other team. On a technical level we foresee a development of the volleyball game based especially on the following factors:  Upgrading the degree of individual technical mastery alongside with its harmonization and fitting into the collective action;  Acquiring and perfecting as many variations of the game actions as possible, associated with the individual peculiarities of the players;  Developing the creativity and the possibilities to apply the known actions in order to maximize the individual and collective potential, as well as to find the opponent's weaknesses;  Increasing the degree of technical stability in the given playing conditions and in the moments of responsibility;  Modifying the motric structure and pace of execution according to the game situation;  Increasing the number of execution options of the finishing actions by increasing the ball impact force and motric precision.

On a tactical plan, the factors that can contribute to the improvement and development of tactical aspects are:  Increasing the premeditation and anticipation of tactical behavior according to the strong and weak points of the team and its opponent;  Developing the possibilities to impose an uncomfortable gameplay on the opponent;  Developing the capacity for operational thinking and efficient solving of game situations. Developing operational intelligence;  Developing the ability to conceal and mask true intentions;

74 The most important elements of progress in the volleyball game are:  The use of training methods and means specific to other sports disciplines in the training process;  The introduction of Informatics in the training process; the use of media techniques in the orientation and interpretation of the training, as well as in the analysis and optimization of the training and the preparation of the official games.  The increase of the number of testing games along with optimizing the ratio of training and official games.

75 REFERENCES

Ackerman J., Schinger Power A. – Volley-ball, Vizot, Paris, 1992. Bâc, O. - Volleyball, University of Oradea Publishing House, Oradea, 1999. Bota, I., Colibaba-Evuleţ, D. - Sports Games. Theory and Methodology, Aldin Publishing House, Bucharest, 1998. Croitoru, D. - Volley, ANEFS Publishing House, Bucharest, 2000. Drăgan, A. - Volleyball, Basic Concepts, Romania Publishing House of Tomorrow, Bucharest, 2002. Fântâneanu, E. - Volleyball. Small Encyclopedia, Sport-Turism Publishing House, Bucharest, 1981. Ghenadi, V. et al. - Volleyball in Education, Plumb Publishing House, Bacau, 1998. Hebert, M. - Insights and Strategies for Winning Volleyball, Leisure Press, Champaign, Illinois, 1991. Mateescu, N., Popescu, M. - The Almanac of the Romanian Volleyball, Publishing House of Physical Culture and Sports Union, Bucharest, 1966. Păcuraru, A. et al. - The Volleyball, a Teacher's Manual, Helios Publishing House, Iasi, 2000. Prescorniţă, A. - Volley, Transilvania University Publishing House, Brasov, 2003. Rusu, F. - Volleyball Course, FEFS Publishing House, Cluj Napoca, 2008. Şerban, M., P. de Hilerin - Volleyball, Strategy and Tactics, Sport-Turism Publishing House, Bucharest, 1984. Tudor, S. - Volleyball, S.C. Chiro S.R.L. Bucharest, 1998. Turcu, I. - Volleyball - IFR Course, Transylvania University Publishing House, Brasov, 2008. Turcu, I., Drugau, S. - Volleyball. Systems of action from initiation to improvement, Transilvania University Publishing House, Brasov, 2009. https://www.frvolei.ro/pagini/5_oficiali/resurse_arbitri/2015/Regulamentul%20 jocului%20de%20volei%202015.pdf https://www1.agerpres.ro/flux-documentare/2017/06/09/istoria-sportului- romanesc-volei-08-48-35

76 RUSSIA THE HISTORY OF VOLLEYBALL IN RUSSIA

Sobyanin Fedor Ivanovich, Faculty of Physical Culture, Belgorod state national research University Zhilina Larisa Vasilyevna, Faculty of Physical Culture, Belgorod state national research University Kadutskaya Larisa Anatolievn, Faculty of Physical Culture, Belgorod state national research University Shipulin Gennady Yakovlevich, President of the volleyball club «Belogorie», city of Belgorod, Russia Khtey Taras Yurievich, President of the volleyball Federation of Belgorod region of Russia, Olympic champion Bogacheva Elizaveta Alekseevna, Departement of Pedagogy and Psychology of Health Institute of Educational Development of the Belgorod region

In Russia, volleyball first was introduced in the 1920s and in the beginning was solely seen as entertainment; amateur, often mixed teams of different age engaged in the game on the streets, beach, in courtyards. According to many authors, volleyball was first played by the creative intelligentsia in Moscow1. Volleyball quickly evolved from a recreational amatuer sport to popular professional sport. There are three stages in the history of the game in the USSR. The first stage covers the period from its introduction in 1920s to the beginning of the Second World War in 1941. At this stage, there emerged administrative bodies that governed the rules as volleyball was developing into a professional sport. For example, the first rules for volleyball in the USSR were approved by the Physical Education Council in Moscow in 1925. Two years later, the Moscow Volleyball Championship started regularly, and in 1928 volleyball was included in the program of the first All- Union Spartakiad2 and organized a permanent judging panel. Women and men started to play volleyball at the same time. However, tactically the game was still very monotonous: usually a pass was made to zone 3, then 4 and immediately the ball was tossed onto the opponent team's site. Only in 1928 for the first time they began to use the attacking blow and the return blocking against it. In the 1930s, the geography of volleyball teams was noticeably expanded, and the number of different competitions in this sport increased.

1 Железняк, Юрий, и Портнов, Юрий. 2001. Спортивные игры: техника, тактика обучения. Учебник. М.: Издательский центр «Академия». 2 https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki.

77 Competitions became so popular that volleyball matches were held almost everywhere every weekend with a large number of not only competitors, but also spectators. There was a growing need for the organization of the All-Union Volleyball Federation. In 1932, the All-Union Volleyball Section was created, which temporarily performed functions as a federation of volleyball3. The level of volleyball is gradually rising and there is a need to hold competitions with foreign rivals. However, at that time there was only one international meeting with the Afghan team in 1935, in which the USSR team assertively won. In the late 30s, club volleyball begins to develop, leading teams are formed, outstanding athletes appear, an active sporting struggle between them begins. Basically, rivalry is observed between the teams of Moscow and Leningrad. The second stage of the development of volleyball in the USSR can be ascertained approximately from 1946 to 1991. It was characterized by the solid development of volleyball as the most popular sport in the country, structural and organizational design, improving training, a sharp rise in the skill level of athletes and teams, reaching a broad international arena, achieving the highest sport results. Simultaneously, volleyball is included in the section of the academic discipline "Physical Culture" in general education, secondary special and higher educational institutions. In addition, methodological recommendations, manuals, textbooks and training programmes were developed and published. Children's sports clubs and other institutions for professional sports were opened in large numbers. Integrated scientific groups were created which conducted research including doctoral dissertations and prepared publications. These elements contributed to the improvement of the technical, tactical, physical and other elements of the game and development of skills of teams and individual volleyball players and emergence of attacking techniques in volleyball.

Figure 1. The 1968 Olympics. The game of the USSR-Japan teams.

3 Свиридов, Владимир.2016. Волейбол. Энциклопедия. М.: Человек. Спорт.

78

After the formation of the International Volleyball Federation (FIVB) in 1947, this sport began to develop actively in different countries, including the USSR. In 1948, the All-Union Volleyball Section was admitted to the International Volleyball Federation. In 1959 the All-Union Volleyball Section was transformed into the All-Union Volleyball Federation.

Figure 2. USSR male volleyball team, champions of the 1980 Olympic Games.

Since 1947, international meetings on volleyball have been resumed, and from 1948 to 1991 the male and female teams of the USSR have systematically competed in European, World, Olympic and many other competitions, achieving the highest results and being among the world leaders. The third stage begins in 1992 after the collapse of the USSR and continues to the present. This period is characterized by a certain weakening of the centralization of volleyball management and the emergence of strong teams not only in the capital and the largest cities of Russia, but also in provincial cities, among which the men's team “Belogorie” (Belgorod) and “Uralochka” (Ekaterinburg). In the first years of the new stage, Russian volleyball continued to function as inertia in the same way as the Soviet period, but there were already cardinal changes in it. Later, there was a restructuring of volleyball in Russia, a radical change in the coaching staff, a change in the game concept, the introduction of new training and competitive technologies. The average height of men and women increased which is an important factor in international sports. The average male sportsman is slightly above 2 meters, and for the tallest players are above 210 cm. For example, the Olympic champion in 2012, Dmitry Musersky is 219 cm and is considered one of the highest volleyball players in the world. An outstanding volleyball player among women, two-time world champion, Honored Master of Sports of Russia and the best Russian athlete of 2010 - Ekaterina Gamova is 202 cm. The height of volleyball players in the Russian team is becoming the subject of special

79 attention, including scientific research4. However, a number of specialists, for example, coach G. Shipulin believes that height is not the main factor of success in volleyball. All this eventually allowed the men's and women's national volleyball team to stay in the world elite, successfully adapt to new internal and external conditions. It should also be noted that at the end of the second and the beginning of the third stage of volleyball development, beach volleyball began to develop in Russia, as it had already been seen as independent sport. At the first Russian championship in 1993 the winners were female and male couples from St. Petersburg. Since 1995 All-Russian competitions in beach volleyball are held regularly on a specially developed system. Since the second half of the 90s international competitions in beach volleyball with the participation of the Russian national team have been organized. Some competitions are held in Russia. Among them there are such competitions as the stage of the World Tour in Volleyball (Moscow, 1998), the finals of the European Championship (Moscow, 2005, Sochi, 2009) and others. The leading sports powers in beach volleyball are still the teams of the of America and Brazil, but Russian volleyball players are gradually improving their skills. The highest achievements of Russians in the Olympic Games are the 4th place of the male pairs K.Semenov and V.Krasilnikov and the 5th place of the female pairs E. Birlova and E.Ukolova (Rio de Janeiro, 2016). But already in 2017 the male and female pairs of Russia in the European Championship U20 won all the gold medals5 and this fact is very encouraging. The achievements of Soviet and Russian athletes in volleyball are known throughout the world (Table 1 and 2). Among the most famous men's volleyball teams can be identified “Dynamo” (Moscow), “Motorist” (Leningrad), “MAI” (Moscow), “CSKA” (Moscow), “Belogorie” (Belgorod). The most famous women's volleyball teams are "CSKA" (Moscow), "Dynamo" (Moscow), "Locomotive" (Moscow), "Uralochka" (Yekaterinburg).

4 Селезнева, Ольга. 2012. Начальное обучение техническим приемам волейбола высокорослых девочек 13-14 лет. Диссертация кандидата пед. наук. Белгород. 5 http://volleyplanet.ru/2017/09/14/

80 Table 1. Achievements of the men's national team of the USSR and Russia in volleyball at the Olympic Games Medal Place Year gold Tokyo 1964 gold Mexico 1968 bronze Munich 1972 silver Montreal 1976 gold Moscow 1980 silver Seoul 1988 silver 2000 bronze Athens 2004 bronze Beijing 2008 gold London 2012

The most outstanding coaches of Russian volleyball teams are M.Sungurov, N.Mikheev, A.Yakushev, J.Kleshchev, J.Zheleznyak, V.Platonov, N.Karpol, G.Shipulin. Many famous Russian athletes are the volleyball elite: L.Buldakova, A.Chudina, N.Smoleeva, T.Tretyakova, L.Sokolova, E.Artamonova, E.Gamow, N.Fasakhov, N.Burobin, G.Mondzolevsky, Yu.Vengerovsky, A.Savin, V. Kondra, S.Tetyukhin, D. Musersky, T. Htey and others.

Table 2. Achievements of the women's national team of the USSR and Russia in volleyball at the Olympic Games Medal Place Year silver Tokyo 1964 gold Mexico 1968 gold Munich 1972 silver Montreal 1976 gold Moscow 1980 gold Seoul 1988 silver Sydney 2000 silver Athens 2004

At present, there is continuity in Russia in volleyball specialists, both among the coaches and among the volleyball athletes. In each of the stages of development of Russian volleyball the outstanding results of the performance at the largest international competitions are seen. Tables 1 and 2 presents the achievements of the men's and women's national teams of the USSR and Russia in volleyball, excluding the performance of teams under the flag of the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) at the Olympic Games in 1992 in Barcelona. It should be mentioned that the the men's volleyball team and the club “Belogorie” (Belgorod) achieved significant success and played an important

81 role in the development of Russian volleyball during the transition to the new social and economic conditions of Russia's development after the collapse of the USSR and became the most outstanding Russian volleyball team. The history of the club began in 1976 with the creation of the volleyball team "Technologist" (1976-1981). The first coach of the team was Honored Master of Sports of the USSR, Olympic champion Vengerovsky Y. Under his leadership the team won the republican student competitions and took second place at the All-Union competitions.

Figure 3. Team "Technologist" (Belgorod) in the late 70-ies.

In 1989 G. Shipulint took the post of the head coach of the team under the new name "Agrarian" and in 1991 the team for the first time played at the USSR Championship and participated in the USSR Cup. From this moment the team is gradually consolidated at the all-Russian level and enters the international arena. In the mid-nineties the team became the medalist and winner of the Championships and Cups of Russia. In 1996, the strongest players of the team S. Tetyukhin and V. Hamutskyh were invited to the Russian national team and participated in the Olympic Games in . Until this moment the Belgorod players are regularly invited to the Russian national team. In 1997 the club "Belogorye" became champion of Russia for the first time. At the same time the organizational talent of G. Shipulin who became the coach of the Russian national team was revealed. He worked in this position from 1998 to 2004. As the head coach of the Russian team, he led the team to victories in the European and world championships, as well as to silver and bronze medals at the Olympic Games (Table 1). From 2004 to 2008 Shipulin led beach volleyball and did a lot for its development in the Belgorod region

82 and in Russia as a whole. In his coaching and organizational work, he constantly showed his creative abilities, a scientific approach to solving emerging problems, and in 2002 successfully defended his candidate's thesis on volleyball6.

Figure 4. Honored coach of Russia G. Shipulin with his team "Belogorie" - the winners of the in 2014.

Y. Vengerovsky and G. Shipulin made a great contribution to the development of the “Belogorie” Volleyball Club first at the local level and then at the All-Russian and international level. Vengerovsky created the first model of the team, then Shipulin ensured continuity in coaching and brought the team to the heights of sportsmanship. He and his colleagues managed to create the most titled volleyball club in Russia. Several generations of high-class world-class volleyball players have been trained: S. Tetyukhin, V. Hamutsky, R. Yakovlev, A. Kosarev, S. Baranov, A.Verbov, D. Musersky, D. Ilyinykh, T. Htey, A. Bogomolov, A. Kozakov, I. Kolodinsky and others.

6 Шипулин Г.Я.. 2002. Анализ соревнований высококвалифицированных волейболистов как основа построения соревновательно-тренировочной деятельности в классическом волейболе. Диссертация кандидата пед. наук. М.

83

Figure 5. Sergey Tetyukhin - Honored Master of Sports of Russia, the only winner of four Olympic medals in men's volleyball.

The volleyball club "Belogorye" had the following achievements in 1994-2016: 8-time champion of Russia, 8-time winner of the Cup of Russia, 6-times silver medalist of the Russian championship, 3-time bronze medalist of the Russian championship, 2-time winner of the Super Bowl Russia, the 3-time winner of the Champions League, the winner of the Cup of CEV, the winner of the club world championship, etc. Some athletes are silver and bronze medalists of the Olympic Games and Olympic champions.

Figure 6. Dmitriy Musersky - Honored Master of Sports of Russia, Olympic champion (2012).

84 The appearance of such strong volleyball players, volleyball clubs, teams and training centers for volleyball players in the provincial cities of Russia (Belgorod, Yekaterinburg, Kazan, Odintsovo, etc.) exacerbates rivalry between teams within Russia, expands the geography of volleyball, and stimulates sportsmanship.

Figure 7. Taras Htey - Honored Master of Sports of Russia, Olympic champion (2012).

The development of volleyball as professional was impossible without special methodological and scientific support. The first methodological materials and researches on volleyball began to appear even before the outbreak of World War II. But more fundamentally educational, methodical and research activities in volleyball began to develop from the late 40's and early 50's of the 20 century. Volleyball as a scientific discipline in Russia studied the problems of jumping in volleyball7, the development of methods for individualizing the physical training of volleyball players with the use of genetic analysis8, the application of a differentiated approach to improving jumps in beach volleyball based on biomechanical analysis, the development of physical qualities of volleyball players, the individualization of

7 Иоселиани, Дмитрий. 1955. Методика развития прыгучести у волейболистов с использованием специальных снарядов. Диссертация кандидата пед. наук. Л. 8 Артамонова, Анна. 2011. Индивидуализация скоростно-силовой подготовки волейболисток учебно-тренировочной группы на основе генетической предрасположенности к развитию определенных физических качеств. Диссертация кандидата пед. наук. Шуя.

85 training volleyball and volleyball players, improvement of judging in volleyball, building long-term training of volleyball teams, conducting educational and medical control in the training process, the initial training technique volleyball and many others. In conclusion, it should be noted that volleyball in Russia has a fairly informative and instructive history; it went through several stages in its development. Over the past years, volleyball has been comprehensively formed not only as a popular sport in Russia, but also as a kind of physical recreation, a means of health improving of population, an academic discipline in educational institutions, and a field of scientific research. Currently in Russia volleyball is at a high level, so there is every reason to believe that in the near future it will continue to develop actively.

86 REFERENCES

Артамонова, Анна. 2011. Индивидуализация скоростно-силовой подготовки волейболисток учебно-тренировочной группы на основе генетической предрасположенности к развитию определенных физических качеств. Диссертация кандидата пед. наук. Шуя.

Железняк, Юрий, и Портнов, Юрий. 2001. Спортивные игры: техника, тактика обучения. Учебник. М.: Издательский центр «Академия».

Иоселиани, Дмитрий. 1955. Методика развития прыгучести у волейболистов с использованием специальных снарядов. Диссертация кандидата пед. наук. Л.

Свиридов, Владимир.2016. Волейбол. Энциклопедия. М.: Человек. Спорт.

Селезнева, Ольга. 2012. Начальное обучение техническим приемам волейбола высокорослых девочек 13-14 лет. Диссертация кандидата пед. наук. Белгород.

Шипулин, Геннадий. 2002. Анализ соревнований высококвалифицированных волейболистов как основа построения соревновательно-тренировочной деятельности в классическом волейболе. Диссертация кандидата пед. наук. М. http://volleyplanet.ru/2017/09/14. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki.

87 SERBIA

THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VOLLEYBALL IN SERBIA AND ACHIEVING THE SPORT OLYMP

Dejan Milenković, Faculty of sport, University „Union-Nikola Tesla“, Belgrade, Serbia Milena Momirović, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Niš, Serbia Nenad Živanović, FIEP Europe - President of the Section of History of Physical Education and Sport

Summary: Volleyball in Serbia appeared in the twenties of the previous century, however, the sport reached the competitive level only after the Second World War when this sport had it fresh start. Although in the course of its development in Serbia, volleyball, striving for popularity, had competitors in football, basketball, water , handball, it slowly, by achieving good results, won its present position. Now it is a trophy Serbian sport in both women's and men's competitions. The aim of this paper is to present the appearence and development of volleyball in Serbia, both at the club and at the representative level, the advancement of the results in international competitions involving Serbian male and female volleyball players and the achievement of the sports olymp, or the position of one of the trophy Serbian sports. words: volleyball, national team, clubs, international competition.

INTRODUCTION

Observed from the present perspective, with a sufficient historical distance, it can be said for the 19th century that it represents a significant period for the development of modern sports. Different sports systems have been established, and the need for physical exercise is emphasized 1, many new, today very popular sports were created, sports rules were adopted, the modern Olympic Games were launched. Volleyball was one of the many sports formed in this century. The history of the occurrence of volleyball interweaves with the emergence of another American sport, basketball. Namely, the creator of basketball, Professor and his colleague William Morgan, who was associated with the occurrence of volleyball, met at the Springfield College, where Naismith taught, and Morgan studied. When William Morgan

1 More about this in: Nenad Živanović and Zoran Milošević, „Organised physical exercising of the 19th century:the need, politics, ideology“, Physical education and sport through the centuries, 4, 2 (2017): 14-27.

88 finished his studies, he became a professor of physical education at a college in Holyoke, a town near Springfield. He was also the head of the Young Men's Christian Association and in need of a new game that would be less violent than basketball. Using the rules of badminton, tennis, basketball and handball, in 1895, he created the mintonette. After the first demonstration of the mintonette next year, a new name, volleyball, was proposed, the name that has remained to this day2. In the first phases of sport, the rules were changed very often and differed significantly from today's ones. Active acquaintance of the rest of the world with volleyball occurred during and after the First World War through US military troops stationed abroad, primarily in Europe and Asia3. The volleyball was first accepted by institutions and organizations that brought youth together, including schools, churches, factories and the army. Originally, the sport was transferred to Canada, then to (1900), and in 1905 volleyball was played in Cuba and the rest of Central and (Puerto Rico 1909; 1910; Uruguay 1912; Brasil 1917). At the beginning, on the American continent, volleyball was a casual, fun activity with very different rules from country to country. It could be watched being played at beaches, in sports and recreation centers, schools, colleges, clubs. Volleyball also found its way to the Philippines (1910), China (1913) and Japan (1917)4. It arrived in Europe via France in 1917 during the First World War. Later it spread to Poland and Czechoslovakia (1919) and the (1922). Due to organizing various competitions, Europe became a center of good volleyball. Since 1923, volleyball arrived in Africa5. The increasing popularity and prevalence of volleyball in the world led to the establishment of the Volleyball Commission in 1934 in the international advisory board of sports federations in Sweden. It was then suggested that volleyball became an Olympic sport since the 1940 Olympics. Due to both the known circumstances that the world experienced at that time and the Second World War, the introduction of volleyball into the Olympic family was postponed until 1964, when the first Olympic tournament was played in Tokyo, where the Soviet Union won the men's competition of 10 teams, and the national team of Japan won female competition of six teams. In the meantime, immediately after the end of the Second World War in 1947, the International Volleyball Federation (FIVB) was formed6.

2 Radomir Kostić, Volleyball - technique and tactics (Ниш: СИА, 1999). 3 Volleyball history in Serbia, https://arhivirano.ossrb.org/savez/informacije/istorijat-odbojke-u-srbiji.html (found 29. 3. 2018). 4 Radomir Kostić, Volleyball - technique and tactics (Ниш: СИА, 1999). 5Marijan Flander (ed). Encyclopedia of physical culture. Загреб: Yugoslav lexicographic institute, (1975), 664. 6 Radomir Kostić, Volleyball - technique and tactics (Ниш: СИА, 1999).

89 In addition to the Olympic Games competition, continental championships were organized (the first European championship was held in Rome in 1948) and also the world championship (the first was held in Prague in 1949). Out of major men's competitions, the World League has been played every year since 1990 to 20177, and in women's competition (1993- 2017)8. Since 2018, both competitions will grow into the League of Nations 9. This paper presents the historical moment of the appearance of volleyball in Serbia and its further development before and after the Second World War. The period of development of Serbian volleyball in the former large state, as well as later state structures, was shown up to the present period of independent statehood of Serbia. The last 20 years that are considered the boom and peak of Serbian volleyball are specially highlighted.

THEORETICAL BASIS

In order to collect relevant data to be used in writing this paper, the descriptive-explicit method, the historical method, the analytical-interpretation and the method of theoretical analysis were used. An overview of data from print and internet sources has been performed.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The appearance of volleyball in Serbia and the period until 1945

The demonstration of volleyball in Serbia was carried out by William Weiland in 1924 in Belgrade and Novi Sad. This professor of folklore and folk sports from Oakland, California, was also known for demonstrating basketball in Serbia. Regardless the fact that people of this area had already been familiar with volleyball, William Weiland's arrival was recorded as the moment of the beginning of volleyball in Serbia. In the Red Cross organization, Weiland held

7 FIVB Volleyball World League, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_World_League (found 30. 3. 2018). 8 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_World_Grand_Prix (found 30. 3. 2018). 9 FIVB Volleyball Nations League, https://www.fivb.org/en/volleyball/Calendar.asp (found 30. 3. 2018).

90 a series of lectures for teachers and Sokol's predecessors, introducing them to this American game10. A year before Weiland's arrival, the book Gymnastics for Schools, Society and Army, by Anthony Brazdil was published in Belgrade, in which, among other things, the volleyball rules were presented and summarized. The Ministry of Education approved this book as an additional textbook for teachers and students of elementary and secondary schools. There was also the edition of translated American volleyball rules by V. Janković, published in the 1931 in Gymnastics magazine. When the Sokol Association was invited to participate in the 1932 Sokol rally in Prague, the volleyball competition was also included. In 1930, a tournament of the Sokol Association in volleyball was organized in Belgrade 11 . There were no organized volleyball competitions before the Second World War in Serbia, but this game was very actively played in Sokol organizations and represented one of the exercises and additional sports. In the framework of the physical exercise system, Sokol activists introduced ball games - refusing the ball over the net12. Sokol competitions were organized in parishes as parish championships. Sport was very popular at faculties, colleges and gymnasiums. Since volleyball did not require special conditions regarding the terrain or costly props, it used to be played in resorts, on beaches, in parks13. At the international level, the first appearance of the national team of the former country was recorded at the tournament in Prague in 1932 14. During the occupation in World War II, volleyball was played by the partisan military units of the National Liberation Army and by the youth in liberated territories. However, this game was also presented in occupied cities, primarily in Belgrade, where many competitions were held, and more and more sports associations and clubs formed volleyball sections.

10 Volleyball history in Serbia, https://arhivirano.ossrb.org/savez/informacije/istorijat-odbojke-u-srbiji.html (п found 29. 3. 2018). 11Marijan Flander (ed). Encyclopedia of physical culture. Загреб: Yugoslav lexicographic institute, (1975), 664. 12 According to: Encyclopedia of Niš, Sport, text of Volleyball in Niš, Ž.R., 278. 13 Volleyball history in Serbia, https://arhivirano.ossrb.org/savez/informacije/istorijat-odbojke-u-srbiji.html (found 29. 3. 2018). 14Marijan Flander (ed). Encyclopedia of physical culture. Загреб: Yugoslav lexicographic institute, (1975), 664.

91 Volleyball in Serbia after World War II (period in SFR Yugoslavia 1945-1992)

After the end of the Second World War, volleyball became popular in the army and in youth voluntary work actions. It is believed that during the 1947 and 1948 voluntary work actions on the construction of the Belgrade- Zagreb highway, the railways of Šamac-Sarajevo, Novi Beograd and Železnik, about 25.000 volleyball matches were played15. The former state of Yugoslavia was one of the 14 founders of the International Volleyball Federation in 1947. Courses for volleyball instructors were organized in the Partizan physical exercise society. In 1946, the Physical Association printed a pocket format publication Volleyball Rules in 14 chapters16. As in other sports, in volleyball as well, the formation of sections in sports clubs was started followe by the formation of independent volleyball clubs The first organization that took care of volleyball was the Volleyball Association (Volleyball Committee) within the Federation of Physical Culture of Yugoslavia (1946), and then on February 13th, 1949, the Volleyball Federation became an independent sports organization17. Sub-associations in the regions and cities are formed, and national championships in both competitions and in different age categories followed. The first national championship tournament in both competitions, attended by both republic and provincial teams, was held in Subotica in 194518. On the international scene, the Serbian male volleyball club Spartak from Subotica should be highlighted since in 1976 it won the third place in the 1976 European Champions Cup (now CEV Champions League)19, while the female club Red Belgrade was the fourth in Europe the year before20. Male volleyball club Partizan was twice runner-up in the Challenge Cup (formerly

15Ibid. 16 Radomir Kostić, Volleyball - technique and tactics (Ниш: СИА, 1999). 17 Volleyball history in Serbia, https://arhivirano.ossrb.org/savez/informacije/istorijat-odbojke-u-srbiji.html (found 29. 3. 2018). 18 Radomir Kostić, Volleyball - technique and tactics (Ниш: СИА, 1999). 19 CEV Champions League, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEV_Champions_League (found 29. 3. 2018). 20 CEV Women's Champions League, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEV_Women%27s_Champions_League (found 29. 3. 2018).

92 CEV Cup) in 1984/85 and 1989/90 21 . In that same cup, only in women's competition, Red Star was the third in the 1985/8622. During the period when Serbia was the constituent part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, volleyball on the international scene in both national teams, male and female, did not record the results that would have placed it among the trophy sports of the former state. Nor it can be said that our country was on the map of volleyball forces, neither on the continental nor on the world level. Apart from some of the results of valuable attention at the European Championship (the third place in the women's competition in 1951 in France, two third places in the men's competition in 1975 in Belgrade and in 1979 in France), which only hinted possible opportunities, there were no major results in continuity on big competitions. The World Championship and the Olympic Games for both Yugoslav selections were mostly just nice wishes. If they did qualify, our national teams ended far from the winning stand.

Top international results (1995 - )

After the break-up of the former state and international embargo which did not allow our national teams and clubs to perform on the international stage, the situation in men's volleyball has changed drastically. In the mid-90s of the 20th century, a new talented generation of Serbian volleyball players emerged, which in a short period of time showed both Europe and the world a top-level volleyball in Serbia. The third place at the 1995 European Championship in Greece may have been a surprise at that moment, but the bronze medal at the Atlanta Olympics next year signaled the emergence of a new volleyball force in the world. The competitions that followed in the next 20 years, up to these days, confirm the excellent status of Serbian volleyball, which has won many medals. The silver medal at the 1998 World Championship in Japan, a brilliant performance at the 2000 Olympic Games with gold medal, and the first European championship title a year later in the Czech Republic, established a new world order in volleyball. Also, we should mention the success of clubs’ performances when Vojvodina volleyball club from Novi Sad won the third place in the 1996 Champions League23. In 2015,

21 CEV Challenge Cup, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEV_Challenge_Cup (преузето 30. 3. 2018). 22 CEV Women's Challenge Cup, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEV_Women%27s_Challenge_Cup (found 30. 3. 2018). 23 CEV Champions League, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEV_Champions_League (found 29. 3. 2018).

93 the same club won the Challenge Cup 24, which is the only european cup won by a Serbian volleyball club.

Figure 1. Vladimir and Nikola Grbić with gold medals in Sydney 2000.

However, it is not only the team success of our national team that is worth the attention. Our volleyball players have been very often declared the best in the competition or were members of the best lining. Ivan Miljković was the best player of the World League (2001, 2002, 2003 and 2005), the World Champions Cup (2001) and the European Championship (2001 and 2011)25. Nikola Grbić was the best setter of four European (1997, 2001, 2003 and 2005) and one world championship (2010) and the best European player for 200726, while his brother Vladimir was the best European volleyball player in 200027. Both brothers are members of . In the women's competition, the rebirth of Serbian volleyball happened 10 years later, in the middle of the first decade of the 21st century. Initially, female volleyball players cheered us up with third place at the 2006 World Championship in Japan, in order to complement many more medals at the most important competitions, two European titles (2011 and 2017), Olympic silver in 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics, etc.

24 CEV Challenge Cup, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEV_Challenge_Cup (found 30. 3. 2018). 25 Ivan Miljković, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Miljković (found 29. 3. 2018). 26 Nikola Grbić, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Grbić (found 29. 3. 2018). 27 Vladimir Grbić, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Grbić (found 29. 3. 2018).

94 It is interesting to say that at one point Serbian volleyball had a champion of Europe in both men's and women's competitions. This happened in 2011 when women’s volleyball team celebrated in Belgrade, and male’s volleyball players in in Austria.

Figure 2. Maja Ognjenović (10) and Jovana Brakočević (2)

The individual achievements of our volleyball players are also significant. Maja Ognjenović was three times the best setter both in European league (2010, 2011 and 2012) and the European Championship (2007, 2011 and 2015)28. In 2011 Jovana Brakočević was the best player of the European League and European Championship29. Tijana Bogdanovic was the best player in the 2017 European Championship30. Women's club volleyball in Serbia in this period is related to the success of the Red Star and Jedinstvo Užice volleyball clubs. Jedinstvo was runner-up in 2001/02 CEV Cup (formerly the Cup Winner’s Cup), while Red Star

28 Maja Ognjenović, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maja_Ognjenović (found 29.3.2018). 29 Jovana Brakočević, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovana_Brakočević (found 29.3.2018). 30 Tijana Bogdanović, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijana_Bošković (found 29.3.2018).

95 repeated the same result in the 2009/10. In 2007/08. and 2010/11. Red Star took the third place in CEV Cup31. The fans in Serbia no longer ask whether the medal will be won, but which color its glitter will be. In such situation, both our national teams feel great pressure, or as it can be often heard the 'imperative of victory', but so far they have shown that they can successfully fight with such expectations. More importantly, the top results have contributed to the greater interest of younger generations who begin to train this sport and with good professional work, worthy successors of the previous trophy generation appear.

Table 1: Мen’s national volleyball team at international stage32,33

Gold Silver Bronze

Yugoslavia 1975. France 1979. Greece 1995. Czech Republic Austria 1999. European 2001. Italy/Serbia and Netherlands 1997. Championship Austria/ Czech Montenegro 2005. Republic 2011. Russia 2007. Denmark/Poland 2013. Poland 2017.

World / Japan 1998. Italy 2010. Championship

Olympic Games Sydney 2000. / Atlanta 1996.

Madrid 2003. Belgrade 2005. Belo Horizonte 2002. World League Kraków 2016. Rio de Janeiro 2008. Rome 2004. Belgrade 2009. Córdoba 2010. Rio de Janeiro 2015.

31 Women's CEV Cup, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_CEV_Cup (found 30.3.2018). 32 Men’s national volleyball team of Serbia, https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Одбојкашка_репрезентација_Србије (found 29.3.2018). 33 Men’s national volleyball team of Yugoslavia, https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Одбојкашка_репрезентација_Југославије (found 29. 3. 2018).

96 Тable 2: Women’s national volleyball team at international stage 34,35

Gold Silver Bronze France Serbia/Italy 2011. 1951. European Belgium/Luxembourg / Belgium Championship 2007. 2017. /Netherlands 2015. World / / Japan 2006. Championship Olympic / Rio de Janeiro 2016. / Games Turkey 2009. Czech European Turkey 2010. / Republic League Turkey 2011. 2012. World Cup / Japan 2015. / China 2011. World Grand / / Japan 2013. Prix Chinа 2017.

CONCLUSION

Modern sport quickly found its way and it settled in Serbia. Through the first sport associations, sections, sokol movement, followed by assets and clubs, it can be noticed that sport competition is very close to the people in this country, that they enjoy and rejoice in it while they are participating in sporting competition or watching it. There is particular love for collective sports, for sports with a ball. Therefore, it is not surprising that volleyball has found its way and that the people in Serbia have loved it. Volleyball came to Serbia in the 1920s, however, it did not come to develop into a competitive sport due to the proximity of the World War II which followed. After its completion, this sport had its fresh start. At first, striving for popularity, volleyball had competitors in football, basketball, , handball, but it still managed to fight for its place. Now it is a trophy sport in Serbia both in women's and in men's competitions. Younger categories, also

34 Women’s national volleyball team of Yugoslavia, https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Женска_одбојкашка_репрезентација_Југослави је (found 29. 3. 2018). 35 Women’s national volleyball team of Serbia, https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Женска_одбојкашка_репрезентација_Србије (found 29. 3. 2018).

97 achieve successes and brilliant careers are expected of them. Two Serbian players are in the volleyball Hall of Fame, brothers Vladimir and Nikola Grbić, and many more of our players have printed and still print out pages of volleyball history in the world. Dejan Brđović, Vesna Čitaković, Željko Tanasković, Maja Ognjenović, Vladimir Vujević, Anja Spasojević, Đula Mešter, Vladimir Batez, Jovana Brakočević, Ivan Miljković, Nataša Krsmanović, Andrija Gerić, Suzana Ćebić, Dragan Stanković, Jelena Nikolić, Vasa Mijić, Tijana Bošković, Slobodan Boškan, Ivana Đerisilo and many others. Apart from female and male players, the trophy trainers who are part of the success of volleyball sport in Serbia should not be neglected. In the men's team, it is Zoran Gajić, and in the women's it is Zoran Terzić. The coaching name of Zoran Gajić is connected to the creation of a successful male volleyball generation. He is a cold-blooded, calm volleyball strategist, who established the cult of national team, which his successors could only follow. And they followed, through Igor Kolaković, to the current selector Nikola Grbić. The same can be said for Zoran Terzić, who has been leading the women's volleyball national team of Serbia for 16 years and for whom as a selector all the successes of Serbian women's volleyball have been tied up. Also, it should be noted that the volleyball official Aleksandar Boričić, formerly a national team player, now official (formerly president of the Volleyball Association and now the president of the European Confederation - CEV), established a great organization in the Volleyball Association of Serbia, which has been a successful sports collective for years. The good functioning of the Association has contributed to the results on the court. It remains to be hoped that the good foundations established in Serbian volleyball will continue to take this sport to new trophies in all future competitions. There is both talent and professional work, so we should only continue watching, enjoying and cheering up for Serbian female and male volleyball players.

98

Figure 3. Serbia women's national volleyball team, European champion 2017.36

Figure 4. Serbia men's national volleyball team, World league champion 2016.37

36 https://sport.blic.rs/ostali-sportovi/odbojka/zlatne-gracije-odbojkasice-srbije- na-tronu-evrope-bez-poraza/19wwtfe. 37 http://www.skandalozno.rs/region/tresla-se-dvorana-pogledajte-kako- sampioni-pevaju-himnu-boze-pravde-video.

99 REFERENCES

CEV Challenge Cup, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEV_Challenge_Cup (found 30. 3. 2018). CEV Champions League, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEV_Champions_League (found 29. 3. 2018). CEV Women's Challenge Cup, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEV_Women%27s_Challenge_Cup (found 30. 3. 2018). CEV Women's Champions League, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEV_Women%27s_Champions_Leagu e (found 29. 3. 2018). Encyclopedia of Niš, Sport, text of Volleyball in Nis, Ž.R., 278. FIVB Volleyball Nations League, https://www.fivb.org/en/volleyball/Calendar.asp (found 30. 3. 2018). FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_World_Grand_Prix (found 30. 3. 2018). FIVB Volleyball World League, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_World_League (found 30. 3. 2018). Flander, Marijan (ed). Encyclopedia of physical culture. Загреб: Yugoslav lexicographic institute, 1975, 663-675. http://www.fivb.org/visasp/ShowImage.aspx?No=201130131. http://www.skandalozno.rs/region/tresla-se-dvorana-pogledajte-kako-sampioni- pevaju-himnu-boze-pravde-video. https://sport.blic.rs/ostali-sportovi/odbojka/priznanje-za-legende-koje-su- osvojile-31-medalju-vanja-i-nikola-u-aleji-slavnih/f3kexvk. https://sport.blic.rs/ostali-sportovi/odbojka/zlatne-gracije-odbojkasice-srbije- na-tronu-evrope-bez-poraza/19wwtfe. Ivan Miljković, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Miljković (found 29. 3. 2018). Jovana Brakočević, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovana_Brakočević (found 29.3.2018). Kostić, Radomir. Volleyball - technique and tactics. Ниш: СИА, 1999.

100 Maja Ognjenović, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maja_Ognjenović (found 29.3.2018). Men’s national volleyball team of Serbia, https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Одбојкашка_репрезентација_Србије (found 29.3.2018). Men’s national volleyball team of Yugoslavia, https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Одбојкашка_репрезентација_Југосла вије (found 29. 3. 2018). Nikola Grbić, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Grbić (found 29. 3. 2018). Tijana Bogdanović, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijana_Bošković (found 29.3.2018). Vladimir Grbić, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Grbić (found 29. 3. 2018). Volleyball history in Serbia, https://arhivirano.ossrb.org/savez/informacije/istorijat-odbojke-u- srbiji.html (found 29. 3. 2018). Women’s national volleyball team of Serbia, https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Женска_одбојкашка_репрезентација_ Србије (found 29. 3. 2018). Women’s national volleyball team of Yugoslavia, https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Женска_одбојкашка_репрезентација_ Југославије (found 29. 3. 2018). Women's CEV Cup, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_CEV_Cup (found 30.3.2018). Živanović Nenad i Zoran Milošević. „Organised physical exercising of the 19th century:the need, politics, ideology“, Physical education and sport through the centuries, 4, 2 (2017): 14-27., 4, 2 (2017): 14-27.

101 SLOVAK REPUBLIC

BEGINNINGS AND DEVELOPMENT OF VOLLEYBALL IN SLOVAK REPUBLIC

František Seman, Comenius University in , Faculty of Physical Education and Sports

INTRODUCTION

The emergence of volleyball "on the other side of the Atlantic" has not yet meant that this sport finds a relatively fast path to the European continent. While gradually expanding to the American continent, for the Central European region was to the end of the First World War unknown. In the case of the geographical location of Czechoslovakia, one of the most well known facts about volleyball development is the most conspicuous: Sometimes, in 1919, the US Expeditionary Forces divided 16,000 volleyball balls not only for their soldiers but also for allies' troops. This was a significant stimulus to volleyball development in many European countries, including the former Czechoslovakia. The background of this is depressing, however, because this army has come to Europe to participate in the end of the world's most brutal conflict - the First World War or La Grande Guerre (Great War). Soldiers who spend time between combat actions by volleyball (as evidenced by several of the period photographs) did not know that this game would start to expand quickly after the end of the bloody conflict and find its now virtually irreplaceable place among sports games in many countries, Czechoslovakia including. The ball, net (or piece of cord stretched on two stakes), a few lines and good friends who are willing to compete in the sports field not for fame or money, but only for the very ordinary joy of the game - it is possible to briefly characterize the basic attributes of volleyball in complete beginnings of its development in Czechoslovakia. The fact that this game can be devoted to and indulged in any, at least somewhat acceptable terrain, is still approaching them. In the beginning, volleyball really looked like this. Over time, however, this sport has also established itself as a phenomenon that has gained backdrop to regular or single-time sports competitions. This was another dimension of his further development. Regular sports training has brought to the sport other elements that did not appear in its recreational form. Volleyball's sporting value has reached a higher level: spikes, blocks, game combinations development, and volleyball game systems have made an attractive sport for the spectator and, at the same time, an imaginative magnet for volleyball players. Sports patterns and icons that the youth wanted to resemble appeared.

102 On the other hand, it is necessary to remember that volleyball, over time, come to schools where it has a solid and irreplaceable position. Compared to other sports games that are in the curriculum of physical and sports education, volleyball provides one great advantage - unlike basketball or other sports games implemented in schools, it is non-. This, to a certain extent, is predestined to be in many cases an imaginative leader of school sports competitions in sports games. Neglecting cannot even establish volleyball gradually either within multi-sport clubs and divisions or within separate volleyball clubs. This implies the need for the creation of its governing bodies at national level - national volleyball sports federations. All these facts we can found in the development of volleyball in Slovakia in different periods of sport development as a phenomenon in our country. In this context, it must be underlined that Slovakia, as part of Czechoslovakia or as a separate state, has certain specificities in the area of development and management of sport. We have tried to capture and present this work so that it is also understandable for any reader from another country who has no deeper knowledge of national sports history in Slovakia.

METHODS

In the case of the processing of this paper, we proceeded in the standard way, which is typical for the area of historiography. As far as heuristics is concerned, we have begun to gather evidence on the subject of research. We obtained the materials in connection with the emergence and development of volleyball in Slovakia from different places. Libraries have been helpful, especially the University Library in Bratislava, which focuses not only on books, but also on newspaper and magazine stories. First, given the popularity of volleyball and the existence of more synthetic works in this area, it is worth mentioning secondary resources. These were relatively easily available in the form of more or less thematic publications dealing with the development of volleyball in Slovakia, whether in the context of Slovakia or in the context of Czechoslovakia. At the outset of these publications, we note in criticism that in many cases, their authors were people who did not have a deeper knowledge of the methodology of historical science, and therefore we were reluctant to verify much information in other sources. Here we come to the level of the primary, that is, the primordial sources. The original archival sources are in this area in Slovakia especially in earlier times, either nonexistent or inadequate as regards their verbal value. For that reason, we were forced to turn to other primary sources, which are periodicals, periodic printing. We have been more successful in this area and we have had plenty of different information that we have used at work. However, the press and the periodicals are very much conforming to the political system, especially

103 in the totalitarian regimes, which in this case were the two - nation totalitarianism during of the Second World War and the existence of the wartime Slovak Republic and the communist totalitarianism from 1948 to 1989 in Czechoslovakia. The propaganda issues of both totalitarian regimes in the press, we ignored. However, it should be underlined that there was not much space for political propaganda in the sports pages of newspapers and magazines. In the case of the first totalitarian regime in the wartime Slovak Republic, this was, in our opinion, more visible. Good sources were the collections of various organizations and bodies that governed sport. Since the first Czechoslovak Republic (1918 - 1938), we have had relatively little of them. From the time of the wartime Slovak Republic (1939 - 1945) none. However, from the period of communist totalitarianism and the existence of the restored Czechoslovak Republic, or from 1960 to 1990 of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, the collection material was sufficient, especially from the provenance of the Czechoslovak Union of Physical Education, as the highest governing body of physical education, sport and tourism in the territory of Czechoslovakia. We did not focus on the memories of meeting participants or sporting events due to sufficient source material with better informative value. There are no images in this work. We note that we did not even contest the video materials of the type of recordings in the volleyball and so on. Internet resources have been limited to the necessary extent. Volleyball has developed in Slovakia over several historical periods, each of which is specific in terms of both socio-political and sports (and volleyball) development. It is the character of the state and the associated development of sport on several levels. By these levels, we understand the development of sport, in this case volleyball, in physical education organizations, in sports organizations in schools, in armed forces (army and police). This includes volleyball that is not organized, that is, volleyball for the broader population of leisure activities also. The period during which volleyball developed in Slovakia has its own characteristic, which we had to take into account. Here we will briefly introduce them for a better understanding of the overall development of volleyball in the socio-political context: 1. Existence of the First Czechoslovak Republic (1918 - 1938) as a state with parliamentary democracy and the existence of associations on a different basis. 2. The existence of the wartime Slovak Republic (1939-1945) as a totalitarian state, which was created according to the model of Nazi Germany, when the regime controls the life of the population on every aspect and for control purposes unites the associations under joint governing bodies. 3. The existence of the renewed post-war Czechoslovak Republic (1945 - 1948), in which the communist party comes first and the period we call as a period of limited democracy.

104 4. Existence of the Czechoslovak Republic, or since 1960, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1948-1989), as a totalitarian state in which the communist party has the power and, as in the case of the Slovak Republic, establishes unified or sole governing organizations, in order to better control and manage the physical education, sporting and tourist life. 5. The existence of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (1990-1992) as a state with a parliamentary democracy and the existence of associations on a different basis. 6. The existence of the Slovak Republic after the split of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (since 1993) as a state with a parliamentary democracy and the existence of associations on a different basis.

This short distribution of regimes on the territory of Slovakia will be the basic guideline according to which we will proceed at work and the individual chapters of the result part of the work will have names in the sense of this division. In the history of , on the territory of Slovakia we can distinguish the two other periods that preceded the year 1918. Since we did not record volleyball in Slovakia during these periods, we will not deal with them.

RESULTS

Volleyball in Slovakia during the first Czechoslovak Republic (1918 - 1938)

The definitive end of the Great War (November 11, 1918) was approaching. The founding of the first independent state of the Czechs and (28.10.1918) - the Czechoslovak Republic, preceded it. In the First World War, many states fought not only from Europe but also from overseas, including the USA. Allied troops of Agreements after the final defeat of the Central powers remained in Europe. On the territory of Slovakia, troops of the Agreement remained in some towns, the most important of which were volleyball establishments were military homes (there were 20 in Slovakia) and they were decisive in the northern Slovak town of Žilina, which was the center of YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) in Slovakia. It was in this town that the first volleyball match ever took place within Czechoslovakia. YMCA arrived in Žilina on April 20, 1919 and resided in the military quarter. At the end of April 1919, the first volleyball match was with the participation of soldiers and officers played. Thanks to the initial development of volleyball, the captains Machotka and Kostelnik and Lieutenant Cingeľ had the honor. Real school in Žilina was the second base of developing volleyball. In October 1919, a first course for volleyball instructors took place in Žilina. This weekly course attended representatives of clubs from all over Czechoslovakia and undoubtedly had a key role in the further development of volleyball in

105 Czechoslovakia. At the end of 1919, volleyball clubs were within the physical education organizations Sokol and Makabi established and there were eight volleyball teams in the town that were regularly meeting to game. Volleyball has also found its way into workers physical education organizations. In the course of several months, it has been playing in the villages around Žilina. Women began to play volleyball in 1920. The pupils of the Žilina Real school have done a lot of work on volleyball development since they helped organize tournaments and perform demonstrations of this game in other Slovak towns - Martin, Ružomberok, Zvolen, Čadca, Banská Bystrica and Bratislava (Kapusta, „Volejbal,“ 352-354). Catholic physical education organization Orol, established on a confessional-political basis (catholicism and the Slovak People's Party), has included volleyball in the offer of physical activities from the second half of the 20th century. Despite the popularity of this physical education organization within Slovakia, volleyball did not have a more prominent position. In 1933, Orol in Slovakia had 162 units within the nine districts. Volleyball was only cultivated within 18 units (Hostačná, „Orol na Slovensku,“ 32). For Orol, it was more typical of gymnastics and athletics. Volleyball was an attractive sport and appeared in the range of motion activities during YWCA (Young Women's Christian Association) summer camps. E.g., the offer of movement activities within YWCA summer camps in Považské Podhradie includes of course volleyball and, in addition to it, athletics or („Letný tábor YWCA,“ 6). Even the most important Czechoslovak physical education organization, Sokol, despite the initial resistance to sport, has included volleyball in its second half of the 20th century. In Sokol, volleyball became the no. 1 sport shortly afterwards. However, Sokol did not have a solid position in Slovakia, as in Bohemia. Nevertheless, members of this physical education organization in volleyball paid attention to Slovakia. Sokol organized his volleyball championships since 1927. The first Sokol master of Slovakia in volleyball was a team from Bratislava (Machajdík, Športové hry starej Bratislavy, 85). Since the late 20's of the 20th century (1929), the championship for secondary school of volleyball has started to organize. They often played so they had an autumn and spring part. In (1933) took place, for example, a volleyball tournament for Pribina Cup and in (1933) Scouting championships where volleyball was also held. Even in smaller Slovak towns in schools, the academic secondary school teams were established. Volleyball began at universities in Slovakia to appear in connection with the activities of Academic YMCA Bratislava in 1922 at Comenius University (Smotlacha, Kniha o vysokoškolském sportu, 441-442). Despite the protests of catholic students against Academic YMCA, she received this permission to build sports facilities, including volleyball playgrounds. Shortly, there were six academic YMCA sections, including volleyball. Following ongoing protests by catholic colleagues in the Moyzes Association, academics founded a new club

106 called the Slovak Sports Club University in 1923, where most of the athletes of the Academic YMCA passed. In this club, there were initially five sports, including volleyball. In 1927, Slovak Sports Club University ended its activity and the University Sports Bratislava was, with the strong support of the Comenius University in Bratislava established. However, the volleyball section was only set up in 1929. In connection with the activity of this club, we remind that in 1930, this club gained a multi-sport field with playgrounds (including volleyball) at Lafranconi, currently headquartered of Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava. According to historical data, volleyball was the most popular sport (Bobrík a Seman, 90 rokov vysokoškolského športu na Slovensku, 29-33). "Academic YMCA has transformed volleyball between the various layers of the population of the Slovak metropolis and the surrounding area since 1922 as a game of folk genre, which has been applied in a completely natural way and established itself by its simplicity. Material affordability, understandable rules and overall availability" (Machajdík, Športové hry starej Bratislavy, 74). In 1924, a Volleyball and Basketball Union was founded in Czechoslovakia, which started to organize Czechoslovak men's (since 1924) and women's championships (since 1931), but in a tournament way. His activity towards volleyball in Slovakia was not at first significant. During this period, clubs from Prague dominated among men, clubs from Pilsen among women. In 1928, YMCA Bratislava released the first official rules for volleyball and basketball, and in the same year, the first specialized sports course for physical education teachers in secondary schools and teacher training institutes was in Bratislava. F. M. Marek the promoter and expert of the American games led it. Women played volleyball in Bratislava as well. E.g., in 1933 in YMCA´s gymnasium played volleyball 25 women and they participated in tournaments also (Machajdík, Športové hry starej Bratislavy, 81). The Slovak volleyball players did not reach the championship titles in Czechoslovakia during this period. In the 30's of the 20th Century, the Czechoslovak championship was still as a tournament organized. The championships according to the regions of Czechoslovakia (Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, Slovakia, Subcarpathian Ruthenia) were organized. In Slovakia, the first championship was in Banská Bystrica in 1928 organized. Throughout the period until 1938 YMCA Bratislava and Banská Bystrica dominated these championships (Perútka and Grexa, Dejiny telesnej kultúry na Slovensku, 56). In 1933, the Slovak Champion became the Volleyball Club of Banská Bystrica (Plichta, „Volleyball,“ 201). The system of volleyball competitions was still looking for. Three Slovak teams started in the 1934 at Czechoslovak championships without much success. In the same year, in Slovakia, the men's championship took place especially for Western and Central Slovakia (winner of YMCA Bratislava) and especially for Eastern Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia (winner of Sokol Košice). Female championships in Slovakia have a

107 poor performance level (Plichta, „Volleyball a basketball,“ 178-179). The number of members in volleyball during that period cannot be determined precisely because there was one common sports association for basketball and volleyball. Volleyball had 3650 members in 1934. More details are missing (Perútka and Grexa, Dejiny telesnej kultúry na Slovensku, 62). The specialty within the Czech part of Czechoslovakia was the Tramp Volleyball League. There was even the 1st, 2nd and 3rd league (Koutský, et. al., Padesát let československé organizované odbíjené, 14). Tramping is an unorganized movement of Czech and Slovak urban youth who spend free time, filled with sport and physical activity, in the countryside. In Slovakia, tramps played volleyball in tramping camps, not only during this period but also in the following periods, especially during the period of communist totalitarianism (Seman, „Tramping a pohybové aktivity,“ 75). After the Munich events and the subsequent interruption of sports relations between Slovakia and Czech lands, many Czech players and officials left Slovakia. This period of national sports history in terms of volleyball development characterizes the penetration into physical education organizations and sports clubs. YMCA and YWCA played the decisive role. In the physical education organization Sokol, volleyball soon became the most popular sport. Significant role in volleyball development played also secondary schools and universities. In this period, Slovak volleyball players could not compete effectively with Czech volleyball players and did not reach the title of Czechoslovakian master, so men and women. Regular league competitions did not exist - the Czechoslovak championship played in a tournament way. Volleyball did not have its own sports association - it existed with basketball in one sporting association.

Volleyball during the wartime Slovak Republic (1939 - 1945)

The Munich Agreement of autumn 1938 meant essentially the demise of the democratic Czechoslovak Republic. In March 1939, the Slovak Republic was established, but as a totalitarian state according to the pattern of Nazi Germany. In this country, since the autumn of 1938, Slovak sports federations have begun to be established, as is the case of totalitarian regimes, as well as unified physical education organizations. The only physical education organization was Hlinka's Guard and sport was under the control of the Slovak Central Sports Council. This council centralized Slovak sports associations. Its founding member was the volleyball union also, which existed in 1939-1942 in a joint union with basketball and from 1942 separately. The official periodical of this governing body promoted volleyball for women, through Matilda Pálfy, which won on the XI. Olympics in 1936 in Berlin a silver medal in sports gymnastics and was a famous person in Slovakia. She promoted volleyball as

108 follows: "... take the ball with us, a piece of cord that improves the volleyball net and is playing" (Pálfy, „Ženský šport na Slovensku,“ 5). Slovakia, as the vassal state of Nazi Germany, did not experience war horrors and persecutions to such an extent as other European countries. For this reason, sport has developed, although with some constraints resulting from the overall political situation in Europe. Athletes could go on a foreign tour with the associated countries (Germany, Hungary, , and Spain). Thus, footballers, basketball players, boxers and tennis players. Volleyball information on such international meetings is lacking. The best volleyball in this period were in Bratislava, where several clubs housed. The best performances provided ŠK Bratislava and University Bratislava. In 1939, to ŠK Bratislava came to a larger group of excellent volleyball players who helped the club to win four Slovak championship titles in that period (Kšiňan, Šesťdesiat rokov Slovana, 118). In 1940, the Army Competitor Section in the Slovak Army was established. He had 12 separate sections and one of them was a volleyball section. However, in Slovakia football and basketball were more popular. E.g. in 1942, the Slovak Volleyball Union recorded 34 male and 12 female clubs with 368 registered players, which was little. World War II events after 1943 have adversely affected volleyball development (Kapusta, „Volejbal,“ 356-357). The activities gradually ceased, and many volleyball players joined the anti-fascist resistance within the Slovak National Uprising in 1944, with several of them died in the fighting. A significant part of the development of volleyball in this dark period had Hlinka's Guard (founded in 1938) as a paramilitary organization of Hlinka's Slovak People's Party. In its periodical, Gardista the guard announced the organization of the 1st Hlinka´s Guard´s Volleyball Championships in Ruzomberok. The invitation is also a "recruitment" statement that the best volleyball players are track and field athletes (Faga, „Volejbalové majstrovstvá,“ 8). This periodical, promoting the totalitarian regime in Slovakia and supporting the Nazi ideology, wrote relatively frequent about volleyball. Volleyball was also popular as a sport of broad layers of Slovak youth. E.g. in 1941, it reported that in Bratislava there were about 30 volleyball playgrounds, where in the case of good weather people played daily („Aj volejbal je šport“, 15). School sport has developed relatively well in the years of the Second World War in Slovakia, compared to other Nazi oppressive states. It was mainly about the undemanding sports that volleyball has to choose. Even regular volleyball competition between high schools, even in the girls' category, was organized („Dievčenský volejbal v Bratislave“, 8). A much better level of performance had university volleyball. Traditional meetings between University and Technology included not only competitions in volleyball, but also in athletics, basketball and football futbale („Technika – Univerzita“, 7). In the area of preparation of physical education teachers, volleyball was one of the most important sports games. The preparation was within the Physical Education Institute of the Slovak University.

109 In the totalitarian state of the Slovak Republic, volleyball did not have a solid position. This was image by its position in the previous period. On the contrary, basketball in Slovakia has somewhat strengthened its position. The big denial was the fact that the state essentially destroyed YMCA and YWCA organizations, which could help volleyball development. Their role was taken over by the paramilitary Hlinka´s Guard, which could not ensure the development of all sports not only in terms of organizational and material, but in terms of the war situation also. Volleyball had a strong position at that time rather than sports in schools or as a sport for the broader population.

Volleyball in the post-war Czechoslovak Republic (1945 - 1948)

After the end of World War II, life in Slovakia gradually renewed. In the field of sport, all clubs and unions, which have been by cooperation with the regime of the wartime Slovak Republic compromised, banned immediately. The Slovak Central Sports Council, however, stood outside the structures of Hlinka´s Garda, and for that reason was apolitical considered and after the war, it was able to develop its activities. An important question during this period was the unification of physical education, sports and tourism. The communist party promoted the so-called organic model of unification. It is typical of totalitarian regimes - the existence of one body governing which manages all components. Other existing political parties and most sports entities have promoted so-called federal model of unification. It is typical of democratic regimes – the existence of one roofing organ within which all entities have ideological autonomy and legal personality. In the restored Czechoslovakia, the Slovak Volleyball Union began its activity on June 15, 1945. Cooperation with Czech clubs has gradually resumed. At the beginning of July 1945, the union organized the first tournament, won by the Bratislava volleyball players. At the end of July 1945, two Slovak men's teams took part in a tournament in Prague and were not enough for the Czech teams. In Slovakia, there were only six volleyball teams in the Slovak Volleyball Association in 1945 (in the competition were the best Bratislava railway men). Three Slovak men's teams started at the October Czechoslovak Championships. However, these were not enough for Czech teams (Kapusta, „Úspešná práca volejbalistov,“ 5). The Czech and Slovak sides agreed to establish a common volleyball headquarters for Czechoslovakia. During 1946, volleyball in Slovakia consolidated and there were 28 clubs and 292 players (men and women). The Slovak men champion was the team of Ružomberok and the women team of the Bratislava University. A number of regional tournaments were also organized. Long-term competition only existed between the Bratislava teams. The volleyball had weak backgrounds and a low membership base with poor performance. Therefore, Slovak volleyball players could not compete with Czech teams (Kapusta,

110 „Volejbal,“ 360). In 1947, the Fédération internationale de volleyball was established, where Czechoslovakia belonged to the founding states. After the elections in which the communist party won, it was clear that the unification process of physical education, sport and tourism would take place in an organic spirit according to a totalitarian template. It happened in March 1948. A single organization called United Physical Education Organization Sokol created. The democratization process has ended in the sport. During this period, significant continental and world events in male and female volleyball began to be organized. In 1948, the champions of Europe became men of Czechoslovakia (no Slovaks played in the team). During a period of limited democracy, volleyball in Slovakia gradually consolidated, but its membership was too small to compete effectively with Czech volleyball. During the Second World War, when sport was relatively developed in Slovakia, Slovak athletes "erased" a prominent Czech performance advantage, for volleyball does not apply. In schools, this sport has maintained its place.

Volleyball in communist totalitarianism in Czechoslovakia (1948 - 1989)

The communist party, after taking power in February 1948, unified physical education, sport and tourism undemocratically into the United Physical Education Organization Sokol. Sports federations, including volleyball, did not trust this step, which proved to be justified. For each sport, so-called headquarters created and they turned into sections according to the Soviet pattern. Volleyball in Slovakia during this period was greatly booming because at the end of 1952 it had an unbelievable 32 210 members (Perútka and Grexa, Dejiny telesnej kultúry na Slovensku, 85), what he does not even have at present. In 1949, two important volleyball events held in Prague: the World Championship of Men (Czechoslovak silver medal, without Slovakian representatives) and the European Women's Championship. At this event, where volleyball players also received silver medals, we record the first Slovak part: player Mária Bernovská and coach Miroslav Rovný, later an important pedagogue and scientist at Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, who led the Czechoslovak volleyball women's team at the World Championships in 1952 in Moscow, ranked third. In 1952, the management and organization of sport changed again. The sport begins to govern the state (according to the Soviet model) and the voluntary sports organizations according to the sectors of the national economy created. Conditions for performance sports have grown globally, not significantly but improved. The sports federations existed as sections in the framework of governing bodies, which was not a good solution. Volleyball,

111 between 1952 and 1956, was the second most popular sport in Slovakia after football. Until 1954, the Czechoslovak championship played by a tournament system, so regular league competitions did not exist yet - the league began to play since 1955. This year, the Slovak men's teams (Červená hviezda Bratislava, Slávia University Bratislava) and women (Slávia University Bratislava) they did not attend the event in the first five. In 1955, as young coach Jaromír Perútka and the player (later world name) Bohumil Golian went to Slavia University. The Slávia University Bratislava improved and attacked the title of Czechoslovakian champion. Unfortunately, he did not succeeded (Grexa, Volejbalový velikán Bohumil Golian,18). The first title won the volleyball players of Červená hviezda Bratislava in 1978 and the Women's Slávia University Bratislava in 1966. Bohumil Golian appears in the Czechoslovakian team at the 1956 World Championships in Paris, where he won the gold medal. In the team, he was the only Slovakian as in the 1958 European Championships in Prague (1st place). The only gold medal from the European championship in women's volleyball won Czechoslovakia in 1955 in Bucharest. In this team was the Slovakian Alžbeta Technovská. In 1957, the change in the management of sport in Czechoslovakia was again (since 1948, third). The Czechoslovak Union of Physical Education became a management organization that "resisted" until the fall of communism in 1990. The popularity of volleyball records the sine curve: In 1957, volleyball was about ten thousand members, a third compared to 1956. Then the membership started to increase and in 1965 was again nearly 30,000 in over 900 clubs. In 1957, 1st Slovak Physical Education and Sports Days in Universities held. Under this event, undergraduates competed in five sports, including volleyball. The biggest interest was in football, but volleyball did not disappear: more than 2,100 undergraduates competed there, which is only about 200 less than in football and basketball. This year, both men and women of Technology were victorious in Slovakia and went into the national round, but they did not succeed (Štancel, Prvé celoslovenské dni telesnej výchovy a športu na vysokých školách roku 1957, 58-69). In 1958, Technology (men and women) again won the same event, and the men won a nationwide competition. In 1959, the Slovak teams of men (Technology) and women (University) won the nationwide competition. This demonstrates the increasing performance of volleyball players, although many of them were students of physical education and sports. In 1961, placements repeated, and it was clear that academics from Slovakia have definitely asserted themselves on the national volleyball scene (Štancel, Piate celoslovenské dni telesnej výchovy a športu na vysokých školách roku 1961, 65). This event was already the 1st Czechoslovak Universiade. In the mid of 1950s, a medical commission was formed at the governing bodies of volleyball, which gradually processed the issue of anthropometry, injuries and physical fitness and performance. The Slovak physician, Ján

112 Jánošdeák, member of the Medical Commission of the FIVB, was very much involved in the activities of this commission (Seman, „Životopis MUDr. Jána Jánošdeáka,“ rukopis, nepaginované). The breakthrough of the 50s and 60s of the 20th century is a good success for Slovakian representatives in the Czechoslovak jersey. Anna Uhrinová was a member of the Czechoslovak team, who won silver medals at the European Championships in Prague. Bohumil Golian and Július Veselko won silver medals at the world championships in 1960 and Bohumil Golian at the same event in 1962. Volleyball became olympic sport in 1964 at Olympics in Tokyo. Bohumil Golian and Jozef Labuda were members of the team who won silver medals. Both were also part of the Czechoslovak team which won the World Championship in 1966 in Prague, and Bohumil Golian was a member of the team who ranked 2nd in the European Championships in 1967 in Turkey. His excellent volleyball career ended this sporting giant on 1968 Olympics in Mexico, where he was part of the bronze medal team. Women from Slovakia (Júlia Bendeová, Hilda Mazúrová and Paulina Šteffková) found a place in the Czechoslovak team, which took 3rd place in the European Championships in 1967. The three women also started at Olympic Games 1968 in Mexico (6th place). In 1960, the government established the Institute of Physical Education and Sport as one of the faculties of Comenius University in Bratislava, since 1965 renamed the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports. This institution has been (and is still being prepared) qualified physical education teachers and coaches, including top-level volleyball coaches. Volleyball was (and is currently) part of the curriculum in all study programs. Between 1969 and 1971, the volleyball movement in Czechoslovakia was in the spirit of the agreements of February 1968 governed. On December 13, 1969, the Czechoslovak Volleyball Association was founded and in April 1970, its title was adapted to the Czechoslovak Volleyball Union. Volleyball ruled in the 1969 - 1973 two unions, Czech Volleyball Union and Slovak Volleyball Union. The Slovak Volleyball Union founded in 1968 in Žilina. In the years 1969 - 1973, he ran competitions of men, women and juniors at the level of Slovakia, regions and districts. In 1971, the Slovak Volleyball Union had 13959 members, about 270 coaches of various qualifications, about 430 arbitrators of various qualifications, and managed competitions for men and women, adults and juniors. Official matches were in halls played. A new competition order and other important regulations were in connection with the transition of the top volleyball to the halls issued. The transition of the top volleyball to the halls meant a decline in Slovakia, because there was little compared to the Czech part of the common state. In 1971, a European Championship of men and women took place, where the men took second place (form Slovakia started Štefan Pipa) and women second place (Darina Kodajová and Mária Mališová started from Slovakia). Based on these results, they qualified for Olympics 1972 in Munich, where the men took the 6th and the

113 women's 7th place. In the national league, the participation of teams from Slovakia was weak: in 1968 - 1969, there was only one male (Slávia UK Bratislava) and one female team (Slávia UK Bratislava also). In junior competitions, Slovak teams (which were also few) moved to the bottom of the tables („Volejbal,“ 538-539). In the main men's league, Czech clubs dominated this period. Only in 1978, 1979 and 1981 they won the title the volleyball club Červená hviezda Bratislava. In the women's competition, Slovak volleyball players had a better performance: Slávia UK Bratislava won the Czechoslovak title together seven times (1966-1989) (Bobrík and Seman, 50 rokov histórie, 84). After the end of the democratization process in the Czechoslovak society (so-called Prague Spring) in the late 60s of the 20th century, normalization, return to conditions before the Prague Spring started. Since 1978, sports schools have been set up in Slovakia (the first one was in Banská Bystrica), where volleyball was also played. However, these have encountered problems of material nature. The 1970s and the first half of the 1980s were not favorable in terms of the good placement of volleyball players at top events. On Olympics in Moscow 1980 started with the Czechoslovak team Slovak volleyball players Ján Cifra, Igor Prieložný, Ján Repák and Vladimir Sirvoň (8th place) (Souček, Naši olympijskí medailisti a olympionici, 133). In 1985, the men of Czechoslovakia were second in the European championships (Slovaks Štefan Chrtiansky and Igor Prieložný) and two years later, women at the same event were third (from Slovakia Daniela Cuníková and Eva Trnková). Since the late 1950s, world organized have been also. Their predecessors were Summer Student Games and Summer World University Games. Within the world's summer universiades, especially at their inception, the Czechoslovak representatives in the volleyball received several medals, among them representatives of Slovakia. Immediately in 1959, in Turin, volleyball players won gold medals. Two years later, at the same event in Sofia, they ranked third, as in 1963 in Brazil. In 1965, men in Budapest won no medals at the universiade. Women were successful when they finished third. The universiade volleyball success was to wait until 1977 (Sofia), where men won silver medals (Bobrík a Seman, 90 rokov vysokoškolského športu na Slovensku, 180-190). This was the last great Slovak universiade success in the volleyball to the present. In rare cases, the Slovaks were also members of senior governing bodies at European or world level. Dušan Prieložný was the President of the European Volleyball Confederation and Vice-Chairman of the FIVB between 1983 and 1987. During this period, he also served as chairman of the Volleyball Union at the level of Czechoslovakia (Bobrík and Seman, 50 rokov histórie, 87). Of the significant volleyball tournaments that were in Slovakia during this period organized, it is worth mentioning two: The tournament of the Slovak

114 National Uprising Cup in Vyšné Hágy (High Tatras) and the international tournament of the Liberation Bratislava Cup. The period of communist totalitarianism in Czechoslovakia and Slovakia was mainly by the rotation of governing bodies of physical education, sport and tourism marked. The sports federations existed in the form of different sections and committees, which was in line with the official doctrine of the state party, but it, did not make any difference to the development of a particular sport. Sports officials in a particular sport have not decided on the development of sport. Such decisions were in the focus of the center. The communist functionaries had a high reach for the decisions of the center. In volleyball, long-term competitions began to play in this period, replacing the tournament mode of the championships. Paradoxically, it is also the period of the greatest success of both Czechoslovak and Slovak volleyball on the international stage. Besides the two Olympic medals, there have been many achievements of both men and women on continental and world events. Volleyball has retained its place as an undemanding sporting activity for all, or as a popular school sport, especially for high school and university students. The training of qualified trainers within the Institute of Physical Education and Sports, which became the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in 1965, also begun.

Volleyball in Slovakia in the years 1990 – 1992

After the collapse of the communist totalitarianism, the central governing bodies in sport also disappeared in Slovakia. The Slovak Union of Physical Culture was as the roof body of physical education, sport, and tourism established, which had four components, and one of them was the Association of Sports Federations (which included sports associations including volleyball). During this period, the disappearance of the common state of Czechs and the Slovaks began more and more frequently, which became reality on 31 December 1992. The regular league competitions at Czechoslovak level continued. From the Slovak teams in 1991, the women Slávia UK Bratislava won the title of Czechoslovakian champions. People played volleyball, not only at the level of the leagues, but also in the schools, or not organized. Not only during this time, but also in the past or the next, it was often possible to see volleyball players near swimming pools or in the meadows where they played in more or less improvised conditions. It is worth mentioning that the teams most often mixed were, - men and women played together. This is the most typical picture of volleyball in our country. No one ever counts how many people played volleyball like that.

115 Volleyball in Slovakia after 1993

The era of the present Slovak Republic begins with the division of the common state of Czechs and Slovaks at the end of 1992. Volleyball governing body in Slovakia has since 1993 been the Slovak Volleyball Federation, which is part of the Confederation of Sports Associations of the Slovak Republic and also a member of the Slovak Olympic Committee. The problems of the new state also manifested itself in the field of sport. In time, one of the most important issues of the development of sport can be included: inadequate relations between NGOs, inefficient state investments in sport, inadequate sport legislation, irresponsible management of the assets of sports organizations, inability to produce quality projects and consequently drawing funds for the development of sport from European funds Union, a decreasing membership base in many sports, a drop in qualified trainers, a low level of youth performance and its lack of commitment to practicing sport (Grexa, „Šport,“ 939-942). In the 90s of the 20th century, Slovak volleyball did not record a significant success in some of the top sports events. At the 1993 European Men's Championships, a joint Czech-Slovak team of men was also started, who was ranked 8th under the leadership of Slovakian coach Peter Kalný. There were five Slovaks in the team. It was also in 1997, but the team was completely Slovak. A joint federal competition has taken place. Slovak teams played at Super league and in Interleague, which won in 1995 Police Volleyball Club of Bratislava. The same club received all master titles in 1993-1997. Women's teams were less successful in Inter league Better placements achieved only Slávia UK Bratislava, who also won the Slovakian championship title in 1993- 1995. In the years 1996-1997, they won the title of Žilina volleyball player. In addition to international events and domestic leagues, the competition played. For men, the Slovak beach volleyball championships were also organized for women since 1997 (Kubiš and Ježík, „Volejbal,“ 1998, 185- 190). In 1998, the Slovak Volleyball Union registered 320 clubs (this number seems to be very high, but it is the official data of the union, the later data are more real, it is 102 clubs, the author's note) and 9503 members, of which 8600 were athletes. On a national level, volleyball players of the Police Volleyball Club Bratislava continued to perform well and won the title. Their opponent was more than a year's volleyball player Matador Púchov, who won the first title in the 1999/2000 season. In female competition dominated Slávia UK (even with several name changes). The league of juniors and men and women were running (Kubiš and Ježík, „Volejbal,“ 1999, 123-125). In foreign leagues, the Slovak teams did not succeed. In the next few years, Slovak volleyball did not record any more significant results on the international scene. In 2001, the men of Slovakia started at the European Championships in Ostrava (Czech Republic). In the group, they won only once and finished in 9th

116 place. They also ended up at juniors at world championships in Poland. Female Slovak transnational competitions have announced not been, sometimes for financial reasons. In women's Slovak competition dominated Slávia UK Bratislava (Bobrík and Seman, 50 rokov histórie, 85). At the European Championships in 2003, both men and women ranked 9th and in the same event in 2007 men were 12th and women ranked 13th. A successful pair of women in beach volleyball began to form - Natália Dubovcová and Dominika Nestarcová. The 5th place of men at the European championships in 2001 is a success considered. The aforementioned beach volleyball players ended in the 9th place in the European Championships in 2012. In 2015, the president of the Slovak Volleyball Federation, Ľubor Halanda, became the vice president of the European Volleyball Confederation. Women's volleyball scored a great result in the second place in the European League. Good results also reached juniors and beach volleyball players just dropped out of the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. The period after 1993 is a period of dominance of the female club Slávia UK Bratislava (also with the name changes) on the domestic sport scene. In the case of men, the club was the best club Police Volleyball Club Bratislava. Rare participation in top events (European Championships), despite the efforts and work of coaches and functionaries, reflects the status of top volleyball in Slovakia. For some time, the public watched with interest Natália Dubovcová and Dominika Nestarcová in beach volleyball. The Slovak Volleyball Federation manages competitions at the level of the Supreme Leagues of Men and Women, the Slovak Cup and the first-round competitions of adults and juniors. The regional committees govern lower competitions (juniors, cadets, pupils). According to the official data on 1 January 2015, the Slovak Volleyball Federation recorded 16,779 players, 202 volleyball clubs and teams, 282 referees and 1279 coaches in Slovakia („Slovenská volejbalová federácia, základné informácie o SVF“.).

DISCUSSION

In 2019, 100 years will expire since volleyball played for the first time in Slovakia. In that time, he firmly docked the sport scene and found many fans not only among top-level athletes but also among sports spectators who watch the performances of players on the sports fields. In almost 100 years, volleyball in Slovakia has been the successes and falls. They need taught to be in the future. After the initial period of "searching" and relative uncertainty, this game has found a place within the physical education organizations and sports clubs, but also among the general public. The governing body of sport in Czechoslovakia was relatively soon established. The best volleyball players in the first Czechoslovak Republic and Slovakia were between Sokol and YMCA and among them were many undergraduates. Sports clubs have not achieved

117 such good performance. The popularity of volleyball in schools testifies the fact that even before 1939 school competition for secondary schools began to be organized. The democratic regime until 1939 allowed the formation of various societies, which also benefited from the development of volleyball. After 1939 comes the national totalitarian system of the wartime Slovak Republic and the extinction of the common state of the Czechs and Slovaks. Volleyball in Slovakia initially exists in a common basketball association and in sports clubs. Even after the independence of the volleyball union, it does not reach the popularity and performance of the inter-war period. Unorganized volleyball retains its position for material difficulty in the game, and school competitions continue. After 1945, volleyball in Slovakia slowly consolidates, but in comparison with Czech volleyball it does not show a performance increase - rather on the contrary, it shows a performance retreat, which was reflected in the first post-war tournaments and competitions. There is also a small membership base. Volleyball has maintained a solid place in schools. The years of communist totality paradoxically referred to as the golden age of volleyball in Slovakia are. In the 50s and 60s of the 20th century, Slovak volleyball players (both men and women) achieved the most significant achievements in the European, world and Olympic arenas. World volleyball, however, got another trend that the Slovaks have gone. The successes have been rarer and success has been a participation at continental events. Within Czechoslovakia, Slovak clubs at the highest performance level were only slowly advancing in the competition of Czech clubs. After the independence of Slovakia in 1993, the Police Volleyball Club Bratislava (Men) and Slávia UK Bratislava (Women) within Slovakia apparently dominated. Gradually, low- level leagues emerged and competitions for cadets and pupils started within the regions. Dominance of the clubs from the capital city to some extent duplicates historical facts. Slovak sport, including volleyball, after 1993 has suffered from incompetent interference with its operation. The results of these negatives are also manifesting now, and some time has elapsed until the situation changes in a positive sense. The start of the national team at the Olympic tournament continues to be inaccessible, even though beach volleyball players were almost certain in 2016. It remains to hope that the Slovak volleyball will gradually improve its performance, organizational and material quality by showing the results of its performance, ensuring participation and good results at the top events.

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119 Kubiš, Pavol and Ján Ježík, „Volejbal.“ In Kronika športu 1998, edited by Ľubomír Souček, 123-125. Bratislava: Šport press, 1999. Machajdík, Igor. Športové hry starej Bratislavy. Fenomén športu v mestskom prostredí do roku 1938. Bratislava: Perfekt, 2011. Pálfy, Matilda. „Ženský šport na Slovensku.“ Šport 1, no.1 (spring 1941). Perútka, Jaromír and Ján Grexa, Dejiny telesnej kultúry na Slovensku. Bratislava: Univerzita Komenského, 1995. Plichta, Jan. „Volleyball a basketball.“ In Almachach sportu a tělesné výchovy na rok 1935, edited by Jan Plichta, 177-179. Praha: Expedice Almanach sportu, 1935. Plichta, Jan. „Volleyball.“ In Almachach sportu a tělesné výchovy na rok 1933, edited by Jan Plichta, 199-201. Praha: Expedice Almanach sportu, 1933. Seman, František, „Tramping a pohybové aktivity,“ in Aktuálne vedecké a odborné poznatky z oblasti športov v prírode a turistiky, Bratislava: Fakulta telesnej výchovy a športu, Katedra športov v prírode a plávania, 2011, 72-79. Seman, František. Životopis MUDr. Jána Jánošdeáka. Rukopis. Nepaginované. 2016. Slovenská volejbalová federácia. „Základné informácie o SVF,“ Slovenská volejbalová federácia, accessed February 2, 2017, http://www.svf.sk/sk/svf/zakladne-informacie. Smotlacha, František. Kniha o vysokoškolském sportu. Praha: Příloha Nové tělesné výchovy, 1934. Souček, Ľubomír. Naši olympijskí medailisti a olympionici: Olympijskí medailisti a olympionici zo Slovenska a spojení so Slovenskom. Bratislava, Slovenský olympijský výbor, 2010. Štancel, Július. Prvé celoslovenské dni telesnej výchovy a športu na vysokých školách roku 1957. Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo, 1957. Štancel, Piate celoslovenské dni telesnej výchovy a športu na vysokých školách roku 1961. Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo, 1961.

120 SPAIN

A BRIEF HISTORY OF VOLLEYBALL IN SPAIN: FROM ITS EARLY BEGINNINGS TO THE LATEST DEVELOPMENTS

Marc Llinàs Folch, Facultat PCEE Blanquerna (Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona) Bernat Buscà Safont-Tria, Facultat PCEE Blanquerna (Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona)

The introduction of Volleyball in Spain and its early developments after the Civil War

Parallel to the important evolution of university sports in the United States of America during the last two decades of the 19th century (Mandel 1986, 196), the Young Men Christian Association (YMCA) was the first institution to propose systematic training and team sports as a leisure practice for poor city boys, and also as a way to teach them hygiene, self-discipline and respect (Mandel 1986, 197). As part of this method volleyball was developed in 1895 by William G. Morgan at a YMCA college in Holyoke (Massachusetts, US). Morgan –who was at the time director of physical education-- pursued the development of an alternative sport to Basketball. The latter had been created a few years before (1881) by a colleague, James Naismith, at a YMCA college in Springfield. Although basketball was particularly suitable for young pupils, Morgan wanted to find a less violent and harmful type of practice for older students. He succeeded in doing it by placing a six feet and six inches high net (1.98m) between the two teams and instructed them to play with the ball without holding it. In the beginning he named it “Mintonette” but very soon, at the advice of Alfred T. Halstead, professor at Springfield College, he changed the name to the current “Volleyball” (Palou 1992, 16 and Díaz 2000, 36). According to Palou and Palou (1985, 17), the first evidence about the practice of Volleyball in Spain can be traced back to the 1920s in certain Catalan beaches, mainly as a practice imported from Western Europe. Díaz (2000, 35) notes that volleyball was played for the first time in the beach of Montgat, a small village near Barcelona. The first institutional reference to volleyball can also be found in a document published in 1925 introducing its basic rules. The document, written in Spanish, was a direct a translation of the rules used in Europe at the time (Palou 1992, 22) and was published by the “Escuela de Educación Física del Ejército” (Army Physical Education School)

121 in Toledo, an institution that included Volleyball among the sports practiced by soldiers (Díaz 2000, 35). After this initial period, the presence of Volleyball in Spain seems to be quite scarce. The next significant historical reference to this sport can be found after the end of the Civil War (1936-1939). In 1941, under Francisco Franco’s dictatorship, the regime set up a new state-based sports organiszation, the “Delegación Nacional de Deportes” (National Sports Delegation) as the ruling institution in the field of sports. However, mention needs to be made to the key role played in the social and political alignment and education of the Spanish youth by the “Frente de Juventudes” (Youth Front) for boys (Mauri 2015, 384), and the “Sección Femenina” (Female Section) for girls. These two organizations played a crucial role in the development of sport as a means of socializing and self-improvement (Añó 2015, 56). Although “Sección Femenina” was founded before the Civil War (1934) and “Frente de Juventudes” right after it (1940) the two organizations had their roots in and were closely related to the Falangist Party. In fact, they were expected to prescribe the behaviour standards for the youth in Spain during the whole regime. One of their main tasks was to promote sports and physical activities that were considered by the dictatorship as the most appropriate for each gender. As for women, during the 1940s the “Sección Femenina” organization declared that there were only five suitable sports for them: , skiing, swimming, handball and basketball. Volleyball was not included in this list until 1952 (Zagalaz 2001, 16). At that time, Volleyball (renamed “Balonvolea” in Spanish) was generally regarded as a “simple entertaining game, specially suited for women because of its gracefulness and harmlessness” (Palou and Palou 1985, 17). Public authorities did not deem it necessary to create any specific official institution or structure to rule it, since they basically prioritized the most popular, consolidated, native or .

The first institutional between Volleyball and other Spanish Sport Federations

Due to this consideration, Volleyball required eight years of growing practice in Spain --on top of other factors like its international projection-- until the Spanish government decided to give it some official structure in order to rule and promote it accordingly. Finally, from 1948 to 1950, the Spanish Handball Federation was given the task to lead and rule Volleyball as well as its own sports practice. Palou and Palou (1985, 18) note that “during those two sport seasons, the Handball Federation did nothing on this particular subject because it needed to work on the two active Handball disciplines of that time (indoor and outdoor). Moreover, as the FIVB (Fédération Internationale de

122 Volleyball had been founded in 1947, Handball leaders considered that it did not make sense to work on Volleyball from Handball institutions”. At the beginning of 1950, the “Delegación Nacional de Deportes” asked the Basketball Spanish Federation to assume the management and structure of “Balonvolea” on the principle that it would help the development of sports. First, Basketball managers considered declining the proposal, but in the end they accepted to rule both sports. In the month of June Mr. Benito López Arjona was appointed member of the Spanish Basketball Federation board and vice-president of the Volleyball department (Palou 1992, 22). From that time on, the institutional promotion of Volleyball grew progressively and focused on several goals: to organise official competitions; to develop referees and coaches training departments; and to convince the already existing volleyball practice groups into joining the Federation as well as the Volleyball leading institution, the FIVB, in order to embrace the last news and updates (Palou and Palou 1985, 22). The Volleyball department also aimed at creating a network of regional federations to help spread and promote “Balonvolea”. By the end of 1950 there were already 12 regional Federations in Asturias, Alicante, Burgos, Cantabria, Catalunya, Castilla (Valladolid), Madrid, Lugo, Salamanca, Sevilla, Toledo and Melilla. According to Palou and Palou (1985, 17), some of the most important facts related to Volleyball at that time were: . Asociación Deportiva Bomberos (Barcelona’s Sports Association of Firefighters) won the first Spanish Championship held in Madrid in 1951. The second runner-up was Club Natación Canoe (Madrid). . The Volleyball department of the Spanish Basketball Federation was accepted as a member of the FIVB in the congress celebrated in Bucarest (Romania) in November 1953. . One of the most relevant contributions to help increase the technical, tactical and regulatory knowledge and application of Volleyball in the beginning of the 1950s involved a group of foreign players, referees and coaches from Poland, Ukraine, and other central European countries. After having organized a Sports Club in their College residence (Colegio Mayor Apóstol ) in Madrid and establishing contacts with Federation staff members, they agreed to join different clubs as well as the Federation itself. Some of these men were Bobrek, Tylko, Bogdan, Zaleski and Swieboski, among others. . Other people who also made important contributions to the development of Volleyball in Spain came from Russia (most of them were still children when they left Spain and went into exile because of the Civil War and when they came back they had a sound knowledge of Volleyball) and South America.

123 . The first technical training course for coaches was organized in 1953, under the lead of Bobrek, who also published the first technical book in Spanish, “Balonvolea”, in 1956.

After six years into developing Volleyball successfully at all levels, the Basketball Federation could not pursue its involvement in all these projects because it had no means and Basketball was experiencing an extraordinary growth as well. Despite the Basketball Federation proposal to promote the foundation of a Volleyball Federation, the “Delegación Nacional de Deportes” decided to entrust another existing sports Federation with the task to lead the way for Volleyball in the country. In 1958, the Spanish Rugby Federation was assigned this mandate although it did nothing other than organize that year’s Spanish Championship (Palou 1992, 24).

The foundation of the Spanish Volleyball Federation and the National League

By that time, Volleyball had achieved such a strong presence in the Spanish sports scene that, in January 26th 1960, the public authorities felt compelled to create the Spanish Volleyball Federation (FEVB). Furthermore, that year the first federated women competition (Spanish Championship) took place. The first official men’s Volleyball league was organized during the sports season of 1964/65 (Palou 1992, 45). However, women had to wait until 1969/70 to have their own competition league (Palou 1992, 56). From the institutional perspective, 1976 was also a significant year since the first democratic FEVB presidential election was held (RFEVB).

Table 1. Presidents of the RFEVB (RFEVB, 2011) Mandate President 1960-1968 Benito López Arjona 1968-1972 Arturo Cortés Gagneux 1972-1976 Emilio Guill Rubio 1976-1984 Alberto Portell Barat 1984-1986 Feliciano Mayoral Barba 1986-1988 Antonio López Bonillo 1988-2000 Miguel Ángel Quintana 2000-present Agustín Martín Santos

As it is often the case with most sports and can be clearly seen in Table 2, the history of volleyball in Spain consists of a sequence of successive predominant clubs. In the first decades of the official competitions (1950- 1980), clubs from Barcelona and Madrid dominated the scene, with an

124 emerging role of Valencia and Gijón from the women's side. From 1980s on, that monopoly came to an end and clubs from the islands (the Canary and Balearic Islands) and from the South of Spain (Andalucía and Murcia) gained prominence, together with men’s teams from Soria and Teruel and, more recently, women’s teams from Logroño.

Table 2. Dominating clubs in national competitions by gender (Table compiled with information coming from different sources)

Decade Men’s teams Women teams AD Bomberos - Barcelona (4) 1950 - Real Madrid CF - Madrid (2) Valencia -different names- (3) SEU Filosofia y Letras - CD Hispano Francés - Madrid (2) 1960 Barcelona (4) Club Medina Barcelona - Picadero - Barcelona (2) Barcelona (3) Club Medina Gijón - Gijón (2) Club Medina Madrid -Madrid Atlético de Madrid - Madrid (3) 1970 (5) Club Medina Barcelona - Real Madrid CF - Madrid (6) Barcelona (3) Club Medina Gijón - Gijón (2) Real Madrid CF - Madrid (3) AE Cornellà - Barcelona (1) Son Amar - Palma de Mallorca RCD Español - Barcelona (3) 1980 (5) CV Tormo Barberà - Xàtiva (3) CV Gran Canaria - Las Palmas G.C. (5) CV Murcia - Murcia (3) 1990 CV Soria - Soria (3) CV Marichal Tenerife - CV Unicaja Almeria - Almeria Tenerife (3) (3) CV Unicaja Almeria - Almeria (5) CV Marichal Tenerife - 2000 CV Portol - Palma de Tenerife (6) Mallorca (3) CAV Murcia - Murcia (3) CAI Teruel - Teruel (3) CV Unicaja Almeria - Almeria Valeriano Allés Menorca- 2010 (3) Ciutadella (2) CAI Teruel - Teruel (3) CV Logroño - Logroño (3) (n) Number of Spanish Championships or Leagues won during that period. Cups not included.

125 Participation in international clubs and national teams competitions

The two teams which have obtained the most remarkable results at international competitions in the whole history of Spanish Volleyball are men’s Son Amar (Palma de Mallorca) and women’s CV Marichal Tenerife. Son Amar was finalist in the CEV Cup 1984 edition and CV Marichal Tenerife wrote the most important page in the international history of Spanish volleyball clubs by beating Pallavolo Sirio Perugia (Italy) at the 2004 Champions League final in Tenerife. This amazing success was possible thanks to the great job done by Quico Cabrera, president of the club, who put together an incredible team with players like Godina, Visser, Carvajal, Svistina, Lamas and López, under the lead of Avital Selinger. With regards to Spanish men’s national team, mention must be made to their greatest victory. In 2007, after winning the European League against Portugal, the team, coached by , beat Russia and won the European Championship in Moscow. Besides, the Spanish men’s team also took part in the Olympic Games of Barcelona 1992 (8th position) and Sidney 2000 (9th place). Finally, we should also mention its well-deserved 5th position in the World League of 1999, 2002 and 2003 editions, as well as in 2008 World Cup (RFEVB, 2011). As for the Spanish women’s national team, after having participated in the Olympic Games of Barcelona 1992 as a host country team, it also took part in the final phase of the European Championships of 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2013. One of its most remarkable victories, that qualified the team for its first European Championship, was against Russia, right after the latter had won the silver medal in the OOGG of Athens 2004. Other participations in important tournaments have been: Qualification rounds for the Olympic Games and the World Championships, World University Games, Mediterranean Games, Spring Cup (2007 Champion), Savaria Cup, and more recently the European League.

Best players

We would like to conclude this section about indoor volleyball by acknowledging some of its best players to date: Miguel Ocón, who was the first Spanish player to be recruited abroad (Denver Comets, US) in the late 1970s; Francisco “Paco” Sánchez Jover, top Spanish volleyball player during the 1980s and early 1990s; and Miguel Ángel Falasca, one of the most valued setters in the history of Spanish volleyball. He played in Spain, Italy, Belgium and Poland during 1990s and 2000s, among others. However, if we needed to choose just one Spanish player, one of the most remarkable Spanish sportsmen of all times, our choice would be Rafael “Rafa” Pascual. Playing the opposite with the Spanish National Team (537 games), he participated in the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games (8th place -

126 Olympic Diploma) as well as in many World League and World Championships editions (MVP in Japan 1998) and won the already mentioned European Championship held in Russia in 2007, this time as an outside hitter. He was the first Spanish player to participate in different top international leagues like the Italian A-1, mostly for Alpitour Cuneo, in Japan, France, Puerto Rico and Bulgaria. As for women, Marta Gens is undoubtedly an important reference. She played for the best Spanish clubs of her time (RCD Español, Murcia, Albacete, Tenerife, Burgos, etc.) and spent some time playing in the Italian A-2 league for Vigetano Moreschi. She represented the Spanish National Team in 315 games and participated in the Olympic Games held in Barcelona (1992). She set the path for future players like Amaranta Fernández or Marisa Fernández. Nowadays there are a lot of Spanish women playing Volleyball professionally abroad.

Beach volley, the younger brother growing up

In the late 80s, beach volley became a popular sport in most Spanish and Catalan beaches. Almost 50 years after the first reported games and tournaments had been held in Brasil, California and the most famous tourist sites of the French Mediterranean coast, the 1st Open in Cullera (Valencia) was the first Spanish tournament to be organized under the «Voley-Sol 1989 Tour.» The winning couple (Sixto Jiménez and Guillermo Calvo) were at the forefront of one of the most spectacular sports events to take place on Spanish beaches: the beach volleyball events organized on the sand during the warm summer. After his career as a professional player, Sixto Jiménez became one of the most outstanding figures of this . He was an active promoter of beach volleyball as well as the coach of an entire generation of the best Spanish players in the FIVB World Tour (Wikipedia). Two years after this first tournament, an important beach volley event took place on the Almería beaches, in the south of Spain. The best players got together to play the in an spectacular event with more than 6000 fans supporting the couples who played until well into the night (Mata et al., 1994). In 1992, the Almería beaches hosted the “Olympic Year Championship” with the FIVB proposal to reach the Olympic status for beach volleyball. The success of this tournament was even greater than the tournament played the year before. The finals were clearly dominated by the American couples both in men (Smith/Stoklos) and women (Kirby/Reno). In 1996, beach volleyball became an Olympic sport in Atlanta (USA). In this tournament, the Spanish player Sixto Jimenez, after a successful track record in indoor volleyball, achieved an Olympic Diploma reaching the quarter finals in the first beach volleyball Olympic tournament in history. Definitely, this was a good omen for the Spanish beach volley because Javier Bosma and

127 Fabio Díez did the same in Sydney OOGG in 2000 (Australia). The Olympic zenith of Spanish beach volley was reached in Athens in 2004. The Mediterranean players Javier Bosma (Catalunya) and Pablo Herrera (Castellón), coached by Sixto Jimenez with devotion and commitment, won the silver medal. Thus, with a tradition of about 10 years, Spain won the first and unique Olympic medal in this sport. The memories of this tournament near the Parthenon in Athens (Greece) will be remembered for many years. After the Olympic success and the hard work carried out mainly by the RFEVB together with, Sixto Jiménez, Javier Bosma and Pablo Herrera, Susana Vega, Toni Alemany, Gerard Moras and Pepe Sierra, among others, beach volleyball grew as a popular sport both on Spanish beaches and beyond. Lots of towns and cities built beach volley courts and organized tournaments of all playing levels. Modalities like 4x4 and 3x3 increased the popularity of this sport in Spain and Catalonia. Probably one of the most active agents in Spain was the promoter Pepe Sierra who supported the J&B Tour (Circuito J&B de Voley Playa) in the late 90s and early 2000s. After overcoming several federative hurdles, this organization was able to organize many great events in different Spanish sites (with and without beach). This made it possible to host different FIVB Beach Volley World Tour events during the early 2000s in Spain (Barcelona, Mallorca, Tenerife, Madrid). Since 2004 several reference playing couples have emerged in the male competition arena such as: Bosma-Herrera, Herrera-Mesa, Lario-Gavira, Herrera-Gavira and Marco-García. All of them won medals in the 2004 FIVB Beach Volley World Tour, when Bosma-Herrera won in the Olympic Garden, and until the last tour and the silver medal won by Herrera-Gavira in the Netherlands Open 2017. Thus, a total of 16 medals in the most worldwide prestigious competitions were obtained by the above mentioned Spanish players. On the other hand, women have also raised the playing field levels during these past years. After the first steps taken by Gerard Moras and Toni Alemany with the FIVB World Tour Training Group in Barcelona during the early 2000s with Esther Alcón and Esther Ribera, nowadays Liliana Fernández and Elsa Baquerizo are the top players in female Spanish beach volleyball. This couple, coached by Daniel Rodríguez Wood and working in Tenerife, has achieved a great success in the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour events (silver and bronze medals from 2012 to 2016) (FIVB, 2018).

Correspondence: Marc Llinàs Folch, [email protected] Bernat Buscà Safont-Tria, [email protected]

128 REFERENCES

Añó, Vicent and Estefania Sales. “El impacto de la Guerra Civil sobre el deporte: los primeros movimientos deportivos asociativos en Segorbe” in Apunts. Educación Física y Deportes, 119 (55-61). Barcelona: INEF Catalunya, 2015

Díaz, José. Voleibol español: reflexión y acción. Cádiz: Federación Andaluza de Voleibol, 2000

FIVB. FIVB Beach Volleyball Competitions - Archives. Accessed March 14, 2018 http://www.fivb.org/EN/Beachvolleyball/competitions.asp

Mandel, Richard. Historia cultural del Deporte. Barcelona: Ediciones Bellaterra, 1986

Mata, David, Gerardo de la Encarnación and Fernando Rodríguez. Voley playa. Aprendizaje, entrenamiento y organización. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1994

Mauri, Marta. “Mens sana in corpore sano. La educación física del Frente de Juventudes y el disciplinamiento de los cuerpos” in Actas del XVIII Coloquio de Historia de la Educación: Arte, literatura y educación. Vol I (381-391). Vic: Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, 2015

Palou, José and Neus Palou. Historia del Voleibol español. Lleida: Dilagro, 1985

Palou, Neus. “Historia del Voleibol” in Voleibol. Madrid: Comité Olímpico Español, 1992

RFEVB. “Historia del Voleibol” in Pequevoley. Accessed March 1, 2018 http://www.pequevoley.com/voleibol-historia.php

RFEVB. Palmarés de las competiciones nacionales absolutas. Accessed March 1, 2018 http://www.rfevb.com/sfv-palmares and http://www.rfevb.com/svm-palmares

Wikipedia. Voleibol de playa. Accessed March 14, 2018 https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voleibol_de_playa

Zagalaz, María Luisa. “La educación física durante el franquismo. La sección femenina” in Apunts de Educación Física y Deportes, 65 (6-16) Barcelona: INEF Catalunya, 2001

129 TURKEY

BEGINNINGS AND DEVELOPMENT OF VOLLEYBALL IN TURKEY

Barbaros Çelenk, Ph.D., Hacettepe University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport Teacher, /TURKEY Sinem Hazır Aytar, Ph.D., Başkent University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Depatment of Sports Sciences, Ankara/TURKEY Gıyasettin Demirhan, Ph.D., Hacettepe University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport Teacher, Ankara/TURKEY

INTRODUCTION

This review examines the history of volleyball in Turkey, its development in terms of national teams and the leagues of Turkey. Number of licenced athletes shows that volleyball is the most preferred sport by girls and (TÜIK, 2015) According to the number of licensed athletes, volleyball ranks the first in terms of the number of women athletes in Turkey, and it is the third among all the sports branches after football and basketball, respectively. With the increase in success rates of clubs and national teams in the international arena volleyball has become the main issue in the media, and also there has been a massive increase in the interest in volleyball since national women’s team’s participation in the 2012 London Olympic Games. There are a total of 523 women’s and men’s teams competing in the leagues with deplacement, and volleyball activities are maintained with nearly 10.000 coaches and 6.500 referees in Turkey. Turkish senior national team ranks the 12th in women and 27th in men in the world order set by Federation Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB). According to the European Volleyball Confederation (CEV), Turkey ranks the 5th in senior women, and 15th in senior men.

The history of volleyball in Turkey

Volleyball entered in Turkey in the following days of the armistice of the First World War. Dr. Dealer, an American who came to Istanbul in 1919 to act as the manager of the YMCA (Young Male Christians Association) started volleyball in the sports hall of this association, and succeeded in taking the attention of the physical education teachers to this sport.

130 In those years, Selim Sırrı TARCAN, who was a physical education teacher in Istanbul Boys’ Teachers School, became interested in this sport closely, and started teaching it to students in his school. Between 1920-1924, the students who graduated from this school organized tournaments between the schools and they continued to contribute to dissemination of this sport. The intensified actions and efforts in Kabataş, Vefa, Pertevniyal, Galatasaray, Istiklal, Haydarpaşa, Istanbul High Schools, resulted first in tournaments among schools; and Kabataş High School came the first in the first championship among high schools. Istanbul Girls’ High School was the first champion in the competition among Girls’ High Schools.

Figure 1: Selim Sırrı TARCAN

When the students who played volleyball graduated from these high schools, volleyball activities were started to expand to the universities and clubs. Yüksek Mühendis Mektebi in Istanbul (Higher Engineering School, today’s Istanbul Technical University) which is known as the home of basketball today was the “cradle” of volleyball, and Mülkiye Mektebi in Ankara (Political Sciences Faculty) was the leading college in between 1924- 1944. When interclub league games started after 1944, the number of the volleyball players increased yet andthe regional championships were started to be organized in various cities. These regional championships were followed by Turkish Men’s Volleyball Championship in 1949. Vefa Volleyball Team in Istanbul won this first offical but not professional national championship. The first connection of Turkish Volleyball with foreign teams was a the friendly game played with the volleyball players in the Basketball Team of Greece, who came to Turkey in 1946. In the time period in between 1919-1946, which can be considered as the starting period of volleyball in Turkey, Turkish Volleyball remained above the developments in the wold and thus it was well behind the World volleybll. Besides, in those years basketball, handball and volleyball in Turkey were governed altogether by Sports Games Federation

131 (established in 1934) and this federation could not be adequately efficient in volleyball due to this multiplex responsibility. In 1952, Ayhan Demir, who made great contributions to Turkish Volleyball not only as a volleball player or as a coach but also as a manager, took basketball and volleyball teams consisting of university students to Cairo at the invitation of Egypt. In this visit, Turkish volleyball players got dissapointed when they realized from foreign referees and players that the rules that were applied in Turkey were long since changed, and the positionings and techniques in Turkish volleball did not fit to the international applications. This international experience in 1952 was the sparking that enabled the extrovert structure of Turkish volleyball as these players shared their experiences and thoughts with Sports Games Federation when they returned home. For them the lack of playing international games and unfollowing the internaional rules were the main reasons of this backwardness. In 1953 a game was organized with Yugoslavia in Istanbul. A national team was selected and trained in the light of the new information obtained in Egypt. The result of this game was a disappointment, and the authorities in the Sports Games Federation saw the situation of the Turkish national team over against the continiously developing world volleyball with their own eyes and they brought a coach from Yugoslavia to train Turkish players and coaches. The name of the coach was Danila Pojar; he watched the games in Turkey, opened courses, and provided necessary information to train our teams with modern training methods. Despite these efforts, the result in the second game played against Yogoslavia in Belgrade in 1954 and the volleyball Turkish team played showed that volleyball in Turkey was still left behind in the world.

Figure 2: Volleyball men’s national team (1954, Belgrade - From left to right: (C), Ayhan Demir, Orhan Bilgin, Şakir Erman, Mahir Aras, Semih Aygıt, Burhan Yamanoğlu, Ali Rıza Olcayto, Cihat Özgenel, Erdoğan Teziç, Lui Şalabi, Valentin Holyafkim)

In 1956, Turkey participated in the World Men’s Championship in Paris. Turkey was left in the classman group after being defeated by Soviets with a score of 3-0, by Korea with 3-2 (despite leading 2-0), and beating Austria and Luxemburg with a score of 3-0, and being defeated by India with the score of 3-0, Turkey ranked twenty-second in the world order.

132

In 1957, a very big tournament called“Fatih Coup” was organized in Istanbul.Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Turkey participated in this tournament. Turkish team was trained by Jiri Kobrle, a famous coach from Czechoslovakia. Turkey defeated only Iran, and could not win any sets from other teams, but Turkey played in the level of leading developed counties in volleyball in the world after then. The audience and young players on the tribunes had the opportunity of seeing the characteristics of "strength volleyball", from the world’s top level players. After this date, the importance given to volleyball in sports communty iincreased in Turkey. With the establishment of The Turkish Volleyball Federation (TVF) in 1958 volleyball started to be considered important by senior administrators and wass expected to have a breakthrough.

Turkısh Volleyball Federatıon

Vahit Çolakoğlu was the first president of the turkish Volleball Federation (1958-1968).Mustafa Mut (1968-1971), Haluk Aykulu (1971-1977), Naci Bayamlıoğlu (1977-1978, 1991-1992, 1993-1996), Özcan Mutlugil (1978- 1979), Teoman Yazgan (1988-1991), Hüsnü Can (1992-1993, 2000-2006), Ahmet Gülüm (1996-2000), Erol Ünal Karabıyık (2006-2012), Özkan Mutlugil (2012-2016) were the other past presidents of the federastion. respectively. M. Akif Üstündağ (2016-still active) is the current president of the federation. Turkish Volleyball Federation is the institution that runs the volleyball activities officially in Turkey and its headquarter is in Ankara. The federastion is the official member of the FIVB, CEV and Balkan Volleyball Association (BVA). Until today, the Federation has been continuing its activities with its professional staff and various commissions.One of its most important duties is to spread volleyball all over the country. Besides, it mainly pays attention to the establishment and organization of national teams and clubs, training programs for the coaches and referees, regulation and international affairs. The TVF gained its autonomous structure in 2004. It started to build attractrive volleyball facilities since 2007, and established Başkent Volleyball Campus, Ankara in 2010, TVF Burhan Felek Volleyball Hal, İstanbul in 2011, TVF Atatürk Volleyball Hall, Izmir in 2012, and TVF Cengiz Göllü Volleyball Hall, Bursa in 2013. Besides these volleyball halls TVF has been accepted as the first federation which has the biggest breakthrough with the establishment of Volleyball High School and dormitory (Ankara), beach volleyball courts (open and closed), fitness halls, Volley Hotels, and federation offices.

133 Turkısh natıonal teams

Turkish national teams represent Turkey both in official and private international competitions in various categories: Women’s senior, below the age of 23 (U23), below the age of 20 (U20), below the age of 18 (U18) and below the age of 16 (U16); and in men’s senior, below the age of 23 (U23), below the age of 21 (U21), below the age of 19 (U19), and below the age of 17 (U17). As mentioned before, Turkey participated its first international official tournament, FIVB Men’s World Volleyball Championship, in volleyball in 1956 in Paris with the Men’s National Team. Women’s first international competition was in 1957 in International Istanbul Tournament, and women’s team also participated in European Volleyball Championship in Romania in 1963 as its first official championship.

Figure 3: The first national men’s team - From left to right, Standing: Aleksandre Holyafkim, Marsel Şalabi, Ayhan Demir, Sacit Seldüz, Saman Bergerden, Sinan Erdem, Lui Şalabi. Sitting: Vahit Çolakoğlu, Muammer Pamuk, Haluk Kanbay (Coach), Faik Gökay (President of the Sports Games Federation), Tevfik Artun (Referee). Front: Ziya Kayacan, Gültekin Gürel, Selçuk Atamer, Valentin Holyafkim, Yiğit Ayaşlıoğlu.

The achievements of women’s and men’s national teams in FIVB World Championship are given in Table 1. After ranking in the second place of U18 Women’s National Team in 2007 in Mexico, ranking the first of the U18 Team in 2011 and U23 Women’s Team in 2017 are among the best achievements of the Turkish Volleyball history in the World Championships. The best achievements of the women’s national teams in World Championships are the 6th degree in senior, and 5th degree in U20 category. The best achievements of the men’s teams were 15th degree in senior, 2nd degree in U23, 6th degree in U21 and 9th degree in U19.

134

Figure 4: U23 Women’s Team, 2017 FIVB World Champion, Head Coach: Ataman Güneyligil, Players; Çağla Akın (C), Hande Baladin, Aslı Kalaç, Ebrar Karakurt, Saliha Şahin, Nursevil Aydınlar, Beyza Arıcı, Tuğba Şenoğlu, Ezgi Dilik, Ayça Aykaç, Bihter Dumanoğlu, Zehra Güneş.

As it is known, World Championships are considered as the most prestigious organizations after Olympics. For this reason, individual performances of the athletes have gained the same importance with the achievements of the teams in the World Championships. is the only Turkish volleyball player who won the title of “The Best Scorer” in the World Championships for two successive years. she had the best scores with 225 hits in 2006 World Championship, and with 251 hits in 2010 World Championship. Neslihan Demir was also selected as one of the world’s -famous players who came to the forefront with their successes among 19 countries by FIVB, and is the only Turkish volleyball player with the title “the Hero of the FIVB”.

Figure 5: Turkish player Neslihan Demir (Güler), the hero of the FIVB.

135 Table1: Turkish national teams in FIVB World Championships and their achievements.

Gender Category Year Place Ranking Head Coach 2006 JPN 10 Reşat Yazıcıoğulları Senior 2010 JPN 6 Mehmet Nuri Bedestenlioğlu 2014 ITA 10 Massimo Barbolini 2013 MEX 5 Mehmet Nuri Bedestenlioğlu U23 2015 TUR 2 Ferhat Akbaş 2017 SLO 1 Ataman Güneyligil 1999 CAN 15 Adnan Kıstak 2001 DOM 8 Adnan Kıstak 2003 THA 12 Adnan Kıstak 2005 TUR 6 Adnan Kıstak U20 2009 MEX 7 Mehmet Nuri Bedestenlioğlu Women 2013 CZE 5 Gökhan Edman 2015 PUR 10 Hasan Çelik 2017 MEX 4 Mustafa Suphi Doğancı 1993 SVK 6 Mete Döğüşçü 1999 POR 15 Adnan Kıstak 2007 MEX 2 Mehmet Nuri Bedestenlioğlu 2009 THA 4 İsmail Yergin U18 2011 TUR 1 Şahin Çatma 2013 THA 9 Mehmet Nuri Bedestenlioğlu 2015 PER 4 Mehmet Nuri Bedestenlioğlu 2017 ARG 4 Şahin Çatma 1956 FRA 22 - Senior 1966 CZE 15 Nikola Murafa 1998 JPN 17 Nedim Özbey 2015 ARE 2 Emanuele Zanini U23 2017 EGY 9 Reşat Arığ 2013 TUR 6 Ümit Hızal Men U21 2015 MEX 6 Barış Özdemir 2017 CZE 9 Ali Kazım Hidayetoğlu 1993 TUR 11 Oktay Orkunoğlu 2013 MEX 15 Ümit Hızal U19 2015 ARG 9 Salih Erdoğan Tavacı 2017 BHR 11 Ümit Hızal

136 Turkish national teams’ participation in European Championships started in 1958 in men’s and in 1963 in women’s. The achievements of national teams are shown in the Table 2 and Table 3. In these results, it can be clearly seen that the men’s youth national team has a stable place in the rankings in recent years.

Figure 6: The National Young Girls Team, champion in 1977 European Championship Qualifications. From left tothe right, standing: Violet Kostende, Arzu Bağdatlıoğlu, Cengiz Göllü (Coach), Deniz Dosdoğru, Selcan Teoman. Front: Yasemin Varış, Gülnaz Ensü, Meral Babalı (Kalafatoğlu), Hülya Babalı (Erçin), Dilek Erülker.

The Turkish women’s senior team participated to the European Championships thirteen times, and, the national team, coached by Reşat Yazıcıoğulları and Deniz Esinduy, played in the final of the championship in Ankara in 2003. This was the best ranking received in Turkish volleyball history until that date. After this achievement, the women’s volleyball national team was called “Sultans of the Net”. The championship of the Youth Team in 2011, and the championship of the Young Team in 2012 are the first championships received in the base category.

137 Table 2: Men’s national teams in CEV European Championships and their achievements

Category Year Place Ranking Head Coach 1958 CZE 12 Nikolay Sotis 1963 ROU 11 Ender Kurt* 1967 TUR 14 Ender Kurt* 2007 RUS 15 Işık Menküer Senior 2009 TUR 13 Fausto Polidori 2011 AUT 11 Veljko Basic 2013 DAN/POL 14 Veljko Basic 2015 BUL/ITA 21 Emanuele Zanini 2017 POL 11 Josko Milenkoski 1969 RUS 16 Değer Eraybar* 1973 NED 14 Mehmet Bengü* 1977 FRA 10 Mehmet Bengü 1984 FRA 11 Sedat Çerkezler 1990 GER 11 Oktay Orkunoğlu 1992 POL 10 Semih Oktay Junior 1994 TUR 4 Oktay Orkunoğlu 2008 CZE 11 Ali Kazım Hidayetoğlu 2010 BLR 12 Ali Kazım Hidayetoğlu 2012 POL 4 Ali Kazım Hidayetoğlu 2014 CZE/SVK 7 Ümit Hızal 2016 BUL 4 Mehmet Nuri Bedestenlioğlu 2007 AUT 9 Ali Kazım Hidayetoğlu 2011 TUR 8 Veljko Basic Youth 2013 BIH/SRB 5 Ali Kazım Hidayetoğlu 2015 TUR 3 Salih Erdoğan Tavacı 2017 HUN/SVK 3 Ümit Hızal *Records or documents were not reached. It has been identified according to the declaration of former volleyball players and officials

138 Table 3: Women’s national teams in CEV European Championships and their achievements

Category Year Place Ranking Head Coach 1963 ROU 10 Cengiz Göllü* 1967 TUR 12 Cengiz Göllü* 1981 BUL 12 Cengiz Göllü* 1989 GER 11 Cengiz Göllü* 1995 NED 12 Cengiz Göllü* 2003 TUR 2 Reşat Yazıcıoğulları Senior 2005 CRO 6 Reşat Yazıcıoğulları 2007 BEL/LUX 10 Alessandro Chiappini 2009 POL 5 Alessandro Chiappini 2011 SRB 3 Marco Aurelio Motta 2013 GER/SUI 7 Massimo Barbolini 2015 BEL/NED 4 Ferhat Akbaş 2017 AZE/GEO 3 1982 GER 11 Cengiz Göllü* 1988 ITA 12 Cengiz Göllü* 1990 AUT 7 Mete Döğüşçü* 1992 GRE 9 Adnan Kıstak* 1994 HUN 10 Altan Gökçay* 1996 TUR 11 Altan Gökçay* 1998 BEL 9 Faik Karayev* 2000 SUI 8 Adnan Kıstak Junior 2002 CRO 5 Adnan Kıstak 2004 SVK 6 Adnan Kıstak 2006 FRA 5 Adnan Kıstak 2008 ITA 3 Mehmet Nuri Bedestenlioğlu 2010 SRB 5 İsmail Yergin 2012 TUR 1 Gökhan Edman 2014 EST/FIN 3 Mustafa Suphi Doğancı 2016 SVK/HUN 3 Onur Çarıkçı 2005 EST/FIN 10 Adnan Kıstak 2007 CZE 6 Gökhan Edman 2009 NED 5 İsmail Yengil Youth 2011 TUR 1 Marco Aurelio Motta 2013 MNE/SRB 3 Şahin Çatma 2015 BUL 4 Mehmet Nuri Bedestenlioğlu 2017 NED 11 Onur Çarıkçı *Records or documents were not reached. It has been identified according to the declaration of former volleyball players and officials

139

Figure 7: The Youth Team, 2011 CEV European Champion. Head coach: Marco Aurelio Motta. Players; Damla Çakıroğlu (C), Çağla Akın, Kübra Akman, Şeyma Ercan, Ceylan Arısan, Buket Yılmaz, Aslı Kalaç, Ece Hocaoğlu, Kübra Kegan, Ecem Alıcı, Dilara Bağcı, Ceyda Aktaş.

Turkish National Teams’ participation and their achievements in the European League Competitions held by the European Volleyball Confederation starting from 2004 in men, and starting from 2009 in women are given in Table 4, women’s national team became the champion in 2014 and the men’s team ranked the second in 2012 in European League, which are the best achievements of these teams.

Table 4: Turkish national teams in CEV European League and their achievements

Gender Year Place Ranking Head Coach 2009 TUR 2 Mehmet Nuri Bedestenlioğlu 2010 TUR 3 Alessandro Chiappini 2011 TUR 2 Marco Aurelio Motta Women 2013 BUL 6 Mehmet Nuri Bedestenlioğlu 2014 TUR 1 Ferhat Akbaş 2015 HUN 2 İsmail Yengin 2005 RUS 4 Nedim Özbey 2006 TUR 4 Işık Menküer 2008 TUR 3 Fausto Polidari 2010 ESP 3 Veljko Basic Men 2012 TUR 2 Veljko Basic 2013 TUR 4 Veljko Basic 2014 MNE 7 Salih Erdoğan Tavacı 2015 POL 6 Emanuele Zanini

140 While the men’s team did not participate in the Olympic Games, the women’s team became the champion in Olympic European Continental Qualification for the first time in May 1-6, 2012 in Ankara, and had got the right to participate in the olympic games. In 2012 London Olympic Games Turkey ranked 5th in the group and, could not stay within the first 8 teams with a slight difference after 2 wins and 3 defeats. The National Team completed the 2012 Olympic Games in the 9th place.

Figure 8: Turkish women’s team in the 2012 Olympic Games: Back row from left to right: Bülent Güneş (Asistant coach), Yunus Öçal (Statistician), İbrahim Yanmış (Doctor), Alper Erdoğuş (Asistant Coach), Players: , Neslihan Darnel, Polen Uslupehlivan, Marco Aurelio Motta (Head Coach), Bahar Toksoy, Büşra Kılıçlı, Eda Erdem Dündar, Mesut Salami (Physiotherapist), Emre Karagöz (Statistician), Selcan Çağlar (Menager). Front row from left to rigth: Gülden Kayalar, Esra Gümüş (C), Neriman Özsoy, Gözde Sonsırma, Özge Kırdar Çemberci, Gizem Güreşen, Sibel Kahyalıoğlu (Masseuse).

Beach Volleyball and

Women’s and men’s Turkish beach volleyball teams consisted in senior: Below the age of 22, below the age of 20 and below the age of 18 categories. Snow Volleyball was included in the official calendar of the CEV and TVF in 2017. Turkish Beach Volleyball League organization, which was held for the first time in 2009, is an important volleyball project in the world, and is continuing today for the purpose of developing and spreading beach volleyball. This league is organized in winter months, and is performed in closed and open beach volleyball courts. Beach volleyball players are expected to gain experience in this national league to show high performance in international leagues which are organized in summer months. Turkey’s first achievements in beach volleball was the 2nd place in the FIVB Challenger Tournament

141 in 2010, with the 2nd and 3rd places in CEV Satellite Tournament with 1st place in Beach Volleyball European Continental Qualification Competitions in the rankings. Today, Men’s National Team consisting of Giginoglu Murat/Urlu Safa ranks 85th, and the Women’s National Team consisting of Nezir Merve/Cetin Esra Betul ranks 114th in CEV Beach Volleyball ranking,

Volleyball Leagues in Turkey

Today in the leagues of Turkey, women’s and men’s categories compete in the Volleyball Super League, 1st and 2nd Leagues, UniLig (Universities League); and girls and boys teams in the base categories compete in young, youth, mini voleyball. The champion teams of 1970-1971 season in men’s and 1984-1985 season in women’s championships are given in Figure 1. The first Champion in men’s teams was Galatasaray, and the first champion women’s team was Eczacıbaşı. Throughout the history Eczacıbaşı is the club that has won most championships both in women and men’s leagues. Vakıfbank women’s team in and Halkbank men’s team have had their places in the history of Turkish volleyball with 8 Championships each.

Winner of Turkish National Championships

Women's Men's

16 12 8 8 5 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1

IETT Arkas IBBSK Netaş Netaş Arçelik Erdemir Halkbank Boronkay Vakıfbank Eczacıbaşı Fenerbahçe Galatasaray Güneş Sigorta Güneş MuhafızGücü Emlak BankasıEmlak

Figure 1: Championship numbers of volleyball clubs in the Turkish National Leauge

142 Every year, Turkey is represented with club teams in Champions League, CEV Cup, and Challenge Cup in Europe. The achievements of Turkish clubs in women (Table 5) and in men teams (Table 6) are given below. The first international achievements of Turkish volleyball clubs were in 1967 by Galatasaray Men’s Team (4th in Champion Clubs) and in 1980 by Eczacıbaşı Women’s team (2nd in Champion Clubs). The first international cup was brought by Eczacıbaşı in women’s in 1999 and by Arkas in men’s in 2009. Eczacıbaşı won the CEV Cup, which was named as European Cup Winners Cup in these years, and Arkas won the CEV Challenge Cup in 2009.

143 Table 5. International achievements of the women club teams.

Coach Year Year Team Team Ranking Ranking Category Category Head Head Coach

Champ Champion Cengiz Giovanni 1980 2 2013 ions 1 Clubs Göllü Guidetti

İstanbul League Vakıfbank Vakıfbank Eczacıbaşı

Mehmet CEV Mehmet 1988 CEV Cup Bedestenlio 3 2013 2 SK Cup Kamil Söz ğlu Emlakbank Fenerbahçe Fenerbahçe

Clubs Andrzej World Giovanni 1991 CEV Cup 3 2013 1 Niemczyk Champ Guidetti İstanbul

Vakıfbank Vakıfbank ionship

Deniz Bank Andrzej Giovanni 1992 CEV Cup 3 2014 Champ 2 Niemczyk Guidetti

İstanbul ions Vakıfbank Vakıfbank League

Marcello Cengiz CEV 1993 CEV Cup 2 2014 Abbondan 1 Göllü SK Cup za Eczacıbaşı Fenerbahçe Fenerbahçe

Challe Vladimir Adnan 1996 CEV Cup 2 2014 nge 2 Buzayev Kıstak Cup Beşiktaş Emlakbank

Mehmet Champ Giovanni 1997 CEV Cup Bedestenlio 3 2015 ions 1 Caprara

ğlu VITRA League Eczacıbaşı Eczacıbaşı Galatasaray

144

Champ Champion Faig Giovanni 1998 2 2015 ions 3 Clubs Gareyev Guidetti League Vakıfbank Vakıfbank

CEV Champion Andrzej Volley Massimo 1999 2 2015 3 Clubs Niemczyk ball Barbolini Daikin

Vakıfbank Cup Galatasaray Galatasaray

CEV Volley Cup Gökhan ball Emin 1999 1 2015 1 Winners Edman Challe İmen

Eczacıbaşı nge Bursa BBSK Bursa Cup

Clubs Champion Gökhan World Giovanni 2000 3 2015 1 Clubs Edman Champ Caprara

Eczacıbaşı Eczacıbaşı ionship

Champ Cup Deniz Giovanni 2000 3 2016 ions 2

Enka Winners Esinduy Guidetti League Vakıfbank

Champ Marcello Vladimir 2000 CEV Cup 3 2016 ions Abbondan 3 Buzayev Güneş Güneş Sigorta

Grundig League za Fenerbahçe Fenerbahçe

CEV Ataman Top Teams Vladimir Volley 2004 1 2016 GüneyLea 2 Cup Buzayev ball Güneş Güneş Daikin Sigorta guel Cup Galatasaray Galatasaray

CEV Volley Marco Gökhan Top Teams ball 2005 Aulerio 3 2016 Rahman 2 Cup Challe

Motta Trabzon Çokşen

Eczacıbaşı nge İdman Ocağı İdman Cup

145

Clubs Claudio Challenge World Massimo 2008 Lopes 1 2016 1 Cup Champ Barbolini Güneş Güneş Sigorta Pinheiro

Eczacıbaşı ionship

Clubs Jan De World Giovanni 2009 CEV Cup 3 2016 3 Brant Champ Guidetti Acıbadem Vakıfbank ionship Fenerbahçe Fenerbahçe

GM Capital Gökhan BVA Üzeyir 2010 Challenge 3 2016 1

Edman BSK Cup Durak Cup Çanakkale Çanakkale Galatasaray

Champ Champions Jan De Giovanni 2010 2 2017 ions 1 League Brant Guidetti League Acıbadem Vakıfbank Fenerbahçe Fenerbahçe

Clubs Champ World Jan De Massimo 2010 1 2017 ions 3 Champions Brant Barbolini League Acıbadem hip Eczacıbaşı Fenerbahçe Fenerbahçe

Jose CEV Ataman Champions Roberto Volley 2011 3 2017 GüneyLea 3 League Lages ball guel

Acıbadem Guimaraes Cup Fenerbahçe Fenerbahçe Galatasaray

Clubs Champions Giovanni World Giovanni 2011 1 2017 1 League Guidetti Champ Guidetti Güneş Güneş Sigorta

Vakıfbank Vakıfbank Vakıfbank ionship

Clubs Clubs World Giovanni World Massimo 2011 2 2017 3 Champions Guidetti Champ Barbolini Güneş Güneş Sigorta Vakıfbank Vakıfbank hip Eczacıbaşı ionship

146 CEV Volley Champions ball Jan De 2012 Z.Roberto 1 2017 1 League Challe Brandt

Universal nge Fenerbahçe Fenerbahçe Bursa BBSK Bursa Cup

CEV Çanak Dragan BVA Üzeyir 2012 Volleyball 2 2017 kale 2 Nesic Cup Durak Cup BSK Galatasaray

Clubs World 2012 Z.Roberto 3 Champions

Universal hip Fenerbahçe Fenerbahçe

147 Table 6. International achievements of the men club teams.

Year Team Category Head Coach Ranking 1980 Eczacıbaşı Champion Clubs Kosta Shapov 3 Gennady 1997 Netaş CEV Cup 2 Parsins 2007 Halkbank CEV Cup Salih Yergin 3 Fernando GM Capital 2009 Arkas Munoz 1 Challenge Cup Benitez GM Capital 2011 Arkas Glen Hoag 2 Challenge Cup Veselin 2013 Halkbank CEV Cup 1 Vukovic Maliye National Josko 2013 CEV Cup 3 Piyango Milenkoski DenizBank Radostin 2014 Halkbank 2 Champions League Stoytchev Fenerbahçe Daniel Jorge 2014 Challenge Cup 1 Grundig Castellani 2014 İstanbul BBSK Challenge Cup Nedim Özbey 3 2016 Galatasaray HDI BVA Cup Nedim Özbey 1 CEV Volleyball 2017 Fenerbahçe SK Veljko Basic 3 Cup CEV Volleyball 2017 Galatasaray HDI Nedim Özbey 3 Challenge Cup İnegöl Belediye Levent 2017 BVA Cup 1 Spor Zoroğlu

Correspondence: Barbaros Çelenk, [email protected] Sinem Hazır Aytar, [email protected] Gıyasettin Demirhan, [email protected]

148 REFERENCES

Ali Özarboy, “Topla Oynamanın Yeni Kurallara Göre Değerlendirilmesi” H.Ü.S.B.T.Y.O., Voleybol Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, Sayı: 4, Ankara, 1995, s. 15.

Berthold Fröhner, “Voleybolun 100 Yılı”, H.Ü.S.B.T.Y.O., Voleybol Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, Sayı: 7, Ankara, 1996, s. 6

F.I.V.B., “Resmi Voleybol Kurallarındaki Değişiklikler”, H.Ü.S.B.T.Y.O., Voleybol Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, Sayı: 18, Ankara, 1998, s . 3.

Mehmet Bengü, “Adam Voleybol”, Adam Yayıncılık ve Matbaacılık A.Ş, İstanbul 1983, s. 11.

Süper Voleybol, “Dünden Bugüne Voleybol”, sayı.2, Voleybol Vakfı, Mısırlı Matbaacılık, İstanbul 1998, s. 93.

Süper Voleybol, “Dünden Bugüne Voleybol”, sayı.3, Voleybol Vakfı, Mısırlı Matbaacılık, İstanbul 1998, s. 90.

Süper Voleybol, “Dünden Bugüne Voleybol”, sayı.5, Voleybol Vakfı, Mısırlı Matbaacılık, İstanbul 1998, s. 90.

Süper Voleybol, “Dünden Bugüne Volleyball”, sayı.1, Voleybol Vakfı, Mısırlı Matbaacılık, İstanbul 1998, s. 93.

Süper Voleybol.: “Dünden Bugüne Voleybol”, sayı.4. Voleybol Vakfı, Mısırlı Matbaacılık, İstanbul, 1998.s. 93.

Wikipedia, Vala Somalı, Voleybolun 102 Yılı, TVF yayını http://www.tuik.gov.tr/HbPrint.do?id=21508 www.tvf.org.tr www.cev.lu www.fivb.org

149 UKRAINE

BEGINNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF VOLLEYBALL IN UKRAINE

Ivashchenko Sergii, National University of Physical Education and Sport of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine

Volleyball in Ukraine is considered a very popular sport. It is known that systematic employment of this kind of sport contributes to the development of many physical qualities: the strength of the arms and muscles of the shoulder girdle, jumping, quick reaction, coordination of movements, ability to orientate in space and time. After the description of volleyball by pastor William Morgan in 1895, this kind of sports game began to acquire amazing popularity in many countries of the world, including in the territory of present-day Ukraine. Over time, the rules of the game of volleyball improved, held an international competition in volleyball. In 1947 the International Volleyball Federation was established, and in 1964 it was included in the program of the Olympic Games. At that time when Ukraine was a part of the USSR, it was actively cultivated in many regional centers (Kharkov, Kiev, Odessa and others). In the 1926 the first inter-city meeting was held between volleyball players from Kharkov and Moscow. After that, volleyball became a mass sport throughout the territory of present-day Ukraine. The national complex of physical culture, one of whose tasks was to improve the general physical training of the population, included elements of volleyball. Thanks to this, most of the young people had a higher level of skill in the field of volleyball. Volleyball became a full-fledged independent sports game. It was included in the programs of many major contests. All-Ukrainian volleyball section was created, volleyball championships were held regularly (including international ones). The Ukrainian team debuted in the international arena in the fall of 1992 in the qualifying tournament of the European Championship under the leadership of the well-known coach Vladimir Buzaev, one of the founders and the permanent coach of the volleyball team from Zaporozhye "Orbita". In 1993, Ukrainian volleyball players scored 8 wins from 8 meetings at the international championship held in the Czech city of Brno. At the same time, they defeated the Russian national team with a score of 3: 0, and then won 4 more wins and took first place in the group.

150

Figure 1. Members of the woman's volleyball team of Ukraine.

Thanks to the successful performance at the championship of the continent, the Ukrainian team became a participant of the 1994 World Cup in Brazil. A new victory over the Italian team allowed the team of Vladimir Buzaev to go to the 1/8 finals, but after the meeting with Japan (0: 3), Ukrainians were forced to stop fighting for high places. In the early 1990s, Vladimir Buzaev also headed the Ukrainian youth team, which in 1993 became the silver medalist of the World Cup in Brazil. Since 1995, the national team of Ukraine is headed by the former coach of the Lugansk volleyball team Iskra Gary Yeghiazarov. His name is associated with the performance of the Ukrainian national team at the Olympic Games in Atlanta in 1996. In 1997, in connection with the transfer of coach Egiazarov to the Italian volleyball team "Ravenna", the coach of the national team of Ukraine is Igor Filishtinsky from Odessa. Under his leadership, the team took 7th place at the European Championships, but could not pass either to the 1998 World Cup or to the next European Championship. In 2001 Gary Yeghiazarov returned to the post of head coach of the Ukrainian national volleyball team and at the European Championships, which took place in Bulgaria, she took fourth place. Irina Zhukova was recognized at this championship as the best binder, which was also known for her successful performances in several Italian clubs. At the same time, other members of the Ukrainian national team also successfully performed in strong foreign teams (from Italy, France, Poland, Bulgaria, Austria and Spain). Since 2001, the youth and youth teams of Ukraine throughout the next decade have achieved high results in international competitions.

151

Figure 2. Before the start of the match.

In the period from 2003 to 2009, Igor Filishtinsky, Alexander Gutor and Sergei Golotov worked as head coach of the Ukrainian volleyball team. It is during this period of time that many talented athletes move to the teams of other countries and thus change their so-called "sports citizenship". Among them were Natalia Skazka (Mamedova), Lydia Maksimenko, Polina Ragimova (Petrashko), Natalia Goncharova (Obmochaeva), Anna Makarova (Tsokur), Olesya Safronova, Olga Kubasevich (Drobyshevskaya), Julia Volyvach and Veronika Gudyma. This served to the fact that in May 2009 the Ukrainian team failed in the qualifying tournament of the World Championship, losing to Belarus, Azerbaijan and . However, a year later a new Ukrainian team, consisting mainly of the most promising young players of the championship of Ukraine, was completely ready for the fight in the qualification of Euro 2011. Having defeated the teams of Israel, Slovakia and Great Britain, Ukrainians after 8 years of forced expectation won a ticket to the final tournament of the European Championship in Serbia and Italy. The basis of the team preparing to participate in Euro-2011 was mostly players from the “Severodonchanka” team, which was the bronze medalist of the Ukrainian championship in those years. The only legionary in the team was Marina Marchenko. The function of the team captain was performed by the liaison Irina Komissarova (at that time she wore the name Puhalskaya).

152

Figure 3. The decisive moment in the game.

At the group stage of the championship, which was held in Belgrade, the team of Ukrainians, unfortunately, suffered three defeats from the national teams of Germany, Serbia and France, as a result of which it was unable to reach the playoff stage of this competition. At the qualifying tournament of the European Championship 2013 the national team of Ukraine started under the guidance of the new head coach - Andrei Romanovich, who had previously been the coach of the team "Galichanka". During the qualification for Euro 2015, the Ukrainian national volleyball team played in the absence of Marina Marchenko and Olesya Rykhliuk, who were considered to be the most effective players on the court. Therefore, based on the results of the matches, volleyball players of the Ukrainian national team could not get the right to participate in the final tournament of the European Championship. In the qualifying tournament for the Euro-2017 championship, the Ukrainian national volleyball team won four victories over the teams of Austria and Latvia in the second round, but twice lost to the Italian team. Entering the second place in the group, the team from Ukraine again became a participant in the playoff stage, and this time got a ticket to the final stage of the continental championship. In the same year 2017 the Ukrainian team took part in the Euroleague for the first time and immediately won the title of the champion. In the group stage, the Ukrainians defeated the teams from France, Montenegro and Georgia twice, exchanged victories with the team from Spain in the semifinals, and defeated the Finnish team in the decisive matches in Helsinki and Ivano- Frankovsk. The most valuable contribution to these victories was made by Anna Stepaniuc.

153

Figure 4. The wisdom of coaches always helps.

Here are the main results of the performances of the national team of Ukraine in recent years: Olympic Games • 1996 - 11th place. (Composition: Natalia Bozhenova, Julia Bueva, Tatiana Ivanyushkina, Olga Kolomiets, Alla Kravets, Elena Krivonosova, Vita Mateschuk, Regina Miloserdova, Olga Pavlova, Maria Polyakova, Elena Sidorenko, Alexandra Fomina). • 2000 - qualifying tournament CEV, 5th place in the group. • 2008 - qualifying tournament CEV, prequalification round, 2nd place in the group. • 2012 - qualifying tournament CEV, prequalification round, defeat in the semifinals.

World Volleyball Championship • 1994 – 9th place. • 1998 - qualifying tournament, 2nd place in the group. • 2002 - qualifying tournament, 2nd place in the group. • 2006 - qualifying tournament, 3rd round, 3rd place in the group. • 2010 - qualifying tournament, 2nd round, 4th place in the group. • 2014 - qualifying tournament, 3rd round, 3rd place in the group. • 2018 - qualifying tournament, 2nd round, 3rd place in the group.

154 European Championships • 1993 - 3rd place. (Composition: Julia Volyvach, Elena Voronkina, Marina Dubinina, Tatiana Ilyina, Anna Kalashnikova, Olga Kolomiets, Alla Kravets, Vita Mateschuk, Maria Polyakova, Irina Pukhalskaya, Svetlana Sulim, Lyudmila Trotsyuk.) • 1995 – 7th place. • 1997 - 7th place. • 1999 - qualifying tournament, Division A, 5th place in the group. • 2001 – 4th place. (Composition: Natalia Bozhenova, Tatiana Voronina, Elena Ena, Tatiana Ivanyushkina, Irina Zhukova, Alla Kravets, Marina Martsnyuk, Regina Miloserdova, Maria Polyakova, Elena Sidorenko, Irina Shvachka, Yulia Shelukhina.) • 2003 - 9th place. • 2005 - Qualifying tournament, Division A, 3rd place in the group. • 2007 - qualifying tournament, defeat in the playoffs. • 2009 - qualifying tournament, defeat in the playoffs. • 2011 - 15th place. (Composition: Anna Burbeluk, Svetlana Galkina, Marina Degtyareva, Anna Dovgopolyuk, Nadezhda Kodola, Irina Komissarova, Svetlana Lidyaeva, Anna Lizenkova, Tatyana Litvinovskaya, Marina Marchenko, Irina Molodtsova, Natalya Chernetska) • 2013 - qualifying tournament, defeat in the playoffs. • 2015 - qualifying tournament, defeat in the playoffs. • 2017 - 13th place.

European League • 2017 – 1st place (Composition: Julia Gerasimova, Marina Degtyareva, Karina Denisova, Svetlana Dorsman, Diana Karpets, Nadezhda Kodola, Kristina Nemtseva, Elena Novgorodochenko, Anna Stepaniuc, Alina Stepanchuk, Irina Trushkina, Anastasia Chernukha, Tatyana Yatskiva).

155

Figure 5. It's nice to get the expected result.

The composition of the national team of Ukraine at the European Championship-2017. Current composition. Central blocking: number in the team -3, Irina Trushkina, year of birth - 1986, body height – 188 centimeters; number in the team – 7, Inna Molodtsova, year of birth -1986, body height – 186 centimeters; number in the team – 9, Julia Gerasimova, year of birth -1989, body height – 185 centimeters; number in the team – 17, Svetlana Dorsman, year of birth - 1993, body height – 184 centimeters. Binders: number in the team – 13, Elena Novgorodchenko, year of birth – 1988, body height - 180 centimeters; number in the team – 18, Alexandra Peretyatko, year of birth – 1984, body height - 182 centimeters. Forwards: number in the team – 4, Tatyana Kozlova, year of birth – 1984, body height - 185 centimeters; number in the team – 5, Karina Denisova, year of birth – 1997, body height - 184 centimeters; number in the team – 8, Anastasia Chernukha, year of birth – 1995, body height - 193 centimeters; number in the team – 10, Anna Kyrychenko, year of birth – 1991, body height - 187 centimeters;

156 number in the team – 11, Anna Stepanyuk, year of birth – 1992, body height - 180 centimeters; number in the team – 16, Nadezhda Kodola, year of birth – 1988, body height - 184 centimeters. Backup players: number in the team – 6, Victoria Delros, year of birth – 1993, body height - 172 centimeters; number in the team – 12, Alina Stepanchuk, year of birth – 1991, body height - 175 centimeters. The head coach - Gary Yegiazarov. Coaches - Dmitry Filishtinsky and Vladimir Podkopayev.

Nowadays in many Ukrainian cities there are successfully functioning multiple volleyball sections, where young amateurs of this sport improve their skills. Undoubtedly, among their number will be formed in the future a galaxy of promising athletes who, having reached the highest level of sportsmanship, will become part of the national team of the country and will defend the sporting honor of Ukraine in the world arena in responsible competitions in volleyball.Thus, volleyball in Ukraine continues to develop and win the sympathy of millions of spectators

157 REFERENCES

Bisseling R. (2014) Aspects of developing some kinds of sports. Volleyball. Effective education, 2014, № 4, p.26 – 49. Boreham C.A. Physical Activity and Health across the Lifespan. Perspectives on Health and Exercise / C.A. Boreham, C.J. Riddoch. – 2000. – 248 p. Brill P. Muscular strength and physical function in volleyball / P. Brill // Med. Sci. Sports and Exer. – 2000. – № 32. – P. 126 – 134. Corbin S.V. Physical activity for everyone: What every physical educator should know about promoting lifelong physical activity / C.B. Corbin // J. Teach. in Phys. Education. – 2002. – № 21. – P. 128 – 144. Lindemann U. A review of the assessment of basic motor qualifications in volleyball. – International Journal of Physical Education, 48(2), 29 – 41. Ludovici – Connolly A.M. Winning Health Promotion Strategies / A.M. Ludovici – Connolly. – Human Kinetics, 2009. – 180 p. Morcus B.H. Motivating People to Be Physically Active (Volleyball) / B.H. Marcus, L.A. Forsyth. – [2th ed.]. – Human Kinetics, 2009. – 182 p. Physical activity and health in Europe: Evidence for action / edited by N. Cavill, S. Kahlmeier, F. Racioppi. – WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data, 2006. – 55 p. Skinner B.F. The science of learning and the art of teaching. Harvord Education Review, 1954, No.2,p.86-97. The world health report: health systems financing: the path to universal coverage. – WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data, 2010. – 128 p. Warburton D.E. Health benefits of physical activity in volleyball / D.E. Warburton, C.W. Nicol, S.S. Bredin // Canad. Med. Ass. J. – 2006. - № 174 (6). – P. 801 – 824. Wilson A.E. Getting the fundamentals of movement: in volleyball. Childcare, Health and Development, 26(3), 208 – 243.

158 BRAZIL

BEGINNINGS AND DEVELOPMENT OF VOLLEYBALL IN BRAZIL

José Fernandes Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, School of Physical Education and Sport. Laércio Camilo Rodrigues, School of Physical education of Brazilian Army. Bruno Telles Matos, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, School of Physical Education and Sport.

The emergence of Volleyball in Brazil

Volleyball is the second most popular , being practiced by more than 15 million people (Da Costa et al., 2006). With 23 medals, being 10 on the court and 23 on the beach, it is the sport that gave the most Olympic medals to Brazil (CBV 2017). Volleyball was created in the year 1895, in the United States of America, by Professor Willian Morgan, as a less violent alternative to basketball. His goal was to create a team game without physical contact between opponents in order to minimize the risk of injury. The game was very well accepted and quickly spread throughout the world, being practiced in several countries (Guimarães and Matta 2004). Volleyball arrived in Brazil at the beginning of the 20th century, but there is no consensus on the date and place of the sport's emergence in the country. There are two versions, in the first, volleyball was introduced in 1915 at the Marist College, in the city of Recife, Pernambuco State. According to the other version, the game was first practiced, in 1916, in the Association of Christians and Young Men, in the city of (Vieira and Freitas 2007). Given the history of volleyball in neighboring countries, historians accept the second version as the most likely (Guimarães and Matta 2004). The first Brazilian club to adopt the modality was Fluminense Sport Club, located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. With the purpose of spreading the sport in Brazil, Fluminense Sport Club promoted the first Volleyball tournament in the country (Marques Junior 2012). In the following years, just as it happened all over the world, volleyball spread throughout Brazil. The decades of 40 and 50 were important for the consolidation of the sport in the country. Some events helped to spread the sport, such as the founding of the South American Volleyball Confederation in 1946, the titles of the first South American Championship, won by the men's and women's teams in 1951, the foundation of the Brazilian Volleyball Confederation (CBV) in 1954 and the 1º Brazilian Championship in 1955 (CBV 2017) (CSV 2017). As a result of its foundation, CBV began to promote the sport, with the promotion of courses and the creation of volleyball schools.

159 The number of practitioners increased, but their practice was restricted to the social elite at that time, since it was played in clubs (Bizzocchi 2000). At this time, the sport was practiced mainly by women, this was due to two main reasons, first because the lack of physical contact made the sport ideal for women and secondly because men found the gestures of volleyball a bit effeminate (Dalsin and Vilodre Goellner 2006).

Figure 1 - Botafogo Sport Club team, in 1946.

In spite of the growing popularity, there was little interchange with the main powers of the sport, which reflected in the low quality of the Brazilian teams. Brazil still used the 4x2 system, the technical qualities of the players were not good (Marques Junior 2012). The basics of the game were run very poorly. The reception of the serve had no precision, which made it difficult to and consequently the attack. The defensive system also had failures, mainly in the execution of the double and triple blocks and in the recovery of dropped balls. Added to this is the low stature of Brazilian players and the lack of quality sports equipment, the ball was very hard and the sneakers did not have a damping system (Marques Junior 2009). In the 1960s, Brazilian volleyball improved technically, making it possible to perform well in the international arena, such as the 5th place in the World Championship in 1960, held in Rio de Janeiro and 7th place in the 1964 Olympic Games (FIVB 2017). Another important fact was the victory of the Botafogo Sport Club team over the Spartak team, the team formed by the Czechoslovakian national team, the world champion in 1956 (Gueiros 2004).

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Figure 2 - Brazilian team that competed in the 1960 World Championship

Figure 3- Botafogo Sport Club team in the game against Spartak

Brazil among the best in the world

During the 70’s a great evolution in the Brazilian Physical Education was started. Brazilian teachers conducted exchanges in countries that dominated the scientific basis of physical preparation. Back in Brazil, these professionals applied the new knowledge in the training of Brazilian volleyball teams. The physical preparation began to integrate the training of the athlete, with the aim of improving his performance. This activity already existed previously, but it

161 was used as warming, as a way to prepare the athlete's body for more intense efforts (Guimarães and Matta 2004). The use of scientific knowledge in physical preparation contributed to the excellent results of Brazil in the 1970s and to the consolidation of the country as one of the world powers (Rocha 1976). From 1975 the CBV adopted a new model for the management of Brazilian volleyball. A long-term effort was made to train highly competitive teams worldwide. To better publicize and develop the sport, partnerships were created with private companies and agreements to broadcast games in the media (da Silva Matias and Greco 2012). The main games in Brazil and abroad began to be transmitted by the Bandeirantes and Record television networks. The inclusion of volleyball specialist in the broadcast teams was of great importance for the dissemination of the sport and for understanding the rule, increasing the popularity of volleyball (Marques Junior 2012). The results of this new management model began to appear even in the 70's. The spread of the sport increased, the number of practitioners grew, as did the interest of those who did not practice it as athletes. Volleyball became part of social conversations, its events were more media reported, and its more skillful practitioners became public figures (Guimarães and Matta 2004). It was the beginning of the appearance of the first Brazilian idols of the sport, as , elected the 5th best player in the world in 1976, and the players Isabel Salgado and Jaqueline Silva (Marques Junior 2012). Brazil achieved excellent results in international competitions by winning the silver medal at the 1975 held in , 7th place in the 1976 Olympic Games and 6th place in the 1978 World Championship (CBV 2017). In the 1980s, work began in the 1970s. Good results in international competitions continued. Already in the first major competition, the 1980 Olympic Games, held in the city of Moscow, Brazil won the 5th place with the men's team and 7th place with the women's team, with the best scores ever obtained (FIVB 2017). It is worth highlighting the men's victory over Poland, Olympic champion in 1976 and a favorite of the title in 1980. After losing the first two sets, Brazil managed to reverse the score and win the match, which made an excellent impression and placed Brazil in the role of the world's sports powers (Lancellotti 1994). After the 1980 Olympic Games, CBV suggested that Brazilian volleyball adopt the club-company model already established in Italy and Japan. Betting on the idea that marketing and sports can go hand in hand, CBV has attracted the attention of companies for volleyball. Several companies have seen in volleyball an opportunity to divulge their brands, so new teams have emerged, such as Pirelli, Atlântica / BoaVista, Pão de Açúcar, Sadia, Supergasbrás and others (Manta, Trade, and Pito 2008). With the investment of the companies, the new teams came to be among the best in the country, with Pirelli and Atlântica / Boavista in the men's and Supergasbrás and Atlântica in the women's, the first companies-clubs to be Brazilian champions of volleyball

162 (CBV 2017). The adoption of the new model allowed the creation of an infrastructure, thus allowing the beginning of the professionalization of Brazilian volleyball in the early 80's. This model served as inspiration for other collective sports in the country (Guimarães and Matta 2004). The beginning of the eighties was also marked by the scientific development of Brazilian Physical Education. Several professionals returned to Brazil after taking master's and doctoral courses abroad. The interest in the study of volleyball increased, studies were carried out in order to analyze the volleyball practiced by the main selections of the time and to verify the panorama of the volleyball practiced in Brazil, which allowed the identification of the strengths and weaknesses of the world powers of the time (Sevciuc and Caldas 1980). It was also verified that, in spite of the increasing evolution, the Brazilian volleyball needed to develop even more to reach the podium of the main international competitions. The main weakness pointed out was the lack of reach of the Brazilian players in the blockade and the attack. It was evident that the physical preparation would be paramount for the best performance of the Brazilian teams (Quadra et al., 1981). In this way, the professionals responsible for the physical preparation of the volleyball teams were able to plan the physical training with more specific objectives, the self was a key factor for the success of Brazil.

The Silver Generation

In the year of 1982 the World Championship in Argentina would take place. To prepare your selections, Brazil promoted the 1st “Mundialito”, a little World Championship. It was the first competition broadcast live on Brazilian TV. Brazil won the men's championship with a historic victory over the hitherto unbeaten Soviet Union and runner-up in the women's. The competition was marked by the service "Star Trek" run by the player Bernard (Rajzman 2005). In the World Championship of Argentina the men's selection obtained its most expressive result until then in an international competition, the 2 nd place. The women's team did not repeat the good performance of the "Mundialito", being in 8th place. The great innovation of this competition was the serve with jump made by . Until then, players were kicking their feet off the ground. The new serve surprised the opposing players who were not prepared to receive such a powerful serve. Today practically all the players take this way (Marques Junior 2012). After the 2nd place in the 1982 World Championship, CBV decided to promote and promote the sport even more, so he invited the Soviet Union to 4 friendlies to be held in the cities of Recife, Vitória, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The stadium of Maracanã was the chosen place for the departure of Rio de Janeiro. It would be the first match, involving world-class teams, held in the open. The rain interrupted the game several times, but the players decided to

163 dry the court themselves to continue playing. The match holds the record audience (95,881 people) for a volleyball game (Romariz and Mourão 2006).

Figure 4 - Game between Brazil and Soviet Union in the stadium of Maracanã

The 1984 Olympic Games, held in , were marked by the absence of the Soviet Union. With this, Brazil came to be one of the main candidates for an Olympic medal. Despite some problems at the beginning of the competition, the Brazilian team managed to reach the final against the hosts. But the Americans made a perfect match, not giving chances to the Brazilian team, which was defeated by 3 x 0. The result was highly valued by the press and the Brazilian population that dubbed the selection as the "Generation of Silver." The women's team did not have the same result as the men's team, ranking 7th in the competition. After the Los Angeles Olympics volleyball was identified as the second most preferred sport among 15-24 year olds, confirming its popularity (Romariz and Mourão 2006).

164

Figure 5 - Brazilian tem, silver medal in 1984

From Silver Generation to Gold Generation

After the long-awaited silver medal, Brazilian volleyball declined, with Brazil failing the podium of the main world competitions (Olympic Games, World Championships and World Cup) until 1990. The former player of the Brazilian national team Montanaro, in an interview with the BandSports Classics program, on January 6, 2005, stated that the cause of such decline was the relationship problems between the players who played in the teams of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (De Romariz and Mourão 2006) (Marques Junior 2012). The CBV then decided to change the coach of the Brazilian team, hiring the Korean Sohn, who obtained excellent results in the Minas Tênis Clube team. The new coach implemented his training model based on defense and blocking, which initially was well accepted by players. He also worried about the psychological aspect of the players, key factor to solve the problems of existing relationships (Marques Junior 2012). Despite the good initial work, soon the technician was replaced by the experienced , technical silver medalist in Los Angeles. Brazil would only return to the podium of a major competition in 1990, as 3rd place in the World League. The next big challenge would be the 1992 Olympics, to run the Brazilian team, CBV chose young coach José Roberto Guimarães. The choice was not well accepted by the players, who did not believe in the work of a young coach with little experience. Gradually the coach got the approval of the players and the union of the group, which had caused the decline of Brazilian volleyball in the late 80's (Guimarães 2016).

165 In the Olympic Games of 1992 Brazil was represented by a renewed selection, with young and talented players. The Brazilian fans were not very confident of a good result, however, victories over the Unified Team (formed by the former Soviet Union countries) and the Netherlands, one of the best teams of the season put Brazil as a favorite for the gold. It was an irredeemable campaign, with only three sets lost, that gave Brazil the first medal in collective sports in history (Araújo 2013). Upon returning to Brazil, the squad was cheered, players paraded in an open car through the streets of the city of São Paulo, a crowd accompanied and greeted the players. Definitely Brazilian volleyball became a national passion, this generation became known as the Golden Generation (Guimarães 2016).

Brazil, the country of volleyball.

After the Barcelona gold medal, the Brazilian men's team never ceased to appear as one of the best in the world, it was time for the women's team to follow the same steps. In 1994 the former , Bernardinho, took over the women's team. In the first major competition under Bernardinho, Brazilian girls won the silver medal at the 1994 World Championships. Considered one of the best coaches in the world, Bernardinho led the women's team until the year 2000. In those six years were two Olympic bronze medals, one silver in the World Championship, one silver and one bronze in the World Cup, three gold medals in the Grand Prix and three gold medals in the Pan American Games (Sidrono 2017). After the 2000 Olympic Games, CBV decided it was time for Bernardinho to take on the men's team. In 2003 she took over the women's team José Roberto Guimarães, a gold medal coach in 1992 with the men. Under the command of Bernardinho and José Roberto began the most glorious period of Brazilian volleyball. Brazil took the podium in almost every championship they competed for, the men's team won two Olympic gold medals and two silver medals, three gold medals and one silver medal at the World Championships, two gold medals at the World Cup, seven medals of gold from the World League, as well as countless other excellent results. The women's team won two Olympic gold medals, two silver medals at the World Championships, two silver medals at the World Cup, eight gold medals at the Grand Prix, and countless other excellent results. Obviously Brazilian volleyball would not have won so many titles if it did not have a strong and well organized national championship. The Brazilian Volleyball Championship, now called the Super Volleyball League, started to be played in 1976, over the years it has been structuring itself and today it is considered one of the most difficult national championships in the world. The Super League of Volleyball stimulated the preparation and improvement of coaches, and the use of a multidisciplinary support team, with psychologists, physiotherapists, physical trainers, nutritionists, sports doctors, which

166 consequently resulted in the technical and physical improvement of the athletes. (Vicari, Vermelho, and Vianna 2012). The Brazilian teams are among the best in the world, the proof of this is that of the last six World Championships of Men's Volleyball Clubs, three were won by Brazilian teams. In the women's tournament, in the last six Championships the Brazilian teams won one and were runners-up in three (FIVB 2017). For all these reasons, Brazil, which has always been known worldwide as the country of football, can also be considered the country of volleyball. The table below lists the results of Brazilian volleyball in the main world competitions.

Figure 6 - The 2012 Olympic Gold

167

Figure 7 - The 2016 Olympic Gold

168 Table 1. Top Brazilian Volleyball Titles Championship Men Women Gold Silver Bronze Gold Silver Bronze Olimpic Games 3 3 2 2 World Championship 3 2 2 1 World Cup 2 3 3 1 World League/Grand Prix 9 7 4 12 5 2 Club World Championship 3 3 2 3 6 3

History of Beach Volleyball in Brazil

In the 1930s volleyball had a remote tradition in the sands of Copacabana and Ipanema, and for a while beach volleyball was only seen as a leisure time on the weekends (1). The first tournament to be held in Brazil was organized by Jornal dos Deportes in 1947 in Copacabana. The same newspaper organized tournaments in the years 48 to 52 on the sands of Copacabana, Ipanema and Urca beaches. With the increased interest of both the competitors and the public, events began to take on greater proportions, and in 1985 a large national tournament was held in Guarujá in 1985, changing the vision of beach volleyball, where the Hollywood Volley was held, receiving talented athletes from the "silver generation" of the blocks and from that event the sport began to gain media. Then the second edition of this same tournament was held, taking an international proportion, the challenge Brazil and the United States, games were held in the sands of Santos, then two more events were held in Guarujá (São Paulo) and Ipanema (Rio de Janeiro), this last event being broadcast by Rede Globo. With the success of these events, the International Volleyball Federation (FIVB) officialized the sport, thus holding the first world event in Ipanema in 1987, with representatives from Japan, Mexico, Argentina, and Italy (Oliveira e Costa 2010).

169

Figure 8 - From left to right we have: Montanaro (ambidextrous, uses while left arm in attack), Isabel, Vera Mossa, Renan, Regina Uchôa (left-handed), Badalhoca, Jaqueline and William at Hollywood Volleyball in Copacabana

An important fact to leverage the sport in Brazil was the entry of the CBV in the organization of the practice of the sport in 1986. This was favorable to the sport, since rules began to be imposed for the operation of the modality, taking the course of professionalizing beach volleyball Brazilian. Another milestone for the sport in the sands was in 1991 the entry of Banco do Brasil as sponsor and main financier of the National Circuit of doubles of Beach Volleyball. Thus beach volleyball started to be treated as a "business" and "events" came to be considered products. Thus began to be drawn to new sponsors, contributing to the creation of new events such as "King of the Beach", "Queen of the Beach", "Challenge of the Kings" and the "Samsung Cup of 4x4", but the National Circuit is the most important competition (Silva, 2004).

Brazil and its international representation

In the Barcelona Olympics (1992) beach volleyball emerged as a sport exhibition and in 1993, the president of the International Olympic Committee authorized the entry of the sport into the Olympic sports scene. Having its debut in the Atlanta Olympics (1996). Brazil was not on the podium in Atlanta (1996) in the men's and Beijing (2008) in the women, always having an excellent representation, and names like Ricardo, Emanuel, Márcio, Fábio Luis, José Marco, Alison, Bruno are the names of the Brazilians medalists in the men's Olympics, and the female Jackeline, Sandra, Monica Adriana, Shelda, Juliana, Larissa, Agatha and Barbara were the ones that earned a place on the podium of the same competition. For a country that has few Olympic medals in the other sporta, it makes Brazil a world focus attracting attention to its athletes and training (FIVB 2017) (CBV 2017).

170

Figure 9 - Brazilian Olympic Champions

As in football, beach volleyball also has the Beach Volleyball World Cup, but with a difference, being held every 2 years, and Brazil also has an excellent repercussion in this event, of 11 Brazil has been in the podium in all editions in the men's and women's only in Gstaad in Switzerland in 2007 Brazil had no representative among the top three (Shewman 1995).

Figure 10 - André Stein and Evandro, champions of the Beach Volleyball World Cup held in Vienna, Austria in 2017

The World Circuit is held annually and the World Circuit champion is the pair that obtains the highest sum of points from the World stages, such as Brazil, the United States, China, Australia, Morocco, Holland, Portugal, India

171 Russia and Germany are examples of locations that receive circuit steps. The men's edition organized by the International Volleyball Federation (FIVB) began in 1987 and the women's starting in 1992, totaling 29 men and 25 female World Circuit champions, 17 billed by Brazilians in the men's and 22 in the women's.

Table 2. Top Brazilian Beach Volleyball Titles Men Women Championship Gold Silver Bronze Gold Silver Bronze Olympic Games 2 3 1 1 4 2 World Cup 7 4 4 5 5 6 World Tour 17 - - 22 - -

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175 SINGAPORE BEGINNINGS AND DEVELOPMENT OF VOLLEYBALL IN SINGAPORE

Govindasamy Balasekaran, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Peggy Boey, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Ng Yew Cheo, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Introduction The earliest documented history of sports was recorded at least 3,000 years ago, where the first Olympic games were held in 776BC (Belis, 2017). These records of sports ideological motives were derived from ancient civilisations from Greece and Rome (McChesney, 1989). Looking back into Singapore’s sporting history; sports were first brought into Singapore by the British after their establishment of their trading post. Initially, only a few sports were brought in, such as, , horse racing, yachting, swimming, lawn tennis, polo, soccer and (Oon, 1984). Subsequently, basketball and volleyball were developed by the association and introduced to the community. It was recorded that the game of volleyball was created by William Morgan in 1895, who was then the Director of Physical Education, at Holyoke, Massachusetts, Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA). Since the early establishment of YMCA in Singapore, it promoted the growth and participation in sports by building community centres, opening of the first public swimming pool and construction of other courts for sports such as, tennis, basketball and volleyball in the early 1900’s (Flower, 2002 and Gillis, 2005). Unfortunately, the location and frequency of those sporting activities were not documented. In addition, sports clubs were organized during colonial times but mainly available to privileged few. Therefore, there was limited participation from the locals as they had to work for income (Sport Singapore, 2017). Majority of the Chinese and the other races were not actively participating in sports but only as spectators (Aplin and Saunders, 2009). From that aspect, sports were seen as a platform for social interaction as well as a deviation away from the mundane and hard labour lifestyle (Aplin, 2002). Before the 1960s, individuals working in Singapore were mainly immigrants who became blue collared workers. These workers were sent to various sectors such as agriculture, textile, construction, shipping, mining and rickshaw pulling

176 (Thulaja, 2016). Those sectors were hard labour and time for amusement or enjoyment was nonexistent. For a young nation, basic economic growth, social harmony and political stability were its utmost priority. Gradually, Singapore’s economy prospered. Wealthy businessman set up communal clubs to serve their respective communities. In 1885, the Singapore Chinese Recreation Club was established (formerly known as Straits Chinese Recreation Club). Subsequently, the prosperous economy allowed more communal clubs such as the Chinese Swimming Club, the Indian Association and the Ceylon Sports Club to be established to serve their respective communities. These made the first introduction of sporting culture and participation by the locals in Singapore (Sport Singapore, 2017). The development of interest in sports and involvement by the different ethnicity can be related to the demographic transition of the nation. Table 1 shows the changes in societal, population and sporting culture according to different period (Chan, 2003).

Table 1. Adapted from Past Times: A Social History of Singapore

Period Society Population Sports culture

Frontier town European expatriates Dominated by Europeans, 1819 – 1867 Singapore and coolie immigrants Asians uninterested

Steady economic Growing middle-class 1867 – 1920 Interest shown by Asians development Asian population Dominated by locals Uncertainty over Singaporean and 1920 - 1965 equally willing to political future Malaysian involvement represent either country

Volleyball to the Public Volleyball was first played leisurely in Singapore in 1930s (Nauright and Parrish, 2012). The governing body for volleyball was first introduced by the Basketball & Volleyball Association. Five years later, in 1939, the Chinese Sports Improvement Council replaced the association and heavily promoted basketball (Basketball Association of Singapore, 2005). The subsequent history of volleyball was not documented until 1950 where the Chinese School Sports Council heavily promoted volleyball, basketball and as the mandarin educated individuals favoured those sports (Oon, 1984). The National Sports Promotion Board (NSPB) promoted sport at the constituency in 1971. During that period, Singapore was categorised into 58 constituencies and each constituency was involved in promoting sport among the people. In 1972, inter-constituency sport was launched by the NSPB which provided both players and supporters opportunities to enjoy sports at a healthy

177 competitive level among the locals. Further progress was made in late 1973 when the newly-established Singapore Sports Council (SSC) took charge of running the inter-constituency competitions as more sports such as and table tennis were included in the competitions (Oon, 1984). In 1975, Dr. Tan Eng Liang became the new chairman of SSC and the program progressed to include volleyball as another sport in the inter-constituency competitions. By 1975, there were a total of six inter-constituency sport competitions, which included football, badminton, basketball, sepak takraw, table tennis and volleyball. The inter-constituency sports also reflected mass participation of Chinese in volleyball. After the introduction of volleyball as part of the constituency sport, the number of constituencies involved increased, hence expanded the number of participants. The growth of volleyball participation in the inter-constituency tournament increased from 1975 to 1977 but stayed stagnant thereafter (Figure 1).

648 636 636 636 648 636 468 516 Number of of Number Participants

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Year

Figure 1. Number of participants in inter-constituency tournaments from year 1975 to 1982. Adapted from Singapore Sports Council. Sports in Schools There was no fixed syllabus prior to 1959; therefore schools were free to develop their own curriculum. In addition, sport in schools was not compulsory, which resulted in no sports activities in certain schools. Back in the 1950s, there were seven different schools sports councils that organised inter-school sport competitions. The Ministry of Education (MOE) Singapore replaced the schools sports councils with the Singapore Schools Sports Council (SSCC) and the Singapore Primary Schools Sports Council (SPSSC) in January 1960. Six years later in 1966, the Extra-Curricular Activities Centre (ECAC) was established (Figure 2) and was responsible to promote Extra-Curricular Activities (ECA) in schools. MOE made ECA compulsory for all students in secondary schools since 1970. Since then, volleyball was one of the major sports that were encouraged in schools (Oon, 1984). Other sports also included track and field, soccer, hockey, sepak takraw, , sailing/ and air rifle.

178 Deputy Director (Extra Curricular Activities) Asst. Director Asst. Director Asst. Director Uniformed Groups & (ECA Sports) (ECA Music) Ceremonies 12 Specialist 2 Specialist Inspectors 5 Specialist Inspectors plus 1 Liaison Officer Inspectors Schools Inter Ceremonie Uniformed Singapore ECA Sports Sports ECA School School Councils s Youth Youth Sports Facilities Sports Campaigns Activities Music Bands Orchestra (Pri & Sec) Figure 2. Organisational Structure of the Extra-Curricular Activities Centre. Adapted from Extra Currricular Activities Centre, Ministry of Education. At national level, SSSC and SPSSC organised 17 and 11 various competitive sports respectively in 1978. Talented pupils were identified from these competitions for extra training sessions to represent the combined schools in the different international competitions. There were also overseas training stints organised for talented athletes to provide them opportunities for more competitive trainings and competitions. According to SSC’s annual report in 1980 (p.g. 13), there were eight overseas training stints to , Thailand and Malaysia as compared to one in 1975. According to SNOC’s information records, Singapore’s national volleyball team had also visited China from 1972 to 1980 to establish sporting links. Sports Facilities and Coaches During the period of change, there were lack of facilities, sporting venues and coaches. Up-to-date programs were slow to arrive for some sports such as volleyball as it has been by tradition that willing volunteers with competitive background will undertake the coaching and training responsibilities (Aplin, 2002). This reflected low participation rate in comparison to sports which were quickly handled by foreign coaches such as soccer and athletics. In a survey conducted by the sports council, volleyball ranked 8th out of 13 sports with only 79 registered players as compared to 1172 for sepak raga, 1279 for table tennis and 1469 for basketball. According to SSC’s “Coaching Plan of the Singapore Sports Council” in 1976, they identified that coaches had been coaching without basic coaching qualifications. They found the necessity for these coaches to be properly certified, however, not much attention was paid to scientific areas such as exercise physiology, biomechanics, sport psychology and sports medicine. The only scientific coaching workshop that was organised by NSPB was on 28 May to 6 July 1973 that involved six specialist lecturers who covered the basic sports science background (e.g. physiology, anatomy, sports medicine, sports psychology, fitness test and kinesiology). Following a coaching plan was developed (Figure 3) and adapted from the National Coaching Accreditation Scheme of Australia that consisted of three levels and was launched in 1979.

179 National Sports SSC Involvement Association Assistance

Coaching Committee

Sports Oganisation Advanced Coaching Basic Coaching Course and Courses Course Attachment

Figure 3. Coaching Plan. Adapted from Singapore Sports Council. To cope with the lack of sports facilities, two master plans for facilities, 1976 to 1982 and 1983 to 1990 were designed by the government to increase sporting facilities (Aplin and Saunders, 2009). By 1982, the number of government owned volleyball courts were 97 and 13 by private, in total of 110 (Census of Sports Facilities in Singapore, 1982). Since 1987, the government provided indication of the sporting culture through the National Sports Participation Survey (NSPS). The survey is conducted every five years to chart the trend and ensure demands are met. Survey results from 1975, 1978, 1980, 1992 and 2005 were taken for sampling to chart the trend of volleyball at community level. According to the recent 2011 NSPS, volleyball has been the top 20 sports taken up by regular sports participants from 2005 to 2011. In 2005, there was an estimate of 20, 308 participants who played volleyball and there was a decrease in numbers in 2011 with 12, 215 participants (Sports Singapore, 2011).

180 General Participation Rates in Volleyball

1975

• Participation by higher institution* was ranked 5th* with 780 males and 330 females • Participation by uniform group* was ranked 8th with 3210 males and 420 females • Participation at community centre was ranked 5th with 1620 males and 940 females

1978

• Participation in higher institution* was ranked 9th* with 610 males and 270 females • Participation by uniform groups was ranked 7th* with 5950 male and 300 female • Participation in community centre was ranked 10th* with 1560 males and 380 females • Total participation of volleyball in public was top 13th out of 20 most popular sports with 10840 of males and 1940 of females

1980

• Participation in higher institution dropped by 10,2% between year 1976 and 1978 but increased by 12.5% between year 1978 and 1980 • Participation was ranked 7th in uniform groups with 7980 males and 540 females • Participation increased by 13.4% in community centre • Overall participation is still in 13th position with 11690 males and 1630 females • Total participation increased by 23.2% since 1978

1992

• Overall popularity dropped to 17th out of top 20 from 14th position in 1978 • Participation of 15 and above was 0.5% of population, ranking 18th • 8th most popular sports engaged by male participants of various age group at 4.6% of 112000 individuals • Spectatorship by age group 12th position: 15-19 years old: 22.7%, 20-24yrs old: 16.6%, 25-29 yrs old: 11.3%, 30-34 yrs old: 12.8%, 35-39 yrs old: 9%, 40-44 yrs old: 10.8%, 45-49 yrs old: 4.2%, 50-54 yrs old, 5%, 55 yrs and above 7.6% of 15,808 spectators

2005

• Ranked top 20 sports, for participants 15 years old and above

181 *Higher Institutions refers to National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Polytechnic, Ngee Ann Technical College and Institute of Technical Education. *Uniform groups refer to armed forces, police force and fire brigade. *All positions are ranked against top 10 unless stated.

Formalizing the Sport Prior to World War 2, the English, Malay and Chinese had established their own school sports council, with the Indian community set up in 1957. However, the various ethnic sports council were united as one administrative in 1959 as the Schools’ Sports Council (Naul, Binder, Rychtecky and Culpan, 2017). Since then, various sports were organized annually for children of different age groups to compete against one another by the Singapore Schools Sports Council (formerly known as Combined School Sports Council) (Ministry of Education, 2016). Later in 1960, a national federation was set up with 12 other Asian countries, leading to the establishment of the Asian Volleyball Confederation (Nauright and Parrish, 2012). The Volleyball Association of Singapore was established one year later, on 4th November 1961 (Volleyball Association of Singapore, 2017). National Sports Associations (NSAs) were also beneficiaries of government funds which were disbursed through Singapore Sports Council (SSC), which is currently known as Sports Singapore (Sports SG). Volleyball was ranked the 6th out of 29th sports to have received the most funding from year 1978 to 1982 (Figure 4).

7835 7240 5305

Funding ($) Funding 3522 1252

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Year

Figure 4. Funding received from Singapore Sports Council’s Subsidies for Volleyball National Sports Association from 1978 to 1982.

182 On the international stage, Singapore took part in various competitions such as the ASEAN School Games which started since 2009 (Ministry of Education, 2017); ASIAN Schools Volleyball Championship for girls; and the All Starts Sports & Social Foundation (ASSF) Volleyball Championships. Children were also given opportunities to take up volleyball as a Co- Curricular Activity (CCA) in their schools from the age of 10 years old, depending on the availability of resources in their school. Till date, there are 34 primary schools and 59 secondary schools offering volleyball as their CCA. All tertiary institutions (i.e. polytechnics, junior colleges and universities) also offer volleyball in their schools. All institutions take part in annual competitions and the best players from the teams are chosen to represent Singapore in the national team for both international and national games (e.g. ASEAN games). Structural Organisation Back in 1978, the Pyramid Model of sport promotion was developed by SSC (Figure 4). The base of the pyramid shows the majority of Singaporeans engaged in various sports. Individuals, who improve from the basic skill level, could move up to training schemes and national teams. At the apex of the pyramid are sportsmen who have achieved sports excellence to compete and win in international sport competitions.

Champions

Outstanding Sports Aid Sports Persons Fund National Teams

Towards excellence in sport Youth Teams

Sponsored by Training Schemes (Feeder Groups) commercial sector

Broad Base of Participants (Exemplified by participants in national walk, jog, & swim)

Figure 5. Singapore Sports Council (SSC) Pyramid Approach to Sport Promotion

183 As sports further developed over the years, a new framework was put in place for organisational excellence and sports performance for Singaporean athletes (Sports SG, 2017). An upgraded framework, Singapore High Performance Sports (HPS) System (Figure 5), serves to develop long-term athlete development for sustainment of sporting success at major games. It also aims to support athletes, which includes the national volleyball team, in terms of financial support and access to Sports Science and Medicine. Athletes are further categorised into different carding systems according to their sporting performance in local and international competitions (Figure 6). As our national female Volleyball team had won the bronze medal in the 2015 SEA Games, the team is naturally carded under 3rd carding level, which helps to support them financially as they sacrifice their time training (Figure 7). Under Sports SG, Sports Singapore Institute (SSI) is another subsidiary organisation that combines sports science with coaching plans to address particular needs of the athletes. Volleyball national athletes can refer to them for support in terms of sports science and medicine through VAS (Figure 8). In addition, National Institute of Education (NIE), Physical Education & Sports Science (PESS), also does physiological testings’ for our national athletes. The equipment based in the PESS laboratories has served not only for research purposes but have also provided valuable advice for our national athletes to improve their training and performance. Moreover, PE teachers are taught volleyball as part of their curriculum in PESS. Upon graduation, PE teachers will teach volleyball in schools as it is one of the sports in our Ministry of Education (MOE) PE syllabus.

Figure 6. Singapore High Performance Sports (HPS) System. Adapted from Sports Singapore, 2017.

184

Figure 7. spexCarding Selection & Criteria & Duration. Adapted from Sports Singapore, 2017.

Figure 8. spexCarded HPS Pathway Athletes Support Schemes. Adapted from Sport Singapore, 2017.

185

Figure 9. Singapore Sports Institute (SSI) Service Delivery Model. Adapted from Sports Singapore, 2017.

Achievements The national team for volleyball is divided into indoor and beach team with males and females for each group. The indoor volleyball team was initiated since the early years but in comparison, beach volleyball made its appearance only in 2016 and they have since organized the National Beach Series annually. “Beach Volleyball (BVB) is also getting a life of its own. In 2016, both our BVB Boys’ and Girls’ teams were invited for the World Beach Volleyball Championship in Switzerland, a first in Singapore’s history. This year, we have engaged a full time Canadian coach with the intention to spur our National BVB teams to a new height. At the same time, the new BVB head coach and his coaching team have also conducted several BVB clinics at Sentosa beaches and Yio Chu Kang Swimming Complex. Moving forward, VAS will be engaging the tertiary education institutions to set up BVB club in the respective local polytechnics and universities soon.” Mr Ang Wei Neng, President of VAS

186 Table 2. Results from Southeast Asian Games (SEA) by male and female team

Year Position Female team Male team 1981 3rd (Bronze) Group Stage 1983 Group Stage Group Stage 1993 Group Stage 3rd (Bronze) 2015 3rd (Bronze) Group Stage 2017 Qualified Qualified

In the 1993 SEA Games, Singapore’s volleyball male team won the bronze medal and the female volleyball team won the bronze medal in 2015 SEA Games (Table 2). The Combined School Boys’ team also clinched the first bronze medal in the ASEAN School games held in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Conclusion Volleyball was introduced to Singapore at a very early stage during the growth of Singapore as a nation. It grew from a recreational sport played out of social interaction and interest to forming a pool of elite players to represent Singapore at international level. Funding and demand for facilities are met for both public and elite levels with the constant change in the policies made by the government. The Singapore National Olympic Council (SNOC) has supported the various sports associations in Singapore by providing funding through the IOC-sponsored Olympic Solidarity Programme and VAS. Upgrading seminars for coaches and athletes have also been funded by VAS. Despite so, there is still room for improvement for the national team as they work with their coaches to move forward and secure the top 6th position within the Asian level. The requirement is the entry level for the teams to participate in the subsequent major games (i.e. ASEAN, Commonwealth, SEA games etc.). Orgnisations such as VAS and Sports SG have to work closely with the athletes and coaches to ensure that the intervention programs deliver maximum sporting achievements and outcomes. With advancement in state-of- the-art facilities, knowledge in sports science and technology, volleyball in Singapore has greater chances in progressing to greater heights at the international competitive levels.

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HISTORY of Volleyball in Europe : (editors) Kristina M. Pantelić Babić ...[at al.]. - Leposavić : Faculty of Sport and Physical Education,University of Priština, 2018 (Kruševac : Sigraf). - 189 str. : ilustr. ; 24 cm. - (Edition History of Physical Education and Sport ; Book 4)

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ISBN 978-86-82329-75-6 1. Pantelić Babić, Kristina M. [уредник] 2. Živanović, Nenad [уредник] 3. Pavlović, Petar D. [уредник] 4. Antala, Branislav [уредник] a) Одбојка - Европа - Зборници COBISS.SR-ID 269173516