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The Impact of Tourism on Culture on Tourist Destination Area: a Case Study of Hamer People

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The Impact of Tourism on Culture on Tourist Destination Area: a Case Study of Hamer People THE IMPACT OF TOURISM ON CULTURE ON TOURIST DESTINATION AREA: A CASE STUDY OF HAMER PEOPLE BY AGUMAS FEKADU A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTIC AND PHILOLOGY FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN DOCUMENTARY LINGUISTIC AND CULTURE ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA JUNE, 2012 THE IMPACT OF TOURISM ON CULTURE ON TOURIST DESTINATION AREA: A CASE STUDY OF HAMER PEOPLE By Agumas Fekadu ADVISOR: Dr. Zelalem Teffera A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Linguistic and Philology Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Documentary Linguistic and Culture ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA JUNE, 2012 Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Agumas Fekadu entitled: The Impacts of Tourism on Culture on Tourist Destination Area: A case study of Hamer People. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Documentary Linguistics and Culture compiles with the regulations of the university and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the examining committee Examiner___________________________ Signature______________ Date_____________ Examiner___________________________ Signature______________ Date_____________ Advisor __________________________ Signature______________ Date_____________ Chair of Department or Graduate Program Coordinator ACKNOWLEDGMENT Above all, I am thankful to the merciful, passionate and almighty God, for all He has done in my life. Next, I would like to express my deepest heart felt appreciation and respectful gratitude to my advisor Dr. Zelalem Teffera for his critical readings of the thesis, remarkable suggestion and great patience to hold the study this form. Credit and much thanks goes to the Turmi and neighborhood community who highly participated in giving the required information. I want to express my deepest thanks to my wife Firehiwot Dessie who provided patience and continuous encouragement. I owe you a lot my heart felt thanks next to God to my great respectful mother Menalu Workneh who enabled me to reach for this level. I would also like to extend my great thanks to my family for their continous support and encouragement. I am also highly grateful to Temesgen Kenoo who helped me to begin this study and for all my friends deserve special thanks. Last but not least, my special thanks goes for Ato Getachew G/Hiwot (G/Manager and owner of Turmi Lodge) for sponsoring during my stay on the field work, his positive attitude and encouragement. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgment .......................................................................................i Table of contents ......................................................................................ii List of Tables ............................................................................................vi Abstract .....................................................................................................vii Chapter one INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1 1.1 Back Ground of the Study ............................................................. 1 1.2. Statement of the Problems ......................................................... 4 1.3. Objectives of the Study ................................................................. 6 1.3.1 General Objective................................................................. 6 1.3.2. Specific Objectives .............................................................. 6 1.4. Scope of the Study ....................................................................... 7 1.5. Significance of the Study .............................................................. 7 1.6. Limitation of the Study ................................................................. 8 1.7. Organization of the Paper ............................................................. 8 CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ................................................... 10 2.1 Definition of Tourism and Culture ................................................ 10 2.2 The Emergency of Tourism and its Development: At Global Perspectives ................................................................................. 11 2.3. An overview of Culture ................................................................. 15 2.3.1. Culture Change ............................................................... 15 2.3.2. Culture and Tourism ....................................................... 17 2.3.2.1. Correlation Features of Culture and Tourism ................ 19 2.3.2.2. Problems in the Development of Culture and Tourism .. 20 2.4. Impacts of Tourism ...................................................................... 20 2.4.1 An Overview of the Socio-Economic Impacts of Tourism .... 21 2.4.1.1. Economic Impacts of Tourism ....................................... 22 ii 2.4.1.1.1. Positive Economic impacts of Tourism ....................... 22 2.4.1.1.2. Negative Economic Impacts of Tourism ...................... 23 2.4.1.2. The Socio- cultural Impacts of Tourism ........................ 24 2.4.1.2.1. Positive Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism ................ 25 2.4.1.2.2. Negative Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism .............. 26 2.4.1.3. Environmental Impacts of Tourism ............................... 28 2.5. Back Ground of Tourism Development in Ethiopia ...................... 29 2.5.1. Tourism during the Emperor’s Time ................................. 29 2.5.2. Tourism in the Derge Regime ........................................... 30 2.5.3. Tourism in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopian Government (FDRE) ........................................................ 32 2.5.4. Ethiopia’s Potential for Tourist Development .................... 32 2.5.4.1. Cultural Attraction for Tourists ..................................... 33 2.5.4.2. South Nation Nationalities and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR) ......................................................................... 35 2.5.4.3. South Omo Zone Region................................................ 37 2.5.4.4. Geographical location of Hamer Woreda ....................... 40 2.5.4.5. An Overview History of Hamer People ......................... 41 2.5.4.5.1. Language of Hamer People ............................ 42 2.5.4.5.2. Traditional System of Administration in Hamer People ...................................................................... 42 2.5.4.5.3. Marriage Ceremony of Hamer ..................................... 44 2.5.4.5.4. Calendar of Hamer (Timing system of Hamer) ............. 46 2.5.4.5.5. Celebration of Festivals in Hamer People .................... 46 2.5.4.5.6. Traditional Music or Dancing of Hamer People ......... 47 2.5.4.5.7. Traditional Feeding of Hamer ..................................... 48 2.5.4.5.8. Traditional Dressing of Hamer .................................... 48 2.5.4.5.9. Traditional Funeral Ceremony of Hamer People .......... 49 2.5.4.5.10. General Overview of the Social and Livelihood of Hamer .................................................................. 50 iii CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ........................................ 52 3.1. Methods of the Study ................................................................... 52 3.2. Research Design .......................................................................... 52 3.3. Selection of the Research Setting .................................................. 53 3.4. Selection of the Research Respondents ......................................... 53 3.5. Tools of Data Collection (data generating strategies) ..................... 54 3.5.1. Participant Observation ................................................... 54 3.5.2. Interview .......................................................................... 55 3.5.3. Photography ................................................................. 56 3.5.4. Questionnaires .............................................................. 56 3.6. Methods of Data Analysis ............................................................. 56 CHAPTER FOUR DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA, DATA ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH FINDINGS ............................................................................................ 58 4.1. General Characteristics of the Study Area .................................... 58 4.1.2. Historical Back Ground of Turmi Town ............................ 58 4.1.3. Geographical Location of Turmi Town .............................. 58 4.1.4. The Condition of Social Service in Turmi Town ................. 59 4.2. Background Information of the Respondents ................................ 60 4.2.1. Grouping of the Respondents ........................................... 61 4.3. The Break Down and Interpretation of the Data ......................... 62 4.3.1. In which part of the Following Tourism Contributes Most for Hamer People? .................................................. 62 4.3.2. Which Aspects of Hamer’s Culture are more Appreciated or Attractive? ....................................................................... 64 4.3.3. Which Cultural Features or Traits do you think that are Exposed to Change Because of the direct and Indirect Contacts of Tourists? .................................................... 65 iv 4.3.4. A. Do you think Tourism Activities have Many Advantages? ..............................................................
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