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Examining Local Perspectives on the Influence of Climate Change on the Health of Hamer Pastoralists and Their Livestock in Ethio

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Examining Local Perspectives on the Influence of Climate Change on the Health of Hamer Pastoralists and Their Livestock in Ethio Lumborg et al. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice (2021) 11:10 Pastoralism: Research, Policy https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-021-00191-8 and Practice RESEARCH Open Access Examining local perspectives on the influence of climate change on the health of Hamer pastoralists and their livestock in Ethiopia Samuel Lumborg1* , Samuel Tefera2, Barry Munslow1 and Siobhan M. Mor3,4 Abstract This study explores the perceived influence of climate change on the health of Hamer pastoralists and their livestock in south-western Ethiopia. A combination of focus group discussions and key informant interviews were conducted with Hamer communities as well as local health workers, animal health workers and non-governmental organisation (NGO) staff. Thematic framework analysis was used to analyse the data. Reductions in rangeland, erratic rainfall, recurrent droughts and loss of seasonality were perceived to be the biggest climate challenges influencing the health and livelihoods of the Hamer. Communities were travelling greater distances to access sufficient grazing lands, and this was leading to livestock deaths and increases in ethnic violence. Reductions in suitable rangeland were also precipitating disease outbreaks in animals due to increased mixing of different herds. Negative health impacts in the community stemmed indirectly from decreases in livestock production, uncertain crop harvests and increased water scarcity. The remoteness of grazing lands has resulted in decreased availability of animal milk, contributing to malnutrition in vulnerable groups, including children. Water scarcity in the region has led to utilisation of unsafe water sources resulting in diarrhoeal illnesses. Further, seasonal shifts in climate-sensitive diseases such as malaria were also acknowledged. Poorly resourced healthcare facilities with limited accessibility combined with an absence of health education has amplified the community’s vulnerability to health challenges. The resilience and ambition for livelihood diversification amongst the Hamer was evident. The introduction of camels, increase in permanent settlements and new commercial ideas were transforming their livelihood strategies. However, the Hamer lack a voice to express their perspectives, challenges and ambitions. There needs to be collaborative dynamic dialogue between pastoral communities and the policy-makers to drive sustainable development in the area without compromising the values, traditions and knowledge of the pastoralists. Keywords: Pastoralism, Climate Change, Animal health, Ethiopia Introduction through more extreme weather, rising sea levels and Climate change, increasingly labelled a “climate emer- diminishing arctic sea ice (IPCC 2018). The Intergovern- gency” (Carrington 2019), is a priority twenty-first cen- mental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has reported tury challenge. Described as unequivocal and occurring various observed impacts of climate change including re- at an unprecedented rate, we are already seeing the re- duced quality and quantity of water resources, decreased percussions of 1 °C of global warming across the world crop yields, increased conflict and exacerbation of other stressors such as poverty (IPCC 2014). Described as a “ ” * Correspondence: [email protected] threat multiplier to famine (Butler 2014), climate 1Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK change is predicted to increase frequency of droughts Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2021 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Lumborg et al. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice (2021) 11:10 Page 2 of 17 throughout Eastern Africa which in turn is expected to Ethiopia, pastoralists are mainly found in the lowland re- exacerbate food insecurity and reliance on food aid gions of Afar, Oromiya, Somali and Southern Nations, (Megersa et al. 2014; Abebe et al. 2012). Further, nega- Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP) (Pantuliano and tive human health impacts such as increasing disease Wekesa 2008). In these areas, mobility is “an ecological burden and expanding geographic range of infectious and economic necessity” (Nori et al. 2008, 8) as pastoral diseases, particularly vector-borne diseases such as mal- communities make maximum use of the available vege- aria and visceral leishmaniasis and waterborne-disease tation without destroying the environment in one area such as diarrhoea, are expected with rising temperatures (Humanitarian Policy Group 2009). (Simane et al. 2016; Samson et al. 2011; Patz and Olson Pastoralists and agro-pastoralists in tropical and sub- 2006). Whilst global health initiatives have significantly tropical dryland environments are some of the most vul- reduced the burden of diseases across the world, unmiti- nerable groups to changes in climate (Herrero et al. gated climate change is predicted to reverse these posi- 2016; Enyew and Hutjis 2015; Pavanello 2009). Practis- tive gains (Watts et al. 2018). ing a livelihood strategy which is so heavily reliant on Ethiopia, like many low-income countries, is dispro- livestock means that any challenge facing their livestock portionally vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate will directly affect the community. Livestock and their change. The country is heavily dependent on rain-fed products are consumed by pastoral households, sold to agriculture, which accounts for 46% of Gross Domestic purchase foods and other necessities and held as social Product (GDP) (World Bank 2008). With an estimated capital to insure against future shocks (Morton and Ker- 80 million livestock, Ethiopia contains the largest live- ven 2013; Davies and Bennett 2007). Reliance on live- stock population in Africa (Bekele 2017). Low adaptive stock for cash and nutrition means that pastoralists are capabilities and climate-sensitive livelihood strategies extremely vulnerable to food insecurity, particularly dur- such as pastoralism place the country in a susceptible ing drought periods which cause dehydration, starvation predisposition for adverse outcomes of climate variation and death of many livestock (Kimaro et al. 2018; Monta- (National Meteorological Agency 2007; Thomas and von et al. 2013). Many authors suggest that milk produc- Twyman 2005). The climate variations currently wit- tion in animals will be negatively affected by climate nessed in Ethiopia are erratic rainfall, often occurring in change (Mondal and Reddy 2018; Thornton et al. 2009), the crop growing season and an increase in mean annual particularly in dairy cows (Rojas-Downing et al. 2017). temperature of 1.3 °C from 1970 to 2006 (Amsalu et al. This is projected to have a substantial impact on the nu- 2018; Simane et al. 2016). Averaged across the country, trition of both young livestock and pastoralists them- precipitation throughout Ethiopia has remained rela- selves (Montavon et al. 2013; Nardone et al. 2010). tively stable over the last 50 years. However, large-scale Changes in climate are also likely to have adverse im- trends are unlikely to reflect local conditions due to the pacts on livestock health; however, there is considerably high spatial and temporal variability of rainfall across the less research on this topic (Rojas-Downing et al. 2017). country (Keller 2009). Nonetheless, climate trend ana- As well as climate pressures on livestock and livelihoods, lysis has revealed that the “Belg”, which is the main crop marginalisation within political and social spheres has growing rainy season in Ethiopia, has declined by 15– been thought to increase the vulnerability of pastoralists 20% since the mid-1970s (Funk et al. 2012). As 90% of (Schlee and Shongolo 2012; Sandford 2011; WISP 2008; the agricultural output is small-scale subsistence farm- Markakis 2004). This includes a lack of respect for their ing, climate variation may not only greatly impact the traditional land rights (Sandford 2011; WISP 2008), with country’s economy, but it may also be detrimental to many national policies criticising pastoralism as a less livelihoods (Simane et al. 2016; World Bank 2010). productive and degrading use of the land (Reda 2014). In Ethiopia, around 60% of all arid or semi-arid land This has led to many policies pursuing a strategy of set- in the country is used by pastoralist communities, who tling pastoralists (UNEP 2015). Furthermore, many au- make up approximately 14% of the total population thors see pastoralists as a neglected group who lack (Blau 2018; Gebeye 2016). Pastoralism is a complex live- access to basic services, including health services (Pava- lihood strategy in which a population seeks an optimal nello 2009; Markakis 2004). balance between themselves, pastures and livestock in Whilst previous studies have
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