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The Katz Outta the Bag: Bringing National Security Letters Into Compliance with the “Reasonable Expectation of Privacy” Test
2017] 277 THE KATZ OUTTA THE BAG: BRINGING NATIONAL SECURITY LETTERS INTO COMPLIANCE WITH THE “REASONABLE EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY” TEST Anees Mokhiber* The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (“ECPA”) equips the FBI with the power to issue National Security Letters (“NSLs”). The language of the ECPA, however, contemplates an era of electronic communication long since passed. Electronic communication has transformed rapidly with the evolution of computer technology. At present, the outdated form of the ECPA allows the FBI to utilize NSLs to retrieve information in a manner which runs afoul of Fourth Amendment privacy protections. Accordingly, this Comment proposes to amend the ECPA to account for the ongoing evolution of computer technology which powers the transmittal of electronic communications in the modern age. Additionally, this Comment calls for a commitment to legislative adaptability, to ensure that any statute governing electronic communications is up to date with its subject matter. The goal of these proposed amendments is to tighten the investigative scope of NSLs, and ensure the United States citizen of her reasonable expectation of privacy from unreasonable searches and seizures. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 278 I. THE EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER AND APP TECHNOLOGY................ 281 A. The Evolution of Computer Technology ....................................... 283 B. The Evolution of App Technology .................................................... 285 * Antonin Scalia Law School, George Mason University, J.D., May 2017; George Mason University, B.S., 2014. Sincere and special thanks to my friends and family who commented and reviewed this Comment many more times than they would have liked to. National Security 278 Law Journal [Vol. 5:2 II. OVERVIEW OF STATUTORY AUTHORITY ON NSLS .......................... -
Computer Architectures
Computer Architectures Motorola 68000, 683xx a ColdFire – CISC CPU Principles Demonstrated Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Electrical Engineering AE0B36APO Computer Architectures Ver.1.10 1 Original Desktop/Workstation 680X0 Feature 68000 'EC000 68010 68020 68030 68040 68060 Data bus 16 8/16 16 8/16/32 8/16/32 32 32 Addr bus 23 23 23 32 32 32 32 Misaligned Addr - - - Yes Yes Yes Yes Virtual memory - - Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Instruct Cache - - 3 256 256 4096 8192 Data Cache - - - - 256 4096 8192 Memory manager 68451 or 68851 68851 Yes Yes Yes ATC entries - - - - 22 64/64 64/64 FPU interface - - - 68881 or 68882 Internal FPU built-in FPU - - - - - Yes Yes Burst Memory - - - - Yes Yes Yes Bus Cycle type asynchronous both synchronous Data Bus Sizing - - - Yes Yes use 68150 Power (watts) 1.2 0.13-0.26 0.13 1.75 2.6 4-6 3.9-4.9 at frequency of 8.0 8-16 8 16-25 16-50 25-40 50-66 MIPS/kDhryst. 1.2/2.1 2.5/4.3 6.5/11 14/23 35/60 100/300 Transistors 68k 84k 190k 273k 1,170k 2,500k Introduction 1979 1982 1984 1987 1991 1994 AE0B36APO Computer Architectures 2 M68xxx/CPU32/ColdFire – Basic Registers Set 31 16 15 8 7 0 User programming D0 D1 model registers D2 D3 DATA REGISTERS D4 D5 D6 D7 16 15 0 A0 A1 A2 A3 ADDRESS REGISTERS A4 A5 A6 16 15 0 A7 (USP) USER STACK POINTER 0 PC PROGRAM COUNTER 15 8 7 0 0 CCR CONDITION CODE REGISTER 31 16 15 0 A7# (SSP) SUPERVISOR STACK Supervisor/system POINTER 15 8 7 0 programing model (CCR) SR STATUS REGISTER 31 0 basic registers VBR VECTOR BASE REGISTER 31 3 2 0 SFC ALTERNATE FUNCTION DFC CODE REGISTERS AE0B36APO Computer Architectures 3 Status Register – Conditional Code Part USER BYTE SYSTEM BYTE (CONDITION CODE REGISTER) 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 T1 T0 S 0 0 I2 I1 I0 0 0 0 X N Z V C TRACE INTERRUPT EXTEND ENABLE PRIORITY MASK NEGATIVE SUPERVISOR/USER ZERO STATE OVERFLOW CARRY ● N – negative .. -
RTEMS CPU Supplement Documentation Release 4.11.3 ©Copyright 2016, RTEMS Project (Built 15Th February 2018)
RTEMS CPU Supplement Documentation Release 4.11.3 ©Copyright 2016, RTEMS Project (built 15th February 2018) CONTENTS I RTEMS CPU Architecture Supplement1 1 Preface 5 2 Port Specific Information7 2.1 CPU Model Dependent Features...........................8 2.1.1 CPU Model Name...............................8 2.1.2 Floating Point Unit..............................8 2.2 Multilibs........................................9 2.3 Calling Conventions.................................. 10 2.3.1 Calling Mechanism.............................. 10 2.3.2 Register Usage................................. 10 2.3.3 Parameter Passing............................... 10 2.3.4 User-Provided Routines............................ 10 2.4 Memory Model..................................... 11 2.4.1 Flat Memory Model.............................. 11 2.5 Interrupt Processing.................................. 12 2.5.1 Vectoring of an Interrupt Handler...................... 12 2.5.2 Interrupt Levels................................ 12 2.5.3 Disabling of Interrupts by RTEMS...................... 12 2.6 Default Fatal Error Processing............................. 14 2.7 Symmetric Multiprocessing.............................. 15 2.8 Thread-Local Storage................................. 16 2.9 CPU counter...................................... 17 2.10 Interrupt Profiling................................... 18 2.11 Board Support Packages................................ 19 2.11.1 System Reset................................. 19 3 ARM Specific Information 21 3.1 CPU Model Dependent Features.......................... -
® Apple® A/UXTM Release Notes Version 1.0 Ii APPLE COMPUTER, INC
.® Apple® A/UXTM Release Notes Version 1.0 Ii APPLE COMPUTER, INC. UNIBUS, VAX, VMS, and VT100 are trademarks of Digital © Apple Computer, Inc., 1986 Equipment Corporation. 20525 Mariani Ave. Cupertino, California 95014 Simultaneously published in the (408) 996-1010 United States and Canada. Apple, the Apple logo, APPLE'S SYSTEM V AppleTalk, ImageWriter, IMPLEMENTATION A/UX LaserWriter, Macintosh, RELEASE 1.0 RUNNING ON A MacTerminal, and ProDOS are MACINTOSH II COMPUTER registered trademarks of Apple HAS BEEN TESTED BY THE Computer, Inc. AT&T-IS' SYSTEM V VERIFICATION SUITE AND Apple Desktop Bus, A!UX, CONFORMS TO ISSUE 2 OF EtherTalk, and Finder are AT&T-IS' SYSTEM V trademarks of Apple Computer, INTERFACE DEFINITION Inc. BASE PLUS KERNEL Ethernet is a registered EXTENSIONS. trademark of Xerox Corporation. IBM is a registered trademark, and PC-DOS is a trademark, of International Business Machines, Inc. - ITC Avant Garde Gothic, ITC Garamond, and ITC Zapf Dingbats are registered trademarks of International Typeface Corporation. Microsoft and MS-DOS are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. NFS is a registered trademark, and Sun Microsystems is a trademark, of Sun Microsystems, Inc. NuBus is a trademark of Texas Instruments. POSTSCRIPT is a registered trademark, and TRANSCRIPT is a trademark, of Adobe Systems Incorporated. UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T Information Systems. Introduction to A/UX Release Notes, Version 1.0 These release notes contain late-breaking information about release 1.0 of the A!UXI'M software for the Apple® Macintosh® II computer. This package contains two kinds of materials: o Specific information that was not available in time to be incorporated into the printed manuals. -
Ti® Macintosh® SE/30
n 11acll1tosh®SE/30 Owner's Guide - ti®Macintosh ®SE /30 Owner's Guide - - - - - - ti APPLE COMPUTER, INC. This manual and lhe software described in it are copyrighted, with all rights reserved. Under the copyright laws, lhis manual or the software may not be copied, in whole or part, without written consent of Apple, except in lhe normal use of the software or to make a backup copy of the software. The same proprietary and copyright notices must be affLxed to any permitted copies as were affiXed to the original. This exception does not allow copies to be made for others, whether or not sold, but all of the material purchased (with all backup copies) may be sold, given, or loaned to another person. Under the law, copying includes translating into another language or format. You may use the software on any computer owned by you, but extra copies cannot be made for this purpose. © Apple Computer, Inc., 1988 Linotronic is a registered trademark of 20525 Mariani Avenue Linotype Co. Cupertino, CA 95014 (408) 996-1010 Microsoft and MS-DOS are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Apple, the Apple logo, AppleCare, NuBus is a trademark of Texas Applelink, AppleTalk. A/UX, Instruments. HyperCard , Im:~geW rit e r , LaserWriter, MacApp, Macintosh, OS/2 is a trademark of International and SANE arc registered trademarks Business Machines Corporation. of Apple Computer, Inc. POSTSCRI PT is a registered trademark, APDA, AppleCD SC, Apple Desktop and Illustrator is a trademark, of Bus, AppleFax, EtherTalk, FDHD, Adobe Systems Incorporated. Finder, LocalTalk, and MPW are UNIX is a registered trademark of trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. -
40 Lessons from 40 Years of Apple Ads
40 Lessons from 40 Years of Apple Ads Apple was founded on April fools day in 1976. It’s first office was Steve Jobs’ parents’ garage: And it’s first products were humble: Steve Jobs was obsessed with poets, and he and Woz both drew inspiration from one of the best, Bob Dylan. Any great folklorist will tell you that Apple’s origins met the primary criteria for future exaltation. They were humble, poor, and hard working. From those origins, Apple has grown to a global behemoth with over $269 billion dollars in the bank. One of the (many) things that helped Apple get to where it is today is a mastery of advertising. This article presents 40 of the best Apple ads over 40 years and draws 40 lessons from each. It spans 1977’s “Simplicity” all the way to “The Rock x Siri Dominate the Day.” 1977 — “Simplicity” (https://archive.org/details/Apple_II_-_Simplicity_is_the_ultimate_sophistication) “Apple II will change the way you think about computers.” This is an introduction to the Apple II. It displays the features of the device with a clear emphasis on personal computing. The idea of having a personal computer was very new at the time; many people didn’t think there was a use for a computer at home. The lesson: When you’re introducing something new, keep it simple. 1978 — “Bestselling” (http://www.macmothership.com/gallery/MiscAds/a2bestselling1.jpg) “Since we developed Apple II in April 1977, more people have chosen our computer than all other personal computers combined.” Apple opens the brochure with the above quote, providing social proof from buyers. -
Juliana Travassos Núcleo Museológico Do DEI Da FCTUC: Proposta De Implementação
Juliana Travassos Ferreira NÚCLEO MUSEOLÓGICO DO DEPARTAMENTO DE ENGENHARIA INFORMÁTICA DA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS E TECNOLOGIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA PROPOSTA DE IMPLEMENTAÇÃO Trabalho de Projeto do Mestrado em Arte e Património, orientado pela Professora Doutora Joana Brites, apresentado ao Departamento de História, Estudos Europeus, Arqueologia e Artes da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra Setembro de 2019 FACULDADE DE LETRAS NÚCLEO MUSEOLÓGICO DO DEPARTAMENTO DE ENGENHARIA INFORMÁTICA DA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS E TECNOLOGIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA PROPOSTA DE IMPLEMENTAÇÃO Ficha Técnica Tipo de trabalho Trabalho de Projeto Título Núcleo Museológico do Departamento de Engenharia Informática da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra Subtítulo Proposta de Implementação Autora Juliana Travassos Ferreira Orientadora Doutora Joana Rita da Costa Brites Júri Presidente: Doutora Maria Luísa Pires do Rio Carmo Trindade Vogais: 1. Doutora Sandra Patrícia Antunes Ferreira da Costa Saldanha e Quadros 2. Doutora Joana Rita da Costa Brites Identificação do Curso 2º Ciclo em Arte e Património Área científica Museologia Ano 2019 Data da Defesa 30/10/2019 Classificação 19 valores Agradecimentos A presente dissertação representa o culminar de vários anos de investimento na minha formação académica e pessoal. Assim, várias são as pessoas a quem gostaria de manifestar a minha gratidão: Aos meus pais, pelo seu incansável apoio e dedicação, e por me incutirem a curiosidade, a temperança e a empatia como valores de referência. À minha família, em particular à minha madrinha e aos meus avós maternos, por me cultivarem o amor pelas artes. Ao Paulo, pelo companheirismo. Às amizades que contribuíram para a pessoa que sou hoje. -
Gestalt Manager 1
CHAPTER 1 Gestalt Manager 1 This chapter describes how you can use the Gestalt Manager and other system software facilities to investigate the operating environment. You need to know about the 1 operating environment if your application takes advantage of hardware (such as a Gestalt Manager floating-point unit) or software (such as Color QuickDraw) that is not available on all Macintosh computers. You can also use the Gestalt Manager to inform the Operating System that your software is present and to find out about other software registered with the Gestalt Manager. The Gestalt Manager is available in system software versions 6.0.4 and later. The MPW software development system and some other development environments supply code that allows you to use the Gestalt Manager on earlier system software versions; check the documentation provided with your development system. In system software versions earlier than 6.0.4, you can retrieve a limited description of the operating environment with the SysEnvirons function, also described in this chapter. You need to read this chapter if you take advantage of specific hardware or software features that may not be present on all versions of the Macintosh, or if you wish to inform other software that your software is present in the operating environment. This chapter describes how the Gestalt Manager works and then explains how you can ■ determine whether the Gestalt Manager is available ■ call the Gestalt function to investigate the operating environment ■ make information about your own hardware or software available to other applications ■ retrieve a limited description of the operating environment even if the Gestalt Manager is not available About the Gestalt Manager 1 The Macintosh family of computers includes models that use a number of different processors, some accompanied by a floating-point unit (FPU) or memory management unit (MMU). -
From 128K to Quadra: Model by Model
Chapter 12 From 128K to Quadra: Model by Model IN THIS CHAPTER: I What the specs mean I The specs for every Mac model ever made I Secrets of the pre-PowerPC Mac models I Just how much your Mac has devalued Yes, we’ve already been told that we’re nuts to attempt the next two chapters of this book. Since 1984, Apple has created more than 140 different Mac models — including 35 different PowerBooks and 53 different Performas! Each year, Apple piles on another dozen or so new models. By the time you finish reading this page, another Performa model probably will have been born. So, writing a couple of chapters that are supposed to describe every model is an exercise in futility. But we’re going to attempt it anyway, taking the models one by one and tracking their speeds, specs, and life cycles. This chapter will cover all the Apple Macs — both desktop and portable models — from the birth of the original Macintosh 128K to the release of the PowerBook 190, the last Mac ever made that was based on Motorola’s 68000-series processor chip. When you’re finished reading this chapter, you will be one of the few people on Earth who actually knows the difference between a Performa 550, 560, 575, 577, 578, 580, and 588. 375 376 Part II: Secrets of the Machine Chapter 13 will cover every Power Mac — or, more accurately, every PowerPC-based machine (those with four-digit model numbers) — from the first ones released in 1994 to the models released just minutes before this book was printed. -
The Macintosh II Reference Guide 1989.Pdf
The ·· Macintosh IT Reference Guide ST. PETERSBURG JUNIOR COLLEGE LIBRARY QA76.8.M3 V45 1989 OOO ii~l~ili3 5401l ltlm~~00218874~ ~~~~~~~~, 5 The Macintosh II ,. 2 9 Refereil QA t Veljkov, QPr~C J. ~:J :J- 76 . 8 "-- .M3 The Macintosh I I V45 reference guide 1989 $21.95 DATE , , -· . ..,..~. ';\ ' - - ~t. ~etetsbutg ~!funtot ctt:olltgt C THE BAKER a TAYLOR CO, 900001·13 2 The Macintosh II Reference Guide Mark D. Veljkov j)l JdttSbUttl J uniot Qt olltgt Scott, Foresman and Company Glenview. Illinois London A list of trademark lines can be found following the Acknowledgments. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Veljkov, Mark D. The Macintosh II reference guide I Mark D. Veljkov. p. em. Includes index. ISBN 0-673-38227-3 I. Macintosh II (Computer) I. Title. II. Title: Macintosh 2 reference guide. III. Title: Macintosh 1\vo reference guide. QA76.8.M3V45 1989 004.165-dc19 88-29097 CIP ISBN D-673-38227-3 Copyright© 1989 Scott, Foresman and Company. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Notice of Liability The information in this book is distributed on an ''As Is'' basis, without warranty. Neither the author nor Scott, Foresman and Company shall have any liability to customer or any other person or entity with respect to any liability, loss, or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the programs con tained herein. This includes, but is not limited to, interruption of service, loss of data, loss of business or anticipatory profits, or consequential damages from the use of the programs. -
Numerical Computation Guide
Numerical Computation Guide Sun Microsystems, Inc. 901 San Antonio Road Palo Alto, CA 94303 U.S.A. 650-960-1300 Part No. 806-3568-10 May 2000, Revision A Send comments about this document to: [email protected] Copyright © 2000 Sun Microsystems, Inc., 901 San Antonio Road • Palo Alto, CA 94303-4900 USA. All rights reserved. This product or document is distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution, and decompilation. No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any. Third-party software, including font technology, is copyrighted and licensed from Sun suppliers. Parts of the product may be derived from Berkeley BSD systems, licensed from the University of California. UNIX is a registered trademark in the U.S. and other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. For Netscape™, Netscape Navigator™, and the Netscape Communications Corporation logo™, the following notice applies: Copyright 1995 Netscape Communications Corporation. All rights reserved. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, docs.sun.com, AnswerBook2, Solaris, SunOS, JavaScript, SunExpress, Sun WorkShop, Sun WorkShop Professional, Sun Performance Library, Sun Performance WorkShop, Sun Visual WorkShop, and Forte are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. The OPEN LOOK and Sun™ Graphical User Interface was developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. -
Ipad: a Virtual Studio in My Handbag by Angela Hayward
iPad: A Virtual Studio in my Handbag By Angela Hayward Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) In Collaboration with: University of the Arts London Arts University Bournemouth June 2018 Dedication I would like to dedicate this thesis to my sister, Debs, who always supported me and who I wish could have seen that I’d completed it. I would like to acknowledge the help and support of my supervisory team, Dr Kavita Hayton, Dr Mark Ingham, Professor Stephanie James, Research Manager Valerie Lodge and all my family and friends whose absolute confidence in me has without a doubt enabled me to keep going and finish what I started. Abstract Central to this practice-based investigation is the concept that the iPad has the potential to provide the appropriate tools and resources required to create a body of new and original artworks. I suggest that the iPad enables the artist to re-define the concept of an artist’s studio and facilitates a move away from the traditional studio towards a new virtual studio. This investigation considers the affordances of the iPad in engendering new ways of visualising intimate, private, domestic and public space, through filmmaking, photography, and digital drawing and painting. The practice-based element of this doctorate is interwoven with an investigation of relevant critical theory and is presented as a descriptive analysis of my virtual studio. The research explores the contemporary methodologies of arts-based research; autoethnography and visual and digital ethnography. My contribution to knowledge is that the iPad is a virtual studio that enables myself and other artists to create new modes of creative practice.