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The Crisis of the Fisheries in Newfoundland and Labrador and the Notion of the Common Good in David Hollenbach

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The Crisis of the Fisheries in Newfoundland and Labrador and the Notion of the Common Good in David Hollenbach The Crisis of the Fisheries in Newfoundland and Labrador and the Notion of the Common Good in David Hollenbach by Bertha Marie Yetman A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Regis College and the Theology Department of the Toronto School of Theology In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Theology awarded by the University of St. Michael’s College. © Copyright by Bertha Marie Yetman 2017 The Crisis of the Fisheries in Newfoundland and Labrador and the Notion of the Common Good In David Hollenbach Bertha Marie Yetman Doctor of Philosophy University of St. Michael’s College 2017 Abstract This thesis offers an extended theological reflection on the notion of the common good, in light of the decimation of the world’s largest cod fishery in the waters off the northeast coast of Newfoundland and Labrador. Drawing on Church and local political history, this thesis argues that the theological notion of the common good would have provided the theological perspective for Catholic Church-local leaders to see this socio- economic-ecological crisis as a spiritual crisis, a one which summoned the active engagement of the Church. The destruction of the northern cod fishery in the latter half of the twentieth century is considered through the lens of David Hollenbach’s reinterpreted notion of the common good in Catholic social tradition. Hollenbach’s common good re-envisioned, offers a way of articulating and reflecting on the theological-ethical insufficiency of the local Church’s response to this socio-economic-ecological-political-spiritual tragedy. Despite the long-standing tradition of the Catholic Church to interpret, define and advance the needs of the common good of all humanity, that Vatican II had happened, and was followed by more than fifteen years of Canadian Catholic Bishops social justice statements, Newfoundland Church leaders in the late twentieth century, did not see it ii appropriate to become involved in this immense political, socio-economic-ecological, cultural-spiritual travesty of justice. Hollenbach’s common good reinterpreted presses this Church-local to be the people of God, and awaken to the spirit of aggiornamento, affirmed at Vatican II. Active commitment to Catholic social teachings on respect for human dignity, love, solidarity, sharing, and mutual responsibility, can only empower this Church by the sea to unite its aspirations with the needs of the common good of these maritime people. iii To the memory of my father Augustine Yetman - the fisherman, my brother Ray, my sisters Mary St. Croix and Monica Yetman, my niece and Godchild, Janet Winter, my nephew John A. St.Croix, and my three friends and mentors, Katherine Bellamy RSM, K. Janet Ritch, and John M.W. Scott. iv Acknowledgements I am deeply indebted to my team, namely my co-directors Mary Jo Leddy and Mary Rowell CSJ, and Darren Dias OP. Your good counsel, guidance and skillful direction helped me navigate these rather testing waters to the final production of this document. I am especially grateful to my immediate and extended Yetman family, particularly my mother Anastasia Yetman, who lives and celebrates her 102nd year at St. Mary’s by the sea. The support of the people of my home community, St. Mary’s and of my native province, Newfoundland and Labrador, has proven invaluable. These people of the sea have been instrumental in helping me steer the course, to secure this dissertation to its holdin’ground. The assistance provided by the Sisters of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and the Sisters of Mercy, St. John’s, the Loretto Sisters, Toronto, the staffs of Memorial University of Newfoundland and the St. John’s Christian Brothers archives, the staffs of the Kelly and Regis College libraries, Toronto, and the generous help of Renee Estrada of the Catholic Archdiocese of St. John’s archives, is greatly appreciated. My gratefulness also extends to my many friends, mentors and colleagues, near and far - too many to mention. There are those to whom I am especially indebted: Tom Best and the members of The Newfoundland Inshore Fisheries Association, Elizabeth Bonnelo, Barbara Breen, Margie Conroy RSCJ, Lesley Chorlton, Noel Daley, Gilbert Doddato IVD, RM Dolores Hart OSB, Eva Lados, Ellen Leonard CSJ, Mary Jo MacDonald, Marianne Mastagar, Ron Mercier S.J., Annette Mooney, Penney Shawyer, Ann Sirek, Nubia Soda, Cora Twohig-Moengangongo, Robert Wychers, and Lois Wilson. Thank-you to all of you for sharing the journey with me. Most of all, thank-you God, our Mother Mary and all the angels and saints, especially St. Jude, St. Anthony and St. Kateri Tekakwitha, for freeing me to respect and hold human dignity in the highest regard, and to value the human right of all people to participate and share in the common good. v Table of Contents ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................v ABBREVIATIONS: CATHOLIC SOCIAL ENCYCLICALS ...........................................x INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................1 Thesis Question ..............................................................................................................4 Thesis Statement ............................................................................................................5 Defining the Common Good ......................................................................................... 6 Community and the Common Good ............................................................................. 7 Contemporary Context for Engaging the Common Good ............................................8 Status Questionis ........................................................................................................ 10 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 14 Procedure ................................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER ONE: THE FISHERY ANDFISHERIES CRISIS OF 1986- 1992 AND THE NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR COMMUNITY ..............................27 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................27 PART A: NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR COMMUNITY OF THE SEA Brief History of a Maritime People ........................................................................... 27 Communities: Catholic and Protestant ....................................................................... 31 Gathered Community ..................................................................................................35 Parish .......................................................................................................................... 37 Fishers and Fish Merchants ........................................................................................39 PART B: THE FISHERIES CRISIS OF 1986-1992 SECTION I: EVENTS, CAUSES AND ACTIONS Events Leading to the Crisis ....................................................................................... 40 Overfishing and the Newfoundland Inshore Fisheries Association (NIFA) ............... 44 Keats Report .................................................................................................................46 Federal Government Commissioned Scientific Studies ..............................................47 Catastrophe .................................................................................................................50 SECTION II: MAJOR PARTICIPANTS IN THE FISHEIES CRISIS Federal and Provincial Governments ...........................................................................51 Government of Newfoundland and Labrador ............................................................ 52 The Newfoundland Fishermen’s Food and Allied Workers Union ............................56 The Relation of the Catholic Church to the Fisheries Crisis .......................................57 The Clergy and Religious and Sexual Abuse Scandals ..............................................59 Inter-Church Coalition for Fishing Communities ...................................................... 60 vi Outmigration from Community ...................................................................................61 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................62 CHAPTER TWO: THE RELATION OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR TO THE FISHERIES AND FISHERIES CRISIS OF 1986-1992. ..........................................................................................................64 Introduction . ................................................................................................................64 PART A: THE RELATION OFTHE LEADERSHIP OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR TO THE FISHERIES FROM THE PRE-LEONINE TO POST LEONINE PERIOD .............................66 Catholic Church in Newfoundland (1780-1930) .........................................................67 Bishop Michael Anthony Fleming (1832-1850) and Church-State Relations .............69 Leonine Period: Bishop Michael Francis Howley (1886- 1915) and The French Shore Question ........................................................................................71
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