Exploring the Relationship Between Outer Space and World Politics: English School and Regime Theory Perspectives
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Issues Paper on Exploring Space Technologies for Sustainable Development and the Benefits of International Research Collaboration in This Context
United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development Inter-sessional Panel 2019-2020 7-8 November 2019 Geneva, Switzerland Issues Paper on Exploring space technologies for sustainable development and the benefits of international research collaboration in this context Draft Not to be cited Prepared by UNCTAD Secretariat1 18 October 2019 1 Contributions from the Governments of Austria, Belgium, Botswana, Brazil, Canada, Japan, Mexico, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, United States of America, as well as from the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the International Telecommunication Union, the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction and the World Food Programme are gratefully acknowledged. Contents Table of figures ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Table of boxes ......................................................................................................................................... 3 I. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 4 II. Space technologies for the Sustainable Development Goals ......................................................... 5 1. Food security and agriculture ..................................................................................................... 5 2. Health applications .................................................................................................................... -
Cross-References ASTEROID IMPACT Definition and Introduction History of Impact Cratering Studies
18 ASTEROID IMPACT Tedesco, E. F., Noah, P. V., Noah, M., and Price, S. D., 2002. The identification and confirmation of impact structures on supplemental IRAS minor planet survey. The Astronomical Earth were developed: (a) crater morphology, (b) geo- 123 – Journal, , 1056 1085. physical anomalies, (c) evidence for shock metamor- Tholen, D. J., and Barucci, M. A., 1989. Asteroid taxonomy. In Binzel, R. P., Gehrels, T., and Matthews, M. S. (eds.), phism, and (d) the presence of meteorites or geochemical Asteroids II. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, pp. 298–315. evidence for traces of the meteoritic projectile – of which Yeomans, D., and Baalke, R., 2009. Near Earth Object Program. only (c) and (d) can provide confirming evidence. Remote Available from World Wide Web: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/ sensing, including morphological observations, as well programs. as geophysical studies, cannot provide confirming evi- dence – which requires the study of actual rock samples. Cross-references Impacts influenced the geological and biological evolu- tion of our own planet; the best known example is the link Albedo between the 200-km-diameter Chicxulub impact structure Asteroid Impact Asteroid Impact Mitigation in Mexico and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Under- Asteroid Impact Prediction standing impact structures, their formation processes, Torino Scale and their consequences should be of interest not only to Earth and planetary scientists, but also to society in general. ASTEROID IMPACT History of impact cratering studies In the geological sciences, it has only recently been recog- Christian Koeberl nized how important the process of impact cratering is on Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria a planetary scale. -
Spring 2018 Undergraduate Law Journal
SPRING 2018 UNDERGRADUATE LAW JOURNAL The Final Frontier: Evolution of Space Law in a Global Society By: Garett Faulkender and Stephan Schneider Introduction “Space: the final frontier!” These are the famous introductory words spoken by William Shatner on every episode of Star Trek. This science-fiction TV show has gained a cult-following with its premise as a futuristic Space odyssey. Originally released in 1966, many saw the portrayed future filled with Space-travel, inter-planetary commerce and politics, and futuristic technology as merely a dream. However, today we are starting to explore this frontier. “We are entering an exciting era in [S]pace where we expect more advances in the next few decades than throughout human history.”1 Bank of America/Merrill Lynch has predicted that the Space industry will grow to over $2.7 trillion over the next three decades. Its report said, “a new raft of drivers is pushing the ‘Space Age 2.0’”.2 Indeed, this market has seen start-up investments in the range of $16 billion,3 helping fund impressive new companies like Virgin Galactic and SpaceX. There is certainly a market as Virgin Galactic says more than 600 customers have registered for a $250,000 suborbital trip, including Leonardo DiCaprio, Katy Perry, Ashton Kutcher, and physicist Stephen Hawking.4 Although Space-tourism is the exciting face of a future in Space, the Space industry has far more to offer. According to the Satellite Industries 1 Michael Sheetz, The Space Industry Will Be Worth Nearly $3 Trillion in 30 Years, Bank of America Predicts, CNBC, (last updated Oct. -
Questioning the Surface of Mars As the 21St Century's Ultimate Pioneering Destination in Space
Questioning The Surface Of Mars As The 21st Century's Ultimate Pioneering Destination In Space Small Bodies Assessment Group Meeting #13 Washington D.C. 1 July 2015 Questioning Mars As The Ultimate Pioneering Destination In Space Background And Context • Foreseeable human-initiated activity in space can be divided into two categories - Exploring (e.g. Lewis & Clark ca. 1805): survey foreign territory + A major component of NASA's charter + Can be conducted by humans directly or by robots under human control + Virtual human presence is possible via tele-robotics stationed < 100,000 km away + Mars never approaches Earth closer than 56 million km - Pioneering (e.g. Pilgrims ca.1620): put down multi-generation roots in foreign territory + NOT in NASA's charter + MUST be conducted by humans in situ and ultimately return sustained profits + Any examples to date are dubious and Earth-centered (e.g. communication satellites) • Mars is widely accepted as the ultimate 21st century pioneering destination in space - Why would 202,586* adults volunteer in 2013 for a one-way trip to the surface of Mars? - What are potential obstacles to pioneering the surface of Mars? - Might there be more accessible and hospitable pioneering destinations than Mars? * The number of applications actually completed and submitted to Mars One was reported in 2015 to be 4227. Daniel R. Adamo ([email protected]) 1 1 July 2015 Questioning Mars As The Ultimate Pioneering Destination In Space History† Indicates Humans Pioneer For Compelling Reasons • Escape from war, starvation, -
PHILIPPINES’ NATIONAL STATEMENT to the UNISPACE+5O HIGH-LEVEL SEGMENT 20-21 JUNE 2018, VIENNA INTERNATIONAL CENTER
PHILIPPINES’ NATIONAL STATEMENT TO THE UNISPACE+5o HIGH-LEVEL SEGMENT 20-21 JUNE 2018, VIENNA INTERNATIONAL CENTER TO BE DELIVERED BY ATTY. EMMANUEL S. GALVEZ ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR FINANCE AND LEGAL AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Ms. Simonetta Di Pippo, UNOOSA Director, Ms. Rosa Maria del Refugio Ramirez de Arellano v Haro, COPUOS Chairperson, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, Good afternoon. On behalf of the Philippine Government, allow me to extend my warmest felicitations and congratulations to UNOOSA Director Ms. Di Pippo, COPUOS Chairperson Ms. Arellano the fiftieth y(5oth)Haro and all Signatory States for the successful milestone commemoration of anniversary of the first United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNISPACE+5o). The UNISPACE+5o process endeavors to build a foundation that would help define the role of space activities in addressing the overarching long-term development concerns and contributing to global efforts towards achieving the goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The Philippines strongly supports the Space 2030 Agenda as it endeavors to create a vision for space cooperation by strengthening the mandate of the COPUOS as unique platform for international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space. As we take note of the contributions of the three conferences to global space governance, 50 years of space exploration and international cooperation on the peaceful uses of outer space, the Philippines is humbled as it has vet to harness fully the potential of the peaceful uses of outer space and reap the benefits of space innovation. There is a pending legislation with the House of Representatives on the proposed Philippines Space Development and Utilization Policy, and the Creation of the Philippines Space Agency. -
Coping with the Security Dilemma: a Fundamental Ambiguity of State Behaviour Andras Szalai Central European University
Volume 2 (2), 2009 AMBIGUITIES Coping with the Security Dilemma: A Fundamental Ambiguity of State Behaviour Andras Szalai Central European University Abstract he wording of international treaties, the language and actions of statesmen are often T ambiguous, even controversial. But there is a different, more fundamental ambiguity underlying international relations; one that is independent of human nature or the cognitive limitations of decision makers but instead results from the correct adjustment of state behaviour to the uncertainties of an anarchical international system. Due to the anarchical nature of the international system — the lack of a sovereign — states can only rely on their own strength for self-defence. But self-protection often threatens other states. If a state purchases armaments, even if it claims not to have aggressive intents, there is no sovereign to enforce these commitments and there is no way of being certain that the purchasing state is telling the truth, or that it will not develop such intents in the future. The so- called security dilemma has a number of effects on state behaviour. First, states often worry about implausible threats (see e.g. British defence plans against a possible French invasion in the 1930s) and/or get caught in arms races. Second, states develop an inherent mistrust in the language of the other, requiring commitments to be firm and unambiguous in order to be credible, since ambiguity invites conflicts and renders cooperation more difficult. Still, on the one hand, instead of a world of constant mistrust, we register instances of institutionalized inter-state cooperation. On the other hand, states often choose to make commitments that are deliberately ambiguous and outperform more transparent commitments. -
Papéis Normativos E Práticas Sociais
Agnes Ayres (1898-194): Rodolfo Valentino e Agnes Ayres em “The Sheik” (1921) The Donovan Affair (1929) The Affairs of Anatol (1921) The Rubaiyat of a Scotch Highball Broken Hearted (1929) Cappy Ricks (1921) (1918) Bye, Bye, Buddy (1929) Too Much Speed (1921) Their Godson (1918) Into the Night (1928) The Love Special (1921) Sweets of the Sour (1918) The Lady of Victories (1928) Forbidden Fruit (1921) Coals for the Fire (1918) Eve's Love Letters (1927) The Furnace (1920) Their Anniversary Feast (1918) The Son of the Sheik (1926) Held by the Enemy (1920) A Four Cornered Triangle (1918) Morals for Men (1925) Go and Get It (1920) Seeking an Oversoul (1918) The Awful Truth (1925) The Inner Voice (1920) A Little Ouija Work (1918) Her Market Value (1925) A Modern Salome (1920) The Purple Dress (1918) Tomorrow's Love (1925) The Ghost of a Chance (1919) His Wife's Hero (1917) Worldly Goods (1924) Sacred Silence (1919) His Wife Got All the Credit (1917) The Story Without a Name (1924) The Gamblers (1919) He Had to Camouflage (1917) Detained (1924) In Honor's Web (1919) Paging Page Two (1917) The Guilty One (1924) The Buried Treasure (1919) A Family Flivver (1917) Bluff (1924) The Guardian of the Accolade (1919) The Renaissance at Charleroi (1917) When a Girl Loves (1924) A Stitch in Time (1919) The Bottom of the Well (1917) Don't Call It Love (1923) Shocks of Doom (1919) The Furnished Room (1917) The Ten Commandments (1923) The Girl Problem (1919) The Defeat of the City (1917) The Marriage Maker (1923) Transients in Arcadia (1918) Richard the Brazen (1917) Racing Hearts (1923) A Bird of Bagdad (1918) The Dazzling Miss Davison (1917) The Heart Raider (1923) Springtime à la Carte (1918) The Mirror (1917) A Daughter of Luxury (1922) Mammon and the Archer (1918) Hedda Gabler (1917) Clarence (1922) One Thousand Dollars (1918) The Debt (1917) Borderland (1922) The Girl and the Graft (1918) Mrs. -
Tides and the Climate: Some Speculations
FEBRUARY 2007 MUNK AND BILLS 135 Tides and the Climate: Some Speculations WALTER MUNK Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California BRUCE BILLS Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland (Manuscript received 18 May 2005, in final form 12 January 2006) ABSTRACT The important role of tides in the mixing of the pelagic oceans has been established by recent experiments and analyses. The tide potential is modulated by long-period orbital modulations. Previously, Loder and Garrett found evidence for the 18.6-yr lunar nodal cycle in the sea surface temperatures of shallow seas. In this paper, the possible role of the 41 000-yr variation of the obliquity of the ecliptic is considered. The obliquity modulation of tidal mixing by a few percent and the associated modulation in the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) may play a role comparable to the obliquity modulation of the incoming solar radiation (insolation), a cornerstone of the Milankovic´ theory of ice ages. This speculation involves even more than the usual number of uncertainties found in climate speculations. 1. Introduction et al. 2000). The Hawaii Ocean-Mixing Experiment (HOME), a major experiment along the Hawaiian Is- An early association of tides and climate was based land chain dedicated to tidal mixing, confirmed an en- on energetics. Cold, dense water formed in the North hanced mixing at spring tides and quantified the scat- Atlantic would fill up the global oceans in a few thou- tering of tidal energy from barotropic into baroclinic sand years were it not for downward mixing from the modes over suitable topography. -
Geological Constraints on the Precambrian History of Earth's
GEOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS ON THE PRECAMBRIAN HISTORY OF EARTH’S ROTATION AND THE MOON’S ORBIT George E. Williams Department of Geology and Geophysics University of Adelaide, Adelaide South Australia, Australia Abstract. Over the past decade the analysis of sedi- zoic (ϳ620 Ma) tidal rhythmites in South Australia are mentary cyclic rhythmites of tidal origin, i.e., stacked validated by these tests and indicate 13.1 Ϯ 0.1 synodic thin beds or laminae usually of sandstone, siltstone, and (lunar) months/yr, 400 Ϯ 7 solar days/yr, a length of day Ϯ mudstone that display periodic variations in thickness of 21.9 0.4 h, and a relative Earth-Moon distance a/a0 reflecting a strong tidal influence on sedimentation, has of 0.965 Ϯ 0.005. The mean rate of lunar recession since provided information on Earth’s paleorotation and the that time is 2.17 Ϯ 0.31 cm/yr, which is little more than evolving lunar orbit for Precambrian time (before 540 half the present rate of lunar recession of 3.82 Ϯ 0.07 Ma). Depositional environments of tidal rhythmites cm/yr obtained by lunar laser ranging. The late Neopro- range from estuarine to tidal delta, with a wave-pro- terozoic data militate against significant overall change tected, distal ebb tidal delta setting being particularly in Earth’s moment of inertia and radius at least since 620 favorable for the deposition and preservation of long, Ma. Cyclicity displayed by Paleoproterozoic (2450 Ma) detailed rhythmite records. The potential sediment load banded iron formation in Western Australia may record of nearshore tidal currents and the effectiveness of the tidal influences on the discharge and/or dispersal of tide as an agent of sediment entrainment and deposition submarine hydrothermal plumes and suggests 14.5 Ϯ 0.5 ϭ Ϯ are related directly to tidal range (or maximum tidal synodic months/yr and a/a0 0.906 0.029. -
An Era of Hope in the Geostationary Orbit
ROY BALLESTE* Space Horizons: An Era of Hope in the Geostationary Orbit I. Point of Departure ................................................................. 166 A. Envisioning Orbital Technology .................................... 173 II. A Geostationary Resource ..................................................... 175 A. Public Order in Outer Space .......................................... 178 III. Status of the Geostationary Orbit .......................................... 180 A. The Bogotá Declaration ................................................. 183 B. The 1967 Outer Space Treaty ........................................ 184 IV. Allocation of Resources ........................................................ 187 A. Thoughts on a Solution .................................................. 188 Conclusion ........................................................................................ 191 Exploration is in our nature. We began as wanderers, and we are wanderers still. We have lingered long enough on the shores of the cosmic ocean. We are ready at last to set sail for the stars. —Carl Sagan1 * Dr. Roy Balleste is a Professor of Law and is the Director of the LL.M. program in Cybersecurity Law & Policy at St. Thomas University School of Law. Balleste’s research and writing focuses on the crossroads of cybersecurity, rules of engagement, and space law. He was the 2017 recipient of the space law Nicolas Mateesco Matte Prize at McGill University. Professor Balleste teaches internet governance law and cybersecurity law. He -
In the Decade Immediately Following the Second World War, Many Of
‘A Central Issue of Our Time’: Academic Freedom in Postwar American Thought A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Julian Tzara Nemeth August 2007 2 This thesis titled ‘A Central Issue of Our Time’: Academic Freedom in Postwar American Thought by JULIAN TZARA NEMETH has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Kevin Mattson Professor of History Benjamin M. Ogles Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 Abstract NEMETH, JULIAN TZARA., M.A, August 2007, History ‘A Central Issue of Our Time’: Academic Freedom in Postwar American Thought (108 pp.) Director of Thesis: Kevin Mattson In the early years of the Cold War, more than one hundred American academics lost their jobs because university administrators suspected them of Communist Party membership. How did intellectuals respond to this crisis? Referring to contemporary books, articles, organizational statements, and correspondence, I argue that disputes over academic freedom helped shatter a tenuous liberal consensus, unite conservatives, and challenge defenses of professorial liberty among academia’s largest professional organization, the American Association of University Professors. Specifically, I show how Sidney Hook and Arthur Schlesinger Jr.’s dispute over academic freedom was representative of larger quarrels among liberals over McCarthyism. Conversely, I demonstrate that conservatives such as William Buckley Jr. and Russell Kirk overcame serious differences on academic freedom to present a united front against liberalism, in and outside of the academy. Finally, I show the difficulty an organization such as the AAUP encounters when defending professional values in a democratic society. -
European Astronaut Selection ESA Prepares for the Missions of the 21 St Century
European Astronaut Selection ESA prepares for the missions of the 21 st century With the selection of its first astronauts ESA’s human spaceflight activities in 1978 and the first Spacelab mission are now entering a new era, with ESA in 1983, the European Space Agency astronauts working aboard the (ESA) took its first steps into human International Space Station (ISS), spaceflight. The advent of the Columbus Columbus starting operations, and orbital laboratory project required a the new ‘ATV’ cargo ship delivering second selection of astronauts in 1992. fresh supplies to the Station. The exploration of the Solar System will be one of humanity’s most exciting adventures in the near future. All of the world’s spacefaring nations are preparing for this huge enterprise, and an astronaut corps is essential for Europe, thanks to ESA, to take part in this endeavour. Now is the time for ESA to seek new talents to reinforce its astronaut team, to prepare for missions to the ISS, the Moon and beyond. T The Selection | How? When? Where? h e S e l e c t i o n How can I apply? You can apply online via the ESA web portal (www.esa.int/ astronautselection). Registration is in two steps: • pre-registration: provide identity information and a JAR-FCL 3, Class 2 medi- cal examination certificate, from an Aviation Medical Examiner who has been certified by his/her national Aviation Medical Authority; • a password then allows you to access the application form. T The Selection | How? When? Where? h e S e l e • initial selection according to basic criteria; c t i What are the o • psychological tests for selected candidates; n • second round of psychological tests and interviews; steps in the • medical tests; selection • job interview.