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NAGA 26-4.Indd editorial Our commitment: WorldFish Center is com mit ted to Genetic diversity is a basic requirement in any program for the improvement of aquatic species. contributing to food security and Terrestrial animal and crop farmers raise species and breeds that have been bred in captivity for poverty eradication in developing thousands of years. Many of the breeds/strains presently being farmed are quite distinct from coun tries. their wild relatives and have a much better growth performance. As compared to this, there is very little domestication in the case of aquatic animals, inspite of aquaculture having been We aim for: practiced for thousands of years. Many of the aquatic species that are being cultured today do • poverty eradication; not grow as well as their wild populations due to inbreeding. This makes it necessary to go back • a healthier, better nourished human to nature frequently to obtain wild brood stock or seed. Hence, aquaculture is dependent on fam i ly; natural genetic resources. A classical example is the Nile tilapia which has been introduced to aquaculture in many countries outside its natural habitat. The Genetic Improvement of Farmed • reduced pressure on fragile natural Tilapia (GIFT) project implemented by the WorldFish Center and partners, realizing that the re sourc es; and stocks of Nile tilapia in Asia were inbred, and therefore collected and used wild germplasm from • people-centered policies for sus tain able Africa in the genetic improvement program that resulted in increasing the growth rate of the development. fi sh by 85 per cent after fi ve generations of selection. A way to achieve this: The last decade has seen some attention being paid to conservation and sustainable Through research, partnership, capacity development of genetic resources with the establishment of the Convention on Biological building and policy support, we Diversity (CBD), the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, and the inclusion promote sustainable development and of aquatic genetic resources in the FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Inspite of the importance of aquatic resources, they do not fi nd a place in some use of living aquatic resources based on of the Conventions. The Bellagio conference on “Towards Policies for Conservation and environmentally sound management. Sustainable Management of Aquatic Resources” held in 1998 recognized that the CBD remains The research thrusts are: relatively undefi ned with respect to aquatic resources and suggested that national governments • improving productivity; should take responsibility for the conservation and sustainable use of aquatic genetic resources. • protecting the environment; Many countries do not have policies for the conservation of aquatic genetic resources and those • saving biodiversity; that do have no means of implementing these policies. • improving policies; and • strengthening national programs. Transboundary movement of aquatic organisms has also become a concern from the point of view of conservation of biodiversity and introduction of pathogens and parasites. A number of introduced species have become invasive and led to the extinction of indigenous fauna. We believe this work will be most Even in cases where genetically improved strains have escaped into the wild and come in successful when undertaken in contact with natural populations of the same species or that of a closely related species, partnership with national governments there is the possibility of hybridization and gene introgression and subsequent erosion of and nongovernmental institutions, and biodiversity. The expert Consultation organized by the WorldFish Center in Bangladesh in 2003 with the participation of users of the suggested ecological risk assessment be made at the national level before improved strains are research results. disseminated. An expert Consultation organized by the WorldFish Center in collaboration with FAO, IUCN, CBD, CTA and UNEP in 2002 in Nairobi recommended that improved tilapia strains Our corporate makeup: from Asia should not be introduced into Africa which is the natural home of the tilapias. In this WorldFish Center is an autonomous, context, the International Network on Genetics in Aquaculture (INGA) coordinated by the WorldFish Center is assisting its members in germplasm transfer for research following strictly nongovernment, nonprofi t organization, the Material Transfer Agreements and quarantine protocols and recommendations such as those established as an international center in of the INGA workshop. 1977. The Center is an operational entity with programs funded by grants from The giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) has become an important aquaculture private foundations and governments. species in Asia, both for domestic consumption and for export. There is growing interest in genetic improvement of the species and a number of countries in Asia are in the process of WorldFish Center is governed by an initiating research programs for genetic improvement. The paper on genetic diversity of stocks International Board of Trustees and its of M. rosenbergii by Peter Mather and Mark de Bruyn in this issue brings to attention the low policies are implemented by the Director genetic diversity of cultured stocks, while wild stocks are genetically diverse, indicating the importance of understanding and conserving genetic diversity of the species. General. Modadugu V. Gupta WorldFish Center WorldFish Center is one of the 15 international research centers of the Consultative Group on CGIAR International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) that has initiated the public awareness 2 NAGA, WorldFish Center Quarterly Vol. 26 No. 4 Oct-Dec 2003 campaign, Future Harvest. contents articles Genetic diversity in wild stocks of the giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium 4 rosenbergii): Implications for aquaculture and conservation • P.B. Mather and M. de Bruyn Growth, mortality and recruitment of Nile perch Lates niloticus (L. Centropomidae) in 8 the Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria: an evaluation update • C.O. Rabour, J. Gichuki and J. Moreau 13 Spawning and hatching performance of the Silvery Black Porgy Sparidentex hasta under hypersaline conditions • O.M. Yousif, A.A. Ali and K.K. Kumar 16 Assessment of the fi shing effort level in the shrimp fi sheries of the central and southern Gulf of California • A.S. Medina and L.A. Soto 21 Food and feeding habits of Synodontis nigrita from the Osun River, SW Nigeria • E.A.A. Olojo, K.B. Olurin and O.J. Osikoya 25 Infl uence of music on the growth of Koi Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Pisces: Cyprinidae) • L. Vasantha, A. Jeyakumar and M.A. Pitchai 27 FishBase Article Rhincodon typus (Smith, 1828) Whale shark • FishBase team 28 ReefBase Article Coral spawning information • Y. Yusuf, M. Noordeloos and J. Oliver 30 Special Tribute WorldFish Center bids farewell to longest serving Director General news information 33 INGA News 41 Bibliography 35 NTAFP News 47 Indexes 35 AFS News 49 Selected Websites 37 NAGA News 37 Announcements update (center pullout) 39 New Publications 1 Report from the Fisheries and Aquaculture Workshop of the East Asia Seas Congress Saving the Fisheries of the East Asia Seas Editors Consultant Editor Cover Designer and Layout Artist Modadugu V. Gupta, Ilona C. Stobutzki, Kathleen Matics Garrick Tan Kuperan K. Viswanathan Copy Editor Printed by Assistant Editors Rita Kapadia INTACT Communications Belen Acosta, Len Garces WorldFish Center Quarterly Cover photo by K. Broadhurst (right/ Volume 26, No. 4 OCTOBER - DECEMBER 2003 left), M. de Bruyn (top/bottom/top left): Coordinators Catherine Tan, Salina Mustaffa Collection of Macrobrachium rosenbergii samples for analysis of genetic diversity. NAGA, WorldFish Center Quarterly Vol. 26 No. 4 Oct-Dec 2003 3 articles Genetic diversity in wild stocks of the giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii): Implications for aquaculture and conservation P.B. Mather and M. de Bruyn Abstract The giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) is cultured widely around the world but little is known about the levels and patterns of genetic diversity in either wild or cultured stocks. Studies have suggested that genetic diversity may be relatively low in some cultured stocks due to the history of how they were founded and subsequent exposure to repeated population bottlenecks in hatcheries. In contrast, wild stocks have an extensive distribution that extends from southern Asia across Southeast (SE) Asia to the Pacifi c region. Therefore, wild stocks could be an important resource for genetic improvement of culture stocks in the future. Understanding the extent and patterns of genetic diversity in wild giant freshwater prawn stocks will assist decisions about the direction future breeding programs may take. Wild stock genetic diversity was examined using a 472 base-pair segment of the 16S rRNA gene in 18 wild populations collected from across the natural range of the species. Two major clades ("eastern" and "western") were identifi ed either side of Huxley’s line, with a minimum divergence of 6.2 per cent, which implies separation since the Miocene period (5-10 MYA). While divergence estimates within major clades was small (maximum 0.9 per cent), evidence was also found for population structuring at a lower spatial scale. This will be examined more intensively with a faster evolving mtDNA gene in the future. Introduction natural distribution (e.g. Brazil) (FAO using modern aquaculture techniques since 2000) and it is now cultured in at least 43
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