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Journal of Agricultural Economics Research Was Initiated by O.V A Complete Bibliography: 1949-1994 Economic Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Author: Gene Wunderlich Preface The Journal of Agricultural Economics Research was initiated by O.V. Wells in 1949 as “a medium for the publication of technical articles.” In more than four decades of articles and reviews can be seen the change and progress in research by USDA social scientists. Our purpose here is to provide an easily accessible archive of that change and progress. Two previous bibliographies were prepared and published in 1979 and 1988. This version of the bibliography contains a complete listing of all articles and reviews published in JAER during the entire life of the Journal, 1949-94. Each entry has been placed in chronological order as it appears in Journal issues. Following each volume and issue number, the entries are listed under articles and reviews. The “Reviews” section includes comments, research reports, and reviews. Each entry carries a unique number. Following the listing of entries is an index of all authors and reviewers, each containing their entry numbers. The “Author” index reflects only the reviewers, not authors of the books reviewed. The introduction provides a brief history of this unique professional journal and, at its end, lists the Journal editors and the dates of their service. This bibliography has been designed for electronic access. It can be accesed online at www.ers.usda.gov/publications/jaer. Access also can be obtained through AgEcon Search at http://agecon.lib.umn.edu/index.html. Collections of the printed JAER can be found at the National Agricultural Library, McGrath Library at the University of Minnesota, Mann Library at Cornell University, and most other Land Grant Universities. We are grateful to the Economic Research Service, Tom McDonald, and Dana Rayl West for the resources and effort in assembling this bibliography of the Journal. The Editors of the Journal of Agricultural Economics Research USDA’s Journal of Agricultural Economics Research: BAE to ERS Gene Wunderlich The Journal of Agricultural Economics Research (JAER) was only 4 years old when it was orphaned by the 1953 demise of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics.1 This unique, in-house journal bridged the organizational gap from the end of BAE to the creation of the Economic Research Service in 1961, then continued to serve as a technical outlet on economic issues, analyses, and measurement until 1994. The history of JAER is tied to the half century of development in agricultural economics following WWII. The broader concerns about mission and performance of the instruments of professional communication are timeless. Economics in USDA JAER2 was born in a time of political and economic turmoil following the end of WWII. The era of New Deal policies and politics was clearly over. Major economic adjustment and development problems at home and abroad confronted the Truman administration. In 1938, the Department of Agriculture was reorganized following a meeting of land- grant colleges and USDA at Mt. Weather, Virginia. Emphasis was on coordination among Federal, state, and local participation in the planning and design of action programs. Secretary Wallace wanted the diverse programs of the Department coordinated through a single agency. BAE was designated to be the Department’s central planning agency. As Under-Secretary M.L. Wilson explained: “...the new Bureau of Agricultural Economics, under the leadership of H.R. Tolley...will establish the general framework for action; the detailed planning and operations of each agency will then be carried on within that framework.”3 While planning management was consolidated in BAE, other functions in marketing, land use, foreign agricultural service were transferred from BAE or modified by the reorganization. 1 Department of Agriculture Secretary H.C. Wallace created The Bureau of Agricultural Economics in 1922 by merging the Office of Farm Management and Farm Economics with the Office of Markets and Crop Estimates. The new BAE was headed by H. C. Taylor who had been brought to Washington to direct the Office of Farm Management in 1919. 2 The original journal bore the lengthy title Agricultural Economics Research: A Journal of Economic and Statistical Research in the Bureau of Agricultural Economics and Cooperating Agencies. It was commonly referenced simply as Agricultural Economics Research and became The Journal of Agricultural Economics Research without subtitle in 1987. Both journals will be called JAER here, except when appropriate in reference notes. 3 Baker, Gladys and W. Rasmussen, V.Wiser, J. Porter. A Century of Service, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1963. The twin crises of drought and depression of the 1930s had given rise to the Agricultural Adjustment Administration. The massive farm and home programs of AAA dominated the Department of Agriculture and one result was to change one of the world’s stellar research and educational institutions into a relief, rescue, and service agency. Then the onset of WWII drew the Department into the national mobilization of resources for combat in Europe and Asia. WWII brought on profound changes in rural America through rising demand for, and production of, food and fiber; migration toward wartime employment and military recruitment; rapid technological advances in materials, manufactures, communication, and health; and major cultural adjustments in a new urban society.4 Post WWII called for yet another shift in the Department’s orientation and responsibilities, notably in addressing world food shortages and famine, commodity stabilization, and domestic food programs. Changes in the Department caused changes in the role of BAE. Planning functions were transferred from BAE to the Office of Secretary. Howard Tolley was replaced as head of BAE by Oris V. Wells in 1946. Economic and statistical analysis remained with BAE, indeed data collection and analysis became the agency’s focus. By 1948, the political and economic environment for agriculture had shifted radically. Farm prices and income had begun to decline led by a collapse in grain prices. A major change in administration was expected. The upcoming election was expected to turn the Harry Truman presidency over to Tom Dewey. Secretary Clinton Anderson resigned and was replaced with career employee Charles Brannan who stayed on as Secretary when Truman won the election. While fortunes of the economy and Department were changing, BAE was encountering problems of its own. Studies of Arvin and Dinuba in California and Coahoma in Mississippi revealed cultural and community relationships which, especially to critical congressmen, were politically sensitive.5 As a result BAE was restrained in its planning management programs. The New Journal Within a politically embattled and sensitized BAE, a new technical journal of agricultural economics came into being, January, 1949.6 To underscore the BAE’s commitment to economic fact gathering and analysis without a hint of program planning or policy, O.V. Wells wrote a sanitizing introduction to the first issue of JAER.7 After stating that the new journal will publish “results or findings of research carried forward within the Bureau..., new research methods...,new or expanding areas of research or statistical fact- gathering...”and “A few reviews,” Wells made clear that: “Articles dealing directly with agricultural policy will not be included. Articles in this field originating within the Bureau 4 Rasmussen, Wayne (ed) Agriculture in the United States: A Documentary History Vol 4, NY: Random House, 1975, pp. 3187-3237. 5 Described in: Larson, Olaf and Julie Zimmerman, Sociology in Government, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003, pp. 49-55. 6 In their excellent article on fortunes of economic research in BAE and its successors, Baker and Rasmussen fail to mention the role of journal in which their article was published. See: Baker, Gladys, and Wayne Rasmussen. “Economic Research in the Department of Agriculture: A Historical Perspective,” Agricultural Economics Research, vol. 27, no. 3&4, Jul-Oct 1975, pp.53-72. Later, however, Rasmussen refers to JAER as a “highly regarded journal” in Rasmussen, Wayne. “The Economic Research Service: Thirty Years of Research and Service” in Economics and Public Service, AGES 9138, Washington DC: USDA, July 1991. 7 Wells, O.V. “Agricultural Economics Research: Some Notes on the New Journal,” Agricultural Economics Research, vol. 1, no. 1, 1949, pp. 1-2. 2 are expressions of personal opinion rather than official statements and are usually so designated. Such articles as a rule should be offered to some outside professional journal.”8 Within and despite the forbidding restraints placed on the toddler, the new journal opened with strong contributions in articles by: Earl Houseman, “Designs of Samples for Surveys” Kyle Randall, “Parity Prices” J.C. Scholl and C.E. Burkhead, “Interviewing Non-respondents to a Mail Survey” George Walter, “Agriculture and Strip Coal Mining” The journal’s political neutrality, and its focus on technical issues and professional argument, was affirmed by its conception in 1948, a time when BAE faced organizational turmoil in the Department and the economy generally. Economic conditions in farming had deteriorated, and international problems demanded attention of the administration and Congress. Co-editors Howard Parsons and Caroline Sherman had to cope not only with the operational problems of designing and editing a new serial publication
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