Knowledge Dossier Circular economy Leading city: (DE)

Disclaimer The information and views contained in the present document do not reflect the official opinion of the European Commission nor that of the Partners. The Commission and the Partners do not guarantee the accuracy of the information contained therein. Neither the Commission, the Partners, nor any person acting on the Commission’s or on the Partners’ behalf may be held responsible for the content and the use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Knowledge for Circular Economy approaches in cities

Cities have been widely recognised as one of the leading actors of the transition from linear to circular economies . This knowledge dossier reviews some of the most relevant policy and research documents that highlight the role of cities in that transition. To this end, the document showcases results and outcomes of both policy and research analysis carried out by the European Commission and other partners. Similarly, the last section presents a review of European projects that address circular economy in cities in partnership with research institutions and other stakeholders. This document highlights for example, the Circular Economy Action Plan of the European Commission, as part of the New EU Green Deal, which devotes a specific action to the circularity of regions and cities. In addition, the Urban Agenda for the EU counts with a specific action plan on circular economy. International knowledge on the field come from the OECD, which has launched a specific programme on the circularity of regions of cities , Circle Economy and the Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Many research projects address the circular transition in cities, with the participation of many cities , metropolis and municipalities across Europe. Waste management, food systems and urban materials flows are the mos t common research topics addressed. Special attention is also paid to innovation and citizen engagement when promoting this circular transition. The aim of this knowledge dossier is to keep track of progress on circular economy challenges at urban level, by mutualising knowledge coming from several sources and partners, including scientists1. This document should be understood as an on-going activity able to integrate new sources, results and evidences. We welcome contributions2.

1 Second update (20/05/2020)

2 Edited by Javier GOMEZ, PhD and David Garcia, PhD, Joint Research Centre

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EU Framework

Circular Economy Action Plan (DG ENV) Action Plan Year: 2020 Link web: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/index_en.htm Action “Making circularity work for people, regions and cities”: Circularity for cities will be fostered through the European Urban Initiative, the Intelligent Cities Challenge Initiative and the Circular Cities and Regions Initiative. It will be also a priority area of the Green City Accord.

Circular Economy Package (DG ENV) Report: achievements in three years of action plan (2016-2019) Link web: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/first_circular_economy_action_plan.html Highlights: Existing research on the circular economy is lacking a territorial focus. In addition, data at regional level on waste generated and processed and waste flows are lacking. Importance of bringing circular economy closer to citizens through replication of National Frameworks at local level (cities).

Urban Agenda for the EU (DG REGIO) Action Plan, Bratislava Partnership, Circular Economy Year: 2018 Link web: https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/ua_ce_action_plan_30.11.2018_final.pdf 7 policy actions in the axis: "Better Knowledge": 1. Prepare a blueprint for a Circular City Portal; 2. Urban Resource Centres for waste prevention, re-use and recycling, 3. Circular Resource Management Roadmap for cities, 4. Develop a Collaborative Economy Package Pack for cities, 5. Re-use of buildings and spaces, 6. City Indicators for Circular Economy, and 7. Pay-as-you-throw toolkit.

Handbook (2020) on Sustainable & circular re-use of spaces and buildings that proposes a framework, models and tools for an urban circular re-use. It provides examples of multi-level governance elements of circular strategies and a review of best practises in European cities. Highlights: The application of Nature-Based Solutions can inspirit and facilitate the transition to circular economy. Practices of sustainable and circular re-use of abandoned or underused properties usually consist of the following elements/phases: inventory of properties; incentives to promote citizen participation; decision-making and financing; monitoring and evaluation. Urban Agency for Re-use (UAR) as an innovative management model. Reusability Index (RI) as a good tool to assess the suitability of a building to be re-used. Need to promote partnerships. Need to encorauge participatory processes and make citizens and organizations take part of the decision-making process. Need of administrative flexibility. Need of public funding. Sustainable & circular re-use of spaces and buildings handbook

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Circular economy strategies and roadmaps in Europe: Identifying synergies and the potential for cooperation and alliance building (European Economic and Social Committee) Report Year: 2019 Link web: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/index_en.htm Highlights: The number of circular economy strategies at all levels is growing and the pace at which they are adopted is increasing. A relative low number of strategies at the local and regional levels compared to the ones available at the national level. Strategies are more effective when they address the circular economy comprehensively and include broad partnerships. Three types of strategies according to their approach: integrated strategies, strategies with a restricted sector focus, all-encompassing strategies with a clear setting of priorities. The most common economic sectors addressed in the strategies are manufacturing, construction, waste processing and food and feed. Civil society involvement is currently higher during strategy implementation than during strategy development. The most inclusive strategies are those considering balanced partnerships, involving all types of partners in different roles across the different stages of strategy development, and using different instruments for coordinating partner engagement. The report outlines an adaptable model strategy illustrating the key elements and needs of circular economy strategies. Policy makers are invited to reflect on six elements of documents: rationale of the strategy; experience and links to other policies and strategies; strategy objectives; implementation measures; governance; and a monitoring and evaluation plan.

Joint Research Centre

Future of Cities Report (JRC) Chapter: Environmental footprint Year: 2019 Link web: https://urban.jrc.ec.europa.eu/thefutureofcities/ Results/Achievements: Trends and figures from the angle of: water-energy-food nexus (e.g. water consumption, urban agriculture) and examples showcasing how cities are

tackling to the environmental footprint.

European Handbook for SDG Voluntary Local Reviews (JRC, Unit B3: Territorial Development) Year: 2020 Link web: https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/european- handbook-sdg-voluntary-local-reviews Available urban indicators for SDG local monitoring: Shares of load generated in big cities or big discharge areas (agglomerations) receiving particular types of wastewater treatment. Volume, expressed in cubic meter, of recycled water used for irrigation of green areas, sport zones and for cleaning other open areas. Blue City Index, which summarises how well a city manages its urban water resources. Share of residential houses that have been built after 1980. Share of the Recycled Waste (in tonnes) over the total waste. Waste collected per capita in one year expressed in kg. Annual variation of the total amount in pollutants released by industrial facilities in the area of interest, by pollutant.

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Knowledge from other organisations (EU focus)

Resilient cities, thriving cities: The evolution of urban resilience (ICLEI) Report chapter: “Circular development for resilient cities” Year: 2019 Link web: https://www.iclei.org/en/publication/resilient-cities-thriving-cities-the-evolution-of-urban- resilience

Highlights: Tools available for local governments to promote circularity at the local level: Urban Metabolism Analysis (UMA); City-business collaboration for innovation; Community engagement; Circular public procurement; Lifecycle planning.

Programme on the Circular Economy in Cities and Regions (OECD) Link web: https://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/circular-economy-cities.htm Objectives: to develop an indicator framework for decision-making; to evaluate circular economy strategies; to favour knowledge exchange and dialogue between cities and regions.

Chapter focusing on cities and circular economy in the report “Systemic Thinking f or Policy Making. The Potential of Systems Analysis for Addressing Global Policy Challenges in the 21st Century”. Highlights: Cities are laboratories that may act as innovation and experimentation hubs. There is a need to re-engineer and re-operate city infrastructures to make them more sustainable. Need to revert some of the conventional policy analysis precepts, adopting a systems approach instead. For the successful implementation of circular economy initiatives at local and regional levels coordination across people, policies and places is required. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/c849691b-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/c849691b-en

Case study on the circular economy in , the . It gives an overview of relevant actions and good practices in this city: Development of a sustainable and circular vision for the city, with the identification of 3 strategic areas: public procurement, waste management and knowledge. Initiation of capacity-building programmes on Green Public Procurement (GPP). Opening of a tender for a 10 -year service of refurbished furniture. Inclusion of circular criteria for waste processing in

the waste management concession. Creation of a Circular Economy Hub as an incubator space for small businesses and start-ups, and as an information centre, repair hub and second-hand shop. “Front-runner Project” to support SMEs developing circular business models. https://www.oecd.org/publications/the-circular-economy-in-groningen-the-netherlands-e53348d4-en.htm

Case study on the circular economy in Umeå, Sweden. It gives an overview of relevant actions and good practices in this city: Circular Economy Business Accelerator North Sweden. Implementation of a collaboration platform for business advisors to build knowledge and business model innovation. Creation of the network “Green Umeå” to support local sustainable projects. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional-development/the-circular-economy-in-umea- sweden_4ec5dbcd-en

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Case study on the circular economy in Valladolid, Spain. It gives an overview of relevant actions and good practices in this city: Development of local strategies on zero landfill, recycling, waste prevention, eco-design, and public procurement of green products. Calls for projects to finance circular economy initiatives. Development of a “Circular Economy Roadmap”. Co-organization of “Circular Weekends” for networking. Creation of a “Circular Lab” to promote an entrepreneurial culture on the circular economy. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional-development/the-circular-economy-in-valladolid- spain_95b1d56e-en . Sustainable construction guidelines for public authorities – A circular economy perspective (ACR+ Association of Cities and Regions for sustainable Resource management) Report Year: 2019 Link web: https://www.acrplus.org/en/activities/publications/technical-reports/2287-sustainable- construction-guidelines-for-public-authorities-a-circular-economy-perspective Highlights: A strong political commitment is an effective starting point to set up a strategy. Circular economy models and principles have an enormous potential to design proper action plans striving for material resource efficiency. The cooperation between regional and local authorities, the involvement of the civil society and the engagement of the stakeholders along the construction value chain are the key processes to make sustainability happen. Strategies to trigger circular economy processes in the construction sector: analysis of the territory to identify priorities and objectives; communication and education to involve citizens, frontrunners and practitioners; research & innovation; financial incentives; policy and regulation; public procurement. The guidance also presents a list of good practices.

Circular Prague (Circle Economy, INCIEN) Report Year: 2019 Link web: https://www.circle-economy.com/insights/circular-prague Highlights: Opportunities for circularity in the construction sector through incorporating circular criteria within the tendering process. Circular ReUse Hubs

pilots for managing households waste. Project to develop a biomass waste to biogas plant.

Circular Glasgow (Circle Economy, Glasgow Chamber of commercie) Report Year: 2019 Link web: https://circularglasgow.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Glasgow-City-Scan.pdf Highlights: Heat from bakery ovens can be recovered and redirected to the boilers by using heat exchangers. Technology to combine the growth of fish and soilless crop production, which allows to save water. Use of bread waste in the beer brewing process. Residential streams from brewing may be used to replace flour for bread in the baking industry.

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Brussels Capital Region: Circular Economy Transition (UN Environment) Report Year: 2019 Link web: http://www.circulareconomy.brussels/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/GIREC_Brussels- report_Final.pdf Highlights: Brussels Capital Region is making greater progress than its peer cities in reducing resource footprints. The work conducted to develop the circular economy plan is ground-breaking and other cities may learn from it. Identified challenge for the region: to look beyond its boundaries to improve its circularity. Importance of the granular analysis for decision-making.

Circular - Opportunities for new jobs in a zero waste economy (Metabolic, Circle Economy, Blue City and Spring Associates) Report Year: 2018 Link web: https://www.metabolic.nl/projects/circular-rotterdam/

Highlights: Rotterdam is still far from being fully circular. Some of the primary impacts of the city’s resource footprint are related to the city’s demand for food and the consumption of electricity and fuels. Waste elimination measures offer some of the greatest potential for impact reduction. Without more effective separate waste collection, many of the higher value circular opportunities for waste reprocessing will remain inaccessible. Only limited progress towards circularity is possible without investing in circular design and sectoral transformation. Investment and long-term policy support are critical factors for a successful transition. Most of the circular interventions analysed have either a neutral or positive effect on employment. Circular demolition seems to be able to significantly reduce material consumption and also yields the most benefits. The fermentation of organic waste is the only intervention that does not generate any net benefits, but costs extra.

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International research (global focus)

Ellen Macarthur Circular economy in cities Foundation Year: 2019 Link web: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/our-work/activities/circular-economy-in-cities Suite of online resources for urban policymakers Results: factsheets for three interrelated urban systems (buildings, mobility, and products) that outline circular economy opportunities in cities. Paper with best policy practice to bring about circular economy transitions. Collection of case studies in cities.

Cities and Circular Economy for Food (Ellen Macarthur Foundation) Report Year: 2019 Link web: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/cities-and-circular-economy-for-food Highlights: As major consumers, urban food actors may influence the way food is produced. They can play a key role in the transition of food production to circularit y.

The report identifies three ways in which cities may foster the circularity of food production: 1. to support regenerative food production practices in the local and metropolitan environment; 2. to implement strategies to reuse food waste in a way that cities are not the end of food products, by a transformation hub for them; 3. To design and market healthier products that also make use of food by-products. To implement them, a close collaboration between all involved actors and institutions is required. . Completing the Picture: How the Circular Economy Tackles Climate Change (Ellen Macarthur Foundation) Report Year: 2019 Link web: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/completing-the-picture-climate- change#purchase-options Recommendations for mobility and the built environment: Implementing circularity measures in the way the built environment is constructed and used will help to fight climate change. This would be possible by generating less waste and employing more efficiently materials when constructing. Reusing materials or employing recycled ones are also good strategies. Shared business models and construction design with a longer lifetime may also help to reduce the need of new spaces. Urban planning by promoting dense and compact cities, energy-efficient, is also a key driver for circularity in the urban environment. Multimodal mobility systems that promote shared and active mobility options help to achieve an energy efficient and circular urban transport system.

Growing in circles. Climate-ready, resilient, resource-efficient and equitable cities (UN Environment) Report

Year: 2019 Link web: https://resourceefficientcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UNEP-223-GI-REC-Growing- in-circles-FINAL-web.pdf Conclusions: Cities can detect their opportunities and limitations to change towards a circular economy by understanding resource flows. They must also take into account

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the extent to which this transition to a circular economy is socially just. To make it feasible, cities can put in practice either a degrowth or a green growth development strategy. In any case, the actions taken will be always more effective when aligned with national and international concerns whereas they are also relevant for local citizens.

The role of municipal policy in the Circular Economy: Investment, Jobs and Social Capital (Circle Economy) Report Year: 2019 Link web: https://www.circle-economy.com/insights/the-role-of-municipal-policy-in-the-circular- economy-investment-jobs-and-social-capital-in-circular-cities

Highlights: Municipalities can employ a series of regulatory, economic and soft instruments to promote a sustainable and inclusive development of their cities. Regulatory and economic interventions are strongly related to the creation of circular economy jobs. Soft interventions are not best suited to attract new investment and jobs, but facilitate ongoing circular activities. Strategy and targets encourage long- term thinking and collaboration over short-term budgeting. Loans and subsidies for circular economy activities helps overcome financial barriers. Networks and information sharing facilitate ongoing circular activities and boost social capital of the circular business community.

Circular Economy Guidebook for Cities (CSCP) Report Year: 2019 Link web: https://www.scp-centre.org/ceg-guidebook/ Highlights: City challenges in four areas: structural waste and economic losses; ecosystem degradation and negative environmental impacts; consumer culture and lifestyles; growing inequality within cities. Identification of five thematic topics to progress towards circularity in cities: built environment; energy systems; urban mobility; urban bio economy; local production system. Classification of cities according to their circularity: developed economy legacy city; emerging economy legacy city; developed economy pioneering city; and emerging economy pioneering city. Five benefits from a circular economy in cities: increase disposable income; reduce carbon emissions; increase liveability; potential for positive impact on employment opportunities in the city; health benefits. List of actors that have a role in the transition towards circularity in cities.

EU Programmes, projects and networks

ECESP European Circular Economy Stakeholder Platform (European Territorial Cooperation Instrument) Year: 2019 Link web: https://www.espon.eu/circular-economy Research activity on Circular Economy and Territorial Consequences, action plan on Circular Economy Results/Achievements: practical guidance for local and regional policy makers to analyse their local/regional context and to create framework conditions for the implementation of (elements of) a circular economy. Agglomeration economies operating in urban areas seem the most relevant territorial factor driving circular

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economies. Cohesion policies should articulate measures to prevent circular innovations from increasing territorial disparities.

Policy Brief on Pathways to a circular economy in cities and regions https://www.espon.eu/circular-regions

EIT Climate-KIC Circular Cities Project Duration: From 2018-04-01 to 2019-12-31 Link web: https://nordic.climate-kic.org/success-stories/circular-cities-project/ Partners: City of Malmö, City of Helsinki, City of Copenhagen, Aarhus University, C40 Cities, 2EI Veolia, Cleantech Bulgaria. Objetives: To develop a circular economy toolbox for cities that allows them to effectively include circular economy into municipal planning.

Report on the challenges and potential of circular procurements in public construction projects. It reports in ten cases of circular procurement initiatives from across Europe. It highlights that the transition to circularity involves many different people and stakeholders, who must be involved in the process. Circular procurement requires a shift from technical specifications being set not only by the procurer, but trough exchanges between suppliers and procurers. Need to consider different views bef ore a transparent and measurable circular procurement process can be launched. Procurers often lack the knowledge of how to incorporate relevant circular requirements for suppliers and how to design tender documents to promote circularity. They neither have the knowledge of the economic and environmental benefits associated with procuring circular solutions. There is a lack of simple tools to set easily the relevant circular requirements. https://www.climate-kic.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Procurements-in-Public-Construction-v2.pdf

Report that relates experiences on reusing and upcycling material in municipal construction projects in the region surrounding the City of Malmö. In some cases, just a few elements are reused or upcycled. In many other others, the reused elements are merely used for aesthetic purposes. Need to use public procurement as a means to include reused and upcycled material into the municipal construction operations. Without demand, change is unlikely to happen. https://nordic.climate-kic.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2018/05/Municipalities-as-drivers-for-circular- economy.pdf

Report that provides 40 examples of practical circular economic initiatives from cities around the world. Common practices are living laboratories; renting rather than purchasing goods through public procurement; strategies towards zero waste. Identification of areas where there is strong political and economic rationale which, therefore, are more prone to transition towards a circular economy. https://nordic.climate-kic.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2018/05/Municipality-led-circular-economy- case-studies.pdf

Report that gives an overview on different innovation platforms that in different municipalities allow entrepreneurs, NGOs and community groups to turn different waste streams into new products, new design and new innovative ideas. City-led physical learning centres are an effective and low cost way to accelerate the transition to a circular economy. They are good way of providing cites up-to-date knowledge on circular strategies. They also facilitate social engagement. The establishment of learning centres is not always easy and usually faces different barriers and problems.

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To overcome many of them, need to keep stakeholders motivated; have a varied group of stakeholders; and count with match-makers to connect and match stakeholders together. https://nordic.climate-kic.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2018/05/Transforming-Municipality-Districts- into-Learning-Centres-of-Circular-Economy-.pdf

Report on circular economy strategies in cities, which provides examples and concrete solutions offered by technologies regarding energy, waste or water management. https://nordic.climate-kic.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2018/05/Circular-Economy-and- Utilities_FINAL.pdf

H2020 FORCE, Cities Cooperating for Circular Economy Project ID: 689157 Duration: From 2016-09-01 to 2020-08-31 Lead partner: KOBENHAVNS KOMMUNE, Denmark Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/207269_en.html Results/Achievements: 16 participatory value chain based partnerships to create and develop eco-innovative solutions; 10 viable end-markets by demonstrating new applications for plastic waste, metals (EEE devices), biowaste and wood waste; a governance model for cities based on value chain based partnerships; decision support tools and assess the actual impact by use of Big Data. Eco-innovative solutions will be demonstrated across four cities (Copenhagen, Hamburg, Lisbon and Genoa) and using the four materials: flexible plastics, metals, wood waste and bio-waste.

H2020 R2PI, Transition from linear 2 circular: policy and innovation Project ID: 730378 Duration: From 2016-11-01 to 2019-10-31 Lead partner: COLLABORATING CENTRE ON SUBSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION GGMBH, Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/206221_en.html Results/Achievements: sustainable business models that would facilitate the circular economy and "Policy Package" that will support these business models.

H2020 URBANREC, New approaches for the valorisation of URBAN bulky waste into high added value RECycled products Project ID: 690103 Duration: From 2016-06-01 to 2019-11-30 Lead partner: AIMPLAS - ASOCIACION DE INVESTIGACION DE MATERIALES PLASTICOS Y CONEXAS, Spain

Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/203390_en.html Results/Achievements: develop and implement an eco-innovative and integral bulky waste management system (enhancing prevention, improving logistics and allowing new waste treatments to obtain high added value recycled products) and demonstrate its effectiveness in different regions. to improve the separation and disassembling of bulky waste - implementing advanced fragmentation techniques to obtain high quality raw materials, promoting innovative valorisation routes for those considered more problematic (PUR foam, mixed hard plastics and mixed textiles), not recycled due to lack of eco-innovative cost-effective solutions.

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H2020 DECISIVE, A DECentralIzed management Scheme for Innovative Valorization of urban biowastE Project ID: 689229 Duration: From 2016-09-01 to 2021-02-28 Lead partner: INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE POUR L'AGRICULTURE, L'ALIMENTATION ET L'ENVIRONNEMENT, France Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/689229 Results/Achievements: Design of Life Cycle Inventories (LCI). Development of a method to plan the spatial organisation of decentralised treatment networks on urban areas. Development of a Decision Support Tool (DST) openly available (web access) to plan, design and assess efficient decentralised management networks for biowaste in urban areas; experimental implementation of the DST in 10 cities. Development of a new dry mAD process and the SSF process, with pilots in operation. Collection and organization of data on biowaste characterization and collection models. Demonstrations on site of the proposed model for decentralised management of urban biowaste.

H2020 REPAiR, REsource Management in Peri-urban AReas: Going Beyond Urban Metabolism Project ID: 688920 Duration: From 2016-09-01 to 2020-08-31 Lead partner: TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITEIT DELFT, Netherlands Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/688920 Cities: of Naples, metropolitan area, Ghent, Pecs, Lodz, Hamburg. Results/Achievements: Implementation of Peri-Urban Living Labs (PULLs) with key stakeholders. Development of an innovative geodesign decision support environment (GDSE) to create integrated, place-based eco-innovative spatial development strategies promoting the use of waste as a resource. Launch of the initiative ‘Campania più verde, Campania più controlli’ (Greener Campania, safer Campania), together with the Campania Regional Authority.

H2020 UrBAN-WASTE, Urban strategies for Waste Management in Tourist Cities Project ID: 690452 Duration: From 2016-06-01 to 2019-05-31 Lead partner: GOBIERNO DE CANARIAS, Spain Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/690452 Results/Achievements: Metabolic analysis of 11 tourist urban areas: Nice (FR), Lisbon (PT), Syracuse (IT), Copenhagen (DK), Kavala (GR), Santander (ES), Nicosia (CY) and Ponta Delgada (PT), Dubrovnik-Neretva County (HR), Tenerife (ES) and Tuscany Region (IT). Engagement with stakeholders to understand consumption and use of resource patterns. Development and implementation of inclusive and gender sensitive waste prevention and management strategies. Development of guidelines for policy makers.

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H2020 CELION, Circular Economy applied to LI-ION batteries for smart electric mobility in cities Project ID: 791509 Duration: From 2017-12-01 to 2018-05-31 Lead partner: ALBUFERA E-POWER SL, Spain Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/ 791509 Results/Achievements: Development of a business model for the commercialization of 2nd life battery modules and after-sale services within the light electric vehicle (LEV) market.

H2020 Waste4Think, Moving towards Life Cycle Thinking by integrating Advanced Waste Management Systems Project ID: 688995 Duration: From 2016-06-01 to 2020-02-29 Lead partner: FUNDACION DEUSTO, Spain Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/688995 Cities: Zamudio, Hallandri, Seveso, Cascais. Cities: Zamudio, Hallandri, Seveso, Cascais. Results/Achievements: Definition of a Sustainability Model (WESTE). Development of a dashboard that shows the waste management system status (actual and future). Improvement of a collection module that optimizes the collection routes. Databases of circular economy best practices. Creation of innovative learning materials. Installation and testing of 2 innovative treatment plants to recover energy and materials from f ood waste and nappies. Definition of Social Actions Programmes in pilot areas. Definition of economic instruments for pilot areas.

H2020 SiEUGreen, Sino-European innovative green and smart cities Project ID: 774233 Duration: From 2018-07-01 to 2021-12-31 Lead partner: NORGES MILJO-OG BIOVITENSKAPLIGE UNIVERSITET, Norway Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/774233 Results/Achievements: Five showcases: three in Europe (Norway, Denmark and ) and two in (Beijing). Development of an app (COMMURBAN) where information about urban agriculture is shared. Testing of green (agricultural aspects) and blue (water, waste, stormwater) technologies. Evaluation of four major crop- cultivating techniques and different ways of composting organic household waste.

H2020 CICERONE, CIrCular Economy platfoRm for eurOpeaN priorities strategic agEnda Project ID: 820707 Duration: From 2018-11-01 to 2020-10-31 Lead partner: EIT CLIMATE-KIC SL, Spain Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/820707 Results/Achievements: Definition of the main priority themes for specific challenge areas, including objectives and related innovations fields. Initiation of the development of potential systemic joint programmes based on the prioritisation of innovation fields. Surveys and synthesis around stakeholder interests. Definition of an inter-operative and actor driven, collaborative platform model. Creation of a benchmarking report on governance and financing models.

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H2020 PlastiCircle, Improvement of the plastic packaging waste chain f rom a circular economy approach Project ID: 730292 Duration: From 2017-06-01 to 2021-05-31 Lead partner: EIT CLIMATE-KIC SL, Spain Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/730292 Cities: Valencia, , Alba Iulia. Results/Achievements: Development and validation of an innovative packaging collection system. Design of smart containers. Development of a route optimization transport system. Analysis of fuel efficient driving techniques. Study about plastic separation applicable technologies.

H2020 BAMB, Buildings as Material Banks: Integrating Materials Passports with Reversible Building Design to Optimise Circular Industrial Value Chains Project ID: 642384 Duration: From 2015-09-01 to 2019-02-28 Lead partner: INSTITUT BRUXELLOIS POUR LA GESTION DE L ENVIRONNEMENT-BRUSSELS INSTITUUT VOOR MILIEUBEHEER, Belgium Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/642384 Results/Achievements: State-of-the-art report on Materials Passports and Reversible Building Design. Development and testing of a Transformation Capacity Tool, and a Design Protocol for Dynamic & Circular Building. 6 real scale construction and refurbishment projects in Brussels, Heerlen, Mostar. Creation of a Level Integrated Decision Making Model and a BIM Resource Productivity Prototype. Development of new business models based on reverse logistics and circular value chains in buildings.

H2020 CLIC, Circular models Leveraging Investments in Cultural heritage adaptive reuse Project ID: 776758 Duration: From 2017-12-01 to 2020-11-30 Lead partner: CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE DELLE RICERCHE, Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/776758 Results/Achievements: Database of Cultural Heritage Adaptive Reuse practices. Identification of critical drivers of circularity in the adaptive reuse of cultural heritage. Heritage Innovation Partnerships” (HIPs) in 4 pilot areas, which include the cities of Salerno and Rijeka. Development of Local Action Plans (LAPs) for the adaptive reuse of cultural heritage towards circular cities / regions. Research on “circular” business models in cultural heritage adaptive reuse and the financing mechanisms for their implementation.

H2020 ROCK, Regeneration and Optimisation of Cultural heritage in creative and Knowledge cities Project ID: 730280 Duration: From 2017-05-01 to 2020-06-30 Lead partner: COMUNE DI BOLOGNA, Italy Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/730280 Cities: Lisbon, Skopje, Bologna, Lyon, Turin, Cluj, Eindhoven, Athens, Vilnius, Liverpool. Results/Achievements: Collection of Data from sensors and different sources. Collection of CH-led regeneration experiences worldwide. Creation of a knowledge-

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exchange process between cities. Implementation of an innovative circular system approach to connect different actors, places of CH value and systems in cities.

H2020 SMART-Plant, Scale-up of low-carbon footprint material recovery techniques in existing wastewater treatment plants Project ID: 690323 Duration: From 2016-06-01 to 2020-05-31 Lead partner: UNIVERSITA POLITECNICA DELLE MARCHE, Italy Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/690323 Cities: Geestmerambacht, Karmiel, Manresa, Cranfield, , Carbonera, Psyttalia. Results/Achievements: Design, development and construction of 7 SMARTechs in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Testing of different SMART- Products. Analysis of the current landscape in terms of market and legislative barriers and opportunities. Study of the local value chains for the water sector. Simulations on the impact of local mechanisms of water pricing on SMARTechs financial implications.

H2020 RUN4LIFE, RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION OF NUTRIENTS 4 LOW IMPACT FERTILIZER Project ID: 730285 Duration: From 2017-06-01 to 2021-05-31 Lead partner: FCC AQUALIA SA, Spain Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/730285 Results/Achievements: Development of a model of Ultra Low Dual Flush Vacuum Toilets. Design and testing of a Hyper-Thermophilic Anaerobic Digester (HTAD). Innovative configuration of electrochemical systems for N recovery from BW. Development of a Sustainability Management Roadmap and Guide about Risk and Life Cycle Assessments. Map of the partners and stakeholders at each demonstration site (Vigo; Ghent; Sneek; Helsingborg). Design and implementation of a Run4Life Knowledge Management Strategy.

H2020 Urban_Wins, Urban metabolism accounts for building Waste management Innovative Networks and Strategies Project ID: 690047 Duration: From 2016-06-01 to 2019-05-31 Lead partner: COMUNE DI CREMONA, Italy Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/690047 Cities: Albano Laziale, Bucharest, Cremona, Leiria, Manresa, Pomezia, Sabadell and Torino. Results/Achievements: Application of the UMAn Model to 8 pilot cities. Launch of online and face-to-face agoras. Training of pilot cities representatives. Development of methodological guidelines for cities.

H2020 RES URBIS, REsources from URban BIo-waSte Project ID: 730349 Duration: From 2017-01-01 to 2019-12-31 Lead partner: UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA LA SAPIENZA, Italy Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/730349 Results/Achievements: Development of territorial, economic and market analyses. Collection and analysis of data on urban bio-waste production and present management systems in four territorial clusters. Conversion of organic waste into 14

bioproducts.

H2020 INCOVER, Innovative Eco-Technologies for Resource Recovery from Wastewater Project ID: 689242 Duration: From 2016-06-01 to 2019-07-31 Lead partner: ASOCIACION DE INVESTIGACION METALURGICA DEL NOROESTE, Spain Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/689242 Cities: Barcelona, Chiclana de la Frontera, Almeria. Results/Achievements: Design and construction of the three cases. Validation of technolofies at demo scale in every location. Development of a wastewater specific Decision Support System methodology.

H2020 POWERSTEP, Full scale demonstration of energy positive sewage treatment plant concepts towards market penetration Project ID: 641661 Duration: From 2015-07-01 to 2018-06-30 Lead partner: KWB KOMPENTENTZZENTRUM WASSER GEMEINNUTZIGE GMBH, Germany Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/641661 Cities: Kirchbichl, Altenrhein, Westewitz and , Sjölunda, Avedöre. Results/Achievements: Demonstration of the concept of energy-producing WWTPs. Definition of potential design schemes of cost-competitive energy positive and carbon neutral WWTPs.

H2020 SCOREwater, Smart City Observatories implement REsilient Water Management Project ID: 820751 Duration: From 2019-055-01 to 2022-04-30 Lead partner: IVL SVENSKA MILJOEINSTITUTET AB, Sweden Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/820751 Expected results: Development and verification of an adaptive digital platform to provide digital services that improve management of wastewater, storm water and flooding events. Implementation of three innovation demonstrators. Development of new water monitoring techniques and data-adaptive storm water treatment. Development of technologies to increase public engagement in water management. Identification of best practices.

H2020 VALUEWASTE, Unlocking new VALUE from urban bioWASTE Project ID: 818312 Duration: From 2018-11-01 to 2022-10-31 Lead partner: ASOCIACION EMPRESARIAL CENTRO TECNOLOGICO DE LA ENERGIA Y DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE DE LA REGION DE MURCIA, Spain Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/818312 Cities: Murcia and Kalundborg. Expected results: Proposal of an integrated approach in urban biowaste upcycling f or the production of high-value biobased products. Implementation of three new value chains that will use urban biowaste as raw material for its valorisation into high-value end products.Creation of social initiatives to increase consumer awareness and

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acceptance of urban biowaste-derived products.

H2020 CITYFIED, RepliCable and InnovaTive Future Efficient Districts and cities Project ID: 609129 Duration: From 2014-04-01 to 2019-03-31 Lead partner: FUNDACION CARTIF, Spain Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/609129 Expected results: Three holistic district renovations at Laguna-Valladolid, Soma and Lund. Organization of a cluster of cities to foster replication. Development of innovative and cost effective methodologies and procedures for planning, deploying and replicating energy efficient district retrofitting actions.

H2020 DWC, DIGITAL-WATER.city - Leading urban water management to its digital future Project ID: 820954 Duration: From 2019-06-01 to 2022-11-30 Lead partner: KWB KOMPENTENTZZENTRUM WASSER BERLIN GEMEINNUTZIGE GMBH, Germany Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/820954 Cities: Berlin, Milan, Copenhagen, Paris, Sofia. Expected results: Demonstration of 18 advanced digital solutions to address current and future water-related challenges. Establishment of Community of Practices for knowledge exchange and stakeholder integration.

H2020 SCALIBUR, Scalable Technologies for Bio-Urban Waste Recovery Project ID: 817788 Duration: From 2018-11-01 to 2022-10-31 Lead partner: INSTITUTO TECNOLOGICO DEL EMBALAJE, TRANSPORTE Y LOGISTICA, Spain Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/817788 Cities: Madrid, Albanoand Kozani. Expected results: Study of the quality, logistics and management schemes for municipal solid waste (MSW) and urban sewage sludge (USS). Creation of new business models for circular value chains. Implementation of innovative practices to recover and transform biowaste in the project cities.

H2020 CIRCuIT, Circular Construction In Regenerative Cities Project ID: 821201 Duration: From 2019-06-01 to 2023-05-31 Lead partner: KOBENHAVNS KOMMUNE, Denmark Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/821201 Cities: Copenhagen, Helsinki region, Hamburg, London. Expected results: Demonstration of three innovative solutions: dismantle buildings to reuse materials; transformation and refurbishment; and design for disassembly and flexible construction. Development of urban planning instruments to support cities in implementing circular construction solutions. Implementation of a Circularity Hub, a data platform to evaluate progress of circular economy and regenerative capacity. Creation of a knowledge sharing structure, the CIRCuIT Academy, to promote upscaling of solutions.

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H2020 CityLoops, Closing the loop for urban material flows Project ID: 821033 Duration: From 2019-10-01 to 2023-09-30 Lead partner: ICLEI EUROPEAN SECRETARIAT GMBH (ICLEI EUROPASEKRETARIAT GMBH), Germany Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/821033 Cities: Apeldoorn, Bodø, Mikkeli, Porto, Seville and Roskilde/Høje-Taastrup. Expected results: Development and implementation of a circular city scan methodology and indicators. Development of innovative decision support tools, such as City Lab, a GIS based city planning tool, and a pre-demolition resource-mapping tool. Establishment of Local Stakeholder Partnership in each city to guide planning and implementation. Implementation of Collaborative Learning Networks at a regional level. Demonstrations in cities.

H2020 REFLOW, constRuctive mEtabolic processes For materiaL flOWs in urban and peri-urban environments across Europe Project ID: 820937 Duration: From 2019-06-01 to 2022-05-31 Lead partner: COPENHAGEN BUSINESS SCHOOL, Denmark Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/820937 Expected results: Creation of new CE business models (Distributed Design Market model, On-Demand System, Corporate Hacking and Corporate Pyramid) within 6 pilot cities (Amsterdam, Berlin, Milan, Paris, Vejle and Cluj-Napoca). Assessment of their social, environmental and economic impact. Development of networks of sensors, urban computing and geo-localisation to capture data.

H2020 IDEAL-CITIES, Intelligence-Driven Urban Internet-of-Things Ecosystems for Trustworthy and Circular Smart Cities Project ID: 778229 Duration: From 2018-07-01 to 2022-06-30 Lead partner: IDRYMA TECHNOLOGIAS KAI EREVNAS, Greece Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/778229 Expected results: Development, demonstration and evaluation of an open modular platform for building adaptive Internet-of-Things and Participatory Sensing (IoTPS) based Smart City applications.

H2020 Pop-Machina, Collaborative production for the circular economy; a community approach Project ID: 821479 Duration: From 2019-06-01 to 2023-05-31 Lead partner: KATHOLIEKE UNIVERSITEIT LEUVEN, Belgium Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/821479 Expected results: Establishment of a community engagement program to network, incentivize and stimulate existing and new maker communities. Demonstration of business oriented collaborative production. Design of a thorough impact assessment framework.

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H2020 FoodSHIFT2030, Food System Hubs Innovating towards Fast Transition by 2030 Project ID: 862716 Duration: From 2020-01-01 to 2023-12-31 Lead partner: KOBENHAVNS UNIVERSITET, Denmark Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/862716 Expected results: Operationalization of nine citizen-driven FoodSHIFT Accelerator Labs and twenty seven FoodSHIFT Enabler Labs. Creation of a set of FoodSHIFT Indicators. Creation of atrategies and advisory plans for citizen-driven food system governance.

H2020 WaysTUP!, Value chains for disruptive transformation of urban biowaste into biobased products in the city context Project ID: 818308 Duration: From 2019-09-01 to 2023-02-28 Lead partner: SOCIEDAD ANONIMA AGRICULTORES DE LAVEGA DE VALENCIA, Spain Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/818308 Expected results: Creation of a portfolio of new ‘urban biowaste to biobased products' processes. Pilot demonstrations in Valencia, London, Alicante, Prague, Athens, L'Alcúdia, Terni and . Production of food and feed additives. Implementation of end-product characterisation and safety assessment. Life Cycle Assessment of the value chains. Development and implementation of a behavioural change approach with citizens and local communities. Development of new profitable business models.

H2020 NextGen, Towards a next generation of water systems and services for the circular economy Project ID: 776541 Duration: From 2018-07-01 to 2022-06-30 Lead partner: KWR WATER B.V., Netherlands Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/776541 Expected results: Demonstration of innovative technological, business and governance solutions for water in the circular economy. Development of the necessary approaches, tools and partnerships, to transfer and upscale.

H2020 CINDERELA, New Circular Economy Business Model for More Sustainable Urban Construction Project ID: 776751 Duration: From 2018-06-01 to 2022-05-31 Lead partner: ZAVOD ZA GRADBENISTVO SLOVENIJE., Slovenia Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/776751 Cities: Dogoše in Maribor, Umag, Madrid. Expected results: Development of a new Circular Economy Business Model (CEBM) for use of secondary raw materials (SRM) in urban areas. Creation of an on-line ICT platform for tracking and modelling the urban waste-to-product flows, on-line marketing and sharing knowledge and information along the value chain. Production and marketing of (SRM) based construction products.

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H2020 PAVITRA GANGA, Unlocking wastewater treatment, water re-use and resource recovery opportunities for urban and peri-urban areas in India Project ID: 821051 Duration: From 2019-02-01 to 2023-01-31 Lead partner: VLAAMSE INSTELLING VOOR TECHNOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK N.V., Belgium Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/821051 Cities: Barapullah Drain (New Delhi) and the Jajmau plant (Kanpur). Expected results: Creation of a community of practitioners by the establishment of open innovation test sites and a training & learning network. Rejuvenation of a river.

H2020 HOUSEFUL, Innovative circular solutions and services for new business opportunities in the EU housing sector Project ID: 776708 Duration: From 2015-05-01 to 2022-10-31 Lead partner: ACONDICIONAMIENTO TARRASENSE ASSOCIACION, Spain Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/776708 Cities: Terrassa, Sabadell, Wien. Expected results: Development of an integrated systemic service composed of 11 circular solutions to improve the circularity of the housing sector. Demonstrations in 4 demo-sites. Definition of an integrated HOUSEFUL service, which will be driven and promoted through a SaaS (Software as a Service). Creation of a Circularity Tool to quantify the circularity level of buildings. It will also include different circular solutions. Creation of a Collaborative Community of Housing Experts.

H2020 HYDROUSA, Demonstration of water loops with innovative regenerative business models for the Mediterranean region Project ID: 776643 Duration: From 2018-07-01 to 2022-12-31 Lead partner: NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS - NTUA, Greece Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/776643 Cities: Tinos, Mykonos, Lesvos. Expected results: Provision of innovative, regenerative and circular solutions for (1) nature-based water management of Mediterranean coastal area, nutrient management and local economies. Demonstrations on 3 major touristic islands in Greece.

H2020 NAIADES, A holistic water ecosystem for digitisation of urban water sector Project ID: 820985 Duration: From 2019-06-01 to 2022-05-31 Lead partner: ETHNIKO KENTRO EREVNAS KAI TECHNOLOGIKIS ANAPTYXIS, Greece Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/820985 Cities: Alicante, Braila, Carouge. Expected results: Implementation of a system of automated and smarter water resource management and environmental monitoring through different solutions. Development of a NAIADES App.

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H2020 Project O, Project Ô: demonstration of planning and technology tools for a circular, integrated and symbiotic use of water Project ID: 776816 Duration: From 2018-06-01 to 2022-05-31 Lead partner: IRIS SRL, Italy Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/776816 Expected results: Provision of a toolkit to stakeholders that enables them to plan the use of and utilise the resource water whatever its history and provenance. Demonstrations in four cities (Lecce, Eilat, Omiš, Almendralejo).

H2020 OPEN HERITAGE, Organizing, Promoting and ENabling HEritage Re-use through Inclusion, Technology, Access, Governance and Empowerment Project ID: 776766 Duration: From 2018-06-01 to 2022-05-31 Lead partner: VAROSKUTATAS (METROPOLITAN RESEARCHINSTITUTE) KFT, Hungary Link web: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/776766 Expected results: Development and testing of an inclusive governance model and a supporting toolbox for the adaptive re-use of cultural heritage assets. Creation of a forum for engagement and support resource integration.

URBACT URGE Duration: From 2020 to 2022 Lead partner: UTRECHT, Netherlands Link web: http://urbact.eu/urge Cities: , Oeste CIM, Copenhagen, Granada, , Kavala, Prato, Nigrad. Expected results: Design of integrated urban policies on circularity in the building sector. Development of a first plan for a tailor-made methodology that allows the circular dimension to be widely integrated in the large construction tasks the URGE partnership is facing.

URBACT Resourceful Cities Duration: From 2020 to 2022 Lead partner: , Netherlands Link web: http://urbact.eu/resourceful-cities Cities: Bucharest 3rd district, Ciudad Real, Mechelen, Cáceres, Patras, Oslo, Opole, Vila Nova Famalicão, Zagreb. Expected results: Development of the next generation of urban resource centers to promote the positive economic, environmental and social impacts for the circular economy.

UIA Circular South, engaging the community in an online and offline circular economy Duration: From 2018-01-01 to 2020-12-31 Lead partner: CITY OF ANTWERP, Belgium Link web: https://www.uia-initiative.eu/en/uia-cities/antwerp-call2 Results/Achievements: Creation of an energy cooperative. Development of a personal dashboard with real-time data-flows from smart energy, water and waste bin meters. Organization of activities on sharing, repairing and reuse of materials and optimise the exchange of knowledge, skills and ideas. Launch of social initiatives.

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UIA A2UFood, Avoidable and Unavoidable Food Wastes: A Holistic Managing Approach for Urban Environments Duration: From 2018-02-01 to 2021-02-28 Lead partner: CITY OF HERAKLION, Crete Link web: https://www.uia-initiative.eu/en/uia-cities/heraklion Results/Achievements: Development of a software to support families in reducing avoidable food waste. Development of software and hardware for reducing avoidable food waste in the hospitality sector. Creation of a second opportunity food restaurant. Development of a bioplastic production system for the production of compostable bags. Creation of a range of state of-the-art Autonomous Composting Units (ACUs) where treatment will take place on-site.

UIA Super Circular Estate, First Circular Social Housing Estate for 100% Material and Social Circularity Duration: From 2017-11-01 to 2020-10-31 Lead partner: MUNICIPALITY OF KERKRADE, Netherlands Other partners: Brunssum municipality, Landgraaf municipality Link web: https://www.uia-initiative.eu/en/uia-cities/kerkrade Results/Achievements: Circular demolition of a high-rise flat with 100 dwellings resulting in 24 material streams. Establishment of four pilot housing units with different reuse techniques. Development of a closed water cycle to provide 35 households with high-quality drinking water. Creation of a social services centre with six functions to strengthen social cohesion and stimulates community building aimed at waste reduction. Development of a mobility platform providing e-cars, (e-)bikes and mobility scooters for inhabitants’ use.

UIA Urban infra revolution, Circular economy materials and novel method development to produce recyclable and functional urban construction products Duration: From 2017-11-01 to 2020-10-31 Lead partner: CITY OF LAPPEENRANTA, Finland Link web: https://www.uia-initiative.eu/en/uia-cities/lappeenranta Results/Achievements: Demonstration of closed loop in construction. Technically improved new materials in closed loop urban structures applicable for extreme climates. Revolutional, aesthetic, safe multifunctional urban structures solving real urban issues. Product acceptance procedures and criteria created. Development of circular economy business for local industries.

UIA APPLAUSE, Alien Plant Species from harmful to useful with citizens' led activities Duration: From 2017-11-01 to 2020-10-31 Lead partner: CITY OF LJUBLJANA, Slovenia Link web: https://www.uia-initiative.eu/en/uia-cities/ljubljana Results/Achievements: Establishment of a public IT platform for identification and lifelong IAPS monitoring System. Production of paper from IAPS by using enzymes. Development of a circular business model.

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UIA URBAN SOIL 4 FOOD, Establishment of Innovative Urban Soil Based Economy Circles to Increase Local Food Self-sufficiency and Minimize Environmental Footprint Duration: From 2017-11-01 to 2020-11-30 Lead partner: CITY OF MARIBOR, Slovenia Link web: https://www.uia-initiative.eu/en/uia-cities/maribor Results/Achievements: Development of a safe and certified soil with by-production of energy. Establishment of a pilot system for urban soil production. Establishment of four urban gardens.

UIA Earth Cycle, On-site recycling process of extracted soil from the subway work in SEVRAN and its impact on the circular economy Duration: From 2018-03-01 to 2021-02-28 Lead partner: CITY OF SEVRAN, France Link web: https://www.uia-initiative.eu/en/uia-cities/sevran Results/Achievements: Using extracted soil as a modern city construction material.

UIA BRICK-BEACH, Artificial regeneration of urban beaches with eroded recylced aggregates Duration: From 2018-04-01 to 2021-03-31 Lead partner: CITY OF VELEZ-MALAGA, Spain Link web: https://www.uia-initiative.eu/en/uia-cities/velez-malaga Results/Achievements: Establishment of an innovative Treatment Plant for construction and demolition waste. Regeneration of a beach. Cleaning and decontamination of illegal dumps. Creation of a new urban space that will support socio-economic activities linked to the maritime-land domain.

JPI URBAN EUROPE CITIES OF MAKING Duration: 2017-2019 Cities: Brussels, London, Rotterdam Link web: http://www.citiesofmaking.com/ Results/Achievements: report that provides insight into the past, present and potential future roles of manufacturing in the cities of Brussels, London and Rotterdam. Manufacturing has both a fond and important place in urban areas, yet remains poorly defined and understood within the urban economy. Each city is at a crossroads where manufacturing could form a stronger place in the urban economy or simply fade away, replaced by more contemporary demands for urban space and jobs. https://citiesofmaking.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/CoM_CityReport-0523-LR.pdf

LIFE LIFE-REthinkWASTE, Rethinking municipal tariff systems to improve urban waste governance Project ID: LIFE18 GIE/IT/000156 Duration: From 2019-07-01 to 2022-06-30 Lead partner: ETRA SPA Link web: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.dspPage&n_proj_id= 7227 Results/Achievements: Development of a a plug and play model based on the PAYT and know-as-you-throw (KAYT) paradigm. Provision of customisable waste strategies,

service schemes and business plans to trigger a change in mindset among policy-makers

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and civil officials.

LIFE NutriBiomass4LIFE, Nutrient recycling circular economy model for large cities – water treatment sludge and ashes to biomass to bio-energy Project ID: LIFE17 ENV/LT/000310 Duration: From 2018-07-01 to 2022-03-31 Lead partner: UAB "PAGELDYNI PLANTACIJA", Lithuania Link web: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.dspPage&n_proj_id= 6742 Results/Achievements: Creation and demonstration of a full-scale self-sustainable closed-loop circular economy model for nutrient-rich waste recycling for Vilnius.

Development of new business models to make economically viable to grow woody biomass on land that is marginal or unsuitable for agriculture.

LIFE LIFE TRiFOCAL London - TRiFOCAL London - Transforming City FOod hAbits for LIFE Project ID: LIFE15 GIE/UK/000867 Duration: From 2016-09-01 to 2020-01-31 Lead partner: THE WASTE AND RESOURCES ACTION PROGRAMME, Link web: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.dspPage&n_proj_id= 5832 Cities: London.

Results/Achievements: Creation of a holistic communications campaign to encourage sustainable food systems in cities.

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