OENSUS OBI INDIA, 1921.

VOIJ [J /vJ E )(] x.

eaCH IN

PART II.-IMPERIAL TABLES.

13v

P. GOYJiNDA MENON, B: A.

SUPERINTEND}!;FT OJ.' UENSCS Ol'EflAll'lON{jl. Co.CHIN ST.4.'l'E.

PRINTED Al' THE COCBIN GO\"El1.NIIlliiNT !'RESI5,

1922.

p..-ice Rupees ThJ'ee (H/.,t[ ...4.mws Eiyht; DE'_rAILED 'rABLE OF CONT ENTS.

PART L--REllORT.

INTRODUCTION. PARA 1'...... 1 The Census 1 2 Census divisions lIond agency 1 3 House numbering and preliminary record 1 1 The final Census 2 5 First or provisional toLals 2 6 Special gather! ngs 2 G Demeanour of the people 2 b Abstraction unll tabulation 3 .t\ 1" • ", .,. 9 Cost or Cen :IUS ' ~ Acknowledgments ·3.. 10 I . l, 11 Report -., . Chapter I.-Distribution and Movemen~·th.~ Population. .

12 Division of the State 5 .' . 13 Area ani! population ... ;j 14 Density 5 15 Variations in population at various Censuses ;') 16 The condition of the decade 1911-1921 6 17 Statistics of births and deaths 6 18 The-movemont of the popUlation 7 19 Houses and families 7 20 Unoccupied houses •.. 8 21 Pressure of population 8 ~2 Growth of population 9 SUBSIDIARY TABLES. No. r Density. water supply and cropl!! 10 II Distribution of the population classified according to deui5iliy 10 III Variation in relation to density sincs 11375 11 IV Variation in natural population 11 . V Comparison with Vital Statistics 11 VI Variation by Taluks classified according to density.-tA) Aetua,} variation (B) Proportional variation 12 VIn Persons per house and houses per squa.re mile 13 Chapter H.-Population of Cities, Towns and Villages.

PAllA 23 lntroductory 14 24 Density by taluks H ~5 Towhs and villago,", 14 26 • Natural divisionH 14_ 27 Distribution of popul<1tiol1 SUBSIDJAR.Y TABLES No. I Distribution of the popUlation between towns ,mel villages Ui II Number per mille of the tota.l pOP'\ll~~ion and of each maip. religion who live in towns III Towne ola.ssified by population ... 113 U Chapter 111.--Birth Pla.ce.

PARA 28 Statistics of lmtil pia(;( ' .. 11 2!) Typcs oi 1')igLlti(~I. 1'1 30 tmmi;:;l':ttion lllto COL:'II) 17

31 Ewi:-;r",nts fronl CllC!" '1 17

32 Loso 01' g~;ll hy m;ot',,- 1 )11 18

,~U[j01DLi.RY T d3LE8 No. r IlHmigl'atioTl .. HI II Emigration 18 III PropOl'tiO]];l,l IJi;'2",d :Oll to ,j,lld rll!l(i ntbel' l, ... 30 V Proportion of cluldreu under 10 and of pru:sons over 60 to those aged 15 -10; also of married females aged 15-40 per 100 [emuIc:: 31 VA Proportion of cllilc1wJl under 10 and of persons over 60 to those aged 15-40 in certain religions; also of ma.rried fema.loo u2eu 15-10 pel' 100 females 31 III VI 'VaPia.tion in popula.tion a.t certain age periods VII Reporbed birth rate by sex and natural divisions VIII Reported death ra,te by sex and natural divi'>ions X Reported deu.ths from certain dismtses per mille of the pof)ulation Chapter VI.-Sex.

PARA. 51 General remarks 33 52 Proportion of sexes bv Taluks 33 53 Population of sexes hy religion 3J 54 Age and sex 33

SUBSIDIARY TABLES.

No. I General Pl'opultions of the :sexes Ly natural divisions and districts 34 II Number of females for 1,000 walles::Lt different age periods by religions at each of the bSlt three Censuses 34 III Numher of females per 1,000 ma,les at different age periods by religions and natl1l'al a' vision;; 35 Number of females per 1,000 males for Qe,'tain selected castes 36 Actual number of hirths anu oeaLhs repottea for eacn sex during the periods 1896-1900, 1901-1910 and 1911-1921 37 Chapter Vll,-Civil Condition.

PARA. 55 Introduction 38 56 Reference to st<1Listics 38 57 Main featme of the st-ati"tics 38 58 Variation by religion 38 59 Education and marriage 39 SUBSIDIARY TABLES.

No. I Distribution by civil eOl 1ditioll of 1,000 of each sex, religion and main age period at ertch oI the htst three Censuses 40 II Distribution by civil com1itioll of 1,000 of each sex at certai.n ages in each religion and natl'ral llivision III Distribution by main age ppriod\:l and civil condition of 10,000 of each sex and xeligion 43 IV Proportion of the sexes by civil conditi.on at c81'tain ages for religions and natural divisions 43 v Distribution by civil condition of 1,000 oj each sex at certain ages for selected cast,es Chapter VIII.-Literacy.

PARA. 60 The meaning of the statistics 46 61 Reference to statistios 46 62 Extent of literacy 46 63 Liter::wy by age and sex .. 46 64: Uteracy by religion 46 61i Literacy in English 47 66 Progress of education 47 67 Statistics of the Educational Department 47 68 Books and newsp<1pers 47 SUBSIDIARY TABI,ES- No. I Education by a,se, sex ",nd religion 48 II Literacy by age, sex ana locality 48 IV

1[1 LltUl"lWV by religion, sex and locality 4B IV 1 :Il;.;lhlt ;ij,e1'1cy by ago, se~ and locality •.• 49 V Progl(,Sf~ of !'t'ol',1CV sinco 1881. .. 49 VI Bduc,-ttroIJ i> \' Vd,' + c' 50 VII N1J.l~ti)Ol' of 11l~t;butlOt1, ,uhl pupils <1ccording to the returns of the BclucaLlOl1':] Department ... 51

VIn Mam teSHrt-: vr ~. 'liYtJL,.;ity E,umll1l1tions. 0 51 IX Number ,lDl1 ell "IILi~,ioll of J1ewc;papon:, 'otc. "'1 Chapter IX.-Lang:..lage. l'ARA 6fJ Languages s!,,,ken 52 70 Malayalam 52 71 Tamil 52

72 Other luchall llll,_;lIc'h\)d 0 52 73 Non-Indian ];l 'J;_;U l;;('~ 52 74 Literary activit, b3 SUBSIDIARY TABLES. No. I Distribution of Lotal pOPUhttlOU by hnguages 53 II Distributioll by lttn~U<1ges of the population of each Ta.luk 53 Chapter X.-Infirmities. PARA 75 Accuracy of the Totnru ..• 53 76 Leper and lunatio adsylum!l 54 77 Number::; ana proporticm erf

PARA 81 Geneml 59 82 The present conciltWlJ oi cu,stes 59 83 CompJ,I'ison Wltll lH L1 59 ROBSIDIARY TABLES. No. T Castes classified aCLurdmg to their traditional occupations 61 II Vmiation in cnNie, tribe, ete , "ince 18R1. 62 Glo;,.:::nry ul c" '010 " tnue:" and 1'ftces 64 Chapter XI 1.-· Occupation.

PARA

84 Introduction 0" 68 85 Reference to stlLj,lsLies 68 86 Di,ision of occnJl~ttion 68 87 Strength of each 15b',d (Ji occupat.ion 68 8R OCCUIHttion of (Cill~ll(;,; 68 SB Agriculturl11 popalt,tim, 68 90 Subsidiary occGpJ,Llon of <1bl'icuiLurists 69 91 Industrial popnlutioll 59 92 Transport 69 93 Trade .. 69 91 Pullli(' ~\ 'llluui 3tJ'A.Lic ,) -tLEl liberal art'" '10

95 Thfi .... \ C'-~l , 1'_ F II v\..:eu }~l' i 1()11~ 70

90 E v_':\~1 L 111 '_' i( 1 11)]))< I \1 rr.\ob!~ :;-: L.\. HI 70

97 OL'or j l~Ul':' 1)..,.- l~tht~,U!l .tUI; Cll':)l~, 70 98 PIllCclH,::! \OW illostlVllto" 71 99 DcvL1t, J ,lh Il urn tl"~ (;Oltll'J.icd \\ilh tlJose t'rtll,jO~0l1 0]' the 10111 Nlal'ch Elll •• 0

PART B,~;'ndus\r~es,

No. \ I Di;:;t l'ibuL:on ol lmh'\':'\'110-l ,md llL'hlllJ-; ::,-,) Ill, J\ 0ll Vl II PU,l: ;l.uhus uf c~t,~~blJshnll!llt" cillIJI,)~ ill;; ~O uJ tllOlt~ vel'sons in lU21 ,md lUll :33 III OI':-;

I I I)PI J J;'-':J ~ ..

No. r '\.)'(:~, huuscs awl POj}Lll.1110l1 iii 11 VUL'iu ,iUll ill populatioll "ince lb7~ v III TO\'v r,,, ana vllla6e'~ cla.,';ITIed l:'l VJ\1ub.. LIlJI' vii IV TU'l'll_; dabsihCll Ly lJ0jluL1tioll \\; ILl, V,ll i ,,[,,011 '"jnl'~ j,.;7 J lX V Town,: CLl'l'.lJlgo,l tJll'lt.ol"ially wILh })ulJULtLWll fJY LC:"'jiutl xi VI Heii,e; ")ll xiii - xv VII ._\.ll t'{ ig~)(l.C"'~L\._~ :_DX a td ci~ ~ COL tlt1 'l ... VIII ~uu~,1Li()11 by L(3""iull .1 Jd ag,' xxi·; IX Ec1uc,Ltlon IlY selectecl u:.tstes, klIJ':" Ul l'.lees xxv,i X L

MAPS. No. 1. Map of the Cochin State. 2. Map to show the cl::msity ot [JOjJUL;ll,Jl llCl' S<1'.Ull"3 fH'lr; by T,lluks. 3. Map shOlving variation in demn1'y of the POl}uLtiO't vel '';lluMe IT:ile tJy l'aluks between 1911 l>nd 1921. 4. Map to show the vari"tion in V:ipuL,tlotl 1J8V,YCl']1 1911 ,cud 1921. 5. Map to show the IJl'Oportion 01 the uo::c .. : in Yl1L'iuu:J T'~lukb. 6. Map to C0111l)o.1'e the litel'~Lcy 8,i11011g l1"llE~, ,lilcl lcliJ:11eJ in v["riolls T,tluL, 7. Map to compare the liteldcy IE English mnrms m:J,le,~ and ~emalc,o m varIOus Taluk:o:. S. Map to compare the literacy ill Engli"h ,LlllOll<; lll.\les <1n~l :ellJ.,lutJ in the iiLe- rate pupubtion in 1':1l'iOUd I'aluks.

DIAGRAMS. No. 1. The urban and 1 Llra1llopubtioll in tl13 b~ a~o .11lll in o<1eh TJ.luk. 2, Tho urban u,':lcl rUl'al male population in the St,~tc u,nCl in e"eh Ta,luk. 3. The urban u,nc1 [mal felll

a , I MAP r\1921 MAP TO SHOW THE DENSI'rY OF POPULAT10J:l' PER SQUARE MJ1E BY TAJ.,UKS COCHIN STATE \ " Scale ~r Miles \ I \ ) \ o \ P- ~

, A t:'~ l!': IL ,

1m' ,

J\~ an JI/'-H-+_++_H++++RH+-t::~_H++':~~l '~, __~_~_" I ~ ~ \..__O;-' ______w_.

'\' , • J>. --",~ 11 oJ .~tfRTAl ~ 1- :

1 i' d, 't±~ ------~~ .. -:~-~.----.-~---::-: -~-~~:111! !I! II [I iii ill" : l

--. \ .---l - .... .a 0" _..:...r . ._,... .~

A T E

- .f - \ , ,, 0 - ._ : jJ ~ "" I " iO ACTUAL DENSITY / [[[[I 300 to 400 P6rsal,$ p~1'1qu:J.re Mii~ It ~ ~Olto50(j Cl'angs,l\u~ Taluk .•...• ' 2.041 "!lIkU!lof.pul'3.1l'l Talu~ .... ; 40 1m 601toSOO Tl'it;~ur Tai,.1;- . . • • . . • • •• 71

~ 1701 to20Qo " I Tht\iapilli Taluk ...•.... e s!

ChiUur Taluk ..•.... , •. l)?!

.. -- L5_ - eft';Ht2r- -liII...... ___ c_ __ _JIIMblDI:.I"-:=-- I.W'N{}.J Census ~! 1921 I I MAP I· OF THE I COCHIN STATE I SHOWING \ YJ,1UIITION TIl DENSITY or THEl'OPULATION !.'til. SQUA~r. MILE BY TALVK BE'i!WE£H 1911ANO 1921 :Scale of "'ile' o I? 4 6 S 10 11 ! I I Inti D liJ

R __------THALAMLLI~ALUK 'E----:--.----- o

I \ \ II \: \ lllimiiTAT

\

MUKUNOJi FURAM TALI"Yo o

I I I I

10I

ACTUAL VARIATION \ - 1~ ------~k _.-.- - - REF~~-E~C-£-- -~-- \ I~ . {.1f4I;::E1,SE + OECPf.ASE-) I O'S i CII"hj~ Kana.~nllllr Talwk . ! ~CHIH KAHAYANHUR TALYK 301 0 COOH!N-KArUYAMMUR "ALUK ! CM:l!jilllll' Taluk + \L J Decrtase Between 5 ta.. , 0 ~ I 55 I MukuPloaplII'il", Ttl' ok ! [[l] I~Qrease Betweon 5 ~ 25 2S T~ich\J~ Tllil!k ~ ~ I -t Inc,ease Between 5 5 III SO r--_) B I 1ha '"lli Talule 56 f\T : + ) I mIncfease 6~tween 200" 2 5 0 ! ) Chitt~r T~luK + 5

I f (\-ide foot ~otc to ~Il~ d iaJ'Y Tat.1 1 of ~I. P\l' I/~ -. r I. l"lf ) '" R 16 1'11\ I MAPN' Census of 1921 MAP 'l'O SHOW THE VAltUTIOlf IN POP1JLATlON BE'!'WEEN 19U AND 1921 - COCHIN STATE $ca.te or Mil"

fi 8 10 o 1 1 I l \l i I t "j /' " 0 C - I f t\ S I­ ~ ~ t:======:J"~-{ . 'i" ~ o 14: . .,.. \ r""i'"- 9 r. J ~ r~ ~ I . ~CHITTUR TAL'OKj I~ THALAPILLl TALUK R OJ ~ \ I o 1

w 1( 131 " -I o I _1 I­ .. <

MUKUNDAPURAMTALUK 1L .--/ . b ; o .- I~ . ~ , f-- .UK";"" TA::! ~ ~,~"''' "''' • I 1 - .. --'------1----,------T A T E CRANGANUR TALUK :.L.l -l . I' §; S. - COeJIIN.I

. COeHIN.I(ANAVAHNUR TALUK , . \ - ~ Z -! , I " .... I \4...,_ o~ r \ \-1 ~\ en ____~ ____:~ ____:... __-..;..-____,--_4_---R£F'ERENe£--­ "A:lIATIOM- .{ ACTUAL. INCREASE

C;oohln~l

~ 8etween 4 t. S Per ctnt ct Mukundapure.m Ta.kik • • • 7' 6 mBetween , k a Per Cent Trlchllr Taluk • • • • 1 '2' 4 TD&.lapltli Taluk • J " , ~ "'.... "." '" e.'1 Chlttur Taluk •••• 4- ' ~ Ih T R .,_._--- ._------_._-_ ._-_ -~.------Cel)QIIS of 7927 MAP TO SROW T1:!£ PROPORTION OF TllE sms mTHE VAnIOUSTALlJ.KS COCMIN STATE Scale of MIIGS

o 1 a "

a: R' I­ en

o I I, 0 I I lI.I I I cr 0 I I- or;t

~

0 0

. -~ A T I ~"N-"NAYA,"", ;"'" TA~UK, '1 " ~, COCHIN.KANAYANNUR T,ALUK

~

... o

______--'-_~~ ___.....::.._--.,.+------t_---REFER£NCE----- I ' . No, O. FEMALES TO 1000 Il4ALE!'.4.

" Co~hln.KMa.'yahhur TA1~1< •• 960 [[[I] Between 950 &. 9'15 ir. Cranganur Taluk •• 982 ~ htweet'l 97& &: 1 OO~, ..( i-- MU!

II{

IIJ /' j ). , a:: I {

h 0 --+( f- I{ ~ Q')

~

, - @HIN'KANAYANNUR TALUK .KANAYANNURTALUK i

~ f. z o _-0.----+------...... ,.- t1V SHIN. KANAYAHHURTALOK RtFUENCf eQeni". Klnayanllllr T~IU', 346 237 293 1,104 199 FE)fJLE~ -- .+..r MuKundapuraJn Talu, 210 61 139 No, LITERATE PlR 1000 212 1- Tr"hur T~luk 291 1127 Thalapilli T~luk 242 6S 165 4. ~+~ 51'" 125 Chlttur Taluk 103 ~7 !

Cochin Shlo 274 99 1B7

: ~ ~ ,,-I------, : R '_____ ,__ ~,-._+_----.-.,-JI:------.-- I, I

-- . '~------'------_" ---_.,------_.. _

I ...... :; .•....._-_. _~-r'lI' '---_1'1 .._--_ l~L -liS' --

I I MAP No, 7 .-L.__ - I I

II I­ I " () Sc~~ of Mile$ o 2:4 e, 12 16 F£~fAL£8 I:±d R o : I ' II (~r I

.... 1_1_"_ 'I_i ..... ,_~_ , \ ..... 1... ~-IW\.-' .... ;,-'w,'-r.'''''1 :-~-:-.:..~:THALAPIL~1 ~ALU{:::: \ L' 0 p .J ~ a: 0-- ~ It In ~ ~ o

~ I

RErERENC£ MA.LES , Mile Female WERENCE I I 11 10 26 Cranganur Taluk 28 18 I, MUKundlpuram Taluk 15 3 , o Trichwr Tiluk 10 12 26 IT] B8t~un ~14 40 I Thalapilli Taluk ~1 12 :(!. I Ckillur Talu~ ),4 + 1~ T j t~Je'I~ !1145 I ' --._-, "---~--'--I--,----t-~-_t___t.---_t ~9 1 Coehln Slal~ 19

----'------I r---·--)5 CemUi of 1921 '_-__. .. _" _ .. _" .... - ... - 'to CGMPij£ m Wfwcy·m mlGLlSH AIiONO MAiIES AND rEKALES

IN THE LITERATg POPULATION IN THE VARIOUS TALUKS I . I . ~ j , \ , i COCHIN S!'ATE MALES FEMALES O~I.

R o

I 0

J )1 \II

I .. < "0 ~ ( ~ al ..~

T~luk Mali Female

118 n ge Cranganur Tal~k 71 84 .( 69 M~kundapuram T~lu~ 40 55 J. Trlchyr Taluk 163 92 HS Thalapilli Taluk BS 29 58 ~ hlltur Taluk 176 63 120 ~ T R Coc~l~ State 11~ GG i I L_ I :_.---- RttM~ iii. 10 IJjo '''',,"mi,r,~· Cipifllpao 10~7 DiAGRAM

8110W1NG Tlll~ liJ{13AN AND R\.:Lt.\L POlll[,,\TlON

---:- ~~ ~- ~~-- --~-~~ -~ ------~------I I

I II I I I 1 IllRlJ.IN ...1••••• '••••• ,...' I I COCRIN I 1 'I' 1 STATE !liLKAL .,,:<>(><'('0,00<>00iO<>0(;O (/jO(/()()(;(.)( (! (;(,'00~ I ' 'I I

I I I 1 I i ~ i I

1 I I I CIlCH!~' J'rwJ.\:::\ .. ••••• ,~ 1 ! • K.INAtAN- I ' I I : N~ 1 I ' I I T11,DI, \!(\')( II. ... ,0(/)00 <>0000; 000(>0 O(!000 (/.) (, I i I \ I

J:RRAN " .• ORAl:1GAN- DR TALUK { RUllAL ." 0<><

I I 1 I URBAN ... • ! I \ I I MUKUND,\-I I I . Pt:RAM i I I , TALUK IRURAL "'1<>0<>00 O<><>OO,<><>~\«> (>()(!(>( I. . I I I

I (URBAN "'i•• ~ CIDTTUR j i TAI,UK (RURAL ". (>(>00010<><

---._---_ .._ .. _-_. __ - .. -~ ..--- --~--- NOTE,-Fol further partioular! jse Chapter 1and Impal'i11 Tao No, 1,

IN _ SU1I AaD IN EAOH ~ALUK.

1Wl'fJ lloPuitQ.OI\,<><><> Iljli'lIll1I' 1_~1f~,

~-~.------

Q Q I = 8 q~ III =Q g ~ CI ,. = Aetual I Q 0" ..: = : figures ' Q = =til Q '1' ~" =til '" .. r- r- oo -- . 1-- --..- .-- ... -. --_ I . -I--

. i .! I I 127,1 41 , . .! I

. ( ({ ~(!~V~ OV~~~,o(! ~~~I~O~~~~~O¢vI~o~~~~~~~~ ()0~~~( 851.929

I 'I I

52,817

216,767

5,80.1

21~97

162,916

8,517

161,637

1~.JIltI

i

_"~-.------

~.----.

laM Dia~r~t

--,------

"""AN .1••••• I COCRIN ~~'rATE !.. : \ i, I ' :::'t~A;~ .,. 'I<><><><><> ,<><>0<><> <> 00<><>10<><>0<> \ I I i , I : i (,I(DAN .. I l"JlHL\-hA:' IVAN, .1... ii' '< {' l{ '!\\ lXK lil'RAL ... ;<><><><><> 1<><><><><> 1<>< I

II !iRAN. ( '(/.!';;(,,\Nl'){ TAT,[ T\ I ; ;_;RAL

I \ I 1 URBAN :\fll ld, l\ I) 4.1'( RAM <~ 'rAfXh 1 nn;AI .:<><><><><> <><><><>~ ,

I ["'A'" i '" n "': •• I'Rllllll I{ rr.AJJ-1 11\ HI ',AL .. ' 000<>0 OO¢

URBAN . .,. ],A.LAP:U~I 'I'A{ ( \' I [(~ HAl .'. :"> <><><><> I<><>~

\ I "1'1' ,,, \ ,'c ",' ...~ I, I l1HI ['fU}{ TALll[\ I i HI lUI, 0<><>< I 1__ _

: ~ I ' ',j . _. J (Il ~ l~ 1 ! 1 I !, ) l I { l'; I] _, ~l'e No. II.

Rural j)o)Julat· ':'). <><><>

.~----

C> <= C ~~ C 0 ~~ <= -=C> = ...,::: 40 C)~ ...= =C> ... ~c;:: I':) .,. I. '"

64 379 I

27,'77

114.551

~,93a

14528

4,644

97,855

lS,7SS

78,804

4,1211

77,584

.1,89'

35,147

Chapter I and Imperia.l Ta.ble I. DIAGRAM SHOWING THE URBAN AND RURAL FEMALE Urban population •••

Each btttton

I ~ 1 URBAN ... •••• <\.II.~ I COCHtN STATE I I I RURAL .. .',000<><> i<><>o<>¢ I¢O 0<>(> O<><>¢<>: I I I

j URBAN ...... C()(',HIN-KANAYAN· ~_~UR TALUK 1 RURAL .. .I<><>¢<><> 000<>0 0<

URBAN •.. ~ CRANGANUR J TALUK 1 1 URAL ... <> <

J URBAN ... ~ MUKUNDAPURAM TALUK 1 RURAL ... v<>¢<><> ¢<>¢<.,:<> (

URBAN .... . TRICHUR Ti.LUK { RU~AL ... <><><><><> <>¢ ¢ <

URBAN ... . ALA-PILL! ~ALUK j RURAL ... <><>0<><> 00<> <

\ URBAN ....~ CHITTUR TALUK j RURAL ... 10<><><> I j 1 _---..-.- _ 4:'-' ------, , ___~ ,.._w__ _ NOTE.-For further par'rioula.rl Ie. NOlIn. POPULATION IN THE STaTE AND IN Ji,jACH TALUK.

Rural populatio s:I¢(><>

I! 1.>1 i c:> g •c ;:I~ 0 =CI 0= c. I 0 0- c- .::; un lin b~i IN :; :g I

62,762

433,359

24,620

112,206 I

I ,2,875 I I 14,375 I I I 4,813 I I 101,400 I

14,114

84,112

4,391

11.,949

37,213

Chapter IIon.d Imperial Table II DJ:AGRAM Showing the populatioli of the State at each oftha

EMil button

0= => <= 8 => => => <:> => => YEAR AND SEX, => = => e <:> 6 0 I" 110 =".., ----:; 110.... IN IN

. \ , I r PERSONS ...... +~ :~~~~.~ ,~~~~~~~ !~~.v •• \~~ ••~.I

~ 1921 I MALES i ... ••••• i.· ••••••.1->.1,·····1·····1 l FE':IIALES '" 00<)0<>:0<>0<><) <)<)<)0<):<>0(><)<> <)<><)<) <> \ I I 'I r PERSONS . •• I ·i.~ ~ i~*~"~~ \<>

UALES r •••••• •••: ••••• HIt! I ... [••••• 1••••• ~ I I .FE~rAL'£S .+)(><><><)1<><><> 0<) i<><>0<>0;<> v<> <><>: <><><><><> I \ I I I I I I! i I I r rlmSO~3 ... ,~ ••~~ I'~~~~H:'~~~ 11~~'. 4}~~ :.f~~~.~ I~··-t,,~ I .~ 1901 I MALES FE MALJ£ 3 '" ·····I·····I···<><>(t O¢ <><)<>00; 0<><><><>'<><)<)<><> .. ~·····i·····: <)<) <)<)<)'

( PERSONS I·'>' I••••• 1891 ··,.-t'·.·I···.~ ~~4> ~·.···I MALES .. !••••• ! ••••• : •••••: •••••\••••• 1 FEMALES .. ,O<>O<><>iO(><><><) :0<><><><>1<><><><><> <><>(><><>

f PERSONS 1881 I lIIALES

l PEl\J~L1!iS

( PERSONS .. ~~.;f~~ .~~~4~. .~~~~~~" I\~~ ••~\- .. \•• -4r~~. 1875 i lIfALES ..••••• ~.... ~ .... '..... \..... ' l FEMALES .. , ¢<><><><>~ <> <><>0<)'<)0\<><><>0<) 0<>0<)0\ l NOTE:-For furLher p!Il'i lculars see No.IV.

six Censuses of 1921,1911, ISOI, 1891, 1881 and 1875, Persons-•••;Males- •••;Females-¢OO ..

1"p!'esents 10,000 persons, ------

• = = = = 8 =c •c i = ..C! c c c 0 c I 8 I C C c C CO C C C CO 0 C C III C III C 1/1 C c c t'l t'l "" "" 1/1 1/1 III :s l'oo ~ 00

I'f I, I +~~h~t I~~(:}.~t+> i~.t;~~ ~4}~~~~ .+~~~ +•••• ,•• t4tt. I.·~ ••• ••••••••••••••• •• ~ ...... '...... ( 0(00)00<.,,0<:> ':>0<><><> <><><><><> <><><><>¢

.~{~~. ···~··I·~~1>~~·I·~··., j~~~.~~. I•••• ,~ • ...... ••~ ••••••••••••••••••••• <><><> <>¢f<><><><> <><>¢<><> I~~<><> <> <>,

I •••t+ ~l> ••••••••~~ ~~ •••• 4~4>tr •••~ ••• 4; •••~ ...... 1 •...... •...., ~ 00<>00 OOOOOO()()()O <

...~ ••i~ ••~ ••~ •• ,~ ••••I •••• ~ '..... I•••••••••• .....• ~ •••••••••••• I <><><>00 OOO<>¢ O( j :

~ t.~.~ '~t • .,t ••••~~ •••••• ••••• I~ ...... 1 ..... ~ <><>O¢Q

••••••·····I··~· ... ~.I+~...... ~ ..... •.. ··1· <><><>OC

------~----~--~----~------Imperiall'able II and ChapLer~ I ~nd II and lJiafiram Y. 1911,ISOl,189L 1881 and 1875, Persons-•••;Males ..... ;FeDlales-¢¢Q"

.-~------:--- I AotuaJ § I • figures i i .. ' • I IT i .~~ .~>~+~~ .+,.~ I•••• ~ ;+ ••4tt. 'l'i~~ •• ...... 1... •. ••• .... 979,080 482,959 •••••••••••, 1 000 00000 O()OO¢ I 496,121

918,110 ~~t I.~.t" It~~'~~. i.4~.'~. +••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1••••••• 4S7,MZ ••••••••• ! ()OO I~~oo 0 ¢I I 460,781 I I k,.~~ 4~.~~. ~4>t •••••~t +••• ~ ••••••••••••• t,•••••• • ~ 812,025 ~ ... 405,200 (>00 < ~ 406,W

... ,~ ••• ~ ••• ~,.... +~ ...... ~ 722,900 I ' 361,904 I 361,002

600,278 ~ tt.~. t.+.1~ 1••••• I••••• i. .. I I 301,815

298463

601,114

302,373

298,741 DIAGRAM Showing tbe population of each Talu:lt

l'erSOI1S-~~"~; JIalcs-•••; Femalcs-<><;,-"(>.

PERSONS

TALUK AND YEAR

I

." •..... AA 1... , ...... , ..." "'" , ... ,...... ,A."'a...... r 1921 .'OiV' ",. ... ,.."'Iy "''''~"'''if' ,.,.,. 'IY ... ~ .... y ''''~''"V '''ii''''V'V ...." I'V ,",'V "TV~"' I , 1911 •• ~~ •• ~~.;,..~ :~~~~.~V !~.4)~r.-• ••••• 1901 ••••• .•• COCHIN-KANAYANNURJ 4~~)" ~{~ !~~4> ~ •••~ 1.~.~t>-<>4~ ~ ..~ I t 1875 ••••~ ~ •••• \~~~r~~"~{' ~~4.~.~ \

( 1921 .. {~~ ,II 1911 .. ,,,. I 1901 ~.~ I CRANGANUR TALUK .. ~ ~#~_A J 1891 "" -." I 188J .... l J'875 ~~~

( 1921 ~ ~~ ~~~~~ .Jh...... ~~~~~~ "I" "I, ~ .~.;I~ .J.It.....s..._A/),.~_J ... I- 1911. •• ..~.~. ~r"'V...,,, ,.. .. ,. .~~.~ I . I 1901 ~, ~* "Il"... .. 4- ~.~¥..... ""I. .~ MUKUND.ll'URAM: ~.~~". •• .. TALUK ... ~ I 1891 ~.. ~~~. 4;~~{~~~~ ~.~.~~4, 188J ~ .... A-~,A...... ,. ~ .. •. "i" ""'- "'V. ... Il 1875 4~ •••~ ~~~~~$>.~ ~(

NOTE:-Fo:r furL her particulars see No. 'V at eaoh of the six Censuses of 11:121, 1911, 1901, 1891,1881 and 1875.

Jl~h butlon repments to 10,000 persoils.

------_.------.- MA LES FEMALES

: • Actual c i g Actual 8 I figures 0 eli •fi 0 0• • figures <= 0" • ~ 1>1 .... ~ :i... - _, -

"._18 1(><><><><> O()OOO OOO~ 136,826 I····~ 136,622 ;00000 00000 OO~ 128,206 i I····'•• <. 121,016 0000000000 0(' 114,068 i I. 106,850 leOOOO 00000 '" 100,765 II.... 11<:><><><><> r<><:><: 87,139 95,878 : 00000 0000< al,706 (

I I , 34,808 :•• 17,5S8 ¢<) I 17,250 33,193 J.~ 1&,856 ~ : 16,337

29,140 '\ •• 14,710 0<1 14,430

27,965 I.~ 14,111 0<' 13,854

20,950 II.~ 10,634 0< 10,i16 , OJ.'" i.~ 10,759 ¢ 9,638

11 ,I Ii :1 ) I'

208,715 :! ••••• I••••• !~ 102,500 00000 OOO<> , I , i e < lC8,213 1 193,930 1•••• + ••••• i 96,143 ,0<><><>0 0000(: I 97,797 161,833 •••••i ••• ~ 80,335 000<>0 OOO~ 81,498 145,690 ', •••••, •• ~ 72,814 1000(>0 00< 72,876 1 115,212 '1: ••••• • 58,351 I000<><> < 56,861 114,774 1, •••••1. ,57,606 <><>()O¢ (> 57,368 I 1 i I

Imperial Tablo II .md Chapter~ I Jild IT. DI'AGFAM Showing.the'population of each Taluk

Pe)'~cns-..\ ••; Male;-•••; l!'emales-<><>¢.

-:------:------. __ . __ .._---- __ . '. PERSONS

TALUK AND YEAR -= -= g g -= -=CD =-= c:> = -= => e11'> => 11'>=> -= --_ ...... I ~I .--~--- - -_ --~ ---

I, ...It.. I ... A., All>. .JiI>."~' '.. l 1921 !") ••~"IY i"~" ~~~~.I ~.,.V" ~".~~~ I •• ~ ,

1911 1••• ,++ .+q..~ '~,.,.+~ :•• I I I

1901 i4J.~" ••• 1•• ~.<~<4}' i+~.~~~ I : TRlCHUR rrALUK .. I 1891 I I ~ •••• 1."4~~. ~,~~~~~ I i 1 1881 ~.:- ••~>~~ I~·~·'~ ~ 1 I ~ 1875 ••" ...... L I:~

\ \

j 1921 .,.~~}~~ f~·~~·~~ i·~··~·· •• ~ 1911 •••••. I··~~,~·I~h,~.~. ' ~~ .. ,"_ ..It...... ~ ~.._ •• 1901 •l"Ir"l1l"..... 'V ., ... "',.~,. ~ ~ ,- .J l'ALAPILLI T.A.LUK •• ' 1 1891 •• •• •. I ~rI i~~~~'.q,~ I.~~.t,. I I 1881 ,...... I••••• I~~~ I I 1875 ~,,~,~~~I~,~,<~<>~I•.

1921 ~.~~.~~ (.. ~~~(.~~~ I 1911 .~~ •• ~ 1~~~~.~~~ 1901 ~ 'r··I~:+~ OHITTUR T4LUK --; ...... 1891 I ••••• ~,,~<~ I 1881 ". .~ I 18'i5 .... I ~~..• ~~

------NOTE:-For furth9r particular! !ee No. ,.-(cont.) at:each of the six Ce,',uscs ofl921, 1911,,1901, 1891, 1881 and 1875.

E~ch buttolll'epl'esellis 10 10,000 )Jersons.

-----~------

I ______~~- F~JMAr.Es 1 -~

I Actual Q 81 Actual Q ..1;;;1 <;;I 0::>. == Actual figure; 0::> == =1 == == 0::> 0:> c g ii == == In figures 0::> ~-i figures I ... ~ II = ...= ..."" III== ...=== "" ------,------'-- /' I

190,813 ••• 4 ~ +1 •••• I ",587 1(>00<>0 1<><><>00 98,226 169,756 •••••, ••• ~ 83,520 I()OOOO OOO~ 86,236

'45,'04 '1 ..... ••, 71,647 li0<)O<)O 00<- 73,457 I 1 I '28,"7 I ~ ••••I.~ I 63,980 11<)0000 0< 64,977 m,695 •••••I~ 51,766 ¢OOOO 1< 52,929

101,742 ••••• ~ 50,430 0000<) )< 51,312 I I

170,154 ~ 81,710 00000 000(; ...... 88,443 ! Il5,1l4 I : 50,126 10000() 000< ...... 84,988 151,315 I 73,866 00(;00 OO¢ 77,429 133,891 I ·~···I··~ 65,719 00000 OOC 68,175 115,114 l ·····I·~, 56,528 00000 <; 56,585 , ...... 110,465 4 55,073 00000< 55,392 ."•• 1

I

95,208 ~ 46,046 !OOOO¢ .... 49,16Z 91,289 ~ 44,075 10000( .... 47,214 89,549 ~ I 43,606 0000< .... 45,943 78,785 38,430 OOO()< •••• I 40,355 67,702 I ~ 33,070 1000<' ... 1 34,632 65,952 ~ 32,627 OOO( ... 33,325

I I I Imperial Table II and Chapters 1 and U. D!AGRAM SHOWING THE Po/:lUAT1UN OF THE

P€l';~u:l~ .-(~+; 1I1I:Hes-•••;

------_------

\ RELIGION AND SEX

------_------\---- I \ I I ! H'H")i-;", '-j,<,i", ..t..A~~~~"~'_,£I.~~ ~~~~"'''r' "'~"''''''.A'''' AI...d! ...... ';)'A,.1. A ..... I ,»-" I" -r ''\11'"",,1' ~,.~,. v ~r ". """,,,- v v ~ ",,~,.~rv l' ...,",,"'''VV ",. "",."",.~,.V"", lJ INDU" ,\, '_Lt,," ... ;'••• (> ••••••i ••••• 'I<$>~,~ ,:,~ ~ •.' .' ~ ; ,•• ¢> IF,:;ULi" 81 <, <> (,( ('; 0<><>0 <1(' (> <> 0<> I«, (. (, 0; 0<1<> <> (. (>000<>

IHnSC'\';;I,*,.~) ••:.~l \ , I MeSAL­ !\lANS ''[,IALr;S ...... I lFEIIJALES QOO< I ,

:' ]oCl,,,U:" 1~~~~~.I\~.~~~,~~~~.-;}. il{~~<;'~~~ <~f.~~">"~~~'~}~ elLHl::'­ 'lIAN8 ',I \l 1':8 ... ,••••• •••••I ••• ~ I I

ll"lDUU:S\¢( (?¢(; ¢OOQ

I ' I j ------,,------

RELIGION AND SEX

\, PERSONSI~ JAINS J MALES .. ,. lFEMALES <

\ ' I PERSONS :~ ....~~ ~~ •••"I~~" JEWS .I ~IALES .·+••••• 1 ~ 1l!'EUALES O<><>I~

PERSONS ~ ~~ •• ANIMISTS MALES ..... lFEMALES: <>< No.-VI. STATE BY RELIGION AND SEX. Females-<> <> O. (Each button l'epl'6S6nts 10,00& persons.)

8 Actual = figures ~ I

616 132 315,418 I •• i<><>O< 330,714 I 68,717 I 34940 33,777 \

I 262,595 131.758 130,837

(Each ~uttol~ )'Cpl esents 100 persons.)

Actual figures ------__;_-----l

101 S8 43

1,167 587 580

368 198 170

------'------_-.!._------_._------and Oha.pt9r IV a.nd Di3lgra.m VII. DIAGRAM Showing the Hindu, Mnlal:man and Christian

Each btttton

I______P_E_RS_O_N_S~ ______

NAME OF TALUK i REu'.'ON \ I i... -~-----I------'I-' I 1

(, Hnwn ... II~"."~~ ~~.~.,)~t ~~ ~ ~ I' I ••• .. 'I•••• COCHIN·KANAYAN- .,: ..... I 'I NUR I: i\[US \,,11 \ Xf> ... ~~.~ ~ I i: I I II OH:P.T-lUc\:-.-f5 '" ~~-$.~ •• '4.~~ ••~» I~~.~~ •••••~ •• I ' I

J' HlNDUS CRANGANUR 1 l\Ius.\L1[ANS I l OHRISTIANS

I I , i I I I ' HINDUS ••• ••• ;...... i ···i4~~~~, •• I~4>~ ~ ~~~ MUKUNDAPUI;tAM ' lIIusAL),IANS .. I;~~.~ I I l CHRISTIANS I ., I·«~··· ~• ., ••• ~~ •• ~ , I

HIXDUS r "I •• ~~.~) I~·.~··'" ,4~ •.~~ •• ~~ :~~-{~ •• t.- ;r:.aICHUR -1 rvrt:SAL1U.:NS tl ... ~~. I' J CHEISTIANS .. .1 ••••• I••• ~{}'.

HrxDT;S I ·"I~~~·~~~·· ~. ,~ ~ TALAPlr"LI ••••• 11u8.\L)l1NS ••• •• ...... ~.<-~.. 1 CHRISTlANS I 1 ... ~...... 1 \ I I

I HINDUS ... ~ •••,) 1~.~•• ~.~ •••4~~ ~.. CIIITTUR MUS.\L!llANB ..... {CHRISTIANS ''''~''

t, -""",",__'~ - ---_ -_- . ~------...... --- liO'l'E,~For further pa,rhaulal'll ea. No:VJl.

population in each Taluk by sex.

r'8prisents 5,uoo pel'SO,IS,

PllllSO"S MALES FFMALES

I Actual Actual I .Actual <:> figures co figures I co i ~co = g\ ligures =<:>: co co co I i § el' III ttl ~" C< =" l ~' III to !I ~ III id ------I I I I II I

II~~.~~~~~ ,~.~~ •• i, •••••••••• , !.~_ J ~ 76,218 ;000(/) o

Ii I l I 12,004 100< 11,972 II 8,~~J ,". 4,544 I( 4,355 1 ~'j~ I~ 1,010 '~ 923

"

68,400

,~~ ! 5,080 ,••••• I.~ 32,512

I I I .~ ••~~ i~~4 I~I, '"1 ~ •••• :••••• :••• 83,106, 0(>00 00000 O(>O( 87,145 , I 1,1)" • I \ 3,155 k 2,975 I I 53:'~:1 ••••• I~ i 26,325 !OOOOO < 27,404

, ,~ ~.~~ 1~~;'lG 11: •••• '••• ,.1 •• 60,013 '0(>(>(>(>1(>000(>1(>0<>< 66,303 I .. I I I I"'"V \fLO I:.~ I 9,302 O( 9,366 ~5 l~JC ••• 12,395 0(>( 12,775

i &~,>.Il t ...... 39,886 ,OO()()(>I(>(><>( 42,858 3,558 (: 3,638 ~,:~c '. I , 1 5268 2,802 \ < 2,666

1 , 1 I I I I..------..... _----. ----- •. ~~ ---._------l'mp.ritl ~'ble XVlI ~lld Ohapter XII, DIAGRAM Showing for certain age periods the number

Each Button

UN1tURRIED AGE -----._------.-- PERIODS RELIGIONS Q Q Q Q e;; Q Q Q e;; '='. 8. 8 II; ~ Q iii =Q IN IN Ir.I too --"------I 1 I HINDUf:i ." O()OO O'O()() (;

0- 5 l\IUS.I.LlL1NS ... (;

UHRISTUNS ···OO()(,

I \ I HINDUS ... OOO()() OOO¢ 5-10 I l\Il;S_"-L~IANb ··,0 CHnISTUN8 .. ·000<>

HINDUS ... 0<>000,(>(>(><

10-15 l\lUSAH\lA:\S .. ·0<

CHHISTIANS ... 1(>00<;;

HINDUS .,,(>0(>0<) ()<)O(><) I¢ 15-40 MUSAL1tIANS .",<) < \ CHRIS'l:;IANS .. ·(>OO¢

HINDUS ,.t (

40 AND MUS.o!.LMANS OVER 1 CHRIs'rIANS

HINDUS ... \000(> 0,00(>00 (>(>(> (>(> (>(>(>(>0 (>(>0 (>(>

1 ALL AGES I MusALSllIANS ". O()OO~ CHBISTIANfi ... 0000<>(>000<> 0000<> <

~------~------NOTE:-For further particulare leQ No. VIII (MaIQs,\ \ of Hindus, Musalmans andChntians WilO are l.inl!1~msd~<>; Married-+; and Widowed-~,

repl'esents 0,000 IleISGilS,

------.-.-.,~ .. --..---.------"-j--:------~IAIWIED WIDOWED

Actual g c:o figures c:o 81 ~ uil -_."I "'I i

1

,

,12 'lL) I: ... I ". I ,! .1 IS,ES?! Ii i I

4 I I

2 1 ! 4 i I I I I

103

65

67,821 'I.~

7,458 I 319

30.135 ~

51,962 ~~~ 9,563

5,704 870

20,128 ~ ~,770

1 119892, I["yO;;J"'~~A 13,130 13,111 I sso

50,332 ~~ 4,995 DIAGRAM Showing for certain age periods the number

Eaah btdton ---- i_N!lI1RRIED

.. -~-~-- AGE l>ERIODS RELIGIONS CI =0 ~ g g =_ =0= 8 ell ~ .,..=~ ~.... C'II =It:I ...= ! I ! - I , HINDUS ."10000 <> 0<><> (; ( I 0- 5 I l\1USALMANS ... :<: 1 I OHRISTIANS ·o~

I HINDUS ... :000<>0,<><>0 < I 5-JO l\IUSALlIIAXS ... '<> I CHRISTIANS '''IO<>O~ I I I I I I I I HINDUS ''';0<><>0<> '00< I I to-IS l\IUSAT,l\Ia..\,S '''¢ I I CHRISTIANS ... 100<><

HI~DUS I (! ·.. <>0<><>< 1- 15-40 MUSALMANS I l .,,( CIimSTIANS ... <>< , I HINDUS .-tr( I 40 AND Tv.IusALM:ANa ... !, OVER 1 CHRISTIANS ,. I HINDUS ." 0000<>1<><>0<>0 0<>0000<>000 '<>00 <>0 I I Ii: MUSALSl\lANS> ''',

CHRISTIANS ·"t<><> <><>1<><><><><> (<> < 1----...;...-____,- ___ -

NOT:FJ:-For further particulars ~.o No. VIIl(coJlt.)-IFemales,)

of Hindus, Musalmans~and Christians who are Unmarried-\>; Married-.; and Widowed-+,

lepresents 5,000 persons,

MARRIED WIDOWED ------,-----I Actual Actual Actual 8 figures 8 figures figures c I c c C \ C g III ! 8 8 CI1 III __ __ =... iii C_;_~j ~i~ __~ ____i_, ... ~ =1/1 l'<

I I: I 43,028 II 4,681 '" Ii I, 18,696 '" Ii I, I' I' I

42,137 74 II

4,803 8 I ! I 18,756 11 i

73 36,394 '. 2,514 : 4,214 225 I I 16,951 i 647 I

17, f; , 1 •••••••••••••••" I 22652 1••••• 98,565 i ,...t .. A ; , " 141 - 2,018 I•• ~ 10,759 I( , I 8,154 40,067 ij,81t ••••• ••• • \

990 ••••• ~ 26,770 ..... I.. ~ 40,317 74 ~ 2,308 • 3,222 12,189 434 .. ~ 11,116 .. ~

57,590 () 1,45,201 ••••• ••••• ~ ••••••••••••••• 127,923 ..... ~.~ ••I •• 4,68'1 15,790 I 13,300 • 0 ••• 16,000 62.991 ••••• ••••• 1. 51,841 ... ~'

Imp.rial T~~)'a VII and Chapter VII. DIAGRAM No~ 1Xi Showin& the number of Hindus, Misalmans and Christians in cer.ln a.":Plr!od.;who are Literate-O; Literate in English-+; and Illiterate-+,

Each butloll t'eprcsonts 0,000 persons,

------~ ._._ .. ~---~------Ll'rCRATE _I ~i1JUII.IIIUIIB ---I , AGE PERIODS RELIGION

i Actual I' 1'1- ft~ures I 1111 ! .. -r---(---- " ------:------1 ------1------, 1 ,I

I I II : I I' \1'. I: I TlINnrs v U30 1/ 161 I '''I 0-10 i I 135 I, '''I I CHRISTWih .,,[< 2,950

(I HINDUS :.. ,OO¢ 13,&3i ~ 1,711 10-15 iI MUSALlIA:lb S24 II 4 l CHRiSTIANS ·,,¢O~ 10,800 III

1!INDUS ,.. 000 14,119 I~ 2,Ut 639 ! 51 15-20 J ~rUSALMANS ( "'~ l CHRISTIANS ,,,00 10,071 I. 1,391

, I 74,023 ( FIINDUS """ ¢(>(>(>(>I ¢¢(>(>(>I¢(>(>(>~ l.~ 7,1'1 I I 4,571 lSI 20 &om1 MUSALMANS ".¢ 44,891 3,1111 L CllRISTI.lNS ,.. 00000 OOO¢ ,.

I

166,407 I•• 12,030 r HINDUS "f¢(>(>(> (>C(>(>(> (>(>(>oJ (>(>0(>1(>< ~ J I 5,868 121 All ages I ~fUBALMAItIS "ft I I I 61,170 S,701 l CliRISTIANS ""\(>(>¢ (>(> ¢(>¢(>(> <><><><: I.~

i I \ ,.._ -_ ...... _- NOTE.-ll'er !ulGhil plrbi.w.lll" Imp.ri~J T,bl. VIIbnd OkapI.! 'fIll, DIAGRAM Showing the Hindus, lVIusalmans and Christians

Each button

ILLIT1U.'l'E

AGB PE:iIODS RELIGION i g• ---~~--.--- ~~------1 r HINDU::; ••••••••••••••••••••••• 0-10 I MUSALMANS ... ~ ... l UHIUSTAINS ...... ••••••••• f

r HINDUS -j 10-15 , I1IuSALlI-lANS ·...... ·····I········~ l CHRISTIANS ......

I HINDUS ... I ••••• I•••• ~ I 15-20 1 MU!ALll'iANS ... .~ 1 I l CHRISTIANS ... •••

r HINDUS, '" ••••• ••••• ••••• ••••• 20 & over 1 MUSJ.L~IANs ... ••••• • CHSIS'1'IANS ... .~ tj ••••• ••••• •••••

HINDUS ... r ••••• ••••• ••••• ••••• MUSALMANS ... All .... 1 ••••• ••• - ••••• CHRISTIANS ... ••••• ••••• ••••• •••••

------."--~'-~ !.==--_;,-~- ~oT:!:-For furbh.l' pa.rl ieule,r• ••• No. IX -(c~ftt,)

in oertain age periods who no ; !t~mle-(>: Liteut. In En~lish-.~; tnd lllitirate-+.

represents: 5,000 pI! SOliS,

ILLITERATE ------II <:l " ~ tl e e fill Cl 0 III 0 Q Q 8 C) I C o ~, Q • e, "(l) t:> 0" ~ c_ 0 e c 8 III Q III r::i In <:l ct ~_ .- iii' ~ III l', e e

•••••••••• I••• ~

I i [••••• 1••••• ••••• \••••• i··'·· ••••• i•• I ' I I

1 , ••••• ••••• ..... ,H ••• +.H+I'." •...... 1 ..... ••••• ••••••••••...... ~

I I I ~ .... I~.~ .. i~ •••• I.~.. I I I ____ L---~--~-----~--~------~------~--~-~~--~ ImpQli&! T~bll VIII &nd Ch~pt'l VIII. ); Literate mEllglish~; &nd llliterate-t,

j ILLIURATE

-_ ~--~----~------~------~ o I 8 Actual) c" figures ~ ·_------·-----1-- -I,_,_,--- '------;-

I

166,290

19,115

72,198

65,872 !

8,770 I

24,70&

47,537 I 6,041 I 15,107

II

I ...... ;.. 260,026 28,862

81,214

~...... I ••••• I...... 539,125 62,848

193,825

--'---_;_-~------,-,--~---'---.;.,..,_-!.,__-'----.---.. - bIAGRAM SHO'vVING THE NUMBERS IN EVERY 1000 OF THB CASTES IN TABLE IX The total number of buttons represents the aggregate number in 1000 persons of each

Eaoh button represents

MALES '------_------LITERATE

CASTE

I 1 1, /" I I AMBALAVASI "',0000<> <>OOO<>'\OOOOO\OO~<- V'jOOOOO <>00001 AI~AYAN •. .:<> <><><><> <><><>00 I I IlRAmIA>;-)HL\YALI ••• :<>O<>O<> 00<><><> 00000<><><><>0,<>000000<>00

do TAMIL "'1000<>00000<> 00<>00:<>00<>0<;00000<>000 do KONKANI ... )0000<) 00000 0000000<>( \ 1 do OTHERS ···000000<>0<><> 00<>00000000<>< I UHAI{KAN ••• <>0<>000<><>0<> aHALIYAN ... <>0<><><> OO¢OO 00(: C.r.rETTI ···0<><>00000< I DEVANGAN ... 00<><>0 O()O<)O 000000<><>00«,0~ ELUTTASSAN ." 00000 OO()O¢ 0 I ] LUVAN ... 000000000< KAIKOLAN ... 0<>000 OOOO¢

KAMMALAN ... 00000 00000 <>¢ KANAKKAN ... <>00<> KANIYAN ... 000000<><>0000000,0<>000 <>0<: (.0 0< KAVUNDAN ... 000 . 1 r KSHATHIY·A-MALAYALI 0000<> 00<><>0 <><><>00 0<>00<> OC< (.. .(> 000<><> 1 do PARADESI .. ·IO<>OO<> 00000 <>0<>0000<>00'\000 KUDLll.YU-OHTTTI ... 0<><>00 <><>0< KUSAVAN • ..100<-

NAYAR ... !O<><>O<>,O<><>OO 0<><>0<>00000· 0<> OTTANAIKAN ...1<>0<>0<>; <- PANAN ... <><>00<>/ 00<>0~ PANDARAN ... 0<><>001 <. 1 1 PANDITATTAN ... 0<>000 <>0<><>0 <>0<><>0 00000 0<>0<> VALAN .",0<>0<><> OvOOO <. 1 VANNAN •••. <><>000 OOOO¢ VELAKKATTALAVAN •..1<>0<><><> 000<>000<: VELAN ... 0<>00<.00000 OOOOOe<: VELALAN ... <> <>-0<:)0 00000 00<><> 0,0< VELUTTFDAN '... 00<><>0 00000 0< JONAXAN ... 00000 <>< > , RAVUTTAN ... 0000<>'00<>00 0< ~' ANGLO· INDIAN , ..100000' 00000 O¢ -t:~- INDIAN CHEISTtAII i .",00000:00000 OOO¢<> 0<><

JAIN ... 00000,0<> <><><> 00000000000<: 0000<>0< JEw _ ...... 000000'100000 00<>0<> 000 <> l\1:ALAYAN ~ __

NOTE :-((1) For further' parLiculars see Table IX and Chapter VIII. Of the castes mentioned in the form~r tho c 2) Not less th"'~ 90 per cent of th~ Europeans are literate; hencQ they too are omitted from the &bov! No, Jt, WHO ARE LiTERATE AND THE NUMBERS 0]' THOSE WHO ARE ALSO LITERATE IN ENGLISH, caste who are literate while the black buttons represent the number who are literate in English.

twenty perSOllS,

MALES I FEM ALBS

I LITERATE IN ENGLISH --_J LITERATE I LITERATE IN ENGLISH --- -, c CI c 8 .. ! , :: co ! I I I; ! ! --I 1---,.---­ --.,...... --1I 1 O( liooooollo<>oOO/IOOOOOIO< I I 1°< 0< ,•• ~ : 'IOOOOOeOOOOeO< 00<>00' ••••••••• ~ •••• '110000010<><><><> <><>< <>000< • ••••••• 1 • ..... ~ 1<>000000 .~ '0, I • 100< .<• 10 100<> ••••• 00 • O¢ 1< '0< l~oooo 000<>00<; O() I ,,00000 <>000<> 00<>00 O¢<)<)<)<) <> <> 0 ¢~ 000 1•••••••••••• ••••• •••••••• OO<>¢¢ 100(\ • o I < ~ O<><><>O,OO¢OO • ... ¢ I O~' eO0< 00 (, 10000( 10< ••• iOOOOO OOO¢ < ¢ I 000<>010<><>00100<>¢0 OO{' "t~· tl ••• •••••• 000 ~ 000001 ( ~ .... OOO{ ••• ft····••••• IOQOOOI¢¢¢¢ \+ ----~------~--~----~--~-----,~------~------thai have only ltS& than ~O lilirate! il11000 have been ol1libttd from th. above diacrlllll. d~,rMD. DiAGRAM

'Showing IMa.le~ ••: Each bi£ttfll.

Q IIQ l COCHIN: lMALES ···1····· I••••• \••••. 1\••••• I1 ••••• ST ATE tFEMALEB'<><><><><>I<><><><><>'<><><><><>I<><><><><>i<><><><><>t I ! ! i~3f-irN- JMALES •.. •••••••••••••• NUR l TALUK FEMALES <><><><><>1<><><><><> <)<

MALES ...• CRU1GAN· UR TALUK j <)/' FEMALES " I I

...•••••1 ...... MUKUNDA- MALES ... PURAM TALUK ~ FEMALES <)<><><> < I I

MALES ... ,••••• 1 ••• TRICHUR 1 TALUK ~ FEMALES <><><><><> <: I

TALAPIL- } MALES - •••••J~ j LI 'rA.LUK tFEMALES <><><><>( j

I MALES •• ./••••• ~ CHITTUR ~ I I TAIMK (FEMALES 0<><><><>, <. I NOTE.-For further-pa.rticulars ~e!l Imperial Table No. XI. and Females <><><> ofeacl1 Ta,Iuk 'Who are insane, 1"epresett#$ {J pe?'sons.

Aetuw ;l figures QoI \ I \ I 213 l·····I·····\··\<><><><> <> (><><>< I .. ·I··~ 188 \ f 1 I

75

58

3S

24

29

27

J ____~r ______~ ______

:XI and C:haP'er X, DIAGRAM Showing Males ••• and Females<><>-O

Each button j-----'--~-- : ------

\ r

l\L\LEf! .. ~', ,'b,,1 .di.h. i ~~ •• AA••• I••••• COOHIN STATE ~", "Il' 'v V' 1"'- v:A. 'VV I F(,~;\I\LEb·.,1 00 <-, 00 10(><- 0<> '<><>000 0000(>­ t , I I

I OCHlN-KAt\'AYAN- \MALES ...•~ •••••••~ '•• ~ NUR '!'ALUK \ \ I IFEMALES ... 000<>01<>0<>0<> : 0<

,

CRANGANUn Jl\IALES ... .. TALUK hEMALES ... <

1UUKUNDAPURAIII MALJi]tl .. ••••• r ••••• • ,.~ - TALUK { P~lIAL}:S ... <><><><><>\<><><><><> ,

TRICHUR JMALES •. • •••• 1•••••.••••• TALUK (FEMALES ... <>~<><><:JO<>OO<> \<>0 ~ \

!l'.lLAPILLI MALES ~ .. •••••••• TALUK j PEl\lA 1j}<;S ... <><> (>O(;J O¢.;

I . CHITTUR JMALEI!> . .,\ •••••• TALUK~ 1FE l\fALES .... 10<><><

____7 __ _

NOTF..-li'or further particulars ele No. XII.

of eaoh Taluk who are Deaf-mutes.

represents 5 persoltS.

.....02 Ibel) E~ O'QII 1/11 1/11 CII !jig ~

.\ ...... 273 \<><><><>0·····j·····I:·····I·····j···· 0<><><><> <>0<><><> <><><><><> <><><><> <>i<>< 231 I I I «

86

63

:;

2

81

51 I 71

61

40

36

;;0

18

Imperial Ta.ble XII !lind Chapter X. DIAGRAM Showing Males ••• and Females<><><>

Each button

-i

MALES ... ••••••••••••••••••••••••• COCBIN STATE { FEMALES ... ¢O<><><> <><>O<>¢ O<>¢¢O <>(><>¢<> ¢(>(>(>(>

OCHIN-KANAYAN. IMALES •...... 1 ••••• l!Ol< 'ALUK ]FEMALES ••. O¢¢¢¢ 00000i<

CRANGANUR MALES ..•••• TALUK { FEMALES ... <>(

MUKUNDAPURAM MALES •.. •••••••••••• TALUK 1FEMALES ... 00<><>0 ¢¢¢<>¢O<><><

TRICHUR MALES •.. ••••••••••••••• TALUK 1FEMALES ... ¢¢¢O<> <>¢O<>O 0<> 000,<><

TALAPILLI MALES ... •••••••••••••• ~'ALUK l"EIDLES ••. 0<>0<><>1<><>0<><> 10<><>OC <

CHlTTUR MALES ... •••••. TALUK { FEMALES ... O<><>O¢ <

NOTE.-FOt further particulars see :t{o. XIU. ot each Truuk who are Blind.

-'III "Ql ~~ ~'aI 1:1 cD 1:1 CIIIPI , I •cD III• 10 • 1/1 1/1 1.:1= ~ "" :

1t5 ..... ••••• t••••• ••••• ••••• ..... ••••• •• ¢¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢O¢ ¢¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢¢ ~¢¢<) ¢¢¢( 137 ¢¢¢¢¢ I ~ 141

181

( 2'

It I I

llJ

IS6 I 149

IGf

135

I 135

41

51

~ Imperial Table XII and Chapter X. DIAGRAM No; XIV, Showing Males •••: p,nd Females '000 ofea.ch Taluk who are Lepers, JiJach ;'utton ,cpre.scnis 1& persolls, ------

Actual figures'

------~------~-- I I , I i I

n __ '-'T.V _ ,~&A:-.~.I~. "'~.It~t~" i"..,..~ 0~~~~:1't~ ••I~ t~. COCH!l'i J I TV! I '¥ i I ' STATE I(1J\~mEC'<><><>(><>!<><><><><>:<><>< 126 , I ' \ I I I I I

iZi:ii'N jim,,,, •••••1 ••••• 1••••• 1 ••••• J93 1 '~~K (FE"JOOO¢¢\( . I !\ 57 Ii I I I { I MALES ...I •• 'I CRANGAN- \ 12 UR TALUK ( ]llEUALBSI 1 I j

MALl!lS ''' •••• YUKUNDA- -, PURAM j TALUK FEMALES 0<>< 22

~ TRICRUR 1"'LEB .. 33 TALUK ... FEMALES 0< 14 I

I"ALES .. TALUlL- I..... J~ 54 LI TALUK FEMALES ¢O( 21

MALE,I. Cm"Ull I 7 TAWK !FEMALES< 7

NOTE,-Foriurther particulars sec Imperial T~ble XI and OhaptorX. DIAGRAM tlHOWING STREN H OF THE LAMER

"iJach button

e e ;:0 :1 CASTE -g ~I I I ,i I I;'DIAN CHRlSl'UN "'1 <><><> O¢ 10<>00<) i 00<><>0 iOO<><>O ,<>0<><><> I ILUVAN . ,<><><><> <> 1<><><><> <> \<> <><><><> <><>¢O<> i<><><><><> NAYAR ·.. ;0<><><>0 0000<) i(>0<><)<> ;0<> 00000<>00 PULAYAN ·.. 1<>0<>0<> 0<>000 I<>O<>~ ! JONAKAN .. ·1000<> 0\<><>0<>0 10\ KAMMALAN .. ·;¢OO¢O ¢O< I TAMIL BRAHI!1IN ... 0000< ' ELUTTASSAN ... iOO<> < I KUDllMI CHTTTI .. ·!<>o< VALAN ... 0< CHETTI ... <>< KANAKKAN ... 0< KONKANI .,,<>< AMBALAVASI ... <>< I P.A.RAYAN ''',<>< RAVUTTAN ... 1<>< KAVUNDAN ... <>< VELA-LAN ... <>< AaAYAN ... 0< NAMBUDIRI ... <>< KAIKOLAN .oo¢- YE1.rTUVAJi "'V VELL.A:LAN .oo (:

PANn.llUN ... (: Kunnll' ... <;

'VELUTT.I!:DAN ... (: YELAKKATTALAVAN ... ~

PANAN ... <

OTTANAllUN • ... <

RANIYAN ... <

ANGLO INDUN

Cl!ALIYAN

______1__ -:------=.- _---"' _...... ~- --...-.---... --...,._...... _ -~- ---- NOTE,,-For further particulars ~et NOI XV, CASTEe, T-IIM$ AND lieNS,

Aotual figures

<>o<>¢¢ O<>O¢¢ ¢O<>¢¢ ¢¢¢O¢ <)¢¢¢¢ O¢< HO,347 00<>0<> 00<>00 00000 <)0<)<)( 223,405 0< 131,054 69,424 56,018 35,1U7 21,836 15,197 10,328 9,507 9,163 8,424 8,080 B,019 7,145 6,544 6,354 6,232 5,580 5,427 4,. 4,759 4,587 :5,368 3,442 3,.S47 3,185 2,&42 2;437 2,395 2,18% 2,003

------~.-...;.._--~------...... ,.-.._- _::._--- Impari!)'l Table XIII II'!1d ftapter XI. DIAGRAM Showing for each of the selected castes (A)The number

(B) The number ot Females of all ages who a.re ------

CASTE ~ ------;------;------..,------(.\.) .. . AMBALAVASI { (E) ... 000<>< ( (.I.). : ARAYAN i (13) ... ',()< (A) ... :~.

(D) ... :<><><' I Do. TAMIL f (A)'''I~ t (H) ... '<)<-<> <-,(" 0<>< (A) • Do. KONKANI { (D) ",\V<>0<: (A) ... Do. OTHERS I { (E) ... (>< (A) .. ,I CHETTI { (E) ... i<>O<><>(; (A) ... ELUTTASSAN { (E) ... (>O()00 ()<

ILUVAN { ::: :::\OOOOV 00000 OO¢<>¢ O¢(>(>O 000<><> ( (A) ... KAIKOLAN 1 (B) '<0<: (A) ... \ KAMMALAN \ { (B) ... 0000<> O<>OO() (,00< . \ KANAKKAN 1(~):. \<)<)<; ,

~ (A) .. . \ KANIYAN \ (13) ... (,,<.>

{ (A) .. . KAVUNDAN (B) ... (,

KSHTRIYA l\IA,GAYALI { P\ .. (B) ... < ~ (A) .• , KUDUMI CHE'I'T1 \ (B) "'OO(,'()Oo { (A} .. . KUSAVAN (E) ... \<> ~.------~------~ No. XVI,

of Females under the age of 12 who are either ma."rled or widowed:- •••

widows:-<><><> Eac1t. butiOfl r,pr~t' 2()() per&oM.

e l I I ... • MI' .... ==vi ......

(>00(>0 000000<)<)00(>0000000(' 000000000000\)00 00000 0«-00<.; No,IVI,

of Females under the Me of 12 who are eltller ma~rled or widowed:- •••

widow~:-¢<>¢ Each butM rlprls_ts 200 pmoiU.

c III Actual e I" ! ! g i I : figures 8 Ii vi Ii l... 'Ii 0 ,i '" '" '" '" .. .. "'" N

4

,142

00'

saD 54

594 (5

1,451 6

782 6

\ 252 43

983 2

1,283 34 )OOOOOOOO()O()O OOO()O OOOOC ()OO()O 00000 OOvOO OOO()O OOCO<> 000000(,000 OOOO()i<>OOOO ¢ 19,149 1

348 14

2,639 \ 3

589 3

276

,,,

177 1

1M 29

1,203 4 I I 191 !)IAGRAM Showing for each of the selected castes(A)The number

CBI The number 0:1 Females of all alles who are

CASTE

(A) ••.•I \ I NAYAR I { fB) •..1<>0<><><>;00<>0<> <><>0<>°1°<><><>(;<><>(,'v(. I (A). OTTANAIKAN J . I l (E) .. ·o< . PAN.m I I I PANDARAN I

PARAYAN I (B) "'100< [ I PULAYAN (A) ".j I j i IB) .•. ;<>00 00 ()<)(' 0<> <>00<>0100<)<>( I({.«.(" VALAN { (A) .. " i I , ::: ::r°O(>(.1 YAN1

{ (A) ... VELLALAN (B) .. ,O~ (A) ., VELUTTEP.t.N { (E) .. ' <)<)

{ (A) ... VETTUVAN { :: :::<>< I JONAKAN 1 (B) "'10000<> 000<>0<"-<>0<>0 0<><>0< { (A\ ., \ RA'VUTTAN (B) , .. (

(A) ...( INDIAN CHRIS~IAN { (E) "'100000 O<>OOOI<>~O(>O (>(>(>00 (>0(,0<> ------~---- NO'l'E:-For further paztioula.re see No. XVI.-(collt.) of Females under the age of 12 who are either married or widowed:-+++ widows:-()()O Each button I'epmtnts 200 penons.

8 ;, 8 i I ..

Imperifl ~,bl. XIV and OII'pler ~II, ~, XVI,-(coIII.)

~es under the age oj 12 who are either m{l.~ried or widow~d:-•••

Each buUonl'epmenls 200 perSii;ls.

i 0 0 § ,'Aotual ~ i ! I figures ..iii ".. ..oa ..ei = 43

14,682

255

266

185

417

3 84

948

114

iSS 3

338 4

341

371 , 2

118 11

3,888 5

153 167

15,92S

Im~ tabl, XIV ~ud Ohlpt~! ~II, LIAaRAM Showing the number of Persoos HPported

Each button

------_~-- -_- ---_- --~~----

e!) e c ORDER DETAILS OF OOCUPATION ~ 0 =c c 0 c" ~" c"= IN ~ ~ i ---'------~------_------~-- i \ I \ 1 PAf:lTURE AND AGRICULTURE "'i<><><><><>I<><>O<><> i<><>0<><>10 <><><><> 33 OTHlJR TRADE IN FOOD-STUFFS '''I<>O<>O<>(>OOOOOO()O('' 6 :,:::::::T:::: OOOV "'1<><><><><>1<>0<><>0 <><>< . I 153 RmED pATIONS '''00<><>00<>00<»0<><, 8 WOOD INDOSTRIES ... 000'<><> O<>(><><>I(.'~

12 FOOD INDl;S~IES '''00<>0<>000<>01(: 49 IN'TRUOTIOX ... 100<><>01, I 13 INDUSTRIES OF DRESS AND THE TOILETiO<>O<><:; I 15 BUILDING l},DUSTRlE.., ... IIOO<><>~ \ 2 FISHING AND HUNTING Oc' 000< 40 TRADE OF OTHER SOIlTS +<><>< 45 PUBLIC Al)l\:lINISTRATION '''100<~ 21 TRANSPORT BY ROAD 00 '''1 <:; HOTT1LS. (J.milS .\.ND RESTAURANTS '" OO¢ 9 METAL INDU!:iTRIES '''vO< RELIQION 46 ,'" <>O~ 52 DOMESTIC SERVICE ... 0<)

50 LETTERS, ARTS A.ND f::,OlENCES ... 0<:;

20 TRANSPORT By \YATER ... 0<:;

26 TRADE IN TEXTILES '''/<>< 48 MEDICINE "10< BANKS, ESTABLISH~EN'J)S OF CREDIT, 1<>< ETC. 11 CREJ\I!CAr, :PRODUCTS ·.. O~

10 CERAlIlICS ... <)<

39 IND'(JS'tIUES OF LUXURY .~. < I , OTHERS (80 in number) ,.. <><><><><>r 00'0<;

NOTE:-l3'or further pa,~ticula).'.s see No:XVII. by rea.ch "order" of occupation of the population. r'p"'8fflt(4,OOO persons.

Imperial Table XVII and Chapter XII. I I &1 Actual \ I i =. figures = I i ~l ~~.. r-~-r--~--~--~----~---'---~---'--~------~-- I I

000« o~ IX/XIJO()<:;¢O vOOOO.OOOOC (/)(;¢~<:;¢(;t'fV(;(;V¢(;IO«;(;I:;/llj(IW)¢¢¢1 tt1,ml 59,865

50,636

49,413

44,7U

43,524

20,067

19,127

17,767

13,902

13,367

11,067

10,971

10,336

IO,S25

9,212

7,170

6,946

6,901

8,058

5,622

4,931

4,4DO

4,227

1,961

46,946 DIAGRAM: Showing the number ot actual workers Each btlito11

DETAILS OF OCCUPATION

1 PASTURE AND AGRICULTURE ...,00000 00(>00 (>0000 1 S TEXTILE INDUSTRIBS ... 0000<>100000;00000 53 INSUFFICIENTLY DESCRIBED OCeUN-TIONS ... OOOOOIOOOOOe<) 33 OTHER TRADE IN }!'OODSTlJFFS ... OOOOOIOOOOOe< 12 FOOD INDUSTRIES ... OOO<>OeO<>OO( S WOOD INDUSTRIES ... 0000000000< I 13 INDUSTRIES OF DRESf:i AND THE TOILE'r "'00000< 15 BUILDING INDUSTRIES ... OOO( 40 INSTRUCTION .. ·000<: 2 FISHING AND HUNTING ... 000< 18 OTHER UNDEFINED INDUSTRIES .. ·00(; 56 OTHER UNCLASSIFIED NONPRODUOTIVE INDUSTRIES 00(, 9 METAL INDUSTRlES ···00< 21 TRANSPORT BY ROAD .. ·00< 32 HOTELS, CAFES AND RESTAURANTS ·.. 00< 46 RELIGION .. ·00 52 DOlllESTl{)' SERVICE '''O~ 45 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION "'O~ 20 TRANSPORT BY WATER ·.. O~·

4.0 TRADE OF OTHE1(SORTS .... < 10 CERAMICS "·0< 26 TRADE IN TEXTILES ·.. 0< 11 CHEMICAL PRODUCTS '''0 50 LETTERS AND ARTS AND SCIENCES "'10 24 BANKS, ES'TABLISHMENTs OF CREDIT, ETC., "'0 48 MEDlOlf'1 ~·lo 55 BEG(URS, VAGRANTS, lllTO. :.. \~ ~l LAW '''1<) I 22 TRANSPORT 13Y RAIL :.. \c 38 TRAOllllN FUEL ·.. 0

36 ~B.ADlll IN BUILDING MATERIALS ... <; 39 TRADE IN ARTICLES OF LUXURY ... ( '4 POLICE- ,.. < 51 PERIiONS LIVINQ PRINCJl'IALLY ON '))HlllIR INCOMEl ... <

NO'rn-:-For further padicula~ ses in each order of occupa.tionll repments 2000 !'mons.

CI e e It 0 g I CI I § i ~ I I, I I I CI' • 0 0 CI 0 • 0 g III 0) = i •to III ...<= ... IN ~ S... ..1/1 - - - '" '" '" I I I I I \ I 000(/),0(/)000(;(//) I , I OOOOOOO('I( C(/;<> 0000('i 00000 (0000 OOOVOOOO

I I i I I , I

I

I I

I I I

I

I

J

I

I I i

1

I I , I

I

I --.-.----~----. -.------~,.. - I I J I l I ! Actual g ..;I ~ I i ..= figures '" '" '" '" .. .. ~ ~------I----~--~-----= I I

000000<:« «(0( vkoo( 0«« OOi)(/!(/Xf.!OooOVOooC0()OO()¢ <)0(/;() ¢¢()o¢ C000 W:/)O ()OC< 206.i95 1 29,949 23,390 I 21,324 20,820 20,798 10,652 9,616 I 7,523 6,614 6,341 5,776 i 5,096 4,707 I 4,546 , 4,055 I 3,852 I' I f 3,421 3,350 2,713 I , 2,701 2,541 2,145 2,0.1 2,037 10,22 1,298 1,041 972 ft4 712 128

lOS/ sst Dl:AGRAM Showing the number of female actual workers

liJMli but/ofI,

DETAILS OF OCCUPATION

I I 1 PASTUHE AND AGRICULTURE ...... 1 ••••• 1••••• •••••••••• 1 6 TEXTILE INDUSTRIES 12 FoeD INDUSTRIES .. ······1·············· 53 INSUFFIOIENTLY DESCRIBED OCCUPA· TIONS ...... ······1····· \.. 8 WOOD INDUSTRIES ...... 13 INDUSTRIES OF DRESS AND THE TOILET ... •••••

18 OTHER MISCELLANEOUS AND UNDEFINED INDUSTRIES .... .

• 52 DOMESTIO SERVIOE .... .

32 HOTELS, CAFES A.ND RESTAURANTS ....~

56 OTHER UNCLASSIFIED NON.PRODUCTIVE •

2 FISHING AND HUNTING ... .

49 INSTRUCTION ... .

10 CERAMICS ... .

4.6 RELIGION ... .

24 BANKs, ESTA.8LISHMEIlt'l'S OF CBJtt)IT1ETC., • 55 BEGGARS, VAGRANTS ETC" .... 9 METAL INDUSTRIES .... l1 OHEMICAL PRODUCTS .... 15 BU[LDING INDUSTRIES .... 40 TRADE OF OTHER bORTS .... I 48 MEDICINE '''I~ 50 LETTERS AND ARTS AND S01l!lNCES '''I~ 21 TRANSl'ORT BY MAD ... ~ I 00 TRADE IN BUILDING lIUTEIUALS '''I~ 38 'l'lUDE IN l!'UEL ... ( 39 TRADE Illi ARTICLES 0' LUX'ORY

51 PE1UIQns LIVING l'R~CI:t'ALLY ON ~lIEIR INCOME

26 TRADE IN TEXTILES. ...

NOTE:-For further "artioular. Ilia No,XIXI in each order of occupation,

repr~sents 10~O persalls.

~

e e e ;:,= g ;:,1J = II)= <:;1 = =~ =<:I Actu

~,814

1,638 1,608 1,380 1,005 1,002 951 742 740 , 731 707 703 695 i I 677 \ 471 291 266 196 188 143 31

27 23

lroperj~ll'abl@ XVII and Ch~pter XII, REPORT

ON THE

C ENS U S 0 F CO CHI N, 192 I . • INTRODUCTION.

The Ceusus of 1921 was the sixth systematic enumeration of the population of the State and the fifth taken simultaneously with that of The Census. British India. By command of His Highness the Maharaja the Census wa.s taken on the morning of 19th March 1921, except in the case of travellers and the houseless poor who were enumerated on the night of the 18th. The hill tribes were enumerated betw~en 11th and 17th March. The enumera­ tion on the 19th March purported to record the facts as they stood on the night of the 18th. The month and date were proposed by the Government of Indi~ a.nd accepted by His Highness' Government. A full account of the procedure adopted in connection with the taking of Census is giv'm!in the adminietrative volume as instructed by the Census Commissioner, but a general outline of the procedure adopted for taking Census is given in the following paragraphs.

2. For Census purposes, the State was divided into ten charges, ea:Jh of , the six Taluks and the four Municipal Towns being treated Census divisions and as a charge. The Tahsildars of the Taluks and the Presi- agency. d ents ate f h T own C'leounm were appomte. d S upermten. d ents of the several charg8s. The charges were sub-divided into 532 circles which were again Bub-divided il~to 5,367 blocks. Each of the circles was placed under a Supervisor, and an enumerator was appointed to take the Census of each block. The majority of Supervisors and enumerators were Government servants ana teachers of aided schools, the rest being private gentlemen. The work was car­ ried out by unpaid agency, but non-official Supervisors and enumerators were paid travelling allowances at the rate of 2 annas a mile provided the distance travelled, to and fro, wafs not less than four miles. This amounted to Rs. 2,853-12-0. The average number of occupied houses in a block was 33 and the average number of blocks in a circle was 10. No ohange of procedure in the taking of Census was newly introduced.

3. The work was started with the numbering of houses and the prepara­ tion of house lists. After aU the houses were numbered a H~u~e llumbering and statement showing the number of houses in each village and prelImmary record. the number of en.ch gra.ie of Census Officors required in each charge was prepared by the Charge Superintendents and sent to me for approval. The house numbering in Municipal Towns was carried out by the ,Town Council subordinates, and in rural villages by the village staff between 13th February and 13th May 19~0. Before the prep[Lration of the preliminary record, viz., the filling up of the Enumeration ScheduJes with particulars regarding all persons INTRODUCTION ordi'1.arily resident in each house) a set of circulars and rnles wero issu8(1 by the Dlwan for the guidance of the OenSUf\ Officers and classes were held by me in 16 centres for giving instructions to Supervisors and enumerators. In this way it was possible to giye the Supervisors and enumerators a thorough idea (If their duties before actual Census work began. The prel.iminary enumera.tion was commenced on 1st February in ruml parts and on the 10th :February in Municipal Towns and the whole of this work was completed before 25th February. The original entries were made on plain paper and after check and correction by Supervisiors, the entries were copied into printed schedul~s. 4. B"or the final Oensus all public offices and schools in the State were closed for three days from ll::)th to 20th March to enable The final Census. all Government servants to carry out Census YlOrk. The final enumerfl,tion or the actual Census was taken on the morning of 19th March between daybreak and noon. The enumerators went round their blocks and brought the record up-to-date by striking out the absentees and entering par­ ticulars of new arrivals. Special arrangements were made for the enumeration of travellers by road and canal, the sea-going population and the houseless poor. The travellers by rail were enumerated by the railway authorities who a.fter total­ ling the schedule despatched the enumeration books direct to my office. Along with the preliminary enumeration n,n Economic Survey shmving earnings and expenditure, profession, etc., (both family a~d individual) of the residents in each house was also conducted by the ordinary enumerators. An Industrial Census was also conducted in special schedules which were filled up with the assistance of special enumerators by the owners, Managers or Agents of factories, mills, etc., in which not less than ten persons were employed OIl a normal working day between 10th Febru::Lry and 10th March. o. On the afternoon of 19th March or immediately after the final Census E'lrSt or prOVIsional the enumerators met their Supervisors at a place previously tota.ls. agreed upon and prepared the block abstract showing the number of houses and persons, male and female; this was checked by another enumerator and having checked them bimself the Supervisor prepared the circle abstract and despatched it with the schedules relating to his ,circle by the quickest route to tbe Charge Superintendent who cheeked u,ll the circle ::Lbstracts and prepared the charge summary and despatched them to my office, where aftel' checking the bluck, circle and charge abstract5l thE. provision­ al totals for the whole State wete compiled. The Trichur 'fown summary reached the centrf'J offine first a,nu the last \vas that of MukunClapuram Taluk which waS received on 22nd March. The provisional totals were ready on the 23rd and were telegraphed to the Census Commissioner for India at Simla [md the Provincial Superintendent at Madms 011 the same day. According to the provisional figureR the total population was 979,019 or 61 less than the figures eventually arrived at after Tabulation. '1'be differen::-le between the two tota.}" was thus only 6 persons in 100,000 as agaimt [)7 persons in 1911.

n. There were three special gatlwringo 011 the night of ~he Census day; one was on itccount of Ul~savam in the Thirumala Devaswam SI'eLlal ga.thcrings Temple at Eru:1kulam, and the second at Ch8\vara in Cochill­ Kfwayannur Taluk on ::Lccount of Pooram in the Edanad Temple and the thilCl at Trikur in :Mukunda,puram 'l_'aluk where thero W::LS a festival in Chakkamku­ langara'remple. Special u,rmngements \vere n::ade for censusing persons collected there and no difliculty was experienced in enumerating them.

7. The attitude of the people \Y'1:\ throughout friendly and helpful and no difficulty of :.Lny sort was experienced in any part of the DcmcmlOllf of th(' p,'oplc. S'tate. 'I' h ough 19th Mr arc)1 was Saturday, the Sabbath day IN1'R~DUCTION 3

for Jews, the .J ews did not make any objection to answer questions put to them by the enumerators. The public have begun to realise that the taking of Oensus is not ::).ll idle curiosity and the punitive provisions of tho Census Regulation XI of 1095 had not to be enforced in any part of the State.

8. The abstraction and tabulation section of the Central Office was Abstraction and tabula. opened on 20th March and work commenced immediately. tion. This office hegan work with six Supervisors, six Assietant Rupervisors and 60 copyists. An Inspector was afterwfl.rds appointed to super­ vise the whole work. He was also sent to Madras and got trainea. in tho Madras Central Office in abstnction and tabulation work. The slip system of working out the results of the enumeration, introduced at the Census ot 1901 was ~onti­ nued this time also and 54 copyists were engaged in copying slips. Copying and checking the slips were completed in seven weeks and tho services of 12 copyists were then dispensed with. There was a delay of 15 days in the receipt of sorters' tickets and rules for sorting for tho various tables from Madras and this was taken advantage of for compiling certain figures conneded with the Economic Survey. The services of some more copyists were then dispensed with and sorting began on 11th June with 40 copyists, and the work was completed in lees than three m::mths_ The compilation and fair copying of figures from the sorters' tickets took seven weeks more after which the whole of the staff ,vas disbanded. Thus in all the Abstraction aud Tabulation work took exactly seven months.

9. The total cost of the CAnsus from 19th January 1920 the date of my taking charge as Census Superintende~t to 18th .J anuary Cost of <;cnsus. 1~)'22 amounted to Rs. Ql,584- 2-0 and approximately an expenditure of Rs. 2,015-14-0 will have to be incurred before the whole work is wonnd up. 'rhe total expenditure will thus amount to Hs. 23,600 or Rs. 24-1 ~O per thousand of the population, as against Rs. 23,822 or Rs. 9·S-15-0 per thousand of the population in HHl. Of the total expenditure the sum of Rs. 10,400 represents the cost of taking the Census including Rs, 2,853-12-0 paid as travelling allowance to non-official Supervisors n,nd enumerators while the balance of Rs. 13,'Z0:) was expended on the work of abstraction and tabulation, report writing, &c. The expenditure includes a sum of Rs. 1,311-10-6 the cost of printed brms, &c., received from the Government Press, JYhdras. The decr'3ase in expenditure, as compared with that of the previous Census, is due to the higher pay drawn by the Superintendent of 1911. During the first three months after my appointment, I was engaged in assisting the Diwan Peishka.r and Cont1'oller of Civil Supplies in the checking of Rice Depot Accounts and organising Rice De­ pots in the Ernakulam and Mattanchery Tov.ns.

10. I have to record my gmteful thanks to the Tahsildars and Presidents of Town Councils for their co-operation and assistance Acknowledgrnen ts. througr.out the vatious stages of the Census (Jperations. The large body of Supervisors and Ennmera,tcrs, "both oftich1 and non-offici'1l, on whom the brunt of the work had fallen, cheerfully and satisfactorily carried out their duties, and brought the operations to t~ suecessful termination. The ,york of abstrantion and tabulation was earriecl out nnder the supervision and tactful management of Inspector Mr. rr_ G. Subramania lyer who was loyally and zeal­ ously supported by all my office staff. :;Yly grateful thanks are also due to M. R. Ry. Bao Sahib T. V. Kasturi Reng:-t lyer Avl., Diwan Peishk:-tr, for the ungrudging support I have always received a,t his hands in the discharge of my onerous and responsible duties. 4 INTRODUCTION ------_------11. Agreeably to the instructions issued to me by the Census Commis­ sioner, I have endeavoured, as far as possible, to confine myself RSJ'Olt. in the 8ucceeding chapters to discussions of matters germane to changes and development within the decade, and I have also appended a few notes here and there on subjects of speoial interest. Detailed information on the several subjects dealt with herein can be got from the various published records such as previous Census Reports, Administration Reports, State Manual and Coehin Tribes and Castes, a.nd I have therefQre not thought it necessary to tread the beaten ,traok. CHAPTER I. ---:0:-- DISTRIBUTION AND ~10VEMENT OF 'THE POPULATiON.

12. Cochin, together with Travancore and the Madras Presidency "'"Nest Coast Districts of South Canara, Malabar and Anjingo (ex­ Division of the State. cluding Lacadives) comes under" Malabar and Konkan " in the natural divisions in which different parts of India are grouped for census pur. pose. The State lies between 90 48' and 100 50' North Latitude and 760 5' and 760 58' East Longitude. It consists of two parts, the larger lying along the coast and the smaller comprising the chief portion of the Chittur Taluk and encircled' by British territory. The eastern half of the larger part is covered by forests and 1110untains and is almost uninhabited. The rest of the State is thickly populated) those lying along the coast being more populated than those in the interior. The State is divided into six. Taluks, viz., Cochin-Kanayannur, Cranganur, Mukunda­ puram. Trichur, Talappilli and Chittul'. During the decade, portions of Chittu! and Tattamangalam villages, in the Chittur Taluk were constituted into a Muni­ cipal Town called "Chittur-Tattamangalam Town" which has an area of 3'7, square miles and a population of 18,150 persons. 13. r.rhe general statistics of the area and population of each Taluk will be found in Imperial Table 1. The total area of the State Area and population. according to the cadastral survey inoluding forest and inland backwaters is 1,479 square miles, and the population according to the census is 079,OBO. Assuming even distribution of the population over the entire af'ea, -there will be 662 persons for every square mile. - The most populous Taluk is Cochin­ Kanayannur Which has a population of 279;384 though its extent is only 158 square miles; in point of extent Mukundapuram is the largest having an extent of 510 square miles; but its popUlation is only 208,713. Cochin-Kanayannur has therefore 1,768 inhabitants for every square mile while Mukundapuram has only 409. The smallest and the least populous Taluk is Cranganur whose area and popUlation are 17 square miles and 34,808 persons respeotively. 14. Subsidiary Table I at the end of the Chapter shows the mean density of the population per square mile, together with statistics re­ Density. lating to cultivation. Density per sq.are mile is 662. '" Trav9Jncore) Malabar, South Canam, Baroda, Madras Presidency. Kashmir State, Ceylon, Coorg, Central India and Mysore have only a density of 525, 535, 310, 262, 297, ~9, 17(3, 104, 116 and 203 respectively. In point of density Cochin stands - highest not only when compared with the districts in the Madras Preside~cy, but 31180 with many other States and Provinces in India. 15. The variation in popUlation is noticeable in Chittur, Tattamangalam, Variations in populatIOn Methala and Lokamaleswaram villages. These are due to por­ at various censuses. tions of these villages being converted into Towns. Portions of the first two villages were constituted into Chittur-Tathamangalam Town and portions of the last two into Crangannr Town. The area and population of these

* NOTE.-The area gIven in the report for 1911 is accordiug to the Great TrigonometriQ!lI Survey. If calculated upon that a.rea, the density WIll be 719 per square mile. OHAPTER l.-DISl'RIBUTION AND MOVEMENT OF T~E POPULATION. four villages have therefore undergone some reduction. Changes due to actual movement of population are very little and can be ignored. 16. rrhe latter part of the decade cannot be said to have been a prosperous one, and consequently it was not very favourable for the The condition of the natural growth of population. There were, during this decade 1911-1921. period, several severe outbreaks of epidemics of influenza, cholera and small-pox and these have contributed n~t a little in the loss of potential parents. The out-break of influenza in 1918-19 was as virulent as elsewhere in India. Even famine and plague, though the latter in a small ftcale, visited the country. The failure of both monsoons, and the early out-burst· of t"tte South-West Monsoon in 1918, destroyed the paddy cultivation in 1918 and 1919. The depression in trade and industry, consequent on the great European War, also left its indelible mark upon the prosperity of the country. The high cost of living during these years was beyond the purchaEling power of the people and checked the growth of population. Nevertheless the influence of custom, social and religious, and other rooted habits of the people gained the upper hand, and resulted in increasing the popUlation by 6'6 per cent. during the decade as against 13'06 per cent. in 1911. According to the census of 1911, there were 117,171 persons in the age periods of 5-10. This number should therefore represent the population in the age periods of 15-20 at the census of 1921; whereas the enumeration results show that the population in the latter age period is only 93,733 thereby showing a decrease of 23,438. Such large decreases in population are found in all quinquennial age periods up to 05-70, the total decrease under the various age periods beipg 168,728. (Vide Table VII and corresponding Table for 1911). The whole of this large decrease cannot certainly be due to emigration which is only a negligible quantity, or even mis-stateql~nt of age. L~avin~ however a wide margin for these two, deaths during tbe decade cannot be It'ss than 150,000; while therefore the populatjon as a whole has increased by 6'6 per cent, the death rate during the decade in the age ptriod 15-70 alone is not less than 15 per cent. The State is however regaining rapidly its normal conditions. 1219 and 1920 were prosperous years. The monsoon rains were plentiful and tr~de a.nd industry are showing signs of revival and the prospe~ity of the people is appreci" ably increasing. The industrial survey shows that there are bow in the State 109 industrial concerns employing 10 persons or m{)re. With the revival of trade and indnstry, the demand for higher wages is however increasing and the labouring class has begun to realise their relative importance and strength of combination. The prices of imported articles do not show a downward tendency; but notwith­ standing all these facts, the State is enjoying an era of compamtive prosperity, and the ref'mlt of the next census is expected to show a higher percentage in the growth of population. 17. The registration of vital statistics is still in its infancy and the s.tatistics collected from that source is useless from an actu­ de~:~!~stiCS of births and rial point of view. The Village Officers in rural areas continue to register births and deaths and special Registrars have been appointed for the purpose in Municipal Towns. The rules framed from time to time for improving the reglstr~tion of vital statistics have gone a great way towards improving the system; but much remains still to be done. The masses :1re slowly getting accustomed to reporting births and deaths, but it can­ not be expected to attain an approximate amount of accuracy in the near future. The growth of population is determined tl) by the difference between the num­ ber born and the number who die and (2) by the balance of migration i. e., the difference between the immigrants and the emigrants. JUdged from this CHAPTl;R I.-DISTRIBU'l'lO+,! AND MOVEMEN:J; OF THE POPULATION.

standpoint, the population of the State cannot reach the population enumerateq during the censqs.

18. Migration is the next factor which affects the movement of popula­ tion. It varies according to the conditions under which the Po~~~at~~vement of the change of residence takes place. rrhis may be temporary or casual, periodic or permanent. Visits to relatives or friends and to the sick and infirm, and travelling on business or duty or on account of epidemics in the locality, come under the category of temporary or casual migra­ tion. Periodic migration consists of the movement of labourers during harvest season, &c. Imperial Table XI and Subsidiary Table IV containing statistics of emigrants and immigrants furnish material for ascertaining the growth and decline of the natural population. Migration from Taluk to 'raluk in the State has not been recorded. Those whe are born outside and censused within the State are shown in the Table XI. Parmanent migration takes place either owing to the attraction of places other than that of one's birth, or in connection with trade or profession. It will be seen from the Tables that 39,759 persons or 4·1 per cent. of the total population were born outside the State against 47,266 persons or 9'1 per cent. in 1911. The number of persons born in the State and enumerated outside the State as gathered from the statement received from the Provincial Superintendents was 23,512, as against 2,5,04;7 at the previous census· The result of migration has titus been a gain to Cochin of 16,'247 against 22,219 in 1911. Cochinites are a homestaying people and permanent migration even from one part of the State to another is viewed with considerable misgivings. Increasing pressure upon the means of subsistence is acting as a stimulant to the less-favoured section ot'the population to migra.te to distant places.

19. A house was d~fined to be " the dwelling plaoe of One or more families with their resident servap.ts, having n. separate principal Houses and FamIlie~. entrance from the common way". Houses are generally built of mud or stone or both and the designs of theae depend. upon local tastes and facilities and resources of the occupant. Every hOUSE; in Malabar, except thosfl built on street systems, has a fairly big compound wherein fruit trees &,0., are reared. Great improvements hav,e: heen ma.de in the. style of houses, so much so that the old style of typical Malayalee houses can rarely be seen except in country parts. The total number of oocupied houses is l78,~11 and the avera,ge number of houses per square mile comes to 120. TalukwBtr statistics of persons liv­ ing in each house and the average number of houses per square mile are given in Subsidiary Table VII. The occupied houses according to tho present census ex­ ceeded those in ]911 by 14,925 thereby showing an increase of 9'1 per cent. as against 12 per cent. during the,Census of 1911. The average number of persona for each ocqQ..pied house comes ~() p.!) a,s against 5'6 during the last census. In Travan­ core and Malabar occupied housE;lB increased by 1:'> per cenii. and 6·S Der cent. res­ pectively, the average numb~r of p,ersons per house being 5·2 ani 5 respectively. The a,erage number of houses in towns is '2,391 and the average number of housBs in villages is 574. Artificial methods of keeping down popUlation, e. g., > :1bortion and infanticide, wilful neglect of infant life and voluntary restraint in -married lifE" are unknown in the State; on the other hana a large family with a number of children is considered to be a happy one though its pecuniary condition is far from being satisfactory. Every true Hindu is expectei to beget a son not only to per· petuate the species but also to save his soul from "Naraka" or "Hell". Marriage is thus a sacrament and not a social function contracted for the sake of enjoyment. The Marumakkathayam system of inheritance kept the joint family system among CFJAPTER I.-DISTRIBUTION 'AND MOVEMENT OF TIrE POPULATION,

Malayalees in its full vigour till a few months ago, when a law was passed regula. ting partition etc., in Nair tarawads. Young men imbued with western ideas of individual rights and privileges are springing up everywhere and in every commu­ nity and the partition of joint families has become the order of the day. Con­ siderable increase in the number of occupied houses dur:ng the next census is a foregone conclusion.

20. The number of unoccupied houses in the State is 30,707 as against 13,175 in 1911 thereby showing an increase of 17,532. The Unoccupied houses. great number of public buildings, shops, etc., which have subsequently sprung up must have greatly added to t~e number of unoccupied buildings. Of the unoccupied buildings 2,734 are places of worship, the rest being public buildings, shops, etc.

21. This paragraph deals with the pressure of population on the means of subsistence. The population in the State on the whole Pressure of popUlation. has increased by 6·6 per cent. notwiths.tanding adverse circumstances which operated as a check upon the normal growth of popula­ tion. With favourable monsoon and land breeze the State can now produce only sufficient paddy to maintain her population for seven months in a year, and the deficit is made good by importing large quantities of rice from Burma. and other places. Large tracts of lands in the Cochin-KaDayannur and Cranga­ n~r Taluks are cultivated with cocoanut pAlms, and paddy flats are bei:ag still reclaimed and converted into cocoanut gardens. Cultivation of cocoanut trees is no doubt a very useful and paying industry involving less labour and capital than paddy cultivation; but demand for paddy with an ever inoreasing po­ pulation in these two Taluks will always be on the increase. According to the statistics collected during the economic survey the extent under paddy cultiva. tion is only 266,946 acres. This works out an average of 27 cents per head of the population. The question of bringing more lands under cultivation is now engaging the earnest attention of the Durbar. r_rhe standard of living is another factor to be considered in this connection. ~rhe poor have begun to emulate the rich in their high standard of living and adoption of European method of living among the well-to. do is not rare; but unfortunately, the resources avajlable to the people for making wealth are limited. The industries in the State are still in their initial stage and the purchasing power of the people cannot cope with the current market price of many of the necessaries of life. Skilled labour­ ers are few, and the demand for higher wages even on the part of unskilled men is increasing. As comparatively better wages are paid in factories and other industrial concerns, a,gricultural labourers are being attracted thereto and the cost of cultivation has thereby considerably inoreased. In faot, the wage conditions of the villages are being gradually assimilated to thoso of the Towns. Proverty among labourers cannot be met by increasing wages. As wages in­ crease, cost of production will also increase which means an increase in the price of the produce. Thus wages and prices will be moving in a circle, and efforts have therefore to be made for increasing proi!.uction by increasing the fertility of the soil, and by introducing other measures which are calculated to increase the wealth of the country. CHAPTER I.-DISTRIBUTION AND MOVEMENT OF THE POPULATION 9

22. The first systematic census in the State was taken in 1875, The

Growth of population, growth of population since then is noted below:-

Percentage of Year of census Interval between Populat.ion lncrease + 8'tcb csnsus decrease-

187E 17 601,114 + 50,0 188] 6 600,278 0'1 1891 10 7:;"2,906 + 20'4 190~ JO 8]2,025 + 13'3 1911 10 918,110 + 13'6 H);Ji 10 979,OHO + (:i'o

,-_------~--~- --~ - -.- The abovo tu,ble wlll shO\\I that the growth of population during the decJ,c1e has received a cheek ~whell compared with the growth during the last threo censuses, While commenting upon the condition of the decade, I have observeil that the condit~oDs preva,iliClg at the i:1tter part of the decade were not fayourable for the natural growth of tbo populatIOn. Cholem, small-pox and influenza which prevailed in almost all viliages in tIle State during 191tl were responsiblo for the loss of lllQ,l1Y peopJe, 'rhe scarcity which prevailed and which to ~L cl"lta,i,l e:~tcr.'u prc;v'ails (;ven now, and the consequf'nt high prices of foodstuffs have also contributed their quota in arresting the normal growth of population.

---:0'-- 10 CHAPTER I.-DISTRIBUTION AND MOVEMENT OF THE POPULATION

SUBSiDIARY TABLE r. Density, water supply and crops,

Mean IPERCENTAGE OF Percentage PERCENTAGE OF CULTIYATED District and Natural density TOTAL AREA of cultivat- AREA UNDER Division per ed area Normal "Malabar and Konkan" square • which is rainfall mile in Cultiva- CUltiva-1 irrigated I Rice I\Wheat I Pulses I Obher , I Crops ---1-----\-- :9~ --~~-~~!--; ----6-,--'-':------i -;-(-;;-'--10- 1---- 7 Cochin State "I 662 0'1 56'0 36'4 II 109-4 47-4 10'6 42-0 Cochm-K,luayannur •. ,1 1,768 Oll 71-S 18-5 122-9 442 4-0 51't; I 29-9 1-4 6S'7 Cl,lnganur 2,048 89'5 02 122'8 I J m I 123-3 41'4 21'0 37'6 Mukundapur.. "'j 409 0-4 40-4 24'2 Trichnr '''1 779 6Wl 40-9 113'4 62'S 1'4 35'S Tahtpilh ,,' 665 SO-2 40'4 10S'O 43'5 5'S iO'7 Chittnr 325 41'1 65'7 05'S 48'1 121'4 30-5 ------Notc.-The total area of the State according to th.e cadastral survey is 1,479 square miles as aga.in~t 1,361 square miles sbn" n in the Censu~ Report of 1911. The density per square mile when tho area IS taken. as 1,361 square miles is 719 as against 675 at the previous census, , cultil-ahle area iH the area available fot CUltivation, but not actually under cultivation,

SUBSIDIARY TABL:E n, D2stnbutim£ of the population classified according to dS'n8lty,

District and Natural Division "Malabar and Konkan"

1

Ooohin State 803 304 256 -\ 1;; 245 191 175 314 154'3 31'0 17'3 17'4 16'6 19'5 11'8 82'1 Cochin-Kalll\­ yannur 158 279 10'6 !JS'5

mnganur 17 31\ I 1'2 8'6 Mukunda­ puram 510 209 I.. , I tW5 21'3 ,Tricbur .. ,\ .. , 245 191 16'6 19'5 I "alapilli ... 1 256 170 .. , -I"· l7'3 17'4 I )'" ! 293 Chittur .. , \ 95 I "'j .. , 198 97, \ I I I ------1 CHAPTER I. -DISTRIBUTION AND MOVEMENT OF THE POPULATION 11

SUBSIDIARY TABLE HI. Variation ~n relation to density since 1875.

PRRCENTAGE OF VARIATIO~, MEAN DENSITY PER SQUARE INCREASE (+) DECREASE (-) Net vari. MILE District and ation Natural DIVISIOn 1875 "Malabar and 1911 1901 1891 I 1881 187& to I Konkan" to to I to I to to 1921 1921 1911 1901 1891 I 1881 1875 , 19.H 1911 j 1901 IS91 1881 ' ----'1---:--2-1'--;--1--4-(--5-,--;--/--7-1-8 -1-9---W!1l'I12i-w-

O-O-c-hi-n-S-t-a·-te--..-:. ~+--6-'-611\+ 13'1 + 12'3 -1- 20'41- 0'1 1+-- ~2'9 -~-62-\ -6-75-/1 -59-7~1'-5-3-1;-1- - -;1--44- 1 44 2 Cochin.Kanayan· 1 1 1 I nur ..•/+ 45"9S!~ 12'6,+ 13'2t 1G 2'-24: 8/ ++ 48'9 1,768) 1,852i 1,644) 1,452 1,249 1,312 iCtangllonUr · ..t ,T" 13'9 + 4'2'+ 33'5 + 7 70'71 2,048 1,747/1,534 1,472 1,102!1,074( / 1 1 i Mukundapuram .. 7'6 19'8 + 11'1'+ 2("4,+ 0'2+ 81'S 409, 464, 387 349 1 + ,+ 276 ' • h i I I ,I 1 1 'TrIC ur .. , + 12'4 + 17'° + 12'0/ + 23'2 + 2'9 + 87'S 779 754 645 573 4651 1 11TalaPiIli ... :+ 3'1:-r g'l + 13'0", 18'4;+ 2'4/+ 54'0 665; 609: 558 494 417 4 1 Chittur ... + 4'3+ 1'9 ... 13'7[+ 16'4+ 2'6·L 44'4 325 320 314 276 238 231 j ______~I ____~, ______' _____ " ____ ~1 __ I I r

SUBSIDIARY TABLE IV. Yariation in natural populntion.

I POpeLATIO~ IN 19O11 I POPULATION IN 19~. __ Vari~on per cent. (1911- : Di"trict and Nltur.tl \ ---_.. _-- i I I 1921) in natural I DIVISIOn Actual Imml 1'3,,-,]. i ~"tnr"l \ "-,dnal ! Tmmi· Emi· Natural population. ! ":\Ialabar and Konkan" Popn· gr'lnts !(lants I Popu. Popu· grants gral>ts I Pepu· Increase (+) Decrease ( -) I , 1 1<':O_:_j--3--,--4-j ~I ~1--7--1--8-1-~ 10

Cochin sta-:---'-.~.197D,080 !39,7i>U \ \13.1\12 \ 962,8331918,110 1.7,266!25,047 1895,8911 +7'5

SUBSIDIARY TABLE V. Comparison with Vital St4Itwticts.

In 1911-1928 Number per cent Inorea.se (+) or Decrease (-) of istrict and Natura.l Tot.l number of of popUlation of popula.tion of 1921 compared with 1911 Division 191.1 of Excess ( +) or __ "Malabar and Deficiency (-)ofl Konkan" I births over deaths I Na.tural Actual Births IDea.ths Births Deaths I I ------_------1 2 I -3- ~ 5 6 -'7-- :,a5t8i90n _'--__ _---- I 1 '+OP8~' P+_O_P60:_,1_9a_7tlo·~-n--1 I~~h'" ~. / 155'18211~13'2851 16'91 14'51 +21,89 ------~--~--~------12 CHAPTER I.-DISTRIBUTION AND M@VEMENT OF THE POPULATION

SUBSIDIARY TABLE VI. 'Y{wiatzon hy Taln7" rlaq,qifipd accmding to Densify. (A) Actual ~'ar wiLOn.

" VanatlOn in TalukR witb no pOpuLltion P, er square mile at connnenccmC'nt of decade of :0l'.thlml Divi~ion ":!\'bla­ \ hclr <1,Dd Konlmn" D()~,vle ~nrt0r I 150 to !~oo b \ ~~ ~~I GOO to I 750 to ~)OO to 110~O ,mdl i 150 300 I 450 \ Gll\) 750 \ 900, 1050 \ U,'er 'I \--=--=== l__ -=~ "\--=;--~_----3- ---~-\---5--I--~---;---s--I_=;-:~0 \ 1 1 I ISH, !S21 ;+ ::UJl9,+ !4,783, r-. 5.040'+21,057 1 ... \+16,171 1 COChm Ct&te l' I I 1 , I ( 1~(l1 -1911 +:;;:-,837,+ 13,799+24,652\ I I'; 33,7971 I, 11')Jl-1\):l1 ... \ ... I '" \ ',!+J.1,55G\

, (""0;'111 Kl1laY,11l1ll:1 .•• i 1':01-1~11 II 1\ \ i,++;Wl,G741451\ ( !_!j;_l-l(;Jl I 1,',;,»" /)/1;,. \ 1\)01-1911 I, ... I i \ 1;- 4,053

( 1')11-J'121 I.... 11,783\ I , \.. 'I

... I 1 '()1-1 CJ ll +'l20'l'j'1 I I ... I \ ;

i r l'l-.1-1"'~1 \ I I, 'J' ~J I - ~ .:J_ I .. - j'e ~",'J.''11 Tliehur ... '~ , l )[)Ol-1911 •• , ) + 24,fi.'j:2r I ! (J911-1921 .,. '+ 5,0401 .... Talapilii j '''Ii 1901-1911 + 13,799' •• , I 1 11911-1921 + 3,919 Chittur ... ~ I I L1901--1\)11 + 1,74°1 _____:__--.c_--- __ (B) Proportwnrtl variation.

Varhtion per cent in T!lluk~ with a porulation por square mIle at commencement of ilcf'aae of Natural Drvlsion "1'.lala­ Decade ._----,----,---- hLr anl1 Konkan" Under 150 to 1 300 to 1150 to 600 to 750 to 900 to 1050 and ~ ~ ~ ~I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I -~------1 ------1---,------2: 3 4 5' 6 ---- 7 ---- 8 I 9 I---- 10 --- ,----'---'-- I ' 1911-1921 + 43 1+ 76 1+ 3'1 1+12'4 1+ 5'4 Cochin State ... !i l!lOt-ISH + 1:1'5 + 9 1 + 16'9 1.- + 12'8 I" ••• { 1911-1921 [l'S Cochin Kanayannur I + 1901-1911

••. { 1911--1921 ! : 1::: Cranganur 1901-1911 + 13'9 1911--1921 + 7'6 I Mukundapuram { 1901-- 1911 + 19'8

1 +12'4 Tnchur "'I{ 1911-1921 1901-1911 I.... 1~.·~

( 1911-1921 + 3'1 Talapilli - 11(,01-1911 + 9'1 1911-1921 \ Chittur { 1901-1911 I: ::: ------~ -:-_:-,_C---:::::;"---~=-:- --=== -----'--c:--~------CHAPTER I.-DISTRIBUTION AND MOVEMENT OF THE POPULATION. 18

SUBSIDIARY TABLE VII. Persons pel' house and houses per square mile.

A V-ICRAGE NU1IBER OF PERSONS AV1

IOPULATlON OF (1!TlES, TOWNS AND YILLAGE~. 23. Imperial Table III and Subsidiary T'1bles I, II and IH of this Chapter exhibit the population of towns and villages. There are no cities in the State containing a population of 100,JOO.

24. The physical and economic factors influencing the distribution of populabion have been disoussed in previous Census reports. Density by taluks It is not therefore necessary to go over the same ground again. There are no special matters of importance to be taken up now. 8uffice it to mention here that, as in the previous decades, the taluks bordering the sea and the baokwater continue to be much more densely peopled than those in the interior. 25· No change was made in the definition of (( Town". It comprised all Municipalities of whatever population and every other con­ Town~ and vilIage~. tinuous cullection of houses permanently inhabited oy not less than 5,000 persons. The importance of the place as a centre of trade and its historic associations were other factors to decide a place to be treated as a town. There were accordingly 9 towns in the State in 1911. Parts of the Methala and Lokamaleswaram villages in the Cranganur Taluk were newly con­ stituted into Cranganur town and Chittur and Tattamangalam towns were clubbed together into Chittur-rrattamangalam town during the decade, and the number of towns therefore remain the same in 1921. ~rhe rest of the State, excluding the Reserve ForestR, is divided into 273 villages which are more or leiSs uniform in size. The pepulation of these villages, however, varies considerably aceording to their situation. The villages in the baekwater a.rea are very densely populated, while those in the interior and all the oonfines of the forests are sparsely inhabited. These villages are only administrative units and are Dot to be under­ stood as meaning closely built rows of houses as in the East coast. 'fhe houses are more or less detached having extensive compounds, between "hich there are long winding foot·pltths or lanes; but in plaoes where Christians and non-indigenous Hindus preponderate, houses are packed together, though not so closely, as on the Eaat coast. These are found mostly in towns and other trade centres.

26. The State is divided into six taluks and these are sub·divided into 273 villages for administrative purposes. With regard to' Natural divisions. the physical aspects of the country the State can be divided into three parts the hills, the plains and the seabo9.rds as the country stretches­ towards the sea. The density of population in the State varies in different villages, those bordering the sea and the backwater being more densely peopled than those in the plains or hills. The major portion of the hills are uninhabitable being covered with thiok forests and frequented by wild animals. The taluks of Cochin-Kanayannur and Cranganur bordering the sea and backwater are mostly densely peopled, thp, density being 1,768 and 2,C48 respectively, while Chittur and Mukundapuram, the major portIOns of which are covered by forests~ have a density ')f only 325 and 409 Tespectively. In the former taluks there is no uninhabitahle or uninhabited area. Tho il.oprovE'ment of the CochiLl Harbour ,,"\'ill stimulate industry :lJnd commerce and bring in their train a large number of

immigrants from foreign parts. ACCOllnYlodatiol1 for the (;ODstruction of bouses1 CHAPTER II.-P0PULATION OF CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. 15 shops and warehouses is limited and the less fortunately situated people in the Cochin-Kanayannur taluk will have ere long to find other places to live in. 27. The distribution of population between towns and villages is shown by taluks in Imperial Table I and Subsidiary Table I of this Distribution of popula- Chapter. It will be seen therefrom that 13 per cent of the tion. people of the State live in towns as against 1'2 per cent in 1911 and 10'7 per cent in 1901, the percentage for Travancore being 10 and that for Malabar and the Madras Presidency 7'6 each. The inducements to live in towns appear to be increasing on account of fa,cilities for trade and commerce, education, higher wages and so many other kindred causes. The natural aversion of the Mala­ yalees to live in closely-built houses with little or no compound has been a. hindrance to the growth of to\vns in Mala,bar. Of the nine towns, four are Muni­ cipal and the rest Non-municipal. Ernakulam, Mattancherry and Tri.;hur ace the only .hree towns whi.ch are urban in their character. Each of these contains over '23,000 inhabitants. The population of the Chittur-Tattamangalam town is only 18,150. This town is more an agricultural centre than industrial. As already described, tendency to migrate to towns is increasing now~a-days, the urban popu­ lation having increaf'ed by 15'6 per cent. though the population as a whole has increased only by 6'6 per cent. The Hindus form 49 per cent of the population of the important towns of Ernakulam, Ms.ttancherry and Trichur, while the percent­ age of Musalrr..ans and Christians living in those towns are 12 and 37 per cents. respectively of the total population of those towns. Mattancherry is the only town in the State which looks like Bombay in a miniature scale. The house sites here are limited and in certain cases 10 or 1'2 famiJies live in one and the same building. With the development of the Cochin Harbour, the town is destined to play a very important part and the necessity a.nd. competition for more house sites will all the more be keenly felt.

SUBSIDIARY TABLE I.

Distnbution of the pop'M,lation betw6(!n Towns and V~lla(feq. I ---"------"-- " I ---Number per-lillllecl--Numb&per-ulllle of-' Average pOpU1J.tlOJ1 Number per urban populatIOn resld- rural populatIon re~ldlO" I per mile resldmg ing in towns With a in Villages with a " District and Natural I "__ _ _ III ___ "_ _populatIon of __population of DiVIsion "Malabar and \ I l~---- Konkan" '00 1 ,00°\10,0005,000 \ t 5,000 2,000 500 ! 120 Town I Village I ~ ~ and to I to 11 § and I to to I~ 0 ~ s over 20,000'10,300 P 10", over 5,000 2,000 ~ ~ ---.------I------..::_-~ _I---:----1_--I--~------I~.- 1 2 3 4 .5 I 6 1 'l ' 8 9 10 11 12 I Ie I

Cochin Sta.te 14,127 3,121 130 870 596 143 1871 74 374 476 142) 8: Cochin-Kanayannur 17,539 6,129 188 812 909 91 762 20i 30 4

Cranganur 5,805 5,801 167 833 1,000 .. '187 213 I 1 l\'[ukUl!dapuram 9,457 3,321 45 955 1,000 27~ 612 116 27,897 ITrichur 2,263 146 854 1,000 ... \ "'1 172 522 298 B I iTal.J.pIlh 8,517 2,184 50 1150 1,000 33 693 274 I 11,424 2,894 240 760 794 2~~1 377 471 123 29 I~lttu_r~ 1 I --- 16 CHAPTER II.-POPULATION OF CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES,

SUBSIDIARY TABLE II. Number per mille of thg 10'(1,1 popul'ltion anil of each main religion who live in tawns.

Number per mille who live in towns DIstrict and Natural DIVISion "l\blabar and Konk'\n " Total I' Hindu IMusalman IChristirm I Jain I Jew --_. __ ._----popul~,tlOn------,---- I 1------1 2 H 4 I I; I 6 7 ~Cochin St-1te 130 115 176 151 1,000 769

C03hm-Kanayann 1r 188 179 453 152 1,000 845 Cranganur 167 215 53 86 l\lukundapuram 45 39 55 57 Tllchur 146 108 206 233 1000 Ta,lapilli 50 19 'lI 240

Chittur 240 249 257 76 _..------SUBSIDIARY TABLE III. Towns classified by Population.

Increase per cent in the Increase per cent in 'II population of Towns Iiurban populatlOD of I Number l'ropor- Numb3r as classed at preVIOUS censuses each class from 1875 of towns IItion (perl of fe- __ to 1921 I of each mille) to males )' --T(b)in the Class of Town class in I total per 1,0001 I (a) in total of each 1921 urban rna-Ies ' towns a- s clas8 in 1921 l popula- 1911 to i 1901 tol1891 to '1881 to 1875to classed

Total 9 1000 975 10'4 257 18'8 15'7 + 112'2 I. 100,000 and over II. 50,000-100,COO ...... , . I III, 20,000- 50,000) 3 596 9:.l5 10'9 I 6'5 i ...... I IV. 10,000- 20,000 1 143 1,093 ... I 51'S 19'7 17'5 5'1 +86'6 - 63'9 V. 5,000- 10,000 3 187 1,032 55 6'0 16'9 11'5 13'6 +81'7 + 356'9 VI. Under 5,000 2 74 1,033 -4'8 ...... 13'9 l'S + 93'6 + 115'0 r I I CHAPTER III.

BIRTli l'LACE. 28. Imperial Table X r exhibits the statistics of birth plaoe for the popu­ lation enumerated in the ~tate as a whole, and the Subsidiary St3.tistics of birth place. b h h h b Ta les at the end of t e c apter give t e Durn er of people born :::mtside the Statf~ and enumerated in the State and those born in the State but enumerated outside the State. Out of the total population of fJ79,080 in the State 939,321 were born in the State. As a stay-at-home people, the Cochinites are usually found confined to their homes or to their immediate neighbourhood, and emigration from the State plays but a very unimportant and insignificant part. As the means of existence become more and more acute, people will naturally be forced to migrate in Jarge numbers notwithstanding the barriers of caste prejudices, social ties, etc., which now operate as sources of hindrances to such movements.

~g. FiYe different kinds of migration have been noted by the Census Commissioner, viz., (1) casual (2) temporary (3) periodic (4) Types of migration semi-permanent and (5) permanent. The birth places record­ ed at the census do not give inf,)rmation about the character of the different kinds of migration, and the so-called test of proportion of sexes i8 the only test available to decide to which of the above classes a particular emigrant belongs. But, as already observed, as emigration and immigration do not play an important part in the State, detailed consideration of this otherwise important question need not be taken up,

30. Out of ;~9,159 immigrants 54';) per cent are from British Malabar, 31'1 per cent. from Travancore and 5'9 per cent. from Coimbatore. hnmigution into Cochin. The decrease in the number of immigrants as corr.pared with 47,266 immigrants in lUll seelliS to have been due to the slump in the rubber trade and consequent reduction of work in rubber plantations and the deterioration of coffee and tea plantations on the .N ellig,mpatis. As in the previous decades, South Canara and Tinnevolly have also contributed their share of the immigrants though to a less extent than in the previous decade. frhe immigranto from the districts in the Madras Presidency number 26,381 and those from Travancore and Pudukkottai number 12,389. Of the remaining, L162 are from Kathiawar and 477 froIll Bombay. These are mostly Baniya and Muhammadan merchants found in Mattancherry and its neighbourhood. 31. Full st:1tistics relating to emigrants from the Shte are either not available or have not been received by the time this report Emigrants from Cochin. 1 P A . h . \yaE sent to t 1e ress. ccordmg to t e statements receIved from the Provincial 8uperintendents :,r-::,51:3 persons born in the State havfl been enumerated outside the ~tate~ Travancore, Malab:u and Ooimbatore have enumer­ ated 1;,,-,336, 6,;J:.n and 1.544 respectively. All these three places adjoin the State boundaries, and hence tho lllajOl'ity of the emigrants have probably only stepped over the boundary li:J.e. 867 Oochin -born persons have been enumerated jn M&'dras, and 169 in Bombay. The majority of the emigrants to Madras are students prosecuting their studies in the various colleges there. ,-' j , ) CHAPTER III-BIRTH lLACE.

------_~------~----_------_-_~------_---- The total number of immigrants into the State is 29,7!l9 and that of emigrants ~:3,51 ~t rrhe net result therefore is a gain of Loss or g,t1n by llllgra- tion. 16,247 persons to the Stl1te as against 2j,~19 in 1911.

SUBSIDIARY TABLE 1. 111l1l129 raizon. --- --\-~--=-~~-- . BORN IN ------, . -fOther parts of--~---~--- I i tho l\JadraR ProvInces and Contiguous DIstncts i Presidency In- Sta.tes outside Natural DivislOn \ \ and States lTI the cludmg IndIan the l\1a.dms Pre- \ where enumerated Cochin State J>llddras l'r('sJdency i States of l\ly- f,Hlency wclud- Outside Intha' "J\'falabar and \ (Malabar, CoimbatOle ~ore and Puclu- mg the \ Konkall" and Tlavancorc) ;kkotbJ and the POltugcse I \ j French Settle- Settlements _~ _____~_~ __ I I ment;; _ __",_

3' 1 1l II i I :3 ] I ~_ \1 3 II ~ )I:~ ~ II~ 1~ i fl~ o " ::l 0 '"' ;::; O...... ::l 0 '-<:::! 0.... \i'" 8 !_~ ______~_~ __ :__J_~______:_1_ ~ -'--~-:-l~-'- ~ _C_\5_ __E-4 _\:_'I~ ~- 1 '2 3 I 4 5 5 7 \ 8 I D 10: 11 12 13 14 15_~

Co chin State ... 1 939,32111464,5751\474,;:;1-- 36,375116,2281 20, 147:2A90)1,G70!820 824/436 \388) 70 /50 ]20

1 - I I 1 I 1____ _ ------l __

SUBS::DIARY TABLE II. ElI17graticm

ENU~lEHA TED IN

District and Na­ tural DlVision cf b,rth Cochm State S "::'tlalabar and KCilkll11 "

SUBSIDIARY TABLE III.

PI~p(YrtionaZ JJi111lolwn 10 llll(Z flom each lhsh·td.

NqMBEH PER MILLE OF ACT"lTAL POPULATION OF NUl\IBElt (1]<' FEMALES TO lOV MALES AMONGST

41 ·1 21 3 124 CochiI~ Stato ... [ I 37 [54 ) i ------~------CHAPTBR III.-IHTRB PLACE 19

SUBSIDIARY TABLE IV, Migra.tion between the Cochin State a.nd other parts of India. antI other countries. }~xeess (+) or l>tfi- --r Immigrants te Cod~in Emigrants from Icrency (-) of ImlllI- , I Uochin I gration over emI- Province or State I I __!l_r_at_i_on __ _

III - 1921 -1--1911 -l v~~~~ -19,H --1 ~;;~ T~~~~ 1\ 1921 i 1911 ------1------.---;-\--;-1--;--1--;--1--6-~--;- .---\.-

Grand Total 39,759 47,26& -150711 23,512 125,047 !- 1,535)+ 16,247 :-+ 22,219 A. INDIA 39,689 47,190 -7,501 23,479 120,991 + 2,488 11-16,210 -r 26,199 i. Madras Presidency 38,769 45,695 -6,926 22.490, 19,589 + 2,!IIOI 11+ 16,279 :.. 26106 (a) BrItish Territory 26,380 30,485 - 4,105 10,103 9,641 + 462 + 16,277 +20,844 Agency 5 ... + 51 5 Anantapur 16 1 -1- 15 , 16 1 Anjengo 10 24 -- ]4 I 16 :.l! Bellary 3 4 - 1 26 8 ~~ 181 23 -1 Chingelpet 11- 14[ 1 H I 32 1- 79 111 Ii> Cluttur 9 I 9 . 9 9 COlmbatore 2338 3,0'26 - 2,3301 Cuddapah 12 - 12 l:':~H I 6~~ -'= "b5~ 1+ 711: + 11 Ganjam 1 + 1 'I Goda.vari 2 6 - 4. 53 10'" 43 51 4 Guntur 6 - 6 2 10 - 8 2 -1 Kistna 21) + 29 2U Karnool 1 16 - 1.5 25 18 - 7 24 Madras 228 867 471 .,. 396 639 278 Madura 216 101 83 + 18;- 115 .... 100 21,656 i~~ t ~~ I 6,331 7,629 - ],;208 +15325 Malabar 25,342 - 3,686 1 + 17,7VI Nellors 5 2 + i:l 38 - ,3:3 i~l- 5 36 NIIgris 29 31 - 2 218 HO'" 7B 189 109 North Arcot 16 ;!2 - G 62 30 + J2 46 8 Ramnad 1 - t 53 3H + 20 53 32 Salem 181 67 + 114 79 18 ++ 61 + 102 + 49 South Aroot 3 39 - 36 42 ~2 ;20 39 + 17 South Cana.ra 853 500 +- 353 73 1~4 - 51 {- 780 -I- 376 Tanjore 117 199 - 8".!. 196 71 + 125 79 i- 128\ Tinnevelly 607 603 - 46 103 70 + il3 -I- 504 .,_ 583 TrichinopoUy 121 166 - 45 141 5±'" 87 20 + 112 Vizagapatta.m 3 S 36 15 + 21 33 12 (bl MADRAS STATES 12,389 15,210 -2,821 12,387 9,948 + 2,439 + 2 + 5,262 Banganapa1le I .,. 1 1 Pudukkotta.i 8 3'" 5 26 2 + If.l 12 +- 1 Travancore .. , 12,381 15,207 - 2,826 12,366 9,946 + 2,420 + 15 + 5,261 \ ii. OTHER PROVINCES AND I STATE!; IN INDIA ... 848 1,378 -- 530 989 1,402 413 141 24 (a.) BRITISH TERRITORY ••• 264 579 - 315 565 1;195 630 301 616 Ajmir-Metwa,ra ••. 3 3 3 Assam ••• 4 + 4 4 Bengal .,. 9 47 - 88 58 58 + 9 11 Behar an d Orissa. ." 29 29 29 Bombay ." 177 414 - 287 469 1,032 + 563 292 56~ aurma ... 8 + 8 03 53 + 8 53 Central Provinoes and Bera!' ••. 55 12 + 43 12 12 + 55 Coorg •• , 1 1 27 35 8 26 Jl North-west Frontier Province . 1 - 1 + 1 Punjab ... 7 3 + 4 + 29 + 1 United Provinces of Agra and Oudh ." 7 + 7 -{­ 51 (b) INDIAN STATEI'! •• , 584 424 207 + 217 + 160 + 592 Ba.:roda ••• 9 + ... + 9 Bombay States ••• 477 611 10 + 10 + 467 + 611 a. Cutch ••• 15 342 + 242 b. KlLtbiawar ••. 462 267 10 10 }+ 467 + 2G7 c. Rewa Kantha. agenoy. 2 t+ + 'l Central IntUa Agellcy ••. 38 - 25 + 25 + 38 Hyderabad .- 9 27 - 14 + 14 t- -;.7 Kashmir ... 1 + + Mysore ... 77 108 - 367 206 + WI Ra.jputana .. , 11 15 - 8 1 + 7 + iii. FRENCH AND POBTUGUESII SETTL~'MENTS .,. 72 87 - 15 72 87 18 + + 3. French scttlemellts .. . 11 + 'T 18 + 11 b. Portuguese settlements .. . 54 76 -:;, 22 t 54 + iv. INDIA UNSPECIFIED ." 30 - 30 1- 30 B. OTHER ASIATIC COlJN ,rBIEB... 18 22 - 4 33 4,056 - 4,023 15 4,034 Arabia. •.• 1 1 ... + 1 Baluchistan ... + 8 + 8 8 9 4 4,0.56 9 4,0!3 Ceylon ... 13 - -- 4:~56 Persh ••. 1 II - 1 t 1 + II Stra.it Bettlements anlli Ma.laya 4 - 4 25 + 25 25 "l­ 4 Turkey in Asia ... 7 3 + 4 + 7 I­ :3 C. EUROPE .' 45 50 - 5 45 .... 50 D. AMJIIl'IIICA: ... 3 3 :J .... 3 i:' A.USTRALASIA •• 4 1 + 3 t 4 + l' ------,------~-----~------~----~------~ CHAPTER IV ..

RELIGION.

33. Imperial Table VI, Provincial Table II and Subsidiary Table I show the general distribution of the popUlation by religion; distribution by districts of the main religions 'is exhibited in Subsidiary Table II, while Subsidiary Table III shows the actual number of Christians and their variations and Subsidia.ry Table IV, religions of urban and rural population,

34. Religion is more or less a matter of profession and no alteration DIstribution and V

36. Sixty-six per cent. of the population are Hindus, and they form the predominant portion of the popul1Ltion in the State Distribution of Hindus. as a whole and also in everyone of the Taluks. Sects. 1921. 1911. The marginally noted figures com- ~:~:;~~h=:~~!mti 3~',~!~ 3~',~~~ pare the population under different Kshatriyas ",' 1,649 1,594 sects of Hindus with the corres- Ambalavasis 8,079 7,804 pondinlJ figures according to previous lirayars 131,054 121 206 Iluvans 224,008 208:453 Census. It will be seen from those Other Hindub 240,9H 2U,1l9 figures that, as elsewhere in the West Coast "Iluva,ns a and "Oth9r Hindus" form the bulk of the Hindu population. There is no doubt a reasonable demG nd from these c0mmunities for social and economical advancement. At presZ:l1t they furnish labour for agriculture and other industries. The Nambudiri cJmmunity like. that of Jews is showing signs of decadence. This cannot but be attributed to the peculiar customs of marriage, etc., still obtaining in this community. In thirteen villages in the Cochin· Kanayannur i'aluks three in Mukundapuram, three in Trichur, and one each in 1_'alapi1li and Chittur, Christians predominate, while in Azhikode in Cra,nganur, the Musalmans predominate. But there are several villages where neither Christians nor Muhammadans are found. During the decade the Hindus have advanced in number from 615,708 in 1911 to 646,132 in 1921, thereby CHAPTER IV - -RELIG ION

------~-

shuwing a~ increase of only:) per cent., as against an increase of 11 per cent. in 1911, while the population as a whole has increased by c'6 per cent. :W. The Mubamadans form only 7 per cent. of the total population of the State. They are relatively strongest in CranganuT being 25 per cent. of the population of the Taluk. A little over 82 per cent. of Muha- lIuhamadans. madans are "Mappilas" the majority of whom are the descendants of converts in old days. There are now in the State 68,717 Muha­ madans, as against 63,822 according to the last Census, or an increase of 4,895 or 7'6 per cent. 38. There are now, according to the present Sensus, 262,595 Christi a '18 as aaainst 233,092 in 1911 the proportional increase being only Christians. 13 p~r cent. as against 17 per cent. according to the previous Taluks. 1921. 1911. Census. They form 27 per cent. of Cochin.Kanayannur 111,174 102,Re4 the total population of the State. The Cranganur 1 933 1.713 Ch . Mukundapuram 65:32'1 55,990 advance in the strength of rIstians Trichur 53,729 44,775 in all the Taluks has been generally Talapilll 25 170 22,927 h Cbittur ;,261' 4,853 progressi ve as the figures s own in the margin will illustrate. 39. As in the last Census, Christianity is the only religion in the case of , which statistics of sccts in the present Censlls were Christia.n Sects. collected~ The figures quoted in tho margin will exhibit the variou!!! Sects. 1921. 1911. sects as compared with thoso of 1911. Roman C'1.tholic (L!1tin) ••• 108,739 97,787 The marginally .noted statement shows Syrian (Chal:iean) Do (Jacohites) 2!::~! !~:~~~ a decrease in the number of Syrian Do (Reformed) 3,692 596 (Chaldean), My enquiry goes to show Do (Roman) 120.::I7~ 100,166 that this red_uction is mainly attribut- 36\\5 2,362 Protestant , able to a large number'of them having become Syrian (Roman) out of social necessities. 40, To obviate possible mistakes in this, direction the various heada of Christian Churches were requested to inst,ruct their respective congregationaries with regard to the answers to be given to the Census Enumerators and Super­ visors. Enumerators were also supplied with printed copies of the various ,Christian sects supplied by the Census Commissioner. These precautions ha~e enabled them in making the record of' Christian sects more or less accura1'e. 11 41. It has been su~gested by the Census Commissioner that in 'view of the influence of missionary propaganda the subject of conversions must receive some attention. The Church Missionary ~ociety, the Church of England Zenana Mission, Leipzich Luthern Mission, N as-al Mission and a few others are at work in the State. Their efforts to make conversions do not meet with the success which they enjoyed in the olden days. On account of some social disadvantages under which certain classes of Hindus were labouring, converts to Christianity in the past werrJ plenty. "Yith the advancement of education, these socio-religious distinctions-such as unappron,chableness-are fast dying out and with it the necessity for embracing Christianity is also dying out. Conversions to Christi­ anity have now bec0Ine few and far between, and the stray converts that are now oLtained are only from the classes of Hindus which are lo,vest III the social sca1e. 42. Jains, as enumerated in the State, are very few in number when compg,red with other religionists, their strength being only Ja.ine, 101, as against 129 ill 1911 and 5 in 1901. I do not deal in CRAPTER IV-RELIGION detn,il ,nth the two main sects, Digambaras and Sweetambaras, into which .Tains are divided, as their stren~th does not make an appreeiable proportion to the total population. 43. The Jews form one of the oldest communities in the Htate. Their settle­ ment in Mattancherry is more than 20 centuries old. There. Jews. are now 1,167 Jews in the State as against 1,175 in ] 911. The growth of the population of this community has thus practically remained stationary during the decade. However enterprising or progressive this commu­ nity may be elsewhere in other countries, their prospects do not seem to be pro­ mising in the State. The majority of the Jews are found in the Towns of Mattan­ ,cherry and Ernakulam and the rest in Chennamangalam in the 00chin·Kanayan­ nur Taluk and Mala in the Mukuudapuram Taluk. They are divided into two classes, white and black; but who are the first settlers on this coast is a disputed question which has not been satisfactorily solved. 44. No sharp line of demarcation can be drawn between Animists and Hindus, and the Animism was separated from Hinduism Animists. during the Census of 1901. An ordinary Enumerator cannot be expected to draw the distinction between the two, and they were therefore instructed to record Kanakan, Parayan, &c., as Hindus to which class they really belong, and to enumerate all hill tribes as Animists except those among them who wished to be returned as Hindus. There are now accordingly 368 Animists according to the present Census as against 4,177 according to the pre­ vious Census, thereby showing a decrease of 3,809 or 91 per cent.. The decrease is due partly to natural decay and exodus from hills for want of work, and partly to the probable inclusion of Hindus among Animists during the last Census. They are now found only in the Mukundapuram Taluk. The Chittur Taluk which returned 2,418 Animists during the previous Census, has not returned a single "Animist this time thereby showing exodus in large numbers from the Nelliam­ pati~ on account of the decline in the coffee cultivation there. 45. There are all told 2,734 places of ,worship in the State of which 2,325 are Hindu temples, 146 mosques, 256 Christian churches Plaoes of worship. , and seven synagogues as 9.gainst 2,286 temples, 125 mosques, ,,~49 'churches and seven synagogues in 1911. There is thus one temple for every ~78 Hindus, one mosque for every 471 MuhaIAadans, one church for every 1,026 C!lristians and one synagogue for every 167 Jews. As during the last Census the Jewish synagogue remaihed stationary. CHAPTER IV, -RELIGION

SUBSID!AR,:{ TABLE !. Generctl distnJutwn oj the population by religion, ------.- -_" - Froportl'm per 10,000 of Variation per cent, Aetu~.1 pop lIla tlOn llO (Inerease+ Deerease-) Religion and locality number -- I \ in HJ21 -1----1 --lS9!--:i.1I21 1921 I 1911: 1901 i 1891 1911-- I 1001- 1891-- Act;lal - -p( l' I ; : 1921 1 1911 1901 ,number C€;i~ \ ---~-----\-2- -S-\--4:~-1-6-1-7-1--8 - -9-1--~ --'-1'-- _____ ' ;--_, 1 _-'--______:-- ______,_

HINDU : Cochin State 646,132 6,599 6,706' 6,825 ~ 6,882 + 4'9 + 111+ 11'4 + 144,588'+ Cochin.Kd.nayannur .. , 149,55,1 5,353 5,473 5,570 5,585 + 3'2 + 10 7 + 12'9 + 33,593 :+ 2~ (t I Cranganur 23,976 6,888 6,961 7,006 7,171 + 3'8 + 13'1 + 1 E + 3,920 i+ Mukundapuram 132,5!Jl 6,353 6,547 6,619 6,794 + 4'5 + 18'0 + 8'7 ... 33,S9G\+ Trichur 130,951 6,863 7,012 7,116 7,223 + 10'0 + 15'3;- 1O'8"_ 37,802 + ',() :; Talapilly 126,316 7,424 7,5613 7,670 7,803 + 1'1 7'6'" 11'1 + 21,832 l+ Chittur 82,741 8,691 8,~07\ 8,480 8,745 + 7'8 1'1 + 10'2 + 13,845 ;+ 1 MUSALMAN

Coohin State 68,717 702 6951 671 641 7'71+ 17-1 17'5 22,328 + 43 1 + + + 1 1 Cochin-Kanayannur .,' 17,497 626 5(131 5JO 514+ B'3 + 23'7 + 18'!) + 6,817 + 1 Cranganur 8,899 2,557 2,5231 2,47il 2,318 + 6'2 + 16'3 + 11'1 + 2,416 + I l\Iukundapuram 10,327 495 505t 489 483 + 5'5 + 23'6 +- 12'5 + 3,286 + 31 Trichur 6,130 321 3, 1 339[ 339 + 9'1 + 14'1 + 12'6 + 1,756 + 4.!l1 Talapilly 18,613B 1,097 1033, 1 961 877+ 9'5 + 17'2 + 6,9lfl'l+ :8 S Chittur 7,196 756 7061 8041 769 - 1'0 + 0'9 1+ 1,137\+ CHRISTI,\N I Coohin State 262,595 2,682, 2,53,1 2,441 2,404 12'7 + 17 6 14'0 + + 1+ , I cochin-Kanayannur •• , 111,174 3,979 3,S9; 3,S;;G 3,849 + S'1 + 14'0 + 12,8 + 31,2521+ Cranganur 1,933 555 561 522 509 +. 12'8 + 12'5 + 6'7 + 507[+ ;;55 MUkundapuram 65,3)11 3,130 2,BH7 2,715 16'7 23'4- 14'6 25,757'-~ €51 + + + + , Trichur 53,729 2,816 2,6381 2,513 2,437 + 20 0 + 22'8 + 16'0 + 22,295: j. I 1 Talapilly 25,170 1,479 1,388 1,346 1,318 + 9'8 + 12'0 + 15'4.\+ 7512, f+ 1 Chittur 5,268 5531 532 484 485 + 8'5'" 11'9 + 113'13+ 1,441 '1+ JAIN I I Cochin State 101 1, 21'7 + 24'8 Coehin-Kanayannur ... 98 5 1 23'4 + 24'6 ·"1 Trichur '''1 ••• 1 Tala.pilly ~ '\ JEW I 1 1 f:Cochin Sta.te 1,167 12 13 14 15_ S'3 - 0'4 + 25 I 1+ Coohin-Kanayannur ." 38 40 441 50- '2 + 2'5 - 1'4i+ 91+ '9 Mukunda pura.:m 106 5 6 6 6- 3'6'" 10'0 + 11'1 1+ 161+ 178 I I 'l'ricbur I ... ( · .. 1 I ANIMIST I , ! I 368 4 46 47 3'2 : Cocbin Sta.te 55 - 91'2 + 7'Z - • .. 1 Oocl:!in.Kanl1yannur ••• 6 9' .,- 25'0

Mukunda.pura:rn 18 55 521 25'7 .... : .. ' ! "'I Trichur 19 30i 27'9 :::)1- [ 'falapilly 211 ... 82'7 ... j Chiiltur 231 16'71 "'1 1 :::1: ... / CHAPTER IV, -RELIGION

-----.~----~------SUBSIDIARY TABLE II. ChrisLians and Variations,

Dist,riet and ACTUAL NUMBER OF CHRIS'rIANS IN VAIlLlTION PEa CEN'!' Natural DIVl!"ioll - ---~ ",)1

Cracganur 1,933 1,713 1,522 1,42 6 128 12'5 6'7 33'0

}I aku ndapuram 65,321 55,£90 45,=153 09,56 4 16'7 ~3'5 14'6 43'5

T.-i(!huf 53,729 44,,775 36,469 31,43 4 20'0 22,8 16'1) 26'9

Tal.l,pil~i 25,170 22,927 20,379 17,65 8 9'g 12.5 15'4 25'3 Chiltur 5,268 4,853 4,337 3,82 7 I 86 11'9 13'3 17'0

SUBSIDIARY TABLE IlL

Religions of urban and rural pI)pulation.

NUMBER l'EB 10,000 OF lJRRAN popULATION NUlIBER PER] O,O()O OF RURAL POPUL.l.'fION \ NatnralDivision I WHO ARE WHO.. ARE "Mlliabar and Konkan " Hindu Musal- Chris- Jain and Animist Hindu ~I usal. Chris- .Tain and Ani- man tlo.n Jew . man ~ian Jew mist ----- ._- --_. ,_--_o__ ._ ..... ------I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1(1 11 _---- ...... ~ ... ---_------. - _ ------~ ----- I Cochin St,.te .. 5,842 953 :;,127 78 ... r 6,712 665 2,616 :; 4 Cochin-Kana- . yannur ... 5,095 1,508 3,208 189 ... 5,413 422 4,158 7 .., Crang-anur ... 8,892 8'20 268 ...... 6,487 2,904 609 .. , , .. Mukundapuram .. 5,448 596 3,956 ... .. , 6,396 490 3,091 5 18 Trichur ... 5,062 453 4,484 1 '., 7,171 299 2,530 ...... Talapilli ... 2,861 35 7,104 ...... 7,664 1,lMl 1,183 ... , .. Obit,ul ···19,016 808 176 ... .. , 8,588 739 673 ...... C"APTER V.

A

47. The term signifies the mean age of the living, that ~s, of the persons enumerated. In his notes, the Census Commissioner says The mcal1 age that the mean age does not coincide with tl;le mean duration of lifp. except where the births and deaths exactly balan~e on:~' another. In a growing population with a large number 01 children, the mea.n age of the living will bo less than in a decadent one where the children are relatively few in numb~r. rrhe mean age in itself therefor~ explains nothing. The mean age of the liviLlg in the State as a whole is 24'06. Of the main religionists, Hindus, ~Juhal11adans and Christians, the mean age for Hindus is 24'5, for Muham~dans 23'OG and for ChriEtians 22'4. The mean a.ge fD of the State, and hence it is only na,tural that more children are found among them· Christia.ns and MuhamadSjns then follow III thJ order of the strength in population. 49. Subsidiary Table IV at :the end of the Chapter shows the age dis. tribution of ea.ch sex in certa.in Eelected castes. It discloses a Age statist.ics bY. Caste.. variety of .features, and no general inference call be urawn on the str-ength of the figures therein recorded. 50· Of the total popula.tion 13'6 per cent. are children in the u,ge period of 0-5, and boys and girls in this period are almo.% equibabnc. Infancy and childhood. ed. Five a.r.e widowed in the a.ge period 5·10, of whom one is 3. widower and four a.re widows. Of the lat~,er, three are HinduR and one is a M uha­ madan. The one boy widower is a Mubamadan. ,More than half the population are unmarried. In the reproductive age period of 15..-40, there are 3'2,885 un· marrie_d women and 149,67~ married women. CHAPTER V.-AGE.

SUBSIDIARY TABLE 1 . .lIge distribution of 100,00J of each sex by annual periods.

Malo Female ---;------Musa,lmall : Bo~J: .::':lli- Hindu 1 lIIus:l,]lllan I Both Rell- i gio' Ii i I I gions I-'-~------i----4- . - ... ----5------I 1 2 3 -c---\--;--- . I . _--- ~------_------o 2,993 2,4~0 5 183 :',825 9,120 4,241 1 2,02:! 2,100 4 E~ 1,6('3 1.9~ 0 1,64:3 2 2,844 2,810 5,6~ ~ 2.704 2,110 S.114 B 8,303 2,920 G 2;'.; 3,1(,2 2,540 5.702 ., 2,9'6 2,8;0 5,1;;; » 2,8',7 3 ()~,() 5.977 :; 8,338 3,450 6,'[;,.l 3.QlO 2,7(1) 5,920 6 3,045 3,020 fl,O~5 2,7 5 2.'LO 5,035 7 2,73':1 2,2~0 50lS 2,5'2 ~\1' 0 4,762 8 3,0:31 3,0,,0 6,118 2,G73 2,6"J 4,011,1 5,~73 S 2,086 1,980 2,!'90 ~.:4t,O 4,~50 1;) 3,4',6, 3,660 7,118 3,3',1 f',':!" ° 6601 II 1,617 l,l"tO 3,~f 1 l,oJ-!J ] ,(lr, 0 3,113 1'3 4,'158 4,L',J) 8,3'/3 1,269 3,f GO 8,128 3,(11) 13 1.6 0 1 EGO 1 389 J ,c, ~(l 2,1189 14 2,41') 3,JW 5 SeD 2,192 2,c80 5072 1!, Il 41:l 2,:.. 50 (76:! 1., ~ 06 ~ ,080 4,236 10 2;7:31 il,400 6 1~1 2,:J0J ~.4JO 4,722 17 1,104 1,320 2,4~'4 ],191 1 3(lO 2.491 18 2/144 2,770 5614 2,~,J2 3,470 6,392 19 (]9~) ~)20 1,619 r,~::i 1,040 1,825 20 a,Hi9 2,£170 6,1:::S 3,1518 4,.110 7,928 21 9f,5 6'30 1,6~j:; 7,i4 1,0';0 1,784 22 2,130 1,580 3.516 3,001 2,600 5,601 23 RG4 ~30 1,394 1,~l17 7",0 1,I,-yO 2,167 24 1,517 3,247 ] " C'7 11r;~O 2.') 3487 S.HiO 2,450 5,6{i(l 3,1-'3 3.2·10 6,773 2G 1,16;, 1,120 2,?'i ;j 1,2[7 1.450 2.697 (,W ~ " 27 7c.G I 4~ S I!'L P70 1631 23 2,287 ~,W)O 4 LYII '! 2,:;.)1 2,23:) 4,621 ;,,£) 615 460 LC:':> -:! ~1 770 1,191 30 8,82"1 8,180 7,('~fi ~,(jl1 4 0(1) 8,M1 ::;t Ii 5 [lOO 1.0-5 4 ~l 610 ;'2 1,031 ], '0-1, :,::)10 2,614 1,:2-'0 [160 2,180 S'j 570 530 1,1::'0 t!'J0 4CO 870 5~5 1530 I,H!5 0'10 370 fl !l00 &5 2, 2t 3, :40 IU:G1 2,i--H7 27'10 5 E57 36 94-1 1,0:1:0 Fo07 UlS1 6~0 1,477 87 45G 4-.0 8'6 ~G:) 4400 e09 :'8 1,2C'J 1,2S0 2,552 ] ,~94 96'.) 2,244 29 2~:J 400 (;82 277 Jeo 677 40 S,Gll 3,590 7,:X~ 1,~ ~IG 20eO 7,2S6 n 259 330 589 2A QU'J 514 4~ 717 850 1,~(l7 G ,R F;(:') 1,4118 43 ~89 240 J,·O 5::J ~~C 520 44 :~75 ::110 ~;.j :;0:1 ';Co 1,(;09 45 2,l! 0 2,310 4 ffllj 1 D',~ 1. r ~'o 3,~22 46 1\91 410 fU HI 47 207 ~61 210 417 224 644 48 7,,9 u90 1,~/l9 77fl l,nG 49 23J 210 4'~'

SUBSIDIARY TABLE I. (Clmt.) Age distribution of 100.000 of ear·h sex by annua.l periods.

I lIble J Female I Age ------.-- Hindu I Musalman I Both Reli· J Hindu Musalman Bot~ Reli· glOr.S glons 11-----1---2---1--~--1--- ';---1---; -----"6------7--

79 23 1- I 23 15 15 80 161 250 411 247 980 527 8' 16 1 16 20 20 82 35 100 135 31 60 91 83 23 23 20 • I 28 84 50 80 130 19 t 19 85 18 60 108 ':'5 20 95 86 7 20 27 ~2 10 22 87 5 5 3 3 88 24 24 16 16 89 8 8 4 4 90 15 15 26 80 lOll 91 10 18 92 2 2 93 2 2 94, ~ 2 95 1 I 96 97 98 10 II 99 100

SUBSIDIARY TABLE II. Age disi12bution of 10,000 of each sex in 1921 and 1911.

1921 1911 Acre penod - , ! co Males I Females Males Females I ------;------~-2--1-; --1--4"---1--5--1

I 0- 5 .. \ 1,372 1,340 1,46!l I 1,460 I ! 5-18 •. 1 1,400 1,328 1,301 I 1,252 I I 10-15 .•. 1,314 1,232 1,1157 1,17E I 15-20 962 953 993 996 20-40 2,998 3,180 3,139 3,211 (0-60 1,552 1,476 1,460 1,433 402 491 381 60 andover ------73 Total ···1 10,000 ----10,01'-_- 10,COO 10,000 ----- 24'23 ------Mean age ... / 23'75 CHAPTER V.-AGE.

SUBSIDIARY TARLE III. A(Je distribution of 10,000 of each sex in each main Religion.

Hindu I Musalman Christian Jain Jew Animist Age ------1----:------~ - ---;--- Males 1FemalOS Males l1!'emales Males Females Males Fe- Males Fe- Males' Fe- males males ,males

1 2 I -;-1--4--1 5 I -;,----7--~--9-1-~--lll-;-I13

1 0- 5 ... 1,3461 1,'3011 1,374\ 1,386 1,432 1 4291 1,379 1,395/1,346\1,310 1,616 1,118 5-]0 ... 1,367 1,276,. 1,435 1,425 1,474 1,43411,035 6981 1,07311,310 859 882 10-15 .,. 1,21"6 1,179 1,388 1,316 1,363 1,346 862 1,62811,005, 1,293 909 647 1 1 15-20... 960 951 945 1,000 972 946 1,207 1,628 988 7591 758 1,176 J 1 20-40 ... 3,037 3,235 3 01~ 3,214 2,903 3,031 3,966 3,2561 2,726 e,500' 3,73714,177 40-60 ... 1,594 1,537 1:480 1,278 1,467 1,371 1,379 1,163 2,317 1,2591 1,616 1,647 , , I I 60 and over ... 410 521 368 381 389 443, 172 232' 545i 569 505 353 -;ow-~( 10-:000;-1o,o~i--l-0-,-o'0-0-"I--lO-,~OO-O --10-,0-oo_I_1-0-,0-OO-I-1O-,1';)()0110-,0-G-01'0:OOO 7..0001-;0.;;001,0:000 CHAPTER V.-AGE

SUBSIDIARY <'1.1 LE IV.

Age distnhuLion of 1 ,(JOO (f each ~t'X in certam castes,

I~"A"'" ,:~m' ,en) .~,~ ,G'" IF'~ALR' NUMB" ,.. MM' ,G,. I CAHTE. I I ' \40 tcwl I I 140 and I 0-;) i G·· L~ll::!-li> l:,--40 OVAl' 0-3 5-1212-1;) 15-40, over ------. ------_1_--____ 1-- _ ---- _____ I.. _. _.<> ------._1 __ - 1 I :2 ! 3 I 4 t> 6 7 8 \-J 10 I 11

- --- -_- - _-_ -~- , -- -_-- HINDU.

An,ld"\-c]'Sl l:'() 147 74 4::0 230 139 119 81 39fJ 232 Arnvan 122 :H2 107 ~{if) 19;:: 152 187 61 -l04 196 Bl,.\nnan ~Ial"yah R-: 1 :21) !)O 4R1 2BI 99 , 151 106 4f15 2;j9 Do T,tmil 115 Hi3 74 ;'G9 288 168 '1224 80 ~OG :l;j~) Do Konkam .. IBl H! 11fi 3A5 L9 174 81 401 :M5 442 104 109 63 439 265 Do Others '''! III 119 76 ; 'ht1klml1 lGR 178 11[, ]15 52 143 95 1)10 200 \ ']1cIIlyan :,05 7;) ]v.! 117 161 04 43"1 :221 .... 1' 144 Chettl 1':9 H14 75 I ~08 178 14-1 70 439 169 ~ }().v~l~lgan ..•. I 44 177 114 266 99 137 8.:> 472 2 7 Elllt~.1S"n , J :3.1 183 77 ~lO 137 167 76 4;)U 190

l]ava,n 140 H2 ;'Q6 181 126 173 7i> 417 , 2(9 Kall\Olan 1·:8 70 377 '234- 113 132 ]"n 466 Hi7 K,llnmalan ~:a 106 372 192 150 148 80 445 177 K"11;1' lmn 140 106 397 197 137 178 76 429 180 KaUlyan 10 ) tl5 425 229 118 158 til 413 250

Kavundan 77 306 184 2~n ]52 230 158 348 141 .K~IH1,trlya Ma1a.yali 140 )48 80 405 'l~7 93 n~ 101 40tS 194 Do Paradesi ... 104 124 25 .. 19 3~8 176 )1GB 51 i'1}4 :256 Kudumi Chetti ..."1 94 14h 77 ;\88 295 lU. 155 57 421 252 1 Kusav,,,n . I 117 ~ 26 61 481 2 5 101 148 154 -121 176 Naya,r ... \ 138 .76 72 420 194 1';5 153 85 410 , :.!27 OLtt1Naikan 106 77 95 421 86 105 61 484 1264 P tlJR II 102 Ii 75 480 96 1'~4 11~ 471 ]81 P ,tlvl '11" il n 141 1\15 74 396 118 161 80 42.1 :':20 ['.lull: att,\n 111 llt5 Cii 427 .37 171 77 448 167 ..... 1 l';l,ray~n . 1;)2 188 81) 407 I 1:!5 ] 76 RO 417 . 192 Pulayan 137 lH8 89 36S 1 157 208 79 I 3&2 174 I Yahn 140 147 84 4i1 218 j lOt 149 M ~31} Vannan 82 }98 65 338 317 114 98 lSI I~ f~ '27~- Veilin 145 169 75 388 ) 223 132 165 91 40;; 207 Ve:akkattalavan 1St 195 74 417 ~83 143 194 97 H'3 ~53 Vellalan 120 168 80 374 1158 149 107 61 :15H ::~5 I Velut~edan ]44 176 87 403 ~90 140 184 67 1 41;; 244 80 39;! I\)2 I Y,"u .., 152 1'i4 129 181 72 443 175 MUSAU,U.N.

Jonakan 140 196 8t) 4.18 1138 149 1 '202 91 172 Ravuttan 171 166 83 373 :.l07 ]86 206 107 113 1 1 OHRISTU••. ~ 1 \ Anglo.Indian Ll7 !48 105 1 367 25'3 172 175 75 405 Eunpean "23 372 li05 4::t 435 Indian Chriilti9.n 143 198 86 :l88 185 143 186 92 398 JAIN. 138 138 52 517 ! 155 140 l 140 93 488 ,! JEW.

B1nck Jew 154 26 424 320 138 201 78 -1 If) White Jew I"i 6UO 331' 1J 54 90 103 38 401 • ANIMIST.

Kadan 47 122 74 507 250 40 127 4R 603 182 M,.layan 500 100 2a 280 100 31~ 45 46 341 230 30 CHAPTER V.-AGE

SUBSIDIARY TABLE IV-A. Proportion oj childrM under 12 and of persons over 40 to those aged 15-40 in certain castes; also of married females aged 15-40 per 100 females.

Froportion of children. Proportion of pe~Bons over Number of I Both sexes per 100 40 per 100 aged 15-40 married fe- males aged CASTES 15-1-0 per 1 Persons aged Married females 100 females I 15-£0 aged 15-40 Male Female of all ages _... "'_------)- I 2 3 4 5 6

H,INDU Ambilhvasi .. , 69 21D 55 58 26 Arayall ... 88 235 53 49 32 Brahmin, Malayali ... 51 179 54 59 27 Do Tamil ... 101 272 SO 79 2fi Do Konkani .. , 79 189 58 53 33 Do Others .. , 50 184 57 58 38 Chakkan ... 58 180 27 39 33 Chal!I'an ... 77 254 50 51 25 Chetti .. 77 209 53 39 28 Devangan ... 52 137 67 44 29 Eluttassan , .. 76 188 53 44 32 lIuvan .. 78 204 46 50 30 Kaikolan ... 64 148 62 36 32 Kammalan ... 77 199 52 40 31 Kanakkall ... 74 2U 50 42 30 Kaniyan ... 64 226 54 60 22 Kavundan ... 120 659 54 40 13 Kshatnya, Malayali ... 54 136 56 39 35 Dc. Paradesi ... 68 185 78 70 34 KuduIYlichetti ... 64 154 76 60 32 Kusavan ... 55 187 45 34 Nayar ... 'i1 195 46 '2(;IS 29 Ottanaikan ... 41 115 72 55 "l:l Pandaran ... 75 2.'52 48 52 24 Panan ... 50 122 45 39 34 , Panditattan ... 60 190 60 37 31 Parayall ... 77 194 47 46 31 Pulavan ... 92 241 59 45 28 Valan ... 62 150 53 53 32 Vannan ,0' 76 474 94 84 15 Velan ... 77 215 57 51 29 Velakkattala van ... 9~ 329 44 81 la Vellalan ... 75 335 69 91 22 Veluttedall ... 72 219 47 59 26 Vettuvan ... 77 183 4!J 39 35

MUSAL:M:AN ... 84 2E3 31 45 ~7 Jonakan 95 249 56 29 82 Ravuthan ...

CHRISTIAN

'0, 80 210 65 43 32 Anglo-Indian ...... 163 120 35 European ... 85 220 48 46 31 Indian Christian ... 55 140 30 29 47 JAIN II JEW I Black Jew ... 67 165 76 39 35 White Jew ... 162 429 400 67 18 ANIMIST Kadan ... 30 69 49 30 53 Malayan Ib .. ~ 159 657 86 73 I CHAPTER V.-AGE 31

SUBSIDIARY TABLE V.

Froportwn of children will,,! 10 GlitZ vj pelSUllS OON 6U to tlwol! ({fled 13-40; al~u of marnedjemaies aged 15-10 pel IOU jemalc8.

! 1 ProportlOn of chlldrl'n : both \ Proportion of persons over 60 per 100 Number of I I sexe~ per 100 I aged 15--40 married fe­ males aged naf~:!~\l~v~~\~n I ------15-40 per 100 "Malabar and Persons aged 1\farried famales I 1921 I lOll I 1'301 ±emales of all Konkan" 15-40 aged 15-40 \ I agos ---,--'-1 - f------1------I -----1------;----

____1 __ 1J9;11O~1'=:'1_7~ '-::" 12:0~i''"::_,''~'o~::t':::_ ':'m~"::'::~:_I~=~~I':'t~I'::1 1=:=::::657 66f~f~I-:~I- 1O~: -:-I-~--':T~--:-I~:I:::::

(

SUBSIDIARY TABLE V-A. Proportiolt of cJHldren lmder 10 and of persons om;r 60 to those ('tiled 1,j-40 M C')I/ d,~ relb:;1 >n~, also of marncd females aged 1';-4U per 100 jema les.

Proportion of clllldren, both bc».es !Proportion of pm'soll" o\'cr per 100 I 60 per 100 aged 15---10 NUllll,or of m:trried I ______females aged 15-40 per 100 females of Porsons aged ~Llfried femaleb 1921 1911 1901 all ages Religions 15-40 aged 15-40

- ,_--- -~- --,-- ,...., o 0).....

I ::man :::: I : I:: :::: ::: I:: ':\ : \': : ': I : \:: :: n ::ti. ::::::: ::: ':: :: ':i ': : \I: .~ :~ :: :: 1': Jew .,.\ 63 I 59 56 156 155 145 15 13 17 I 15 18 16 33 30 I 31 Animist .,.[ 48 I 60 71 112; 143 I 177 11 7 8 6 I 7 5 44 37 I 34 ~w~~7"I""'~ 66-6lm-:;,'''''FI1itifm-9-U\-;-riI30-2 32-;- 30~6-

SUBSIDIARY TABLE VI. Variation in populahon at certa1n age penodi>. ------,------District and (VARIA"rION PER OENT IN POPULATION (Increase + Decreaso -.) Natural Division "Malabar and Period - \ ' I ------. _ _:onk:~ ______1 All .." I 0-10 _i_ 100~_I_:::'O_I.-~v~'~- ~~:::_

c~ State. "11~'''' - +~. - -+ :.,--I + .:.-- -: :. I-~,-::~-'- -; ,:-:;- 1901-1910 + 13'1 + 12'8 + 7'9 + 14'4 -I- 13'7 +. 15'8 1891-1900 + 12'8 + 11'9 I + 18'4 + 11'6 -I- 11'1 I + 9'1 32

2f)'·;· f SUBSI:DIARYTABLE VII, SUBSIDIARY TABLE VIII,

Reportedgbirth-rate by :

Year \1------Y;tl' Cochin State Cochin State

I 1-----:------Persons 1 Males --I~cma]es I \ Persons Male~ Femaolcs I I ---1---'----2 -1--;-/---4 ------1------I 1 , ____ 2____ 3 ,_ 4

1911 18'1 18'7 17'5 lUll 13'0 13'9 12'0 1912 17'S 1S'3 17'3 1912 15'0 15'9 14'1 1915 16'1 16'6 15'7 1913 17·8 IS'7 16'1) 1914 18'3 1S'9 17 8 1914 14'1 14'7 13'6 1915 IS'O I 18'5 175 1915 11'4 12'2 10'7 1916 16'8 I 17'1 I 16'0 1916 11'0 11'5 10'4 1917 16'8 I 17'0 I 16'6 1\)17 11'2 U'8 10'7 1918 16'7 17'2 I 162 1918 15'1 16'2 14,'0 1919 15'0 I 15'2 14'7 1919 21'9 22'5 21'3 1920 815'5 I 15'9 I 15'0 1920 14'7 15'6 13'S ---'--l------Total 169~-1-17~'1-164 8- Total I 145'2 ! 153'0 I 137'4

Note,-Subsidiary Ta.ble IX has not been prepared as tho required infonnations arc not aVllable, --

SUBSIDIARY 'TABLE X, Repo'1'ted deaths from De1'tain disecues per mille of the populat,on, Cochin State I Cochin State -- Actualnum- Ra.tio per Actual Ratio Year ber of deaths mille Year number of per mille de!\ths ----1--;----;------1 1 2 3 ~-- Cholera. Fever 1911 3', 1911 967 1'1 1912 58 0'1 1912 1,159 1'3 , 1913 1,726 1-9 1913 1,284 1"4 1914 538 0'6 1914 1,218 1'3 1915 44 1915 41S 0-5 1916 1 1916 1,208 l'S 1917 8 1917 1,04,4 1'7 1918 179 0'2 1918 2,666 2'9 1919 1,612 l'S 1919 5,064 5'5 1920 426 (}'5 1920 3,424 3'7

Bma.ll~pox Other ca.uses Ulll 249 0'3 :1 1911 10,623 U'6 1912 190 0'2 :1 1912 12,3~ 13'':> 1913 160 0'2 1913 13,199 14"'4 1914 16 I 1914 11,212 12·~ 1915 Ili ]915 9,979 10'9 1916 48 G'l 1916 8;780 9·6 1917 18 1917 8,727 9'5 1918 2,124 2'3 1918 8;881 9''{ 1919 1,914 2'1 1919 11,522 12-5 1920 38& 0'4 1920 9,248 10,1

bote,-Figures by sex are not available. CHAPTER VI.

~EX.

5t. In the countries of Western Europe, the females are in excess of males, while in India the males preponderate females .. The GE'neml remarks. western critics of Indian Census therefore are of opinion that there are a p1'iori reasons for believing that the enumeration of females in India may be imperfect. If the preponderance of females over males in Census return~ is the test of the accuracy of Census figures, there can be no hesita.tion in saying that the Census of 1921 in the State has been quite accurate. According to the recent Census there are 1,027 females for every 1,000 males, as against 1,007 in Ulll, and the female population used to outnumlrer the male population ever since 1881 thereby f!iving collateral testimony to the accuracy of the reoent Census returns. This preponderance of women in succossive Censuses coupled with their high Aducation is sufficient reason for their claims to civic recognition. 52. At the Oensuses of 1891, 1901, and H)ll the females outnUl])- . bered the males in all Taluks except Cochin-Kanayannur Proportion of sexe~ by and Cranganur' while according to the recent Census same ~~ , , has happened to be the case in the iVlukundalJura,m Taluk also. No reason can possibly be adduced for the deficjency ()f females in this Taluk, except upon the supposition that influenza differentiated against females, or scarcity against males; the decrea.se in the Coohin-Kal1ayannur Taluk may probably be due to, as observed in the previous Census reports, the existence there

I of a large number of temporary male residents for business purposes, especially in , Mattanchery, Ernakulam and Tripunittura and in their neighbourhood. With the development of the Cochin Harbour and the consequent better facilities for trade and commerce, the males in this Taluk are likely to show a more marked in:crease in their number in future Censuses. 53. Females t?reponderate over males among Hindus only, while males outnumber females ~rnong all other religionists. In the Population of sexes by T 1 k f FTf • h T I 'II' d ('lh' h f 1 re1'igion. au s 0 .lrw ur, a apl 1 an v Ittur t e ema es among Christians prepon~erate over the males; and femalAs out­ : number,males among Muhamadans in Talapilli and ChittuJ' Iraluks.~ 54. The age and sex statistics fhow a variety of features, so much so that

Age and sex, no general inference can be safely dra.wn from the figures or explanation given for the different varieties. Up to the age of five there are more fouales than males but more beys than girls are seen - during the age periods of 5 -15. The t!1ble then turns in favonr uf females and we find more females in the age periods of 15--85, From 35-50 there 2,re more males than females though after 65, females are considerably in excess of males. There are now five centenaria.ns in th9 State of whl)m two arc males and three females. 34 CHAPTER VI-SEX

SUESIDIARY TABLE r.

General proportions of the sexes by natural Divisions and Districts.

Number of Females to 1,000 Malef> DistrlCtb and Nfltural ____ Diyis1Ol13 19:.1 L 1911 1901 i 1R91----\---~-

""Malabar ami Konkan", I \ 1 1------1- -- i----- 1 ,Actual 'Natural Ackal """-tHr,ll: Actual Natural Actual 'Natural I ActU.1l IK t tl1ral 'IPoPula- popula- ,popula- popuhL-1 popub- ' popula- pOPula-1 popula- popula- popula- tion ,bon ,twu tion I tion I tion tion tlOn tlOU tion ------* -_ --.------1------I i 2: 3 4 5 I I) i 7 ' 8 I 9 I 10 I 11 --:::::---~I~~~;I~;-i~::·- -:;-I~~ I--:~I---:~I--:~!--:~l~v:i~:

SUBSIDIARY TABLE II. Number of Females per 1,000 MaZes at different age periods by religions at each of the last 3 Censuses.

All_ ~ Hind~ Mu"Imau. Ago --- ______---__ -~-,9~1~ ~_1_~~1-'9~ _1lJO-,_1_ ,:::__;_,~ 1 2 3 4 5 _6 ___ 7 ___ 8_1_9_~

1 0-1 1,032 1,011 1,009 1,029 1,013 1,024 1,022 , 1,009 li7 1-2 1,007 996 949 1,006 997 958 1,048 i 945 .1 2-3 1,051 1,001 1.006 1,061 998 1,008 947 I 987 tal , 3-4 1,036 1,OeO 1,042 1,049 1,042 1,047 1,017 , 1,045 1,178 4-5 1,026 966 993 1,055 969 I,OOS 970 I 914 117

Total 0-5 [1.Q31 1,C01 1,004 1,041 1,004 1,013 999 981 975 5-10 971 969 974 970 964 979 9(12 967 931 942 963 937 951 961 924 , 899 916 10-15 I 15-20 1,013 1,011 1,017 1,029 1,037 1,038 1,006 989 1,123 20-25 \ 1,105 1,116 1,167 1,103 1,128 1,193 1,064 1,079 1,181- 25-30 1,056 1,093 1,158 1,072 1,106 1,184 1,014 1,053 1,179 \ Total 0-30 1,010 1,012 1,030 1,017 1,021 1,043 993 985 1,_ \ 30-40 923 939 1,002 930 969 1,033 902 i 850 909 40-50 965 942 967 997 970 1,013 852 841 81S 1,045 1,069 992 1,C74 I 1,111 1,009 I 894 931 878 50-60 I 60 and over 1,239 1,252 1,256 1,317 1,305 1,331 I 1,053 996 1,_ Total 30 and over 992 998 1,021 1,022 1,033 1,059 902 876 88S

Tot"l all ages I Actual population ( 1,004 1,007 1,027 1,019 1,025 1,048 965 951 967 , Total all ages \ Natural popUlation ~ 996 997 1,018 ... .. , I ...... r \ CHAPTER VI-SEX 35

SUBSID!ARY TABLE II (cone.)

ChrJ;;tian~ I Jains \ ___Je: ______I AnimIsts Age 1001 \1911 i 1021 1,,,o,\ 1011 \1921 1,90, I 1011 I. '9>1 /'''''' 11011 1921 r~~ ;~i 14 \ 1.~ \~1-17--I-I-8--I-l-!J---;-:l-0-\-2-1--;2-2- !

0-1 ] ,04;J'1 1,OO\) 997 500 \ 7:50 1 1,000 I 864 1,016 8a2 438 \ 1-2 !J93,1,004 944 1,000 1,222, 818 545 ],441 1,521 2500"'; 2-3 1 ,OJG i 1 01 q 1 009 2 000 1 ,250 545 818 1 , 348 1 204 , il-4 1,004 1 994 1:022 140:) 1,143 1,471 1,098 1:309 1:000 4-5 968 ; 'J77 968 1:0~~ I 1,125 800 944 1,206 812 250

Total 0-5 I "1,011 1,000 991 2,500 750 j ,169 845 962 1,192 1,066 r 594 i 5-10 965 392 966 ' 1,3'3'3 500 1,193 1,048 ! 1206 973 S-17 882 10-15 921 9~1 \ 981 1 I :357 1,400 1,032 1,101 1,271 83l 955 Gil I 15-20 971 9491 966 800 1,000 1,100 1,154 759 1,140 968 1,333, I 20-25 1,113 089 1,124 515 2,667 1,239 1,837 1,140 1,593 1 1, 1 I 1,444 1,471 25-30 1,022 1,066 1 1,088 643 300 1,075 1,556 1,389 1,072 1,118 1,250 1 Total 0-30 992 995 , 1,007 673 872 1,108 1,179 1,096 1,085 1,045 9,}7 I 30-40 884 300 1,000 855 1,297 890 882! 950 778 887 634 40-50 (HS 1 898 897 ! 1i9 600 902 890 623 525 717, 750 50-60 998 995 983 ' .. 667 1 ],400 744 44:> 1,000 S83 1,250 \ 60 and ovor 1,067 1,178 1,132 \ 1,000 1,000 925 1,111 1,031 8!i9 743 600 Total 30 and over 934 939 962 43f' 474 1,023 8S5 835 774 821 723 , I Total all ages Actual population 974 978 993 563 741 1,07' 1,058 988 977 964 859 1f I Total all ages 1 I Natural populaiion f ...... , I ...... I ...... ,

SUBSI.DIARY TABLE III.

~ Number of Fe'P!ales pel' 1,000 1tfale~ at i different age periods by religions and nailll al divistons,

------,------~ Cochin State I Natural Division All Hindus Musalmansl' Christians Jains Jews Animists "Malabar and Konkan" religions ------Age 1 ~-~ =_3 -_~I-~;-]. • _ 1__ ...._' _1-__-_- 8_== 0- 1 1,009 1,024 937 997 500 H64 438 1- 2 949 95t! 901 944 1,000 !l4!) 2- 3 1,006 1,0(18 981 1,009 ~,(JOO 818 2,5(\0 :~- 4 1,042 1,047 1,070 1,022 l,Ot 0 1,471 1,000 4- 5 99~; 1,008 967 968 !l44 250 Total 0- 5 I,OU4 1,013 975 !/91 750 96l 594

5-10 974 979 960 966 DOO 1,206 SR~ 10-15 96.1 961 916 981 1,400 1,271 "11 15-20 1.017 1,0:l8 1,02:3 966 1,11(\0 759 , ,!l:Jo 20-25 1,167 1,19~) 1 101 1,124 2,667 1,140 1,471 25-JO 1,156 1.184 1:179 1,01:!H 300 J ,389 1,250 Total ()-·~O 1,030 1,043 1,1)05 1,(107 872 1,090 957

30- 40 1 ,1102 1,OaS 909 950 aoo 1;2!l7 634 4C-50 967 J ,01:l 815 897 60 I 6r3 750 50- 60 99~ 1,009 870 I 983 667 448 1,£050 60 and over ].256 1,3:n 1,00;) 1,U:l 1,000 1,Dill 600 __ Total 30 and o\'er___ ~~U _1,1)59 __885 _ __9C2 _!___ ~~~ 88,j 7:2;1

Act~~l~~~~t:a~n 1 1,027 I 1,048 967 I 993 I 741 ,--9&-8---85-9- ~6 CHAPTER VI-SEX

,SUBSI.DIARY TABLE IV. Number Q{Femalc8 per 1 ,000 ],Iales for certam selected castes.

I ' I Number of Females per 1,000 Male~ I CASTE \ All ages - 0-5 o-J2 \ 1:.!- 15110-20 2<)-40 40 and \ over, - ---3 - --4---1-'51--6 --8 .... 1 2 -'7 ._ ------_._!_ ! I HINDU. Ambalavasi 989 1,069 998 1,083 1,118 890 1,000 Arayan ::133 1,043 741 466 I ,77 959 845 Brahmin, Malayali 859 964 !.077 1.837 1,038 590 786 Do Tamil 917 1,384 1,255 1,'004 703 767 743 Do Konkani 838 807 1,027 684 452 1,1!5 806 Do Others 469 440 429 389 786 42~ 493 Chakl,an I 8:30 275 607 667 756 1,118 1,448 vhaliyan 997 813 792 853 603 1·38tj J,145 Chetti 1,216 1,681 903 1,125 2,36;:1 1,060 990 Devangan 1,342 3,000 1,036 1,000 2,579 1,159 1,048 EluttasRan 1,066 1,093 978 1,048 1,021 1,196 966 Iluvan 1,089 980 935 998 1,068 1,173 1,260 Kaikolan 1,367 1,121 995 2,371 1,797 I,B53 977 Kammalan 1,04;; 1,200 782 791 1,615 1,181 965 Kanakkau 911 893 1,011 651 995 1,016 834 Kaniyan 1,193 1,413 1,170 849 1,291 1,113 1,300 Kavundan 738 2,194 297 632 2,474 415 682 Kshatriya, Malayali 1,099 732 862 1,383 717 J,556 940 Do Paradesi 730 1,240 900 1,500 556 66\:1 570 K udumi Ohetti 1,057 1,~9b 1,126 787 904- 1,:219 903 Kusavan 1,137 97'7 1,328 2,8i8 2.029 771 934 Nayal' 1,081 976 939 1,281 776 ] .139 1,267 Otta Nnikan 1.031 835 1,413 658 701 1,385 903 Panan 1,291 1,22t 1,21tl 2,034 2,090 1,081 1,116 Pandaran 1,053 1:1&5 867 },141 1,038 1,147 1,196 Panditattan 763 939 1,10:3 672 1,081 694 497 Parayan 1,109 1,137 1,038 1,123 1,09~ 1,147 1,1{)1 Pulayan ... 1,014 1,162 1,122 906 9SJ 1,075 807 Val an ·"1 1,~29 91& 1,245 944 1,:104 1,344 1,329 Vanna,n 586 811 290 1,619 389 828 515 Velan 974 890 951 1,173 1151 956 905 Velakkattalavan 1,138 1,241 1,1:'&7 1,186 1,~~3 740 1,577 VeUalan ... 593 738 375 455 517 583 750 Veluttedan 1,139 1,102 869 875 1,197 J,167 1,460 Vettuvan 1,001 853 982 905 916 1,206 910 )[uSALMAN

Jona,kan !J74 1,O~8 1,1)03 1,00B 709 1,:362 1,219 Ravuttl1l1 8':>0 92-1 1,055 1,095 662 940 465 CHRISTIAN. Anglo-Indian 86,) 1,168 1,Ca 618 968 947 586 European 535 1,000 1,000 600 462 Indian Christian :J 994 990 935 1,063 966 1,088 976

JAIN. .. .I 741 750 750 1,333 I,UOO 609 667 JEW.

Black Jew 980 873 2,590 3,O1l0 603 t ,107 50t) White Jew 1,040 178 12J 27,000 6,000 ANIMlS'!'.

Kadan 851 714- 889 545 ] ,1JOl) 755 622 l\1alayan 880 560 400 2,000 l,1l8 1,000 2,200 CHAPTER VI.-SEX. 37

SUBSIDIARY TABLE V. Actual number of bitrths and deaths reported for each sex during the periods 1896-1900, 1901-1910, and 1911-1921.

------_._--

YEAR

1895 3,813 3,518 7,351 I 3,207 2,613 5,820 ,- 2751- 594/+ 1,531 9:l8 81:'; 1897 6,016 4,917 10,933 I 5,182 4,203 9,385 - 1,099- ,979 + 1,545 817 811 1898 2,843 2,743 ·5:586 4,793 4,049 8,842 - 100- .744'- 3,256 965 !'i1-', 1899 2,731 2,627 5,358 2,811 2,137 4,948 - 104- ~674+ 410 962 760 1900 3,042 3,039 6,081 3,159 2,630 I 5,78» - 3- 529 + 292 90!) 83.3 Total 1896-1900, 18,445 16,864 35,309 19,152 15,632 I 34,784 - 1,581- 3,520".. 525 914 816 1901 I 2,693 2,574 5,267 3,671 ';;.,775 6,446 - 119- 896 - 1,179 !l5G I 756 1902 I 2,846 2,941 5,787 4,191 3,163 7,354 + 95 - 1,028 - 1,1567 1,033 I 755 1903 3,HO 3,492 6,932 4,286 0,521 7,807 + 52- 765 - 875 1,015 821 1904 3,787 I 3,632 7,419 3,228 7,193 - 155 - 737 + 226 959 814 1905 '" 7,975 3:~~51 8,455 1906 , .• \ 8,345 8,020 1907 ,. , 8,885 12,960 .. , :::'" Ft-- 4,075~~~ :::... J908 3,998 3,881 7,879 12,005 - 117 ... - 4,126 971 ••. 4,7715 977 1909 I 7,846 7,667 15,513 10,738 -_ ",179 HI10 I 8,210 7,574 15;784 10,946 686 ... + 4,838 92'3 Total 1001-1910 ... 89,786 91,924 ... - 2,138 ... 1 I 1911 8,Mb 8,045 16,60Z 6.350 5,526 11,876 1_- 510- 824;+ 4,726 !J41 '370 1912 8,891 7,940 16,331 7,286 6,513 13,799 451- "73 + 2,532 ~46 89~ 1913 7,581 7,240 14,821 8,575 7,794 16,369 - 341- 7811- 1,548 955 90:) 1914 8,647 8,192 16,839 6,746 6,238 12,984 - 45§- 508+ 3855 947 925 1915 8,450 8,OT9 16,529 5,560 4,926 10,486 - 371 - 634 + 6,048 956 8~U 1916 7,808 7,608 15,416 5,254 4,783 10,037 - 200- 471 + 5,879 974 910 15,401 6,388 10,297 - 137'- 479+ 5,104 982 919 1917 7,769 7,632 4,909 1 1918 7,848 7,480 15,328 , 7,888 6,462 13,850 - 368 - 9..16 -I-- 1,478 95'3 875 1919 6,956 6,776 13,732 I 10,299 9,813 20,112 - 180 <~ 486- 6,880 974 D5i 1920 7,289 6,927 14,216 , 7,134 6,344 13,478 - 362 - 790+ 7aS 950 SS9 Total 1911-1920 79,295 75,920 155,215 I 69,980 63,a08 133,288' - 3,375:- 6,672 + 21,927 957 905 - . N'O'l'.III:-Figures for the ye:u8 prior to 18~} are not ava.ihble, since the registra.t~on of births a.nd deaths was intfo~uoeil only inJ896. Figures for the columns left bla.nk Ji.sa.lso mat "_V'a.ilaDle: CHAPTER VII.

CiVlL UONlHTION.

55. In writing this Chapter I have prominently kept in view the Cen8uB Commissioner's instruction that" on the present occasion the Int roduction. discussion should be primarily based on the statistios and shonJd be confined to sn~h aspects of the general subject as arise out of the figures or are connected with them as influences explanatory of the variations". All that can possibly be sa,id on the subject of marriage has been Raid in the pfe"vious Census reports, and there has been no modification during Ghe last ten years in the attitude of the different communities towards marriage, divorce, etc. 'fhe most noteworthy feature to be mentioned here is the passing of a social legis­ lation legalic:;ing the marriage among Nayars in the State. rfill the passing of this Act the Nayar Sambandhams were not recognised in Law Courts though socially they l\'ere considered to be valid. The leading Nayars desired to remove this anomaly and represented their case to the Government. The Co chin Nayar Regubtion XIII of 1095 legalising marriage and its dissolution was accordingly enacted during the decade. The Christian Civil Marriage Regulation was also passed into law during the decade. 56. Imperial Table VlI gives the statistics of civil cond.ition by age, sex and religion while Imperia.l rr'able XIV gives similar statistios Reference to sta.tistics. for selected castes and tribes. 57. Of the male population in the State 57'S per cent. and of fema,les 45'2 M'lin feature of the sta- p~r cent. are un~larried There. are 7S,374 widows an~ 19,5~7 tlliics. wIdowers; that IS, for every WIdower there are 4 WIdows III the State. With reference to age, the males return. 41 per 100 as single a.t the ages below 15, the proportions for females being 38 per 100. In the reproductive age period of 15-40 unmarried males form 16'5 per cent. of the toLal number of males, while unmarried females form only 6'6 per cent.; but at the ages of 40 and over the unmarried males form '4 per cent. and females ·3.:iper cent. of their respective total strength. There are only 13 widow girls for every ten thousand girls at the age period of 10 -15 and one boy widower for the same number. A widower, especial­ ly a young widower, during one Census, will be a mn.rried man, and not a widower. at the next Census. Si.nilarly in the case of young widows where widow marria~e is not prohibited, a widow of one Census may not be a widow at the next Census. These figures also include persons divorced, majority of whom will sooner or In.ter get married. 'rhe figures therefore lose much of their importance. All that can be' said is, that on the night of 18th March 1921, there were 7S,374 Wl­ dows and 1~,867 widowers. Comparison with other Provinces aml Sta.tes is not possible as latest figures on the subject for the decade have not been received. It may however be safely inferred, from knowledge of oonditions prevailing in the State, that universality of marriage, juvenile marriage and enforced widowhood are not certainly lllo,re perceptible in Co chin than elsewhere. 58. Of the total number of Hindus in the State, of and about the age of ten, it is seen that out of 43,113 males 43,109 or 99'9 per cent. Variation by religion. are unmarried, and of 42,214 females of the same· age period 42,137 or 99'S per oent. unmarried. Among Christians of the same age 99'9S per oent. of malei and 99'94 per cent. of fema.les are unmarried, while among CHAnER VU..-,.olVIL C01Ull'~Q~, 39

Muha.madans 99'94 per eent. of males and 99'81 per cent, of females are unmarried, The widows among the Hindus come to 8'9 per cent. of the total number of Hindus, while among Christians and Muhamadans to 6'1 per cont. and «; per cent. respec­ tively. The large number of widows among Hindus is due to prohibition of widow marriage among Brahmans; but the reason for a large number of Christian widows especially girl widows is not understood. There are no widowers or widows in the age group 4 -5. 59. Higher education among women was unheard of even some 3d years ago; but the old order of things has completely chanoO'ed Education and ma.rriap:e and women along with men have now begun to prosecute their studies for higher education. This has also awa.kened in the women of the State a cOnsCiQllsness of t~eir ability to earn a livelihood independent of their husbands, and ii:he facilities given by the State towards the achievement of their la.udable opject t.o "bec.pme educated, has lessened the marriage rate and probably early widowhood also. During the last decade the number of female teachers has increased by 108 per cent., while the number of girls undergoing education has increased by nearly 14,000. 40 CHAPTER VII-CIVIL CONDITION

SUBSIDIARY TABLE !. ... Distnbukm by Civil condItion of 1,000 of e.,ch sex, r<::lit;lOll J,nu maUl ago pena d at each o£ the 1.1,'-1, three Censusc".

--~- ---,------UKJIARRILD l\T ARRIED WIDOWED

RELIGION

1 I I 5 l, 000 '1,000 '1,000 i ••• I 1 0-- I ... j 5-10 1,000 11,000 1,000 •• I ... ( 10-.15 sn 'j06 \)\)5 "i, I {} ~ 15- 20 925 894 aO,3 73 102 95 2 4 2 20-40 255 :211 :251 ' 705 75'l 718 40 33 31 Males 40-60 26 24 36 862 869 852 112 107 112 60 and over 20 15 17 690 673 673 290 302 310 Not btatcd ! 386 52~ 91 ALL AGES 578 562 I 579 381 400 383 41 38 38 ALtli,'iJs' j l I 0-- 5 1.000 11,000 11,000 5--10 999 am 998 1 3 2 10-15 944 ~110 920 55 88 78 1 2 2 15-20 'I 488 I ,102 432 490 574 547 22 24 21 . 20-40 59 47 76 813 821 800 128 132 124 Females 40-60 i 16 ' 11 18 501 479 455 483 510 527 150 139 838 853 879 60 and over I' 12 8 4 117 Not stated 241 426 r ••• 333

ALL AGES I 452 I 435 456 407 387 158 158 157 i 0-- 5 11,000 1,000 1,000 5-10 1,000 1,000 1,000 10 -15 997 9a6 ga5 3 5 15-20 933 au') G15 65 87 83 2 4 :.! 20-40 269 :2:35 \l80 637 72841 687 44 37 33 Malos 40-60 28 25 4± 856 868 847 116 107 109 60 and over 20 J5 JS 693 68{ I 673 287 301 309 Not stated 387 484 129 ALL AGES 576 563 584 380 3~'; I 378 44 40 38 HINDU "1 1,000 1,000 1,000 998 I 997 9as 2 :3 2 •. .,. Jg i~ 934 I n03 912 64 94 86 '2 3 2 15-20 496 416 447 478 554 529 26 30 24 < 20-40 I 66 4g 88 781 801 '775 153 150 IJ7 Females J I' 40-60 15 11 21 48() 459 438 505 530 541 , 60 a.nd over 12 7 4 123 111 850 870 885 I Not stated 289 1~.~ I 394 31& IALL AGES 439 423 450 387 402 380 174 175 120 l I J 0- 5 1,000 1,000 1,~00 5-10 1,000 1,000 1,000 ( 10-15 997 998 995 3 2 5 r 15-20 948 926 114.5 50 70 51 2 4 1 25S 694 738 711 29 27 31 Males ~g-~g 2r~' 2i~ 1'3 914 917 90') I 74 70 7a 60 and over I 12 5 11 763 759 7~0 225 236 209 I Not statcc. .•. .., 600 400 ... I 1I1USALMAN • IALL AGES 595 583 598 377 391 376 28 26 0- 5 !1,000 1,000 1,000 ••• ! ••• • •• 9<)<) 5-10 998 11,000 2 1 10-J 5 I 948 924 <)47 51 73 52 3 1 15-20 i 436 sao 414 535 583"'1 556 ~9 30 l r,1 824 827 126 112 Females 20-40 50 1 4.1 P3S1 "\ I 40-60 I 14 1,3 18 492 I 498 481 494 501 846 8g0 \ \ 60 and OWl 12 9 ; 142 157 107 Notstated .• I •• I ... i ,3il3 607 ALL AGES 467 I 460 484 394 407, 38 139 131 l l 0- 5 1,000 1,000 1,000 '" t 5-10 1,000 g99 1,000 1, 10-15 996 932 993 4 7 15-20 910 846 861 88 15~ I 138 2 2 1 11 152 167 758 825 S08 31 23 25 CHRISTIAN 20-40 223 \ Males 40-60 I 22 20 865 860 853 112 118 127 and over 21 , 18 14 665 657 646 314 325 340 60 1 Not stated 2bO 750 I 580 553 562 382 411 400 38 36 38 l ALL AGES , CHAPTER VII -CIVIL CONDITION 41

SUBSIDIARY TABLE I. ~ (cont.)

DIstribution by civil condition of 1,000 of each S8:X>, rehgion alld main age period at each of the last three Censuses. . UNMARRIED MARRIED WIDOWED I 1 RELIGION SEX I AGE . I . I- --- I~'" 191~_:_~"1 ~:_~"111"~1~~~901 I -I ~ 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 8 9 I 10 I 11 12

( 1,000 I 0- 5 1,000 1,000 I ... " ... I ...... 5-10 1,000 996 998 ... -. 4 2 ...... 10-15 963 921 934 37 78 65 ... 1 1 Females 15-20 483 363 394 509 628 597 8 9 9 ~0-40 55 42 46 851 873 864 94 85 90 OHRISTIAN 40-60 1 15 12 559 529 499 421 456 489 60 and over 10 3 187 185 141 801 205 856 Not stated ··~I ... 200 ...... 600 ...... 200 ALL AGES 482 459 467 396 419 405 122 122 128 I I 0- 5 \ 1,000 1,000 1,000 ...... 5-10 1,000 11,000 ...... '" . . 10-15 I 800 929 '" ... 71 ... 200 .. ... 15-20 , 714 1,000 ... 286 ...... Males 20-40 261 146 500 696 781 500 43 73 ... 40-60 ...... 1,000 625 875 . .. 375 I 125 ... 60 and over I ...... 1,000 500 I ...... 500 ... I ALL AGES I 500 345 750 414 586 250 86 69 ... JAIN 0- 5 1,000 1,000 ... '" ...... 5-10 1,000 1,000 ...... I ...... 10-15 1,000 400 ...... 600 ... ., ...... 15-20 ...... 1,000 1,000 1,000 ...... Females ~-40 71 ...... 929 885 ...... 115 ... 40-60 ...... 400 ...... 600 1,000 ... tii) and over ... 1,000 1,000 .. ... '" l ...... ALL AGES 395 225 ... 512 673 1,000 93 102 ... i 0- 5 1,000 1,000 1,000 ...... '" 5-10 1,000 1,000 1,000 .. ... '" ...... 10-15 1,000 1,000 1,000 ...... 15-20 966 942 1,000 34 - 58 ... I I ... I ... , :Males 20-40 406 377 396 563 586 573 37 13 40-60 29 60 ... 831 810 854 ~3io I 130 as 60 and over ... 28 25 688 694 825 312 278 150 ALL AGES 555 566 573 387 380 381 58 54 46 JEW: 0- 5 1,000 1,000 1,000 ...... 5-10 1,000 1,000 '1 ,000 ...... 10-15 933 969 996 67 31 4 ...... 11.5-20 500 583 422 500 400 54.7 ... 31 Females 20-40 128 150 79 823 76,. 820 49 83171 101 40-60 14 10 10 534 670 529 452 320 461 60 and over 30 25 '" 182 150 13i 788 825 865 ALL AGES 469 442 418 412 422 4121 119 136 170

0-5 1,000 1,000 1.000 ... '" ...... 5-10 1,000 1,000 1,000 "...... 10-15 1,000 992 992 '" 8 8 ...... 85 I 15-20 1,000 915 879 '" 115 ... S [I Males 20-40 189 181 153 703 7931 80T 108 26 1 40 40-60 '" 11 28 938 9::>9 856 62 80 , 116 60 and over 700 '7~7 300 203 208 ...... 792l IALL AGES 485 520 535 449 451 427 66 38 ANIMIST - l 0- 5 1,000 1,000 1,000 ...... 5-10 1,000 1,000 997 ... S ...... '" J 10-15 909 918 938 91 82 5'1 ...... 5 15-20 350 385 447 600 599 547 50 16 6 Ftmal... 1lO 20-40 I 71 45, 79 873 861 821 5& 94 100 40-60 36 lIE 19 643 596 4'11 321 393 510 727 822 60 and over ... 19 '" 167 254 178 833 Au.. AGIS 3U 418 487 SS3 472 40. 112 110 111 I OHAPTER "\ II-Cl', IL CONDITION

~------SUBSIDIARY TABLE II.

I. Distt'ibut~ ..n 'Y ci'IJt~ ca!lditio1t of 1,UUO 0/ each se.r (it certcLin ages ~1L each religio1l. and natural a~m5wn. MALES.

ALL AGES 0-5 5-10 15-40 40 and over Religion aui

~:::~::- ~ 'g 'g ~ 1 ,. II -~ I i --g ~~~"S I

._Ko~.n " ll_!JI~J l_!~'I:_J),l_ ]_I 1_1! J! ~ _I J I 1 15 17 18 •J.. ' . 2 3 4 5 6I 7'1 8 I, () I Idr 11 Ig:I 13 14 116 1 19 I r--1------,.'-----I---·-----:----I-I-I~I-!-- --- 'I ' \ CoohineState I I· t I All ReliglOlls 578 381 41 I 1,000 ...... ,1,000 ;"'1...1 997 i 3; .. , \ 418 552 30 25 8!l6 14.9 Hindu 576 380 44 1,0001"'!'" 1,000 ...... 997 I 3i .. , 428 588 34 27 8~~ 151 Musalman 595 377 28 1,()()O, •.• i... · 1,000 )..1... 9971 3 ." 437 540 23 13 888 104 OhristilLll 580 382 38 1,0001"':"': 1,000/".'... 996 41 ••• 386 590 24 23 SJS 154 Jain 500 414 86 1,000' .. 1... 1 1,000 ... 1... 800. .. 1200 367 600 33 ... 667 383 Jew 555 387 58 1,000: .. +.. : 1,000 ",;,,, 1,000 II' .. I· .. 555 422 ~3 24 803 173 AnimIst 485, 449 66 1,OOOi"'j"'j 1,000 "'1'" 1,000 . 326 584 90 ... S81 119 1 "1'" Ir------'-----!------_____,_~ ... -~

SUB SLDIARY. TABLE'U.-(coflt.) II. . Di8tribut~ e( ci.vil C(YI!a.~tion of 1,000 of each sex m certai1t age, in each religion and natural d~vision.

l!~EMALES.

ALL AGES 0-5 5-10 10-15 40 and over Religion llond Natural Division , Malabar and ~ I!! I : Kon.kan," '§ 't$,(1.)... ~ ] .~'" 11 i ~!] '"01 j ~ '0 i ] \,\J po ~ IrolC), ~ rd Q)~ t: r"d Q) ~ "d llJ t! rd 1 d ~ 0 ~ 'I ~ i ~! ~ ~.~ ~, ~ .~ o~ ci .~ ~ ~ .. ~ p- I"! .... ~ S ,..I~ I ::i :,~ rd S ....-0 a ~ 0 E '" 0 ~ ~ j ~ PR cj rl I ;:; .:.; ,H ~ OJ'",, ><1 ctl \:-g $:l ~ 1:S ----1---2 -3I-I- _l:t(_:_..,:_~i_~I:I.:_I_:--:-!-~_~_!- ______;._----'!...-.-'--...4-'--5---l....;6!-7~1-8-_1-9.:.-1-'O;~1~.~~t~~.- ~_ 15 116 17 18 [19 Cochin State All Religions .. 452 Hindu ., 439 mI gi l::: 1··1: g;: Ii!::! :t; ;::!: :~ ;;'i I :l~:g :.1: ::: Musalman .. 467 394 n~91 1,000 . ..1... 99$, ~, ... , 918 51 1 142 756 102 18 I 412 575 1 ChrIstIan .. 482 3g6 122 1,000 ...... 999 1 ... 1 963 :3'1' 157 770 73 18 ( 468 514 Jain 512 93 1,000 ... ; "11,000 ...... 11;000 I . 471 95'5') \ "4'01'1'9' \'" 3' 33 \56567 Jew .. 469 412 11 1,000 ...... 11,000 •..•••1 ; 933 1671 "'1 195 76 424 Auimist 335 _____-~_--:_5_53 "l '" I __ 1~~ 1,000 \j'_.y,QOO .'(",: 909 191 ..\ 132 SlB 55 29 559 4.1~ CHAJ?TEIt VII,-CIVIL CONDITION. 48

SUBSIDIARY TABLE III.

Dzstrzbution by mazn age penods n,nd czvil cond~tZ01t of 10,000 of each sex and relz(Jio;~.

Femalos I MaIM 1 Religion and age '-u-nm-ar-r'i-e-d-t--M-a-r-r-ie-d----W-i-d-Ow-ed- i Unmarried f Married-iw;doweu-

2 --1--;------4---1--5--~-JOO-6-·-j---7- 1, I I ---:__--f~-._':__' I _I All Religions 0-10 ... 2,772... 2,667 ... 10--15 ... 1,310 4 I '" ] ,163 68 '2 15-40 ... ] 654 2,186 \ 120 663 3,017 1 453 40 and over... 48 1,615 \ 291 30 812 1,125

H~~ I I 0-10 ... 2,713 " ... 2,575 3 1 10 -15 ... J ,283 3 ". 1,101 76 2 15-40 ... ' ,711 2,151 135 683 2,981 520 40 and over... 54 1,647 303 30 810 1,219 Musalman 0--10 2,808 1 2,808 2 10-15 ~ ,384 4 1,248 fYl 1 15-40 ',729 2,135 92 5')8 3,185 40 and over 23 1,632 192 22 683 Christians 0-10 2.905 } 2,862 1 10-15 1,358 5 1,296 50 15 -40 1.496 2,287 93 623 3,062 291 40 and over 421 1,528 286 Sg 850 932 Jain 0-10 2,414 2,093 10-15 689 172 1,62g 15-40 3,104 17, 233 4,651 ) 40 and over 1,8~.: l,(j)35 517 465 930 Jew 0-10 2,419 2,621 10-15 1,005 1.207 86 15-40 2,062 1,567 85 828 3,259 172 40 and over 68 2,300 494 34 776 1,017 Animist 0-10 2,475 2,000 10-15 910 588 59 15-40 1,464 2,621 404 706 4,353 294 40 and over 1,868 253 59 1,118 822

SUBSIDIARY ':'ABLE IV. Proportion of tlw sexes by civil condLt,on at certaJi,n ages for religions and Natural Divisions.

NUMBER OF FEMALES PER 1,000 MALES

Natural Division ALL AGES I 0-10 10-15 15-40 40 AND OVER and Religion \ ______:______

"~~~::~ ~nd 1 "" 15 i '0 '0 1 'S( i 15 1 'g] I '0 \ '8 - ~! -.~ i - E ~ -1 .gl~~l~

--~-- ~-: -~~I~-~+;_~-~r;._I; ~1~3-l~-!-~ ~ I P~'ovince. I r Cochin State. I I 1 All Rellgions ... 803 1,053\3,945 988 9,300: 4:.~OOI' 911 )8,53610,375 4121 1,418 3,864' 644 5W ,~Yi5[ 1 Hmdu .. , 799i 1,067 4,161\ 99518,5001 900\ 23,943 18,250 42°11,453 4,084 586[ 51G 4 :Zlcl Musalman ... 760: 1,009 4,734 966 4,000 1.'.0.001' 871 17,308 ... 335 1,443 4,574: \)14 4041 ~j .S()() I 1 824 1,0301 3,2041 978 2,750 948 9,954 1,667 414 ],3301' 3,1191 763( ,')51 3J:J'~;;1 Chnstian ... 1 1 1,:~,jd Jain ... 586 917 800; 6431 ..• ':':': 1 ,750 ..• I'" 91( 1,111 '" ... 333 Jew ... 834' 1,053 2,0291 1,070 ... 1,18G ... I'" 3971 2,054 2,000 500' 333 2,034 Animist •.. 5941 1,056 1,462 6941 ... 556...... 4141 1,423 6251'" 514 2,800 1 1 1 1 1 II------~~------~------~------~--~~--~----~~---~-_I 44 CHAPTER VII,- CIVIL CONDITION.

SUBSIDIARY TABLE V.

Di~tribution by civil condItion of 1000 of each sex at certain ages tor selected castes.

DISTRIBUTION OF 1000 MALES OF EACH AGE BY CIVIL OONDITION I ------___,------, All ages 0 .. 5 I 5-12 12-20 20-40 40 and over

Ca.st~ a.nd Locality ~ I~ 'lI ~- ~ l \ I ~ ] ~ ~ t:: .~ j:: 1-r~ ~ Q ~ ~ ~ ~ 15 ~ I ~ r-g ~ ~ oc ., I'" 0 '" .~ j;:: '" .~ I ;> '" '0:: P- ,".~ ., 11 S ::: '"d s t; C S ::: I~ El ... .g s ::: .g S ______!_I ~ ~J_S _I~,~I_:_,:I~ _~ ", i< !_(I-=-[ ~ ! i I~I 1 2 I 3 4 i 5 6 71 8 I 910! 11 I 12 i 13 14 15 16 17 18119 COCHIN STATE. I Htndu. . Ambalavari ... 609 342 49/ 1,000/...... I 1,000 •.. ,... 984 16 ... 440 518' 42 108 7391153 Amy,." ... 6141 337 4n 1,000 ...... : 9n7 3 "'11 981 19 ... 312 6:l71 61 In! 815 166 1 BrahmLl, Malavali ... 519 453 28: 1,00)1 ..... · 1,000 ",'", 968 32 . ., 298 680 22 90 S32, 78 1 do 'ramI] ... 495 475 1 30, 1,0001 ...... 1000 ... 1... 955 44 1 202 778 20 31 88s1 81

1 do Konlmni ••• 653 290 571 1,0001'" ... ' 1.000 .. .1- •. 950 48 2 513 457 30 37 744'219 do Others ... 510 4135 25 1'0001"'I''' 1,000/ ..... · 981 14 2 290 753 17 1'18 7tH 71 1 Chakkan ... 684 253 26~1 1,000,'" "'1i 1,000/ ...... 9ao 141280 58Sl1 32 103 690 207 Chaliyan ... 602 369 1 "/ 1,000,.... 1,OQO ...... 965 56\35 ... 19<1 779 27 47 839114 Chett, ... 544 416: 40 1,COO .•. "'1 9a5! 5'''' 9:32 65 '3 220 750 30 R 8J.6146 1 Devangan ... 4:81 361 158 1,000...... 1,000 ... 1"'1 64() 351 .. 273 500( 227 119 524\357 Elutt",ssan '" 552 405 43 1,000...... 1,000 ...... 977 21 2 217 741 42 12 849139 1 Iluvan _, 588 376 36 1,000 ...... ! 1,000' ...... ! 970 SO ... 231 736 33 19 835:146 KaikoLm ... 542 411 47 1,000, ... "'I 1,000 ...... 956 44 .. 213 747 40 17; 832151 Kammalan ... 582 38:'3 35 1,000'"1''' 1,000 ...... 1 ~60 40 .. . 236 723 411 20, 8611119 Kanakkan ... 605 351 14 1,000; ...... ; 999 1 .. 969 31 .. . 316 630 54 34i 821;145 1 1 Kamyan ... 545 404 51 1,000... .. 1,000 ... ·· 900 100 .. , 294 667 3J 481 780 172 1 1 Kayundan ... 1 602 301 971 1,000 ... '''1 1,000; .. .. 871 129 . , . . 1000/ ... . 363 637 Kshatnya, MalRyali ... 1 600 35ol 1 4.6 1,000 '" 1.0nO' ... .. 935 75 ... ' 422 528 50 68 797 135 1 140 do Paradesi ... 465 46';1 701 1,000 ..... · 1,000t .. · .. · 939 61 ... ! 2841635/ 81 63 797 KudUlm Chettl '''1 450 501 49 1,000...... 1,000 "'1'" 925 70 5' 146 803 51 39 848 113 1 Kn~ayan 1 1 ... ' 443 501 56\1,000...... 1,000 ... 843 1481 9 184\7561 60 Ii 841!145 Nayar 24 991 9 ...1 431 531, 38 47 779 174 ~3306\ 3' 081 45~ ~'0000001·.. 1 000.,.~ ... 1146 Ottanaikan ,. 5 -'-, I'" 1,000 ...... 989 111., 92' 869' 391 36 818 Pcl.nan 502) 425 73 1,000;"'1'" 1,000' ... .. 929 711... 2371 654 109 45/8021153 Pandaran 562 412 26 1'000"'1'''' 997/3 " 974 261'" 149 808 43 48 884 68( 1 1 1 Pandithttan 509' 4501 411 1,0001 ... ·· 1,000: .. . 893 107, ... 306' 655 30, 111 878 111~ Parayan 51O! 405 55 1.000 ...... 1,000 ...... 177 1 9351 58 7 177 761 6:2, 171806 [ Pulayan 547 407 46 1,000 ...... 1,0001 ...1 .. · 962 36! 2 179 753 6S' 10 867 123 1 1 1 Valan 536 428 36,1,0001 ..... · 1,000 ...... 963 i71'" 235 718 47 16/ 8941 96 1 34 Vannan .. 393 402/ 205 1,0001'..... 1,0001'";''' 413 587 .. , 39 340 621 15 645 ° 1 1 Velan 553 3nO 571 1.000,...... 1.000/ ...... 933 64 3 196 725 79 21 8211158 Velakkattalava.n 593 367 40, 1,000.... "', 1,0001'" 973 271 . 283/ 681 36 44 793 158 Vellala.n 492 477 31~ 1.000' ...... : 1,000 ...... 996 2' 2 99 863 38 14 908\ 78 Veluttedan 596 364 401 1,000... .•. 1,000 1...... g82 18' ... 1 279 687 34 401 806 154 Vettuvan I 57' '''I "1 000 ..... , ,,0001''''''') 901 " 2 219[ ,33 ,18 ""Y" Musal1nan. " Jonakau 603, 375 22[ 1,000..... 1,000 ...... ' Ravuttan 561 400 3n 1,000 ...... 1,000 ...... ' :!: i: ::r:: ::, ::: ::: i~ Christian. 1 Anglo-Indian ...\ 686 J 19 ,,000 . ..1. .. 1,,000 .. J..! 995 5... 760 2221 1.. 8.12 311,7 909 European ... 326 674: 1,00° ... ,... 1.. !.. .I .. ·I 769 '.~ 1,000 .. 1 "'1400~ 600 Indian Christian ... 579 383 38 1,0001 ... '... 1 9nn' II ... ! 950 49 1 2051 7133 321 22) 822 156 1 I 1 1 Jain, ... 500 414 86 1.000...... 1,000I...... 700 200 100, 261 696 43 '" 667 333 1 Jew. \ I Blaok Jew 500 434 66 1,000 ... .. I 972 28' .. -1409 560 31 24 799 177 933 67 1,000 ... 1.. . WhIte Jew ::::~rr: ',000: ... \'''1 ... 1000 ... 1000 ... Animist. Kadan 392 540 68 1,000,II "I" 1,000, ..... , 1,000...... , 2091 687 10 ... 1919 400"I Malayan 760 180 6° 1,000;"'1'" 1,000: . ..1 .. . 1,000,'" 857 143 ."j 600 "'1 ... 1 1 1 1 ------_.!-___:__------~~------~ I CHAPTER VII-CIVIL CONDITION 45

SUBSIDIARY I TABLE V.-(exmt ) Distribution by civil c:mdition of 1000 of each sex at certain ages for selected ca.stes.

DISTRIBUTION OF 1000 FEMALES OF EACH AGE BY CIVIL CONDITION

All ages 0-5 5-12 12-20 I 20-40 40 and over Oaste and Locality I {. 1 I 1~ll ] I ~d' I I ~ !i -1 1] 111 I l'li 1 El ~..g s I ~ l..g I s ~..g s E..g s' ~ ..g s ·s ..g I ~i ~ ~ s ~,~ s I ~ !~ S ~ ~ s \~ ~ \6 ~ I ~ ------;:-----1-21-3-4--5-1~~71-8--9-!10_;:~,-;;-13 I -U--;-5MITII18'ill

IJOCHIN STATE. Hindu, \ I I 1 Amb,tlasavasi ,., 433 357 210 1000 .....1 . 993, 7 ... 621 35128 '88 709, 203\ 23 3561 621 Arayan .. , 443 435' 122 1000 ....•• 1000, 630' 359,11 28 836 136 20 590i 390 Brahmin, Malayali 1000 ...... "'1 372 428 gOO 8S0 1201... 388 58824 133 711 156 9 3351 656 do TamIl ... 437, 424 139 1000 ...... 981 1 19 "'j 338 64319 ... 1 841 1591 570 430 do Konkani "', 365, 42i.l, 212 1000 ... . 991· 9 '" 374 61016 14 831 155 3 2E6 741 do Others •.. \ 278 525 197 ]000 ,,, ••• 9571 43' '" 280 700 ~O 43 831 126 6 423 571 1 1 1 I I , Chakkan ... 3571 500 143 1000 ...... \ 1000 ...... 1i29 451 20 66 724, 210 4 642 310 Challyan ... 536) 411\ 53 100" ...... 10001 ...•. 986 1 14 !79 690 31 77 733 190 Chetti •.. 420, 385 195 953 47... 389 586,25 ~8 fl65 307 13 3491 688 Devangan ... [472, 448 80 1000 ...... •. "'1 1000 478 522... 314 529 157 45 7501 265 Ezhuttassan ... 431 406 163 1000 •.... 1 998 2 '" 610 36822 67 7771 156 12 426 662 Iluvan ... 454 383 163 1000 .. · ''', 998 2 '" 764 22610 68 824 108 13 3771610 1 1 Kaikola.n ... 1 449 4251 126! 1000 .. , "'1I 997 3' ... (l49 34417 124 731 144 4 547 449 Kammalan .. ' 468 387 145/ 1000 .....• , 995 51.. 718 270,!l2 79 797 124 16 498r 576 Kanakkan ••• ! 471 3811 147 1 996 41 722 263115 69 793 13'! 24 426 550 Kaniyan ••• : 459 329 212 1000 ...... '''1 .. 985 151':: 609135437 235 562 203 15 397 588 1 Kavundan •.. 1723 211 66 1000 ., .. 1000 945 55!. 9 929\ 62 1 26) 561 413 Kshatriya., :Malayali ,.. 366 474 160 1000 ...... 1000 \ 5191472 9 159 693 148 16 496 488 do Paradesi 403 449 148 1000 ::: ::. 458 542... 20 980 " 22 400 578 Kudumi Ohetti 323 451 2261 ig~g ... 1.. . 965 34 1 366 58747 17 763 220 9 416 575 Kusavan 445 451 104 1000 ...... 985 15i" 598 4001 2 45 841 114 19 56 414 Nayar 417 367 216 100\.. ~... 996 4 ... 7251257118 75 748 177 11 320 669 Ottaniakan 846 448 206 1000 "1 .. .1 992 8!... 65";: 32617 1451692 163 12 465 523 Panan 372 449 179 1000 ••...• 41 " 990 10 '" 443 5161 56: 760 184 18 378 604 Pandaran 420 3e9 211 1000 ... '., 993 71 .. 696 28915 36 596 368 13 572 415 Panditattan 473 425 102 1000 ... ' .. . 1000 471 5001'29 170' 705' 125: 21 628 851 Parayan 449 421 130 1000 .. :.. . 997 3·. 663 32611 68 8ul 1211 12 ·526 462 I 1 Pula,van 492 365 143 1000",' ... 999 r. 66e 31616 55, 797\148 8 43515r.7 Valan 390 430 180 1000, ..... ' 997 3... 647 332'21 73i 790 137 21 430 549 Vannan 535 313 152 1000 ,,, 1000 , .. ;... 894 106' ... 14.9 518: 333 120 603 277 Velan 457 418 125 1GOO 1.. . 992 g '" 595 391114 77 77'3 151 16 587 397 Velakkattalavan 500 301 199 1000 1.. . !.l91 9: ..• 662 32117 112 6311 2571 28 408 564 Vellan 359 43 203 10001'" 978 2Y. 66B 307 25 34 653i 318 4 651 3405 1 Veluttedan 423 365 212 1000, ... 996 4 '" 622 35226 125 658, 217 14) 411 575 Vettuvan 457 451 92 1000 ••. 996 6 ... '"' 21',l1l 73 886 " "'I '" '30 Musalrnan. 1 Jonakan 503 356 141 998 , • "" ",I,. "I '10, 132 12\ 433 555 Ra.'\'Uttan 5'2 407 51 ~r::: 992 8 "'1 8141 186 •.. 35 "90B 67 47 668 285 Ohristian,

Anglo Indian 507 416 77 '000 • ilJl8 383 European 174 789 87 100°1::: ::: ..1..1 .,.1 ""'" ,..I." ",.,,1 .. I. .. 1000 l11j 889 831750 1137 Indian ChristiaJ1 481 396 123 1000 ...... 993 7: ... j 719 278 3 54 80 94 18 468 514 Jain 395 512 93 1000 .. , .. . 1000 "'(i'" 638 " '~I~" ... '88 .., Jew. I 1 Black Jew 472 430 9"- 1000 ...... 990 10 .. 649 3.')1. .. /102 869 29 24 439 537 White Jew 449 295 256 '000 ••• '. UlOOl" ... ,,. 51' 185 375 6,5 Ammlst, '~l( Kadan "'1262 627 111 l()OO •••.•• '000 . 389, 65£55 63! 900 " "'" '" Jdalayan ... 645 341 114 1000 ...••. ..1.. 3 143 I 1000 '_I'" 700 00; .. , 1 571 286, ., 727 273 I 1 CHAJ:.TER VIII.

LlTERACY. 60. The system of dividin6 the popul&'tion into literate and illitera,te in­ troduced in ] 901 "vas continued at the pnsent Census Th~ meanmg of the stat!stlcs ancl it was laid down in the instrnctiOlls for the Oemus staff that a person should be regarded :1S literate if he couD write a let.ter to a friend and read the ans:wer to it, but not otherwise. In the case of students also, the above rule wa,s observed. No record was made of the verna­ cular language or script in which each person was literate. 61. Statistics of ("ducation by religion and age are given in J mperial

{._ Reference to SL!1tistlCS. Table VIII and of education by selected castes and races in Tmperial Table IX. Subsidiary Tables I to VII appended to the Chapter '.vill illustrate the main features. According to the Oensus returns the number of persons able to read and write is 181,410 of whom 132,090 are males fLnd 4!=l,320 females, as against

Number of l1t('mtes III Females I 139,')93, 111,146 and '27,937 respective- 1000 III IJ 21 ly in hlll. In other words in every ------~------'-----.-I 274 99 1 1,000 of tho total population 185 are TJ [lN~ llC0U, :3:31 150 literate, as against 151 in 1911. In ~iJlah>1l 209 40 South Canam 1(;2 28 every 1,000 malGs 274 are literate and ']"\1DJore 248 24 • J\1nor'ts CIty 453 174 III an equal number of females 09 are cto 1:'residency Baroda ~i6 ~6 literate, as against 2J3 and 61 respec- ]\Iysore 1~~ 2~ tively in 1911. The figures showing the Hyder'tbad ------_____ extent of literacy for other States and Provinces arc given in the margin. 63. The tables give the figures for literacy by four age periods, namely, 0--10, 10 - 15, 15--20, and 20 and over. The disparity L,teracy by age and sex· between the number of literate males and that of literate females is not so very striking, as in ] 911. For every 100 literate males, there are in the State 37 literate females, as against 25 according to the previous Census, thereby showing a rapid increase in female education.

t. 64. In point of literacy the J ains stand at the head of all religionists, the literates among them numbering nearly 36 per hundred 33 L,ter

65. There are now in the State 18,006 persons who can read and write English. Of these 14,730 are males and 3,276 females. Litera.cy m English. There were only 10:512 persons who were litera.te in English at the Census of 1911. The literates in Enۤtlish therefore come to 30'5 in a thousand males and 6'6 in an equal number of females as against 20 and 3'1 respecti vety in 1911. As "in the previom!

67. Subsidiary Table VII gives the number of the institutions and pupils according to tbe returns of the Educational department. One- StatistiCS of the Educa- h f h f h S tional department. sixt 0 t e gross revenue 0 tel tate is now spent on education. From Rs. 2,79,000 at the beginning of the decade the expenditure on education has now gone up to Rs. !1'5 lakhs. The results of the University Examinations are given in Subsidiary Table VIII.. Statistics of students who go outside the State for their degrees in Arts, Law, Medicine, Engineering, etc., are not available. 68. The Draft Regulation for the compulsof.y registration of books now

Books a.nd newspa,pilrs. under tho consideration of Government, has not yet come into Jaw and it is not accordingly possible to ascertain the extent of lit8rn,ry actiyity in c,ochin. The number and circulation of newspapers and magazines published in th'e State are given in Subsidiary Table IX, There 3.re no Vernacular or English daily newspapers in the State; there are, however, seven Malayalam weeklies and one English weekly and Latin monthly. 48 CHAPTER VIII-LITE aARY

SUBSIDIARY TABLE I. Education by age, sex and religion.

1 Number per Number per mille who are literate Number per mille who are mille who are I hte'rate in illiterllote Enghsh -II RELIGION ~~ .goo ~ ~IO ~ 10--15 ~ 16-2:1I 2~V:~11 ~ I ~ 1 _ 11,$ ~ ~ E ~ S ~ S ~ I s ~ S .5 ~ sl..::; ~ s o re (j) eel QJ ~ Q) ce! Q) ! ~ (l) 0 ce

All Religions ... '185 2741 991 85/ 22 251 150 359 174 I 3(J7 113; 815' 726\ 901118 80' 7 Hindu "'1' 16S 255) 79 33 20 227 115 331 132 \ 367 79 835 745 921 19 33 5 Musalman ... 85 153 15 10/ 4 90 20 170 23 251 19 915 84'71 985 3 6 ... Christian ... ' 262 35°1173 ,15 33 3!l7 262 475 322 735 203 738 650 827, 22 32 11 European including I I I I Armenian ... 909, 907 9131 '" "'j 1,000 ,1,000 1,000 11,000 838 800, 91, 93 87 848[ 960 826 1 Anglo-Indian ... 288' 235 350, 204' 101 158 1 533 247 444 1 271) 442 712 765 650, 139 122 159 Indian Christian ... 2621 351[ 172" 43 33 349 260 477 322 513, 2001 738' 649 828 21, 31 10 Jain ... 3561 569 70 286 ... 200 143 714 ,.. 17191 100 844'1 431\ 930 40 52 23 1 1 Jew "'j 278 3801 176 21 39 322 160 397 227 543 239 722 6201 824 37' 53 21 1 1 Animist ... 8, 101 6 ...... 67... 9j 10, 992 9901 994 ...... 1 1 1

SUBSIDIARY TABLE II. Literary by age, sez and locality,

NUMBER PER MILLE WHO ARE LITERATE

District and Natural Division All ages o -10 10-15 15-20 20 and over "Malabar and Konkan"

1

Cochin State

SUBSIDIARY TULE III.

LiiwaCtf/ by reUgicm, Be:Z: and looaUty.

NUMBER PER MILLE WHO ARE LITERATE :District and Natural ------~------.------~------~------I' Division Hindu Musalman Christian Jain I Jew Animist "Malabar and Konkan" ---,------;--- 1----:::- \ ---,-- ~ 1 3 \ 1 3 1! 3 1 3 I 1 3 I 1 1'<1 "" 1 1'<1 "" I'q "" I "" "" ~ ~ ~ I ~

\-----~1--__==-~- 2=_3 -7:1-~~I=~=_~. 1_8 _1- :._I_~=\-i'l='~lg]_~= ,--:;.: s::- -... '" I 79 I" I" 350 1 173 1569 I 70 I,"0 \ 176 110 \ 6 CHAPTER~:VIII-LITERACY 49 t:~.

SUBSIDIARY 'l'ABLE IV.

English L~teracy by age, sex and localtty.

LITERATE IN ENGLISH PER 10,000 ------HJ21 1911 1901 1891 Distriot and Na.tural Division I~------l 0-10 10-15 I 15-20 /20 and over\ All age,; i All age8 \ All ages All ages "Malabar and )\ Konkan" I ~ -~\~ I 4 I ~ \ - Iii ----I·il--I ~- " ~ ~ OJ ~ S ~ S ~ S'::: 03 1 ~ S ~ S ~ s OJ \ s ~ Q) ro C) ce I Q) ~ oJ) rt: (,) <'1;1 I '" ~ " ::a ~ ~\r;.;\~ r;.; ;;S\r;.;'::?II~I,~ r;.;1,~ ~\ r;.; ---1---:1--(-8\-4-1--5\-6-1-;-I--8-i-91-1O-ll1r12r·;:31-H-\~5T16-17 ----'------1------.------)-2 ICoohin Sto'o ___I.. I ,I 203 1l'11 '" I",! 38' I r" _I3_0_'l:J 19' !"' i 108 I" 26 3

SUBSIDIARY TABLE V.

Progress of lzteracy since 1881 ------NUMBEH OF LITERATE ------_--_ ------Diatrict and Natural Divisions All ages 10 ltnd over "Malabar and Male Fema_e Konkal1" ___ _ i _ ------I - 1 - - - -- 1921 /1911 \ 1901: I 1891 1881 1921 I 1911 i 1901 \1891 1881 ----1-----1-2-~- -1--4-1--5---6-- -;--I-~_~ -[--9-1--;;---il-

I Cochin State ... \ 365 329 I 302 I 37C \---1-;- [- 79 I 59 I 62 \ ... , PER MILLE .

15-20 District and Natural .______\ _~ _____~ __~~~~~_o_ve~ _____ r 8Divisions "Malabar and Konkau" Male \ Female 'Nale Female 1 1921 11911 11901 11921 1'911 1'20' \1921 \ lOll 1'00; -;;.- 191-1.----1-90-1------~------12-1-~-1-i4-1-15-1-16-(17-\-;;- -1;-1-;-1-;--;;- -23~

Cochin State ... \ 359 \ 303 \ 282 \ 174 1104-1~-~- \~G7-~4J--1113 I, 73 l 53-

- NOTE.-Out of a population of 600,278, there were 10,752 persons returncJ lIterate III 1881. FIgures by sex and age are uot available. 50 CHAPTER VIII-LITERACY

SUBSIDIARY TABLE VI. Educatwn byeaste.

------~------Mumber pef 1,000 who are literate Number per 10,000 who are liteute in English ------.- I CASTE 1921 ,1911 \ 1921 1911

rn I-~il ~- -ri 1-1-] : i I ~~ I] § ~ \ ~g \ ~ \ ~ \ P:: ~ \ ~ I ~g :, ~ \• 1f;l;, p., l'" iQ) I ------'--2--1-3 -1-;--1-;--1-6 -\-7'-I--;-i-;--\--- ~--~- 1 I 10 11 12 I 13 'I I I ' I ------,------I-I 1 ----I' I HINDU I I : I I "~mbalavasi ... 482 i 636 327! 401 550 250 759 1. 268 244, 420 708 131 Ar~yan 122 ,202 26 107 189 I 15 23 39 4 6 4 9 Bmhml1l1, .i\Ialayali 465' 629 273 425 6133 203 266 1881 7 73 140 ... Do TamIl 489 712 246 426 68~ 1150 1,468 2, fi771149 1342 2,479 122 Do Konkani 239 869 84 290 502 44 709 I, 238 79 400 703 48 Do Others 353 453 140 364 498 I 77 837 1 109 257 361 I 489 8S Total Brahmans 422 598 211 391 621 133 .,061 1, 849 120 839 l1,515 80 Chakkan 114 1£)0 24 131 215 39 108 198 ... 38 72 ... Chaliyan 151 254 47 105 169 40 ... .. , ... Chetti 79 157 14 105 230 2 .. ." ... Devangan 227 456 57 77 153 1 514 I, 013 142 4 9 .. Eluttassan 126 219 39 105 J96 17 40 72 10 15 28 3

Iluvan HIS 186 33 82 It! 12 38 71 7 14 27 1 Kaikolal1 89 201 7 91 178 7 71 163 4 29 60 ... Kammalan 129 238 2!l 107 208 (l 12 23 :2 3 5 ... Kanakkall 44 , 70 I 8 If) 35 2 .. .. 4 5 3 Kaniyan 371 I 531 I 237 372 5tll H)3 46 101 ... 9 18 ... Kavundan 48 ... ." Kshatriya, Malayali ... I (:0 I 31 ...... 579 653 ' 507 609 724 1~N , 1,583 '.l, 419 822 1163 2,074 238 Dc- Paradesi'" 333 461 270 i7!:l [,1 983 I, 660 57 449 852 ... Kudurni Chetti 85 169 115~ 45 84 2 9 14 4 6 11 Kusavan ... 23 48 8 14 1 26 56 ... '" ...... Naynr 271 413 137 396 633 176 246 310 429 120~ , 69 Ottp.naikan I 4~.: 62 114 I 12 19 34 5 ...... Pandarall 64 107 24 57 104 9 39 69 11 8 16 ... Panan 100 186 32 77 121 3D ...... " ... Panditattan 281'1 478 39 154 271 13 92 109 71 28 52 ... Parayan 7 12 3 2 4 .. S .. ... Pulavan 5 9 L ."1 9 16 3 ...... '" Valan 117 208 42 106 192 14 25 52 1 10 20 ... Vannn.n 131 198 10 ...... , .. Velall 181 335 23 11;; 231 10 13 25 ... 5 11 ...

Velakka, ttalavan 165 251 86 IlO 1~0 27 31 27 35 9 18 ... Vellalan 241 324 100 156 281 26 I 401 604 59 202 384 13 Vcluttedan 144 222 75 101 183 24 24 45 6 9 Vettuvan 3 4 2 3 6 1 MUSLAMAN

Jonakan 68 128 7 65 123 6 15 29 1 10 Ravuthan 129 227 12 73 140 4 64 110 10 21

CHRISTIAN " Anglo-Indian 288 235 i 350 428 503 315:1 1 389 1,219 1,586 1823 1,950 1,693 EUrOpeitll 909 907 !l13 947 964 ~oo 8,485 8,605 8,261 9474 9,643 9,000 Indmn Chnstlall 262 351 172 212 312 111 205 gog 101 116 186 45

JAIN 356 569 70 495 517 465 JEW 278 380 176 197 315 86 368 528 207 332 ~~5\ 1~~ ANIMJST

Kadall 7 or 8 Malayau 11 20 I ... 0'4 O'S - CHAP~ER VIII-LITERACY 51

------~ .------SUBSIDIARY TABLE VII. NumbM' of ~nstitutUJn.s ftnd pupils acc~ding to tile returns of tile Educational Depa'l'flment.

1921 1911 ___ ~9il _ _I ______1_8_91_t _____

Cla;;s of Institution Num~er of __ ~:.:ber O_f __ I_~~~~~' ~f \ _____Number~~ ___. ______

In!3ti- \ Scho- \ InRtl- Scholam In~tl- \ 8cho- TnstitutlOns \ I.hola. ____. ___ . ___ - __ tu~~~\-~r~- i tutlOn:_ ____\~~~\2a~_,\i---- 1 2 3 4 5 __~__ 7 8 ~--I--s------='--- - -~------Second Gr,ldc Colleges ... \ 2 438 1 \ 182 1\ 57 Second Grade College 1 455 High Schcols ... i 28 2,574 13 I 1,246 H 804 High School 1 373 Lower Second'1,r} S"hools i 61 6,781 21, 2,646 19\ LGg6 Anglo-Vernacular Primary SchoolR ... ( 1,026 79,381 96S' 46 550 875'2\),139 ~chools 26 2,062 Special Schools, such -, I ' Vernacular Sehools 76 4,683 "8, Tcchnieal and ~ , , I! Palace SchoolR 2 25 Industri.tl Schools ,,' _, 21 I 1,041 i 11 I 698 I ·db". 7,904 Hebrew School 1 37 ----- "--_-_ ------_.. _--'------\-----\ Total ... : 1,138 190,215 \ 1,015 \ 51,322 I 1,289: 39,600: 107 7,638

* Includes ~chools whcre the Koran, music, etc" are taaght. t ClassificatIOn of schcols was dIfferent in 1891.

SUBSIDIARY TABLE VIII Main results of Umversity e IXtllmwtwns

I Entrance Examination. 532 234 378 16 I F. A. or Intermediate I Examination ... 156 - 80 51i 27 17 j I __ ------_

SUBSIDIARY TABLE IX. Nwnber ana ci1'culation of newspapcl s, etc.

Class of ncvlbpaper ,t 1921 __ _l_ ign 1__ 1901 __ ~91 Language (daily, weekI)" otc'}1 . I. I I, -- :; Circula- ,No. ICIrCUlatlou'INO'lolrculationNo. Circulatioll .... tion i i------2---I-;--4-\--;-)--"6--1- 7 1---8 --9 '--;-- I MaJayaIam ... i Weekly 5,850 3 2,675 I ... English 400 Anglo-Vernacular :::1 :: 1 500

Malayalam ... i Bi-monthly 2130 1 I Do. Y 4,875 5,200 -I ::: :::1 M::hI Do. and S,lllsknt :I 600 I'" Do, Latm ;tnd English Do. U 200 • •• ! ••• I· .. \ English and Latin I 1,000 '''1_.. I I.. · Latin 1,000 Do. "'1 1 ... J 11:alayalam :::l Onoe m bwo months ... 1 320 i English '''i Quarterly ... 1 650...... I ••• I Total _.. 23 -14,476 13 --;'075;::--:---:---:- CHAPTER IX.

LA~nUAUE. 69 Languages spoken in the State are recorded in Imperial rrable X, ~ ,yhile the Subsidiary Tables at the end of this Chapter Languages spoken. exhibit the main facts in proportional and condensed fOIms. 20 languages spoken in Cochin have been recorded at the present Cemms. The number of speakers of each language counts froUl '0002 per cent. to 90'2 per cent. of the total population. These are armnged under three main gronps, viz, A -Vernaculars of India; B-Vernaculars of other Asiatic countries; and n - European languages. Vornaculars of India are sub-divided into Vernacular of tl:e State and Vernaculars foreign to the State rrhe Provincial Table Appenc1ix IV shows the languages spoken by the population in different Taluks. 70. Malayalam is the language of the country and the official language of the State, though the major portion of the official corres­ llalayalam. pondence is now carried on iu English. It is spoken by 882,822 persons, or over gO per cent. of the people. The Malayalam spoken by Pul~y~s and Parayas differ 00nsiderably from that spoken by other Malayalalll speaking people, but the 4ifference is not so great as to make it a separate dialect. Malayalam is the mother tongue of 89'6 per cent. of the people in Cochin-Kanayannur Taluk; 92'1 per cent. in Cranganur, '965 per cent in Mukun· dapura,m and Trichur, 94 per cent. in Tabpilli and 5~'S pe! cent. in Chittur. As Malayalam is the medium for imparting elementary education in the State, many people who have returned vern~culars foreign to the State as their household language are literate in Malayalam and not in the language whioh they have returned as their mother tongue. This is particularly noticeable among those who have returned Tamil and Konkani as their parent tongue 71. Tamil is the mother tongue of '57,574 persons or 5·g per cent. of the population, and is the most widely prevalent language Ta.mil. in the State next to Malayalam. The majority of those who have returned Tamil as their mother tongue live in the Chittur Taluk. The Tamil speaking people in the remaining Taluks together comes to only 3 per cent. As in the case of Malayalam, Tamil spoken by goldsmiths and chetties differs perceptibly from the Tamil spoken by Brahmans. rrhe former is only an incongruous mixture of Malayalam words with Tamil verbal inflec­ tions. 72. Hindustani is returned by 2,341 persons "vho are Musalmans, Tclugn by 8,901, Gujarati by 1,312 anc1 Marathi by 3,013 Other Indian Languages. Ilk W 10 are {on ani BralmmDs. The language spoken by the majority of Konkani Brahmans is only a dialect of Marathi called Konkani. This dialect is spokon by 17,604 persons including Kudumi Chetties. 73. 580 persons or '06 per cent. of the total population have returned non-Indian languages as their mother tongue and 7 such Non-IndIan Languages. u languages have been re<.:Ol·ded. rrho nmnher of persolls who have returned" English" as their mother tongue has fallen from 412 in 1911 to

324 in 1921 1 while the Portuguese speaking people have fallen down from 237 CHAPTER IX--LANGUAGE, 58

to nO. The fall in the number 0' BIlglish speaking people is due to the reduction in the 13tl'ength of Ang]o-IndiFtns \vho number only 2,18J as against 2,446 in 1911. 74, A' certain amount (If literary activity is going on in the State, but progress has hitherto been slow, Public service and Literary activi~y, practice of law demand Bnglish edueated men; so also commerce and industry. Rieh liter3.ture in vernaculars has therefore very little attraction for the public. It is not even the accepted medium of higher education and it would be no wonder if at the next Census an Indian gentleman with his english-educated wife returns "English" as the language ordinarily spoken in the house. Correct statistics of literary production are not available as there is no provlfnon in the State for registration of books. Th~ introduction of such a Regulation in the State is now engaging the attention of the Government, and a draft Regulation has been publishdd for public criticism. SUBSIDIARY TABLE I. D~8tTibution of totaZ population by Language.

Total number of speakers Number per mille 1 Family Group Language Dialect _____ of thll population I of the Staie 1921 1911 'l --'-----3------4 --I 5 e 11-1 1--'-7-' I-----:__--- I LANGU~GE~ -~;--I;~~,---l----

Southern Marathi Marathi 3,1113 1,061 3 { Goanese 8 11 Konkani 11,604 21,153 i'~' Gujarati I Gujarati 1,342 1,06p I 1 1Rachchi 622 352 1 Hindi Western 46 121 I { Urdu 2 13 1Western Hindi •.. Hindustani 2,341 2,284 2

Canarese 3,772 4,152 ~ Malayalam 882,822 820,129 902 Tamil 57,574 55,231 59 Telugu 8,981 1l,2IJ4 9 Tulu 453 546 LANGUAGES FOREIGN TO INDIA.

Roman (Po.rtugnese 50 93'1·1 l. Spanish SPanish 16 J English • 412 Teutonic II Dutch * Northern {Hebrew "'1 ~ 27 .S Branch Syrian "-1 1253 2 ....S.. Southern} 1 III ~ Branch Arabic "', ! I__ ~a~'~;~~' __~'______:______----~------__~ SUBsmlARY TABLE 11. DisflributWtv by Zanguage of t"M pupulaOOt!. of B«Ch Takt,k.

NUMBER PER 10,000 OF POPULATION SPEAKING

'.taluk ------~------,------J Malayalam Tamil Konkani Telugu 1 Canarese t Hindustru,i T j Other , - I IlUlguage. ---"'-_ ------I -- 2 3 4, 5 {) --'1 fi ------[ --- -Cochin-Kanayannur ... , 8,961 317 492 I 7 --15 18 ItJO Oranganur ... 9,213 325 454 I '" 2 1 I) Mukundapuram 9,649 209 95 23 3 8 13 Trichur ... 9,650 25! 16 48 5 13 14 Tala-pilli ... 9,397 379 .., I 133 I 82 6 3 Chittur .. , 5,7'75 3,355 I 1 530 186 138 15 Mea.n tor the Sta.te '" 9,117 588 l lSI I 91 I 38 2« 12 CHAPTER X.

INFIRM IT IES.

75. Imperial r_}_'ablcs XII and XII~A give statistics of those afflicted ,vith infirnnt,ies of various sorts, and the Subsidiary Tables at the Accuracy of the retulll. end of the Chapter exhibit the main features in condensed forrp.s. As on previous occasions statistics relating to insanity, deaf-mutism, blindness and leprosy were recorded; but at the previous Census it was laid down that only those persons who were deaf and dumb from birth were to be .hown as de3Jf-mutes. At the recent Census, under instructions from the Census Commissioner, this limitation was done away with. Statistics relating to infirmities cannot be free from mistakes partly due to difficulties in accurate diagnosis and partly due to wilful concealment. An ordinary Enumerator can understand insanity in the violent form of mental de­ rangement, or insanity properly so~called; but idiocy is very often left out from this class of infirmity. The danger of wilful concealment is greatest in the case of leprosy especially when the leper is a member of a respectable family. In the case of children suffering from any of these afflictions the parents ma.y not be willing to recognise or reveal the disease. Enumerators also rather feel delicate to minutely question the parents regarding cases of infirmities in the family. The task of collecting reliable statistics is thus beset with innumerable difficulties. The machinery employed for the collection of these statistios is also imperfectly adapted to furnish the required data. The following instruotions were issued to Census Supervisor~ a.nd Enumerators in filling up column ,e infirmity".

U Aner the inmg,tes of a family have all been enumerated, the Enumerator should read out the heading of column 16 to the principal man and ask him if there are any persons in his family suffering from any of the infirmities specified therein. If his answer is in the affirmative, the necessary entries should be made a"ainst the persons afflicted. If any person be totally blind in both eyes, or Loth dea.f and dumb, or insane, or ~lUffering from oorrossive leprosy, enter in this column' blind', 'dea£-mutQ', 'insane', or 'leper' as the case ma.y be. Do not enter those who a.re blind in only one eye, or not both deaf as well as dumb, or ha.ve only white leprosy". 76. There is a Leper Asylum in the island called Venduruthy iri the Cochin back water of the Cochin-Kanayannur Taluk and a Lunatic l.. !:;l loll. Luutic u.,. Asylum in the Trichur Taluk. The locality for the Leper Asylum in the Cochin-Kanayannur Taluk was found unfit for the purpose and i'ts removal to Trichur is pending the COmpletion of construction of an up-to-date Asylum in an isolated locality in the Trichur Taluk near " Anapara". A Regulation for the compulsory removal of pauper lepers to the Asylum has been passed, but compulsory removal to and detention in the Leper Asylum are not yet enforced. There were 27 lepers at the beginning and 94 lepers at the end of the decade in the Leper Asylum. The number of lunatics at the beginning and end of the decade in the Lunatic Asylum were 15 and 13 respectively. Among the iusanes one Hindu female, one Christian female and one Christian male are blind and two Hindu males and one Christia.n fema.le are CHAPTBB X-B'PmKITIJI.s 06 deaf-mutes. Among the deaf-mutes one Hiudu male and two Christian females are blind. One Hindu male who is a deaf-mute is also a. leper.

77. The numbers returned as afflicted are shown in the margin, as COID- · pared with those returned at the previous four Censuses. Numbers and proport IOn T b . . ,. of Iloffiicted. he num ers afflIcted 10 every 100,000 of tn8 populatIOn at i. I . - -- each of these CenRuses &re given in Sub- Ye"r Insane Deaf.mute BlInd I LPpers 'd' T hI I Th . 1 ______I j SI l~ry a e . . c most ~mport~nt '---\-- I I i notIceable feature IS the ever-Illcreasmg 1881... 101:! i 235 i :"q~ I 148 number in each succeedLJg Census of 18fll ~1'3 \ 1197 'Hliri )50 11)01:::1 197 549 I h% i 3:U those who are rdurne1 <15 blin.fl, ~'rom 1 4C 1 19 1 I 4 C"C, ()Ol' 1~21 .',',1 ~2.:~98?1~ :,~},3o~'" ".:. 11',~850f. ... o~ lD 1:So )°1' It 1las 3,t t 1"19 1 :'jt Census ______'_. ______. ____ ------reached the figUH' cI 1,:':;riO ~~,),1 d[ this number 637 are femalep, :lInd 613 males. Both maIeR and females e~lgage themselves in ouG·door work in ever-increasing numbers, and thereby expose theInr>el \"(~.:; Lo heat and O'lare and dust ; this and various other causes must have contributed to the C" increase in those returned as blind. Exposure to smoke by cooking in illventilat- sd kitchens accounts for increased blindness among females. The increase among insanes mUf~t, to an a,ppreciable extent, be due to excessive use of alcohol and the stress and strain of life. The increase under deaf-mutism calls for no special remarks as at the previous Census only those who were deaf-mutes from birth were recorded as such; but as thi~ distinction wa.s now dOIlO away with, the in­ crease is only natural. Lepers also are on the, increase but !the increase is so IImall that it calls for no remarks. 7S. Numerically more insane ~people are found in Cochiu-Kanayannur Taluk but Trichur has got more deaf~mutes closely followed Infirmities by Taluks. by Cochin-Kanayannur. The blind are more numerous in Trichur and Talapilli than in any other Taluk. Out of 466 lepe~s in the State 255 are in the Cochin-Kanayannur Taluk, of whom 94 are the inmates of the Leper Asylum. This is, of course, a very high figure when compared with the number in ea.ch of the other Taluks. Putrified and deleterious food leads to leprosy and a good deal of putrified fish is consumed by' the lowe!-' classes of people· in this Taluk and hence the increase of this infirmity in this locality. 79. Out of 2,586 persons afflicted, 1,431 are males h!nd ] ,155 are females. In all except blindness, the males preponderate the feIilales Inflrmiti61 by Age and but in blindness the females are slightly in excess of malet4 Sex. there being 637 females to 613 males. The figures in th~ margin show the number of females to Number ol f.lIl&le. to 100 males atrli.Hd. one hundred males f!.fHicted. More in­ I ••ana 7. sane persons a.re found in the quinquen­ »eaf.m.te 15 Blind 104- nial age periods of 20-40 after which 3'1- LeI" their number is found steadily - on -the Tobl 81 decrease as a.ges advance. More deaf­ -mutes &re however. found between the age periods of 10-20, and more _ blind aore seen among the a.ge periods of 15-55. In the age periods of 70 and over ahe afflicted females considerably out-number afilicted males. ' SO. Table XII-A shows infirmity by selected castes and tribes. As the total of the afHicted is not very great it is not necessary to Infirmities by Castes, etc. 0 deal with each and every caste. ut of the ~81 persons aftlicted with insanity, 110 are Indian Christil1ns, 75 Iluvas and 45 Nayars. Among deaf-mutes also Indian Christians outnumber' the other castes. There a.re 156 deaf-mutes among them. Iluvas come next with 99 and Nayars with 52. Among the blind 282 are Iluvas, 269 Indian Christians and 231 Nayars. 157 Indian 56 VRAPTKR X-IN¥lHMl'l'JES.

Christians, 113 lluva.s and 'l5 N ay~r~; n,r,; i(~pers. It h;1S to be pointed out that Indian CbristniLls form the major,h of ~Lt' populatioll a.. lld that next to them come Iluva~. So these infirmitiu ;1F' llSlI:l,l1y in proportion to the total popu­ lation of rach community. Among l'111:1Y:U1s there arc 46 lepers and 88 blind. The 'T' ble prnREm~'l H, variety of fRrttW('!i awl it is not pos;;ible to offer any rea.son­ able explanatlor.R for this.

SUBSIDIARY TABLE I. Number afflicted per 100,000 of the population at each 0/ the last (I'Ve Censuses. --_._----;------

Insane Deal-Mute

Distri-n IODd ------1------,-- ______Natural Division Hal.. Females Males Females I "~~~t~~,~nd I , I I I 1 - --- I - - -_ -1- I I I[ 192111911(901118911881,1921/1911; 19011891188Y92Y9111901189111381(92Y9111901 ,891111Bl

1 -- -~-8 !-, \-~1--:--7---8 !---:T~~~~!-:-I~~ 14 -:--:-I~~)'~:)-:-\:-!

Cochin State'! .. ! .. I" .. /2' I.. "I .. iI 27 " .7 .. 77 .. 4' 47 .. I.... 117 oochin Kanayan- I nUt ... 53 40 .. \ .. 14, 32 26 17 41_i 39 158\4546 n c ranganur ... 28 6 439152 18 43 _.. 28 i 18 1 21 9 12 6 841 ll& },ifukundapuram . 37 23 lIE U 23 30 I ' 27 ~ 60 I 46 I 95 221 48 I !II li T richur ... 43 I 44 38 19 j 30 28 ~ 81 17 ,70 52 62 I 32 45 3_0. : 18 77141 l ;; T alapilli ... 34 1 :'10 27 27 26 81 1 23 49 45 '59 53 I 41 . 85 68 6V Chittur ... 31 18 55 30 \ 187 3 65 18 59,42 I \57\39\37 25 142 52 1 I 1 ,I \ I I 1

Blind Leper

District and ------NatUral Division Males Females Hales Females "Malabar and

,Konkan" 1921119i1'19011119118811921191111901i1B91118811'21i191111901189111881192111911 ]90118911881 ___ 1_J_I______I_I __ )_ ____ -'_I_l____ !

M W U I~\~!~l~ ~ " ~ w/oolm ~i~IM Mlool~ 1 ~ 1 Cochin State. 127 133\ 113 133 50 128 125 107 105 43 70 7)\571 66127 25 28 25131 21

Cochin-Kanayan- I nur .. 102: 108 I 88 45 78 81 55 38 \ 1391 123, 106 31 42 43 i 29 I 22 ~~~~~~:uram. !r~1 li~ !~:I~: 1~~1 1~*1 !g~1 ~~ g:i g~, 1~~1 3~ 21 ~~ 22 10 Trichur 161 183 191 37, 1691 1611 149 40 361 42 28 23 14 19 ~~ i ~~ \ TalapIlli 165 175 177 104 175 196' 126 74 66i 66' 40 30 29 241 29 ' 28 Chittur 89 98 114 241 120 102 12411 26 15i 36) 26 9 14 15 20 I) 1 1 1 1 1 \-----~-~~--~~------~------~----- Talukwar figures for 1901 a.re not available. -- CHAPTER X.-INFIRMITIES, 57 SUBSIDIARY TABLE II, ni3tribuUon of the infirm by age pel' 10,000 oJ each :,ex •

INSANE 1 I-- AGE I Male Female ~--,------:------1 I-~i-~i- :901 __~1--~-'---7'-1-::~-7'-

t:1g :": :~ --64 1-- "i82 "256 It,. 1':9~-- 1~ I ~~ 42€ 10-1[i ••. 235 IlJ2 273 256 119 73 213 15-20 ... 845 I 513 909 342 1 655 365 53~ 20-25 ... 939 1,090 1,182 598 J- 3,594 833 1,022 852 25-30 .. , 1,033 1,538 1,182 1,453 1,131 511 1,276 30-35 .. , 1,502 1,:n8 1,151 1,881' 952 1,605 1,276 35-40 '" 1,549 1,731 1,182 1,111! l,369 584 957 40-45 ... 986 1,218 1,091 1,453 1,071 1,460 1,489 45-50 '" 657 769 364 '" J 5,312 1.369 1,387 532 745 g~_~g ::: ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ 1:~97; ~~* ~~~ 213 1,489 Wo:n~~:~ ::: 8~~ I 7~.~ 7~.: ~~~ I '" 1,19.~ 1,2~.~ ------T~;.I-~ lo~iiO-l-lO,OOo- -10-:00;;- -'iO,Ooo-l-l0,0ool-lo~oo-l-1O-000- - 10~

INSANE-( cont i DEAF-HUTE ------" ------_----- AGE Female-{cont) Male Female -1'-I --1891 I------1881 1921 I 1911 I---- 1901--,---- 1 l;g~I~-;-~-\------10 I 11 12 I 13 i 14.... 'i 15 16 17

,0- 5 173 5-10 909 10-15 1,428 15-20 I,m li)1 1 IIII}} ::: 20-25 l'.~ ~: !:~ I t~~ \ ::~ ::~ 1,256 25-3a '''I 1,012 1,026 I 1,461 1,058 87.'5 1,428 30-35 1,771 916 I 730 807 1,042 1,169 35-40 ••• 1 l 3DO 1 354 i 659 674 705 \ 708 11 , 8B~" 40-411 ...1 149 45-50 346 433 bO-55 J' 5641 ..,'0 55-60 :~j:: i I 1* ii m '~.:: \r I laO 60 and over 833 I I, 73 393 557 875 J 1 390 ------T-o-ta-l--'.-..'j:- -10-,-000--:-10,000-j-l0,000 -1-10-,0-00-1- 1O~00 -,-~-,O-OO -,-lO;oo-l-io,oiiii-

I DEAF-MUTE-(cont) BLIND ---- AGE }<'emale-(contt Male 1

0- 5 ... 457 244 127} 261 21{l 197 124 :5-10 .. 6tH 1,09" 956 2,182 555 (;40 482 600 10-15 ... 1,111 1,219 764 734 G~O 592 787 15-20 .. 1,i38 1,504 1,783} 816 673 724 663 20-25 .. ' 1,438 732 1,083 3,545 620 4'i6 614 973 25-30 ... 1,43H 1,098 1,210 571 755 768 1,035 30-35 7S1 1,220 701 326 805 ti55 849

::-:: :.:: ::: 1 :::! :::} 4,273 ;;: ~:: ~:: 1,::; 45-50 .. 458' 406 .. _ 636 427 789 50-55 ... 523 I 366 573 701 772 1,009 1,077 E5-6Q. ... 65 .. , ,:... 620 608 5\16 60 and over .. , 523, 854 1,210 I 2,724 2,250 ,__:_O~\_ 1,656 I

11 -----ii~;:l=-w~OOI-70-:Ooo·-~o -: 10,000-1-10,00-0---1-0-,0-0-0'- 10,000 10-:000-1

------~.------~------CHAPTER X,-INFIBMITIES. ------SUBSIDIARY TABLE H-(cont)

Dis/dimtion of the znfirm by Age 1'[1 IU,i}{)U fiT I'Il('li M' { --( CCI! I)

BLIND-(cont) ______) ___L_E_P_E_R_S __ _

AGE -1!:1i I F=.I, I "",I,

______\1=~~_1_-':!~!----1~11 _! 190~ 1\~~~~::_II __ ~Sl_I-_~~-i --:_-9~-1_- ______--'- __26 27 28 i:29 30 31 3:2 __\ 33

0- 5 ... 1 i I 188 243 206 J 105 I 29 5-10 10-15 r- 1,776 ;:; ~~~ ~~~ I gg~ J2,247 6~: 2~~ 15-20 :::1 ~ 487 57:3 549 6'34 ( 618 753 20-25 L 3,619 518 607 R47 I 870 ~ :1,334 912 !J64 25--30 :::1 r 597 781 70U i 7\)() I 1.118 753 30-35 ..• J 706 799 GfH [ 1'95 ~ 1,147 1,144 35-40 "'11 675 660 SOl IOU i 824 1,235 79 40-45 ... I 850 85 l ~~~ I 947 L 4,41" 1,588 1,265 45-50 .. .. 4,b05 5 573 , OJ 735 1 fl34 50-55 ... I 863 955 771l i 1,391 I 1,029 U64- 55-60 ••. I 659 642 5J~ I I)! 647 00-1 60 and over 3,218 2,500 2,471 2,605 676 818 ______... J --___ ----""'-'--___ ------___I --__1. ____-- Total 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 I 10,000 10,000 I 10,000 I 10,000

LEPERS-(cbnt)

AGR MaIe-( cont ) I E'emalo' I------~,------~------~~------\ 1901 I 1891 I J 881 1 1921 1911 1901'] 891 I 1881 ------I---;~----;----3P----37----;s--·---;;;;----w----il--

0- 5 43 49- 5-10 173 42 t 1,250 159 1~; 3~~ ~g} 1,765 10-15 303 377 J 317 543 388 451 15-20 606 335 1 714 543 971 U!Jl} 20-25 433 711 ~ 4,000 I 1,349 698 1,262 511 2,941 25-'10 1,429 1,088 I 873 1,085 1,262 1,171 30-3u 952 1,255 35-40 1,08\< 1,171 ~ 1,~~~ i:~~~. ~~b 1'~Ii I' 40-15 1,212 2,385 I 4,'f50 794 1,085 i 874 2 342 It 45-50 053 .. ~ 1,032 698 485 ( , 90 5,294 50-55 779 1,297 I 714 698 I 1,068 I lin ! 55-60 909 ... J 556 698 583 '" ~ 60 and over 1,126 1,297 1,111 852 1,165 1,261 ------_---- -_ ..- Total .. ·l 10,000 I 10,000 I 10,000 I 10,000 10,000 10,000 I 10-;000-1 U;:-OO'O-

NOTE.-The figures for 1881 are available for the three age·periods of 0-15, 15-30 and 30 ana over only.

SUBSIDIARY TABLE III. Number a(fiictecl per 10U,000 persons 6/ each age and number OJ females afflicted pe7 1,00U 'fIUileb.

NUMBER AFFLICTED PER 100,000 NUMBER OF FEMALES AF- )1 ILLICTED PER 1,000 MALES AGE ---;n~:~- I Deaf-mute i Blind ~~r8 _ i-I I , ) I I I Ins<1ne Deaf- BImd Lepers \ ______~al~\_::al:\ M:_ Female \ Mal~ _ :~m~~ ~~~I~~u::' ___ I~~:_I ___ _!I ___ l 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I 8 i 0 I 10 I 11 {2 13

~-=lg ::: ~ I ~ ~~ 3~ I ;6 \i ~~ I ~ II "3: ~ggg 1 ~~g \ ~~~ 1eOO 10-15 .. , 8 3 61 M I 71 28 33 7 I 400 I 846 378 190 15--110 ... 39 28 88 63, 108 I 66 45 19 611! 732 620 429 20 -25 ." 49 29 83 61 I 93 66 76 II 36 700, (i;''3 868 548 25 - 30 .. 58 44 74 76 93 87 101 25 8(H I 11-,:J 1086 289 30-35 ., 94 44. 73 74 59 123 114 52 500 \ llHO :12.'>0 488 35-40 "'1103 78 56 30 131 145 87' 37 697 500 10M 393 40-45 ... 78 68 52 5'7 171 213 I 200 38 857 1071 I 1217 185 ~g-:~~ ::: 1~~ 1~* g~ ~~ 'I ~~~ ~Z~ \ ~6; ;g \1~~~ l~gg J 1~~Z ~~~ 55-60 .. , 95 67 35 29 330 403 r 191 67 G36 750 > 1105 313 60 dnd over... 93 82 10 3'1' I 867 842 llU 57 )1111 4500 \ 1228 609 -All ;,-;;-: 44-)--34-1--;;- --47- il~-ll28- -;0 -\--i5-i8ii-r&i6l-1039-I-i7i- CHAPTER XI.

(l!ST~~, TRIBE AND RACE. 81. Imperial Table XIII shows the distribution of the whole population by Caste, Tribe and RacA, which have been arranged alpha. General betically under each Religion, while Provincial Table Ap· pendix III exhibits their distribution by Taluks. Wrong entries either due to ignorance or mis-statement were found in many of the schedules, but as the Enumerators had been directed to show the name of the caste sub-division beluw the caste name, it was pos )ible, in the Tabulation Office, to correct a major portion of the mistakes committed during enumeration. The whole of this subject has been fully dealt with by M.R.Ry. Rao Bahadur L.K. Anantha, Krishna IyerAvL, the late Curator of the State Museum, in "The Cochin Tribe& and Castes" and a detailed handling of the subject in the Report is therefore deemed un;i.ecessary, The sixtyfour eastes of Malabar are comprised in the four-iold caste system or "Ohafhu-r Varnyam" of the Hindus; and to attempt to trace the history and origin of all these castes is to attempt the impossible. The origin of most, ~~if not all, of these castes is more or less involved in mysteries and traditions, and authentic infor­ mation is not availa,ble, though ethonographic enquiry has been gone into. A glossary of different castes found in the Table is, however, appended at the end of the Chapter. 82. Social precedence, caste rules and reetrictions and oaste Government The present condition of as they once existed or still exist have been dealt with in the castes. previous Census Reports. '}'he caste system continues to reign over the Hindu community a3 well as among other communities in the State though its rigours are considerably on the decline on account of the altered political and social conditions. The pressure upon the means of subsistence and the high cost of living, the inadequacy of wages in traditional [lJnd hereditary occupations, the unprofitable nature of village industries and consequent migra­ tion to urban areas and the preeent system of education in public institutions are all paving the way for the fusion of different castes or at least to account for the present tottering condition of the old social and religious practices and obser­ vances. The caste system is slowly but steadily made into the class system cf the west. The change is perceptible in towns and it is gradually permeating among the people in rural parts also. Caste trihunals have ceased to exist and if it exists anywhere its decisions are not respected. His Highness the Maha­ Raja is the final authority in all religious questions among Namboodiris and Ma­ layali Kshatriyas and Sudras in the Stat~. 83. The Subsidiary Table 11 gives the strength and variation since the ., last Census of the various cRstes. The castes with the Oompanson wlth 1911. I . "," , greatest strength are ndlan ChrIstIans (-260,317) ; next come Iluvans with a strength of 224,008; N ayars comB third, their strength being 131,054. [n point of numerical strength (69,423) the Pulayans take the fourth place. The Musalma,ns (Jonakas) and Tamil Brahmans come next with 56,018 and 21,836 respectively. While the Hindus as a whole bave increased by 5 per cent. during the decade, some of the castes show decrease in their strength. It is not easy to offer explanation for this variation. It is probably due to ignurance on the pMt of these people to differentiate their caste na.mes and probably to the 60 CHAPTER XI- CASTE, TRIBE AND RAOE. abnormal conditions which prevailed during the latter part of the decade which oper:l;ted :1<; a seVGro check to the natural growth of population. Consequent on the repres<"ntations marIe by the commanity, the term "Eluttassan" has been suhstltnted this time for "Kadupattan" of the last Census, with the a.pproval of the Government. CHAPTER XI ---CASTE, TRIBE AND RACE. 61

------~------SUBSIDIARY TABLE !. Castes class~tied according to their Traditional OCCltpe£tlOns.

Group and Caste. iStrengthji Grolll? ,tnd Caste IStrength \ 8-l'OUp and Cd.ote ,Strength ----·-;------1--;-1,------3-----~~--;-!:-----5---1 -;-

LAND HOLDERS (136) TODDY DHA ,YlmS AND 2,393.'I DISTILI,ERS (~2H) 223,406 Kshatriya MalayaJi Do. Others :2,393 IlllVftn 223,405 Nayars Sharum 1

CULTIVWORH ( 99) OIL prmssJoms 463 2,642 Agamudalyan 81 ChftklrMI 163 Kavundan 6,354 Panan 2,612 Pamyall 7,145 LEATHER WORKEna (1) 787 TRADERS AND PEDLARS Parayrm, Tamil 90 (11) 10,786 Muttiriyan Chah:iliya.n 438 Pulav.tll 69,423 ! BaDlyrt 336 'J'oIJrollan 319 Velhil.m 7 'I Bh.tttiya. 31 Chetti 9,163 LABOURERS (11) 1::::: \ EARTH, HALT, ETC., Komrttti 1 WORKREf! AND QUAR­ K",var.~ 260 I RIERS (lS) 17,634 Kudumi Chetti Vaniyan 995 Elnttl1~8an 15,197 FOREST AND HILL BARBERS (4) 4,217 Ott,l,JUlikau 2,437 368 TRIBES r Ambttttan 1,032 OTHERS ( 352) 344871 Kl1dan 274 Velakk,lttalavall 3,186 • .- MalR.yan 94 WASHElmE:-I (12. 11 ,617 Da.HI 270 FISHERMEN, BOATMEN, IdaiY,1l1 209 PALKEE-BEARER8, Vltnllan 2,038 Kl1kkalan 508 E!C. (24.) 23,686 Velan 6,232 Kammalall, Ta.mil 901 Veluttedan 8,847 Kavutiyan 603 Arayan 6,580 Kanakkan S,424 WEAVBRS (7) 7,178 l\Iukkuvan 89 Kurllkkal 10~) Chaliyan 2,003 l\Ia.nayar 5 Pondall 56 Devangan 370 ::Vludaiiv,u 6S7 Valan 9,507 Kaikolan 4,8C6 Naida' 6iO V,dluv.m 80 Nambidl 362 CARPENTERS (19) 18,555 HUNTERS AND FOWLE88 4,759 (6) Marasari 18,565 NanJanattu Pillai l:JG i Plllll1v,tll 1141 Vettuva.n 4,759 }IASONS(4) 3,571 Samautan 6\1 I Sudr,l l1UKpecified 362 PRIESTS AND DEVOTEES KaJla~ari 2,436 Tarak.m .-;00 (401) 4tt,HS Kallan 1,135

Embran 917 POTTERfol (1) 3,442 Tottivan 68 Gouda. Brahman 1,660 V:tdUkan 657 Konkani Brahman 8,080 Kusavao a,442 Vaisyan 886 Elayad 830 V,lhlchetti 37 BrJACKS:IlITHS (8) 8,029 i VllkUlup 1005 llfuttad 179 Nltmbudirl 5,42'1' KoHan 8.029 1 Tamil Brahman 21,886 Anglo Indla.n 2,lR2 Other Bl'Ithmans 1,189 GOLD AND SILVER European 66 SMI'rHS(7) 6,901 IndliLli Chri ~tian 200,3407 TEMPLE SERVANTS (8) 8,079 JOlukan 56 ,DIS 'l'att.ln 5,602 K.IL!l<'hi 73 Adikal 23 Pandlt>1tt,Lll 1,2\)9 Chakkivar 71 Chakkiyar Nambiyar 51 BRASS AND COPPER P'1tlt til 1,1()fj Chengazhi lIIamblvar 945 SMITHS (1) 1,066 B.:tvn~t.1n 6.';44 Kallattu Kurup 151 Sd.l\ :te[ 1:3:) Kanna,ll Shell; 2.0:10 :i\Iaral 1,4,17 l\Iom"trI BlaeT{ Jew 1,014 Nambiyassan 692 I Pisharodl 1,2~8 CONFEC'PIO~lms AND Putuval 891 GHAI:-'; PARCHRRS (4) 3.560 WhlL~ J~w Thlyattunni 80 ,Jain lOtI Ii] I Variyar 2,60D 3,560 OthCl, ... ';(j

NOTE '-Tho number given within brack€'t, ill:l;C,tt)~ the prOpJrtlOll p~r lUdIc to th" tot,ll popl1lfltioT

..... ----~ CHAPTER XI~CASTE, TRIBE Al)j1J liAUE.

------~------'---- z o c.:>o)l-COro 0":) M 0 r::- L­ M~O~c.? "d'It-C'QG'lcr:. C>C>O>O..,. ct:: -:-1 ...... C-J 0 rt' W CO!~ 0 eo 1:-- u.) .....-10':1 OCOWQC'-l OOr-lr;-qOC'll .to 0 <."t L- l-­ (.QC(-r-0 ~ C 4":) ~~'01__(£) ~,_r-I~-::1 ""1'1 C/) """O,-1O')'7'J ~O~lOrl C H rl ,...; >Q (.'l ~ F-< -1++t·+ ++ +1 I"i + ++-+i + +++ I I +++++ + i+++ --'=Z'--_~ ______

o rl + +1 +++ +

t-M (TJ 4"':) CI) rl 1::- ro 0'),--1 T"""I 1"""'1 t- C'I '~'l(1) T""'Icot-D":'Im O":l 0 l- C) C':>..q; 0.- 1:-10 o L-io~;"'ro eo. <::>.:... 00 ~~(C,~ ~(:qioCQ~ ~~~CH'" ~Q ~~ ,...; ..;< ~ CCl..-< '"" CO "" '"' "" - c

o O":lt-.:.ot-lQ O'Jet:lT"""fO':l-ql <.O~~O')cq t- "'1f~ C'l-.::tt lQ~r--IO (Q cq 0';) Oft CO ;... ~llg~roL"_ Co;'ooiob ~~~i-i- : ro 0':1 ~O 00 <0:".0 u-:. rl rll"""'l1""'11"""1 ,..., ,..., T'""1-.-t~C'l~ rl rl rl ~~~~~~ <:0 "'" + +++ .. + ++++1 +++++ +++++ ++++ -; +++1

~","_~c';'" Oo~er..~. j • I...... N~~~~ ~~g== - ...... '01' - -- -~ I I - ++++1 II +++ ++++1 ++++1 +++ I I + I I

-0 . '"t-

------.------_ f ~cq,.....~O g? Sail l?l8 uilO... eq.. ,...:;O ,...; '"'

Ul Z o ro p:; I ~ I

;g~8i;;:;l1 f"""it-CQlQC'I .;-r:; ~ ~ CC"' ,...;

:1;~t:lg'i~ l¢~lN"""'" -~ =.... i' ..... -=~tri ..-_- -.-.-.-.-:-....." ;--:------­ CHAPTER XI-CASTE, TRIBE AND RACE. 63

en CI) C'-l ~ .-4 h'j .....-t l'- t-:,CO 0... ~.... "" ""Xl ++-.-+ +.>+ -- +++ + +,'-+ + +1 ------

++ + I + + I-~---'---I-t--oo--,...,-'"' ------1 ~ ~~ :~~ \ ~ ++ ++ +++ + +++ + -+-++

..... -'--- c:D~,..... 1 ++1 i + + +1 ------1

----_------

.------

cc >C>,..... ,..., oca~ ,...,l..; o ..; .." Co>,..., 0:>,...,

.... ,.-<..-< .... 00<:.:> OCC"" r.O cr.i' )~"':l~

,_ -£ ~ -~ - . . .-~-:-:--.--.-, . .

Z H ~

------___:_------I 04 CHAl'TDR X_1-0ASTE, TRIBE AND RAC:E:. ------Glossary of Castes. Tribes and Ra.ces.

iTnoi-ll, [NCli(TDIUJ IN TABLE XIII.) l\oGe --The tirfllll',(,Jlt"INl aftc1'ulchnamf' I'l'vresentthe ~trengthoflhc caste. <\DIlL\ L (23 ·.--Onginally a cbss of Bl'[1hmans deputed to perform l'eligious rites in Bha­ drnkali temples. Thny therefore lost their origimtl status and now do V[1l'iOU3 temple services. Tbey follow tho 1ff1kbihflyam system of inh81'itance and their women are called _idiyammas. AGAl\IUDAIYAN (Hl).~A cerLaia cultivating class fouDd in the easternmost villages of the Cbittm T.tluk Then' lllotiler tongue is Tamil. AMB~\L.\ VASI (8,079) -Llterally mmms one who lives in temple;;. Their hereditary occupation is iemple servi.-:c They arc supposed to b(1 degraded Brahmans and the word is a f,oneric name for a Dumber of castes who are temple servant;" AM13ATTAN i.l0321·--T,1mil barbers . .\NGLO-INDL\'N (2,182 i.-Offimal name given 1,0 Europeans ef mixed Indian uescent. They were originally calleu Eurasians ARAYAN {5,581)).-~These are fic '1el'men'like Valttns. B,\NJYA (336) ~ Vaisya immigrants from Bomba,y. BEATIYA (SI).-Another trading C<1ste from Bombay. BLACK JEW ll,014). -One of the two division;; of Jews. BOR\ (49).-l\IUi:;;11man converts from Bombay. They are the only Shiyas found ill Cochin.

CIl.l.KKAN (463). ~One who drives ltD oil mill called "Ollotkku'· ..They are also called Vltlliyans. BHAHMAN (40,3fi8).-One ofthe four castes into which Hindus are dlvided_ OHAKI\UJIYAN (±38).-Leather 'worker;; of the Telugu caste. CHAKKIYAB. (71).--'rhese arc the offspring of allulterous Nambudiri women born after the commencement of t1lCI1' g1111t but-beforo r1iscovel'Y and expulsion from caste. Boys so born and invest­ ell with tho sacrf'd t l 'l'oad become Ohakkiyars and those not invested with sacred thread become CIH1kki} ,,1' N illn bi~ ltl s. 'fl16ir pl'o£esi:lion it; to narrate religious stories in temples and Ohakkiyar Nmnb1yars Leep tim" dUring buch recitals. The women of Ohakkiyars are called Illodarnmas and of the latter N angiyal'B. OHAKKIYAR NAM1:HYAR (51).-Vide above. CHALIYAN (2,003)_-Ootton weaver. OHANGAZH[ NAMBIYAR (945).-A class of Ambalavasis. CHETTI (9.1G') ;.-This is a titular or occupational term meaning tradal'. OHUNNAMBOTTAN (S).-A Telugu caste people who deal in chunnam. DASr i270l.--Devadasis attached to Konkani temples recruited from Konkani Sudras. DBVANGAN (37OJ.-Thesc are generally known as Ohetans mostly found in Ohittur Taluk and the eastern part of the Talapilli Taluk. Their agnomen is Ohetti. E LAYAD 183d).-A class of Malayali Bn.hmaus who suffered degradation either for offioi­ ating at the funeral rites of the Nayars or for their having freely partaken of the food served at the anniversaries of Nayuls. Their wemen are called Elormas. EMBRAN (917).--Tulu Brahman immigrants from South Canara. They are employed as priests in Temples. ELUTTASS,AN (15,197).-Tbis was originally a title given to the learned among Kadu­ pattans. All Kadupattans now assume this title and discard the old name by whioh they were called. Their occupation was to teach the Sudras. They were Brahmans originally; according to one story they were the residents of Katu Gramam in Ohola country. They were gained over to Budhism and wore bamshed by Ohola kings. After considerable hardship they reached Mala­ bar, but Valia Tumburatti of Ambadi I\:ovllakam. though gave them shelter, decided they had lost theIr ;;tatus, hence they were ca.lled Kadupattars being the Pattars (Brahmans) of Katu Gmmam. Another bLol'Y while admitting the Brahmin origin of these peopld says that they lost their status for having eaten Kadu-a kind of fish. GAVUDA (1,660).-A class of Brahman m.endicants. HANAVI (l55).-A Musalman sect. IDAIYAN (~09).-A shepherd caste from Tamil country. ILUV AN (224,008) .-These are called Ohogans in Ooehin and eorl'espond to Sbanans in Tamil Districts. Some of them follow Makkattayam while the rest follow Maiurnakkattaya.m la.w CHAP'l'EH XI-C'Af)'l'E, 'flU]3}} AXD HACl; 65 , . ------of SllccebSlOn. 'T'heir headman is c llle:l Thancbn apP:)lntec1 by His Highnmm the Maharaja. 'rhe Iluvl1l1s are sup]Jo';ed io he illlmigr,m ts from Cpylo,) \ ,JONAKAN (Sf5,018) -These 3.1'8 also culle(11IapPllas. These :116 Musalmans speaking MuJayala.m They are c1eSC011([a,lts of the oihl'lltlJ oi mixed union or CO!1ve:·ts from Hindus. They are nIl iSum,),s.

KAOHOHI (73). -:\ CL1,'lS of l\Iu-;nlll'an'l commonly known n,s I\achi,1\femons. I\AD·\J\i (274).---A hIll tnbe in Nelli.lYllpati'l n,nr1 Pa,l'alllhikolam. They may more appro­ priately he c:111ol1 Ve(lans.

KAIKOL ·\X (i,805 1• -·Herel1it,l,l'Y T,J,lDil weaver founa in Ohittur anrl Talapllli Taluks. KAKKALAN (.508).-.\ gIPSY tribe who'le bmales are profe%ion,tl ;)eggars. The majority of mnJes 2.1'0 m.1t-l11.1kers, ttGll bbe l',)'lt are Jug~len a'1l1 snalw-clmrm.ns. They are also called Kuranms. l{ALLAN (l,l:3:i).-A worker in gwnite. KALLAR C3'.---A Tt1mil C~tsto moaning a thief KALLASARI (2,436} -"A mason. KAIJLATTU KURUP (151).-A division of Ambalavasis. J\:\.:\f::' L.... L.\N (35,G 17 l.-A generic name [or the [l,rtisan c],~ss. They are all still eYlg:tgerl in their hel'erlitary occupatiollR. KANAKKAN (R,424). -A class of fishermen and boatmen. KANIAN OR RANISAN (2,393l.--Professional village astro16gers. KANNADIYAN (56).-Shephel'l1s and cattle breeders of Canal'ese caste. KANN AN (120).-These are Tamil Kammalans. KAVARA (260).- Professional basket-ma,kers belonging to Telu!;<1 caste. KAVVNDAN (6,354l.-A division of Kongu Vellabns found in Chittur Taluk. KAVUTIYAN :' 603).--The priests of [Juvas but inferior in status to Iluvas. KOI,LAN ( 8,029).-Hel'eCiital'Y blacksmiths known also by the name of Karuvans. KOMATTI (l).-A Telugu trading class. !{ONK'iNI BRAHMAN (8,080).- A branch of Saraswat sub-division of Pancha Gaudas. They speak Konkani dialect of Mahratti. They are immigrants from Konkan. , KRHATRIYA Il,64-g).- -One of the four castes into which Hindus are divided. They are grouped under four classes, Malayali, Rajput, Raiu and others. The first are known. as either 'Thampurans" Tampans or Tirumulpads. The Tampurans are members of the Ruling family: while Tampans are,those who lost their political power. The rest are Tirumulpads. Their women are oalled Tampurattis, Tampattis, and Nambashtaris respec~ively. ~heir priests are N:ambudiris. KUDUM;I CHETTY (lO,323J.-These are Konkani Sudras and Konkani Brahmans officiate as their priests. KURUKKAL (109).-A sub-division of Nayars. KURUP (903).-A division among Nayars and also a sub-caste of Kammalans. Thelatte:r are the priests as well as barbers of Kammalans. KUSAVAN ,3,442).-Pottel's. MARATHA (76). -A tribe speaking Mahratti. MALAYALI BRAHMA.N (6,436).-Elayad, Muttad and Nambudiri. MALAYAN (94}.-A hill tribe. MANA~AR (5).-4 sub-division of Nayars consisting origimiTIy of 2t 'families ami theleforGi known as lrupattinalu Manayar. MAItAR {1,447).-A class of Am'balavasis who a.re t~mple musicians. MARA SARI (lS,555).-Carpenter by pccupation. They are a cla.ss of Kammalans. MUDALIYAR (687).-A section of Vellalans· MUKKUVAN {89}.-A caste of fishermen: They are immigrants from 'C~ylon and a.re foun. _iefly on the sea·coast. MUSARI (946).-Bell.metal worker; a division of Ka.mmalans· MUTT AD (179).-Mala,yali Brahmans who suffered social'degradation the caus6.of which I. iitferently told in different parts' Their women are called Manayammas wh6 are ghosha.s like th. Nambudiri women.

MUTTIRIYAN (7).-A Ta.mil caste of eultivaters and village,_< • watchmen. CHAPTER XI-CASTE, TRIBE AND RACE.

NAMBIDJ (362).-A caste between Nambudiris and Nayars. They wear the sacred thread a.nd are said to be the descendants of certain Brahmans who were degraded for ,,,,,sassinatmg one of the Perumals. It is also the title of some N ayar aristocrab1. NAMBIDY KURUP (25).-See Nambiyassan below. NAMBYASSAN (592).-A class of Amhalavasi'l. They are abo called Nambiyar and Unni. Their women are called Pushpanis or Brahmanis. They wear the sacred thread. They are sup­ posed to have been brought to Malabar by Parasurama from outside alor,g WIth certain Brahmans. NAMBUDIRI (5,427).-The Brahmans of Kerala. Theil' women arc ghos1ll18 anlt are called Antarjanams or Akattammars. Only the eldest son among N ambudiris generally marry though there is no obJection for all male members to marry into theI!' own castes. The rich and learned and influential among them are called N ambudiripads. NANJANATTU PILLAr (136}.-These 3,1'e Tamil Vellalas long domiciled in the country. The males weal' MaId.) all dres,; while theIl' women :31'e';8 more like Vellala women. Thif> peculiarity can be observed in their marriage system also whi0h is partly TlLmil and partly Malayali. NAYAR (131,054).- The ll'ilitary class of olel .. Th<:le arc many sub-castes amOllg them, too numerous to be mentioned here. These distinctlOns are, bu\yever, rapidly dying out. Similarly there are various titles also among them, either C(lr..fcl·~·ed 01' a,;sumed. The middle class usually assume the title of "Menon" but" Nayar" is generally affixed to the name of the poor or illiterate. NAYADI U19),.--An animistic tribe living in tue outskirts of the Jungles. They are the dirtiest people hI the StltLe and ever\. PulaYi1s

PANDITATTAN U,299).-Tamil goldsmiths 1 PARAVAN (67) .--Chunnam manufacturer. PARAYAN (7,145).-These are the lowest people in the social scale. They are chiefly engaged as agricultural coolies though many among them make articles of bamboo and cadjan umbrellas. PATHAN (l,165).--These are Musalmans of Afghan descent. PISHARODI (1,228).-A class of Ambalavasif! whb are temple servants. Tradition says that they are children of a Sanyasi by a Brahman female whom be took as his wife. Another Tersion says that a Brahman novice who, when about to be ordained a sanyasi, ran away as he did ••1; like to take up that life and the children born to him afterwa.rds were called Pisharodis. PONDAN (56).-A sub-caste of Idaiyan. They are palanquin bearers of His Highne~s the Ib,haraja of Cochin, PULAYAN (69,423),-Tbese are field labourers who were originally sla.ves. They are a.lsG -called Cheruma.s. PULUVAN (114).-A set of professional beggars. PUDUVAL (891).-A division of Ambalavasis. RAJAPUT (16).-A Kshatriya caste from upper India. RAVUTTAN (6,544) -Mu'3alman immigrants from the east coa.st. REDDI (ll).-A cultiva.ting ca.ste of the Telugu country, They are also known as J[appus. SAIYID (139).-The highest sect of Musalmans. SAMANTAN (59).-Nayar aristocrats who consider themselves to be superior to the ordi­ Rary Nayar!l in ca.ste. T:t;adition says that they were originally Kshatriyas and being afraid of Pa.rasura.ma, the destroyer of Kshatriyas, they renounced their caste observances and migrated to other countries. Subsequently they visited Malaba.r and requested Ohera.man Perumal to restore them their Kshatriya status. Cheraman Perumal then classed these people as Samantas. Some­ aay these are the offsprings of N ayar females with Kshatriya males. SHABI U,140).-A Musalman sect. SRANAN (l).-A Tamil toddy drawing caste. CHAPTER XI-CAf?TE, 'rRIBE AND RACE. 67

SHEIK l2,095).---A Musalman tribe. 'i'AMI:" BRAHMAN (21,836).-They are also called Pattltrs to distinguish them {rom Nambudiri Brahmans. the Brahmans of Malabar. TARAKAN (800).-Tamil Sudns who are a trading ClaSb_ They are found only in the Chittur Taluk. Rome of them have begull to take the tltle of "Menon".

TATTAN (5,G02).-Goldsmith. They arc R (ltvision of Kammalims THIYYATTUKNI (SO)_--A divi~;ion of Ambalavasis who are to perform ceremonies called Tiyyattem in Bhadrakali Temples. Tlwy n,re albo called Tiyyn,t.tu Nambiyals. Their WOllJen art! called Pushpanis or Brahmanis. TOLKOLLAN (349) -KammaLms who work in leathel'. TOTTIYAN (5tl).-A Telugu cultivating caste. ULLATAN (413) --A hill bibe. They are below Pulayans and Pa,:~yans III SOCI II scale. V ADUKAN (657 ;,-BaliJas ,mel Kapus are often called bv this name inTn,mil and Malayalam countries. Strictly speaking it ie not the name of a caste. VAlSYAN (886).--On8 of the four Hindu C[1stes. They are mostly Komattu; and Baniyas VA LAN (9,507 ).-Fishermen and boatmen. Mukkuvans who are a sub-caRte of Arayans a.re the priests of Valans. VALACHETTI (37I,-"\'a1a" in Malayalam meJ.ns a bangle, and hence the word mea.ns one who sells this article. Thcy belong to the Balija class. VALLUVAN (30).-They am the priebts of Para.YJ.llS. VANIYAN (995).---Konkani V:tisyans They wear the saJred tbre.l.d. TheIr priests are ca.lled Panditam. VANNAN (2,038). ---Also callod M::mnall. Thoy are Tamil washermen. V ARIYAR (2,600) .-A division of Ambahwa'lis. Their women are tlalled Varasyars. VELAKKATTALAVAN (3,185).--Hereditary qarbers to th0 Nayars and other caste- Hil1dus. They resemble Nayars in their dress and customs. VELAN (IJ,232).--A class of washermen but inferior in social scale to Velutted.Lns. VELLALAN (4,587).-A cultivating Tamil caste. VELUTTEDAN (3,347).-Hereditary wa.shermen to the Naya.rs and Dther caste-Hindu~ They resemble Nayars in their dress and customs. . I VETTUVAN (2j,,759}.-Agriculturallallourers Q~d' collectors of forest produce, VILKUOOP (1,005).-Same as Tolkollaus; but these were iI). old days engaged in maki'1g h

------CHAPTER XII.

OUeUPATION.

84. 'fhis Chapter is an important one, and the tables will show at a.

IntroducLlOll glance how people are eaablQd to exist and support them­ selves; but the questions as to oceupatlOn or means of Ii ve­ lihood are ei,ther incorrectly or carelessly answered. Detailed instruction:.; were issued to Supervisors and Enumerators in the matter of filljng up columns relat­ ing to " Oceupation" and the few mistakes which crept into the schedules were corrected, before sorting, in the Tabulation Office. The arrangement in the table is slight,ly different from the a.rrangement at the Census of 191 L 'fhe actual number of occupations this t,ill1e is 191 as against] 69 in 1911, aDd the scope of the information has been widened. 85. The Statistics pertaining to this Chclptel' are embodied in Imperial

Ref:renco to st;~tlStlCS. Tables XVII to XXI, and the Subsidiary ~rables given at the end of the Ohapter will show the sa!ient features of these statistics. 86. Occupations are divided llltO four classes and club-divided into 12 sub­ classes as in 1911. Those are again divided into 56 orders as against 55 in 1911. These. orders :1.fe again sub-divided into 191 grou))s in all, as against 169 in 1911. 87. Ta.king the four Classes of occupations recorded in Imperial 1_'able XVIl, it is seen that the cbss A (jJroduction of raw materi- Strength of o

Occuplttion of females. and a few such are given in the margin. There are however several occupations from which women are completly shut Males, Females, out. But this is not a peCUliarity con 1. Fibres (cocoanut &c.) ... 9,120 15,838 fi d t h St w - 2. Rice pcunders, huskers ne 0 t e ate. omen have begun & flour grinders ... 9a8 9,145 to share the duties and responsibilities 3. Washing, cloaning, &c. ... 2,537 3,282 4. Sweepers, scavengers, &c,... 214 1,568 of the stronger :!lex, and ere long it may 5. Midwives, vaccinators, nurses, &c. ... 100 166 be confidently expected that females 6. Beggers, vagrants, &c. ... 591 707 will be found in all walks of life. 89. Agricultural popUlation consists of CUltivating and non-cultivating

Agricultural popultttion, land-lords, cultivating and non-cultivating tenants, agents, or managers &c. of landed estates, farm s~rvants and field labourers and growers of agricultuml products. Agriculture is the main stay of the people and out of a total popUlation of 979,080, this profession supports whether as actual workers or dependents, 491,517 persons as against 463,074 in 1911. At the last Census" Agriculture" was held to include orders 1 (a), (b), (d) & (8) whereas in the present Census, it is made to cover only Qrders 1 (a) & (b). The State is 'elDsentially an agricultural country, and the advancement of CHAPTBH XII-OCCUPATION. 69

------~--,-~~~----~~~~- inc1ustries i~~ more or less bounel up with development of agriculture. The increase in the agricultural popu~fLtion during 'ehe decade is 6·1 per cent. 00. Ont of a tobl lllllnber of } :30,03:2 males anu 7:3,09 I females who are l:tgric111turibts, 11,("i16 males unu :-3,'H5~ females have returned SQ]",dur: occnp'ttlOn of b . -. t' 0- f' 1 ' f) 8 t .Lgl'icultumt". sn sldl:.1ry oecupa Ions. t lese, nearly •.: pf'l' con. ::..re cultivating tcmmts and 1'0 per <:ent. are field labourers. 'fhe figures in the Imperial 'rable XV 1 JI ('Subsi(llal'Y occnpatioll of Agriculturists" cannot be I cgarded as a Sl~re b~tsis for general romment as lIlOSt of these so called subsidiary ()~cupations fl1'8 1lot fo11o\veo throughout the year and add but very little to the scanty income from agriculture. 91. Industrial occupations come under orders G-18, groups 25- 103. r_I_1extiles (order 6) have no entries against 7 of the 14 groups into which Lhis order is clividec1, 'while out of 50,636 the total strength of the order, '42,173 come under group :;0. The making of cocoa,llut fibre and ynxn is a paying industry esppcinJly for women and children while engagAc1 in household work. \Vhile there were 39,510 persons engaged in this industry in 1911, their number has now increased to 42,173. Trw dependc'1ts under this group has also increased from 15,072 to 17,215. ~~1!_g_:1,!~d weaving, chieiiy as a cottage inilnstry, has 11 strength of '1,287 as :1g3.1nst 6,rj]6 in 1911. All these industries, under textiles. together support 5'2 per cent. of the totflJ population.

Out of :1 total strength of 43,52<1 under food industries (order 19) 16,920 are rice pounders and huskers and flour grinders, while :24,65;.) are toddy drawers. Uncler ceramics (oreler 10) potters and earth pipe makers number 3,302. Order 1::3, "washing, clea,ning [Lnd dyeing" supports 9,026 or 47'2 per cent. of the total strength of the order.

f)2. 'l'his sub-ebss is divided into five orelers accordillg 0,::; the transport is by air, 'vater, road, rail or postal, telegmph and telephone Tunsport. services. Transport by a_ir has no clltriAs against it and is likely to remain so for years to come. Of the other four mC1t_ns of transport, that by road (order '21 ) supports 10,971 while that by water maintains 6,901. Transport by rail (order :d2) employs '2,18:), These are all railway employees or labourers employed on railway construction and maintenance, &c. On account of extensive waterwa,ys and good metalled roads, the State affords ample facilities for transport by water ::1nd road. The uevelopment of the Cochin Harbour, when it becomes an accomplished fact, \vill considerably increase the number supported by "trans­ port by water and road". Post Office: Anchal Office, Telegraph and TeJephone services come under "transport" or<1er 23. 'rhese maintain 1)068 persons including dependents. 93. On account of its geogmphica,l conditions, the St3;te enjoys consider­ able facilities for trade and commerce. The facilities will '1'r"do be better utilised with the development of the Cochin Harbour 1921. 1911. which has beon taken in hand. The 1. Rtnks, establishments of ere- commercial population of- the State, iit, &c. 4,931 4,424 ~ 2. Trade in textilei 6,058 ::',646 including those engaged --in transport 3. '1"

H4. The avocations included in this class consists 0f those engaged in public administration, religion, law, medicine. instruc­ Public ~dmmiRtratlOn & liberal arts. tion and letters, arts and scien:3es. Persons who get their means of subsistence, by following theso avocations are few. Ali told, their total strength comes to f)H,448 or n per ct"'ut. of the total population. Public administratioll including army and police hitS a total strength of lB, S01. Religioll lll(tllltains 9,2G'2; while law, medicine, instruction and letters, arts and .sciences tcgether maiutaill 35,C92 as against 19,916 in 1911, thereby giving an increase of 79'~ per cent. The strongest of the order is '. instructiou" 'which supports '20,067 as against 7,417 in 1911. This large increase is only to be eXI)E>cted where literacy is so very widely prevalent.

~h. This class (D) illcludes persons living principally on their inc;ome, Jomm;tic service, general terms which do not indicate a defi. , Miscellaneou'4. nite occupation, inmates of jCLils, asylums, and alms houses, beggars, vagrant:-' and prostitutes and other unclassified non-productive industries. The strength of this class as a whole aggregate 70,141, U,R against 75.443 in 1911. A portion of this large reduction is under "beggars, v&'i4rants, etc ," wbieh is a sic;n of the State's prosperity and her advancement in civilisation. Of tl;ese, 34,1=148 or nearly half are dependents. Among'~ labourers and workmen otherwise un­ specified" the dependehts exceea. thE; actual workers. 96. Imperial Table XIX has not been prepared as there an' few cases of mixed occupations in the State. 97. Imperial Table XX shows distribution by religion of workers and de­ pendents in different occupations while I rnperial Table XXI .,n~!~!~lOn by religion gives the occupation of certain selected castes. The Hindus fOfm about 66 per cent. of the total population and this in­ crease influences the numerical strength under various occupations; but in res­ t,lect of chemical products, furniture, transpol't by water, brokerage, commission a.hd export, trade in textiles a.nd in a few other occupations, the Christians pre­ t;»onderate. Imperial Table XXI gives information in regard to 45 selected castes and it is interesting to note the marked extent to which traditional occupations are being deviated from. An castes, whatever their traditional occupations may be, scramble for land. Among Brahmans who are to minist.er to the spiritu3tl needs of the people, only 858 or 94 in one thousand are returneo as following their tradi­ tional calling. The remaining have taken up agriculture ('268), trade in food stuffs (l29), public administration (99): lav,' US), and medicine (10). Nayars who are military and agricultural are mainly cultivating tenants and field labour­ ers. In one thousand::>6 are engaged in building industries, 24 in public a.dministration, '7 in law, 6 in medicine, and 23 in domestic service. Jndian Ohristians who are not hampered by religious prejudices are found in almost all walks of life. Of the agricultural population '2.-3'6 per cent. are Christians: while in one thousand actual workers of this commnnity, four are engaged in public a.dministration, ten in instruction and four in medicine. Among Iluvans whose tradition:1l OCCUpU.t~Oll is todd] drawin,~, 487 in one thousand actual workers folluw agriculture) 4'2 in building industries, two in public administration, one in law, fiye in medicine and seven in domestic service. ArayanR, Chakkans, Kanakka,ns, Kns!1vans, Velakkatahwans and Veluttedans appear t() have very little Clel',lYtcd from their traditional oc(')upations. Coming to illdustries, Kam­ waIam; f(ll1ll C'J,'O per cent of those wLo '?ork in hides. Of ~hose ,,,ho work in textilt::s, Chrid ians form 4.5 per cent. arid llu ya-Il1l 25 per cent. Among workers in CHAPTER XII-OCCUPATION, 71

wood 29'7 per cent. are Kammalans, 20'4 per cent, Iluvans, 4'7 per cent, Nayarst 11'5 percent. Parayans and 12'7 per cent. Indian Christians.

98. Group H10 "procurers and prostitute::; " is blank. The occupation is, no doubt, a degrading one a,nd the worst of procurers and prostitutes are not likely to admit this occupation as their means of livelihood. It is proba.bly due to this roason that a few prostitutes who can be found in the State have not returned their occupation as such. 99. Notwithstanding deviations from traditional or hereditary occupa­ tions the metnbers of such occupations "till preponderate thf'ID to a certain ex­ tent· 100 Imperial Table XXlI, part:,; I to VlI and Subsidiary Tables I to VHI at the end of the Ubapter embody the result of Indu- Specml mduscnal Census strial Survey conducted along with the Census of the popUlation There are lO9 Industrial concerns ill which at least 10 persons are empbyed. Out of 8,32J hands employed, 6,711 are wales a,nd the rest ielllaJes. Of these, 1,:)9:3 llla,les aud 96 fornales a.rc skilled laoourers. Among the latter, 11 are either Europeans or Anglo-l11dians rtml the rest J ndians, Out of the total number of hands employed, 4J8 are engaged in supervision and 296 in clerioal work; the rest 3,re ordinary labourers. Distribntt'J by age 7,669 are above 14 ye::trs of age and 65:3 are below that age. Of the latter 252 are girls and the rest boys. 38 industrial ooncerns are managed either by Europeans or Anglo­ Indians, 27 by Hindus, 3:2 by Ohristians, 10 by Musalmans a.nd 2 by others. Mechanical power is used in 44. 72 CHAPTER XII-OCCUPATION.

PART A.-Occupation-General.

SUBSIDIARY TABLE 1. General d,sl1,bulwn l'll occupaiw71.

)'11HC[:);,'l' \CT<: 1', F\ \CH 1':1 )lHFH ,'1'!: 10,COd OF L'L ~"s, hl'H-CL.bS \XIJ l'ERCEX- I I TO'l'.\L 1'0PCI,A'1I0); , OUDBH 0.1<' 'I'AGE OF I' I I DE PEN- !-- - --, ------_-- DENTS TO CLASS, SUB-CTJASS AND ORDER. Per....,OlJ:-i Actnal I' ALt u'll ' ,~C'l'lTAL I suppcrted I WOd;:':ls \.Olker"' DepOildento I WORKERS I : I I '-'~3---I--- .~------'------1'-1 i 2 5-'--(----;;--1 - A. Production' 0 1 raw materials. ... 5,239 2,181 42 58 140 I. EXPLOITATIO N OF ANHIAL AND \ V1l:GITATION. ... ::;,23\1 2,181 ell 5H 140 1. Pasture and agriculturc ... 5,097 2,113 41 59 141 2. E'lshmg and huntmg ... 142 68 48 52 110

II. EXPLOITATIO N OF 1IIINJ1:RAIA"...... 100 ... _.. 3. Mmes ...... 100 .. . 4. Quarnes of hard rocks ...... I. 100 .. . 5. S?lt, etc...... , 100 .. . B. Preparation and supply of materlal ::;u bstances. ... 3,448 1,602 46 54 115 III. Il>;Dn-lTRY .,. 2148 1, 113 52 48 93

(l ToxLdlS .. , !iIi I 80G UJ 41 (;9 7. }l](lc" ' (~,Jl- j\ll .. l (1 ,11),11('~( u.:;, ... 4~ 22 49 51 105 POO(11l1du .... t:]( h ... -JAr; 213 48 52 109 11l(11~-tr:('c., (\ i t1 f) areB'-< ell1t1 the t.ollct :9) 10D 56 44 80 FnnlltnJe 1llclu>-trics ... 2 1 59 41 ',0 BuJJdll-g II j(:_U....,tl1L'h lS~ 98 ... 54 , 46 85 l'(,D'~tl:"1<. t I( 11 of 1118[1n'-4 vf h.lf1~'pOlt 4 :! {)7 43 75 , " PlodlH tl()ll :ll1d trulhllll:-":-"Ion of " p}1,....,ln: 1('IUK Ibcat,llght, clcctl'l- ut", 11lutl \ C 1'0" or, etc) -. ... 01 I 39 64 (Ii hf'r nllHCe lLll'eoLls alld nncldined 1 industl'lc, - laD ()0 4G 54 115 I , IY, TH.\J';!;]'O,l'l ... 216 \lG 45 55 1:21

~q. TLlll'P'llL I)"\ ,111 ...... , ...... 20. Do water 71 dot .J.\l 51 lOG '" I I :J1. l)() 11:! l'OeLd .. 48 43 67 I 1;13 ~.!. Un J:llJ .. 22 ]0 I 44 56 I 125 :2"-3 p(")'::;t nt1Lc(', LP!"C:1 "'ph aNd telepbone belVICef> ... 11 4 36 I 64 175 Y. TR\DE. ... 1,084 .., 1 36 64 176 24 B,tnkb, esta hli"hments of credIt, ex- ch'lnge and llt,;urance ... 50 21 41 59 14.2 25. Brokerage. ('OllllTIlSSlOU and export .. 4 ~ 48 .'i2 110 :26. Trade 1n tC'l hlel-- ... 62 26 42 58 138 ~7. 'l'rrLde 1n sk inh loat11l'1' fLlld iuro , .. ::5 2 34 6e 195 ~R. Do wood ... 13 5 35 65 187 ;2'1 no nwtah ... 3 1 31 69 223 30. 1)0 pot tery, bncks

------~ SUBSIDIARY TABLE I-((J1l~.) General distributton by occ·Kpation. ------PERCENTAGE" " IN E-I.CH lSUi\ll:lI~R PER 10.000 OF CLAS". "UB-CLASS PERCRN- \ TOTAL POPULATION AND ORDER OF TAGE OF DErEN· CLASS, SUB-CLASS AND ORDER I ' DENTS TO Ddt .'eTCAL _ I ~upportedP"w~ I w.orkers.<0'''' workor~A,t,,~ I open en s WORI{ERS I

,------1------1---~ --1--3---1--~--1-~-----·-f)--

43. Air force r ,.- ...... ···1 6 \ 41 44. Police ..., 15 I 59 145 VII. PUBLIC ADMINI"TRATION. ... 1 113 35 I 3] 69 224 I I i5. PublIc administratIOn .. I 113 35 31 69 224 I I VIII. PROFESSIONS AND LIBERAL ARTS .... / 4159 171 I 37 63 IG!) 46. Religion ... ll5 41 44 56 128 47. Law ... 31 11 I 34 6G 1()4 48. Medicine ... 57 21 .36 64 178 49. InstructIOn .. 205 77 37 63 167 50 Letters and aIts and science~ ... n 21 30 70 236 D. Miscellaneous. ... 716 359 50 50 99 IX. PERSONS LIVING ON THEIR INCOME. 18 6 33 m 206

5L P~rsons hving principally on their Ineome ... 18 6 33 67 206 X. DOMESTIC SERVICE. .__ 78 39 50 50 99

5~. Domestic service ... 78 39 50 0 99 XI. INSUFFICIENTLY DESCRIBED OCCU- PATIONS. ... 507 !39 47 53 111 5e. General terms which do not indi- cate a definite occupation ,.. 507 239 ~7 53 III XII. UNPRODUCTIVE. ... 115 75 65 35 53 I 1 54. Inmates of jails, asylums and hOB- : I pitals .. .' 3 3 108 ...... 55. Beggers, vagl'ant~, prostitutes _.. 14. I 13 93 7 8 56. Other unclR.ssified non-productive I I ------industries. -----. ------,------... ) 9S I 59 -----60 ------1-----40 66 I Total ... r 10,_ I 4,358 44 56 129 74 ('HAPTER xU--OCCUPATION.

SID IA'RY TABLE II.

Number per 'I ' Number per mille of ~otal II : mille of total \ ]'''l)ulatlOll i populatIOn '\ OccupatioL: ',npl'ortcd \1 OCcl1p,ttion \ supported I m the I in the ___ ;_~~~m St~:I\ ______----=-I':~Chin State" \_------, 2 1 2 ---~----_]------~----~------_ ----.~...::::-- " \ A. PRODUCTION OF RA Vi II IV. Transport 22 I 108 'MATER1ALS ••• 1 524 II V. Trade ;: Trade in food sLuffs 61 I' ,j Tritde In tcxtlles 6 1. Expllilitatlon of animal ana Vel­ I gitation 524' Other Lrades 41 Agl iculture 501 PastUle 2 C. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION l!'ishmg aud hun t mg 15 AND LIBRRAI~ AR'I'S 60 Others 6 II. Exploitation of mmaml, VI. Public force 2 VII. Public admIlllstratlOn 11 B. P:REI'AR,ATION AND SUPPLY I VIII. Profession and liberal arts 46 OF MATERIAL SUBSTANCES ... 345 I I D. MISCELLANEOUS. .. i 71 I [ndustry ...\ 215 III. · . tl . . \ 2 :::'extile indu~tricb •• 1 61 IX. P er,;ons 1IVJng on WIl' 111001118 "'I Wood mdustries . I 46 X. Domestic serVIce .. \ 8 Metal industries 11 XI. Insufficiently described occu- Fooli industries ::.1 4,), pations ... , 51 Industries of dress and the 20 XU. Unproductive ... 1 11 Other industries tOl~.~:11 43 \

SUBSIDIARY TABLE III, Dtstr~butwnoft/w a',}ricultU1'al, t!ulu~trial, commerc~al altd prOfeSSI.01~al pOl!ul"twn in Natural DivtSWlt8 and Districts.

Agricultute industry (inclUding mines)

Percentage on Percentage on agricultural industrial popula­ District and Natural popUlation of tion of DivIsion

"Malabar and Konkan"

Cochin State

Commerce ProfessioDS Other occupations

District and Natural DiVISIon "l'\falabar anJ Konkan"

------180 6'.1 4.4.,944 I 46 37 63 069 108 5'.l 38 I I 105, 1 I I I "\ CHAPTER XU-OCCUPATION. 75

SUBSIDIARY TABLE IV.

Occnpatlons combined with !JJjncultul'e (where aqllwlfl€1e lq the subsidlarv oGCuprt/lon).

Number per mille who are OCCUPATION partia.lly agriculturists (Cochill State)

-----,------,------~------._------1 2 ------~------

A. Production of raw materials. 14

I. Exploitation of animal and vegitation 14

Pasture and agrlcultme 13

Fi>hing and huntmg 20

Others 9G

II. Exploitation of mimtrab

B. Preparation and su~pl~ of :material substances. 35

Wood industne~ 52

:Metalmdustne~

Food industrIeb 40

Industries of drc" and the toilet 29

IV. Transport 21

V. Trade 47

Trade in food stuffs 56

Trade in textllcs 5G

Othor trade, 31 1 I C. ~ublic' admmistration and liberal arts J I VI. Pu blic fOlee .. ·1 VII. Public admimbcra.ti(l111 SG '''1 61 VIII. Profession, "nd lIberal .1ft" '''1 D. Miscellaneous. 30

'IX. Persoll3living prlllcipall~ (Ill their mC1lDC 2\l

X. Domestic servictJ 10

XI. Insufficiently descrtl;ed occup.ltiom 40 ______XII. Unproductive -----____....I---- __11 --__.___. Total 76 CHAPTER XII-OCCUPATION.

SUBSIDIARY TABLE V.

Occneatwn combtned with aijllC1lltll1P (whele aa' tCulilllc oS the pnnclpal nCcullatwn).

------~------~------I Land lords (rent receivers) Cultlvatols (rent payers) I Farm servants

Non-cultIvating land-owners 26 NOll-cultlV.1ting lalld-owners 1 cultivating land-owners 0ultlVating land-owners 1 CultIvating land-owners 1(J Non-cultlvatmg tenants 1 Non-cultivatmg tenants 93 Cultlvat1l1g tenants Cultiva,tmg tenants 11 Cultr'Uating tenants 169 Agents, mJonagers of landed Frcl:lli1bourers estates (not planters), clel'k~ Agents, mtlers 21 Cardamom. betel leaf, veget­ etc 10 Growers and sellefs of veget­ ables. frUIt ,lnd Mecanutjl08 Cardamom, betel-leaf. veget-l' .1ble oil, salt and other con­ sellm B abIes. frUIt, ani arecanutI dllnent" 2 sellers 60 Sellers of mIlk, buttor, ghee, Grain and pulse dealers 8 Gram ourl pubc de(llers lI 37 etc. 1 Dealers in hay, gmss and De<11ers in sheep, goat and Cflrd<1mom, betel-leaf, veget­ fodder 5 pIgs l 1 l1Wes, frUIt alld arecannt De.11ers in ha}, grass and I seIler'; 2 Shop-keepers otherwise un- fodder 5 Gr

SUBSIDIARY TABLE VI.

Cccpatwlt of Jemales ~?I slIb-classes, and selected OJ'deT'S and groups.

------__ ------____ ------____ ~------o I I NUMBER OF ACTUAL 0 ;0 d:) z \ woo~~ ;o~ ;=§.~ I Occupation -:S§ ~if] 8S O 1------CS 1\Iales. I Females. Z.§ ;:-

---;;------;:-1--- 2 ------I---3-----j ----4---I __ -----

r. Exploitation of animals and vegita­ tion 138,922 74,587 537

1. PASTlJRE A)

1 Income from rent of agricultural land 12,089 2,512 208 2 Ordlllary eultIvators 58,278 17,11:)4 295 4 F>trm sen-ants 809. 335 414 [5 Fleld labourer,; 4g,886 fjO,785 1,013 6 Tea. coffee, clllchona, rubber and mdlgo plan­ tations 992 R59 362 Fruit, flower, vegetable, betel-vIne, arecallut, etc. growers '" 7,020 1.8g8 270 9 'Wood cutters, firewood, lac, catechu, fubber, etc. collectors and charcoal burners 1,706 261 15'! 14 Herdsmen, shepherds, goatherds, etc. 1,070 161 150 2. FISHING AND HUNTING. 5,612 1.002 1m 17 Flshmg 5,580 1,002 180 II. Exploitation of minerals II:::. Industry 66,574 42,371 636

6. TEXTILES 11,668 18,281 1,567

26 Cotton spinning 22 67 3,045 27 Cotton sizing and weavmg ~,113 2,051 a71 '30 Other fibres (cocoanut, aloes, flax, hemp, straw, etc.) D,120 15,838 1,737

8. WOOD 15,'146 5,052 321

Sawyers 4,32g 23 5 44 Carpenters, turners and joiners, etc. _ 7,321 1."3 21 4543 Basket makers aJ;l.d other mdustrIes of woody r materials including leaves and thatchers and bmlders working wlth bambC'o reeds or simI­ lar materials 4,096 4,876 1,190 9. METALS 4.393 703 160 48 Workers in iren and makers of implements and tools principally or exclusively of Iron 3,316 577 174

/ l(). CERAMICS 1,\)59 742 319 55 '/ Potters and e:uthern pIpe and howel lllaker~ ] ,567 678 433 11. CHEMICAL PIWDUCTS PROPERLY SO CALLED AND ANALOGOUS. 1,450 6D5 47g

61 Manufacture and refining of yC'gctable oils 1,372 6a5 507 12. FOOD INDUSTRIS 11,075 880

n5 RICe pouuders and huskers .lDd flour grinders 93S D,IJ5 g.749 74 Toddy drawers- D,605

13. INDUSTRIES 0]" DRESS AND 'l'HE'l'OILET... 5,838 4,814 77 rrailors, nllllincrs, dresg nlakc!R, darners, embroiderers on hnen 1,208 aOG 750 80 'Washing, cle'tnmg and dyell1i( 2,.j37 :3,282 1,2Q4 81 Barbers, hair dressers and wIg makers 1,871 G07 :32,1

15. BUILDI~G INDUSl'RU<:S 8,93a 677 76

87 Stone cutters and dressers 3,801 n2 17 88 Brick layers and maSOIl, 3,504 253 72 18. OTHER MISCELLANICors AND UNDEFI:-

SUBSIDIARY TABLE Vl.-(cont,)

Occupation of InHales by sub-classes, and selecte~ orders and qroUj)S.

<5 NUMBER OF ACTU AL I Z WORKERS OccupatIOn ~ :Males , Females I -1------·---2----·---~ --'----3--,- --:z----I---- 5

1 V. Transport 9,205 213 \ 23 20. TRA~ISPORT BY Vi' ATElR 3,333 17 5

110 Boat owners, boatmen and towmen 3,157 7 2

21. TRAlS'SPOllT BY ROAD 4,511 196 43

113 Owners, manager~ and employees (excluding per&onal servantR) connected with mechani­ cally driven vehIcles \ includmg strams) 29 V. Trade 30,449 8,062 265

24.. BA~KS, F.ST.~BLISHlIIENTS OF CRI

121 Ba;uk managers, m:>ne~- lenders, exchange and msurance agent8, money changers and. broker" and theIr employees . 1,306 731 560

25. TRADE IN TEXTILES 2,518 23 I) 123 Trade in piece goods, wool, cotton, silk,· hair and other textiles 2,518 23 9 32. HOTELS, CAFES, RESTAURANTS, ETC. 3,160 1,380 437 129 Vendors of wine, liqu::>rs, [erated waters a.nd ice. 1,813 926 510 180 Owners and managers of hotels, cook-shops. sarais, etc., and their employees 1,347 454 337 33. OTHER TRADE IN FOOD-STUFFS 17,llM 4,970 286

131 Fish dealers 3,101 1,271 410 132 Grocers and sellers of vegetable oil, salt and other condiments 4,04.0 605 134 150 Sellers of sweet-meats, sugar, gur and molasses 316 366 1,158 135 Cardamnm, betel.leaf, vegetables, fruit and are· caunt sellers 4,C70 516 13G 110 Grain and pulse dealers 4,0.:l8 1,317 326 4.0. TllADE OF O'l'HER SOR'l'S ... \ 2,242 471 ilO 152 General ~tore·kcepers and shop-keepers otherwise I unspeCIfied ... 1,867 161 86 vr. Public force 975 VII. Public admmistration 3,171 250 79 1G1 Ser\ice of the State

VIII. Professions, and liberal arts 14,460 2,248 155

46. RELIGIOX 3,315 740 223

168 Temple, buri",} or burning ground service,~pi1- !lum conductors, mrcumcisers 1,995 532 267 4'l. MEDICINE 1,731 ~91 168 171 :Medical practitioners of all kiuds inoluding dentbts, occuhdts and veterinary surgeon~ 1,631 125 '17 ! M). INSTRUCTION 6,572 951 lA5

173 Professors and teachers of all kinds 5,242 951 182 1 50. LETTERS AND ARTS AND SCIENCES 1,801 26G 148 178 :Music composers and masters, players ou all 1 I kinds of mnslcalmstruments(not military), singers, 'tetors, and dancers 704 182 259 I I IX. PerEons living prinCipally on - I their income. 562 27 48 t)HAPTER XII-OCCUPATION. 79

BSID!ARY TABLE VI-(cont.)

Ocwpatiol~ of females by sub-classes, and selected. orden and y,·oups.

NUMBER OF ACTUAL o

X, Domestio service .. '\ 2,244 1,608 717 52. DOMESTIC SERVICE ... 2,2H 1,608 717 181 Cooks, water carriers, doorkeepers, watchmen and other indoor servants ... 2,076 1,60S 776 r Xl. Insufficiently described o.cupa.- tions --- 16,705 I 6,685 400 53. GENERAL TERMS WHICH DO NOT INDI- CATE A DEFINITE OCCUPATION ... 16,705 6,685 400

185 Cashier~, accountants, book koepers, clerks and other employees in unspecified offices, Wltre- houses and shops _.. 2,880 133 53 187 Labourers and workmen otherwise unspecified 13,021) 6,5d2 501 "'1 I XU. Unproductivd • ..1 5,640 1,722 305 55. BEGGARS, VAGRANTS, PROSTITUTES --- 59l 707 1,19G

189 Beggars, vagrants, witches. wizard~, etc. ... 591 707 1,19~ 80 CHAPTER XII-OCCUPATION.

SUBSIDIARY TABL'E VII.

Selected o~cllpaLion3 of 1921, 1911 and 1901

------~ o POFL;__'.I.1:lUN SUl'rORTED 1:-1 PERCENTAGE OF Z VARIATION BETWEEN 5 UC('l' l' A T rON o 11)11 1901 II 1\)21 11011 Itnd!1921 !Llld 1921 I and 1901 1901 6 1911 1 --4--1--5'---[--£ -I-~ ---;--

SUB CLASS I -E:S:PL01T.\_TION OF ANI­ lIB.Lt> .\_ND VEGETATION 512,941 483,904 433,883 + G \+ 12 + 18 Order I.-Pasture and agriculture 499,039 470,607 421,290 -I- 6 + 12 + 18 1 In(Ol~lC from rent G; a.;:(, icuHth'ill l.1wl 62,61[> 62,143 14,084 + 1+ 341 + 345 2 Ordlllal Y cultl-mticn :d20,027 208,822 192,072 +- 9 + 15 3 Agc:1ts, 1l1:-UJ.l"gC1S of llllrl(.1 esLliLIS (not 5( planters), C1Cl1-..'3, rent collcctord, etc. 1,827 10507 1,aGG + 21 I­ 23 - 7 4 } .... d,l'In se.cV

17 Fl~hil1g 1.3,852 13,261 12,5S0 1,-, 4 + 5\++ H, Huntmg 50 36 Ie 39,+ 177 285

SUB CLASS U.-Exl'LOIT.\.TIO)! Ol!' ;\IlNER.4.r.S 7 I 17+ 100 (+ 133 Order 3.-Mines 2 6 3 67 + 33 SUB CLASS Hr.-INDUSTRY ... , 210,264 192,851 172,002 + 9 + ': 1+ 22 50,636 48,825 39,684 8 of 28 Order S.-Textiles ... + 18 \+ 26 Cotton spmning 131 i 27 Cotton ~lzing and weaving 7,287 f 6,626 6,243 + 12 + 6 + 19 29 Rope, twino and st,rln" 857 6M + 25 30 Othor fibres (co(',oan{';t, aloes, flax, hemp, I straw, etc.) ••• 39,510 83,415 7 18 + 26 12,17: \ + + 37 Dyeing, .bloachi,,'g. prmtmg, preparation and spongmg of t,ex:tiles ... 1 26 + 100- 96 )- 92

Order 7.- -Hides. skins and hard materials 'from the animal klngdomj 1,302 1,179 272 + 10 + 33 + 379

S9 Tanners, CU' rriers, leather dressers a.nd dyers, etc. . .. 72 1 268 + 'Z100 - 100 - 73 , 4Q IIfakors of 1JmthN :wtic1es, such as trunk,;, W<1ter ha gs, saddlery or harness, etc., cxdudlIJ g ",rtlClcK of dre&& .•. 1,210 1,177 + 3 Furriers and persons occnpied with fcmthors and bnstle, I; brush m::1kors .•. 8 4 + 100 42 Bone, ivory, I :lorn, shell, etc., workers (elooepu \ button) ••• 12 1 4 -}. 1100 -- 75]+ 200 ()rder S.-Wood 44,760 43,232 iO,598 + 4 + 46

43 Sawyers ~ .. 14,561 t 41 Uarpente' ea, turners, joiners, etc. ~ •• 17,204 ! .80,217 81,369 + 5 + :: C 10 45 B::1sket nJ.akers <"Ud other llldustries of woo (ly nl'Lter',als, inoludlllg leaves and thatche'1's and h-crjJders workmg wlth bamboo reee. '.6 or slImlar m.%terials 12,995 13\015 9,229 ... + 41 + 41

Order 9 . -Metals 10,325 9,277 8,500 + 11+ 8 + 20 48 -Workers i,l iron and makers of ill:tplements ,and tool» prlO,cip::1lJyor exclusivel,y of iron 7,052 7,343 6,714 ++ 8 + 9 + 18 40 \\'olkers 11:1; iJr&&1S, copper and bell metal ... 1,822 1,425 1,513 28 + 6 + 20

19 20 o .rde r lO.-Ceramicl ~ 4,227 4,196 3,512 + 1 + + 55 Potters a~d earl ihcrn pipe and bow I makcro 3,30:3 3,100 1,772 - 3 + 92 + 86 · CHAPTER XII -occurATION, 81

SUBSI.DIARY TABLE VII.-(cwt). Selected occupations of 1921, 1911 ancl 1901.

POPULATIOI-; SUPPORTED IN I l'ERCEN1' \GE 01" i oceu):> AT ION 1-----,-----""1---- 1 V.\'HIA~'ION nE~wEr;N I 1921 I 1\)11 1901 I 1921 11911 andl1921 am1i I I 1 I and 1901 I 1901 I I 1911 i ! -----2------;--1--"4--1 -5-1----1--~·-\--8 -I I 6 Order ll-Ohemical prod~--- I l T----[' ----1---[ properly so-called and analogous. 4,400 I 4,192 7,093 \+ S - 41 - 3. 61 Manufacture and refining of vegetable oils .. , 4,101 I 3,936 I 6,873 1+ 41- 43 - 40 Order 12-Food industries \ 43,524 40.211 48,253"" 8 - 171- 10 65 RICe pounders and huskers and flour grinder"i 16,920 15,2:10 19,539 '++ 11 I 22 13 66 Bakers and biscuit makers ••. 1 382 1',6 98 1 117 + 80 + :.mo 67 GraIn parchers, etc. • .. ' 30] 224, 700 + 979 68 Butchers 506 4G7 4~i it 3~ :;: 3 + 11 69 Fish curerS ~n 8 + 2'38 71 l\fakcrs of sugar, n1.olasses and gur 51'3 47!J 304 + 7 + 58 + e9 72 Sweet-meat ll'lkers, preparers of ji'llll and condImeuts, etc. 7 15 - 53 73 Brewers and distillers 24 5 77 + 380 94 69 7~ Toddy drawers 24,653 23,303 27,593 + 6 16 11 Order13-Industries of dress and the toilet 19,127 18,438 17,718 + 4 + 4 + 8 77 Tailors. Inllhoners, dre~" nlakers, darn~;~\ and embroiderers on linon 4,106 3,!J51 3,6\0 + 4 + 9 + 13 78 Sh::Jc, boot ,md sandal m1.kcrs ... 21\0 !J9 940 + 153 89 73 80 'Vashing, cleanmg [lnd dyeing "'1 \1,026 7,738 .... 4 -+ 12 "- 81 Barbers, hair dressors and Wlg m ,kers 5.551 4,307 + 3 + 24 + Order 14.-Furniture industries .. . 179 42 + 36 + 214 + 326 17,767 Order 15 -Building industries .. . 11 8.524 + 31 + S' 188 86 EAeav.. tors and well sinkers 1~:~~ \)0 78 66 31 20 + 55 88 BrlCk layors and maSOllS 6,800 1l,8i:l I 7,906 1- 43 + 50 H e9 Decoratorti, paulters, tilers, plwnbers, etc, ... 2,113 1,129 I 224 + 87 ,+ 404 + 846 I Ord~r 16-Construction of means of transport - 341 65 165 + 425 10 + 107 Ordef17-Production a.nd trans­ mission of physical forces lheat, light, electricity, motive power, etc.) 11 +1700 Order lS-Qther miscellaneous and undefined industries 13,e58 7,7d5 6,683 + 75 '. 16 + 104 98 Workers in precious stones and metals, ena.­ mellers, imitation jewellery makers, gild­ ers, etc. ... 9,052 7,145 6,115 + 27 + 17.... 4B 99 Makers of bangles or neeklaoes of other ma.­ terials tha.n glass and makers ~f rosaries, lingams, spangles and sacred threads 69 32 78 + 116 12 102 Contractors for the disposal of refuse, dust 1- 59 etc. 14l 103 SWeepers, scavengers, etc. 3,7011 2,981j 868 + 2{ 1++ 232 -I- 4.10 SUB CL!.SS IV.--TRANSPORT !l1,HI9 1B,856 18,250 -J. 12 3 + 16 Order 20-Tra.nsport by water ... 6,901 6,773 10,221 1+ ! 1- M 107 Ship owners and their employees, ship brok­ ers, 8hip~ officers, engineers, mariners and. ) fire-men ••. ~ 212 ,t08 48 \+~ao300 )+10500 lOB "Persons \ othet than labourers) employe a OUI 2 \~ the mamtenance of harbour, docks, stream rivers and canals (ihcluding construction) 25 18 \I 305 '1- 39 1- 1;19 - 90 110 Boat owners, boatmen and tow men 6,410 6,347 7:914 l-i- 1 - 0 - 19 Order 21-Transport by road •• 10,971 10,850 7,810 + 9 + u+ 57 111 , Persons (other than labourers) employed on the construotion andmaintena,nce of roads and bridges 30'l} 36 _ 112 Labourers emplo)'ed on roads and bridges _._ 1,391 1,458 9,287 16 113 Owners, managers and empl.yeea (excluding 1+ personal servants) connected wlth mecha.­ i nically driven vehicles (including trams)... I Do connected with other vehicles. 7,56S 4,569 1 + 16f- 65 \ lH I 82 C-C.\PTER XII-OCCUPATIO~.

SUBSIDIARY TABLE VII,-(c01~t). Selected occupations oj 19,?1, 1911 and 1901.

POPULATION HUPPOR.TED I" PERCENTAGE 0)" VARIATION BETWEEN 0,_ CTPATION 1 ""-- 1921 I 1911 1901 1921 1911 and 1921 and I and 190: 1901 I 1911 ------:~3 ~i-4-1--- 1 5 I 5 7 8 _------~------. I 1 115 Palkl, Qtc., bn'tre;,or..; •.. , G51 993 tiO 34 - 1+ 1555 1+ 990 Order 22.-Transport by rail .,.1 2,189 1,301 491 + 68 + 165 ,+ 346 118 Railway employe~8 of all kinds other tball I I coo]jes '" 1,4G~J 1,287 491 14 + 162 + 199 119 Labourer;; enlploycd on raIlway construe­ 1;- twn and mrtintonance and eoolies and porters employed on milwClY premIses ... 720 ... ]+5043 ... I Order 23.-Post office. telegraph and telephone services 1,068 732 528 + 46 + 39 '+ 102 120 I Post office, telegraph and telephone selvice'l 495 .,. 120ai Anchal service 573 } 732 5 28 40 .,. 39 1+ 102 SGB CLASS V.-TRADE. 10G,150 105,WI 90,186 + 1 + 17 1+ 18 Order 24.-Banks, establishments of credit, exchange and insurance 4,931 4.424 3,022 + 11 + 46 1+ 63 121 Bank managers, money lendpl's, exchange iLnd insurance agents, money chan gel'''' I and brokers and their employees I 4,931 4,424 + 63 Order 25.- Brokerage, commission I and export ... 401 255 320 25 122 Br:)kers, cenlnllbsjon agents, COlll1nercial travellers, ware-house owners and employees 401 320 ". 57 20 + 25 Order 26.-Trade in textiles 6,058 5,646 6,877 + 7 18 12

123 Trade 111 pIece goods, wool, cotton. "nk, haH and D_ther textiles "'1 0,058 6,877 Order 27.-Trade in skins, leather 18/= " and furs 489 5::: I 295 84 1+ 66 124 Trade in skms, leather, furs, feathers, horn, etc. 489 541 295 81 1+ GG Order 28.-Trade in wood 1,307 1,305 1,2115 + 5 + Ii 125 Trade 1Tl wo"tl (llot firewood) cork. b1rk, I bamboo, thatch, etc. ] ,307 1 ,flO':' 1,241' + 5 5 Order 29.-Trade in metals 278 321 I 13 Crder 30.-Trade in pottery f bricks and tiles 389 217 1.420 + 79 I 85 1- 73 127 Tra.dl' In po Ltery , hci('!~s and tile<.; 217 7!1 85 - 73 Order 31 -Trade in~chemical I products 851 842 ,+ 994 +1005

12'3 Twc1c jJ1 L ht'mical procluf'ts (drug'. dYe». paints, petroleum. explosives, etc) I 851 iH2 " + 1 + 994 +1005 Order 32 -Hotels, cafes, restau­ rants, etc. 10,336 7 9,690 10,047 + 4 1+ 3 129 Velldor:;, or WIno, hqnors. aeratod wa.ters 6,5.14 G,203 n,410 + 5 34 l- 31 a.nd lce 1:>0 Uwners .111(1 11ldnagcls of hctel:-;, cook­ shop':!, l-:.ara,lP, f~tC., and thEir 0111- plc)\ ce" '~,802 3,487 607 1+ + 474 + 526 Order 33.-- Other trade in food­ stuffs 59,865 59,573 58,763 + 292 + + 2 131 Fish a"dll'Ts 12,391 11,842 9,948 + 5 + 19 + 25 132 Groeers aud sellers of ypgeLable oil, sdlt :tntl other condiments 13,898 14,742 21,202 6 31 35 183 Sellels of milk, hutter, i(h~e, poultry, egg~. etc, 1,625 1,:311 42 + 24 -1- 76 134 Sellers of sweet-meat", 'ugar, gur and molasses 2,595 3,842 3,164 32 + <>1 18 135 Cardamom, betel-leaf, \"cgctahleg, fruit . I ~ )'- and arecanut sellel'; 13,258 11,347 12,222 7 ~7~ ++ 136 Grain and pul~c dealers 13,251 13,813 9,132 + li -t !8 137 Tob:tcco, opium, gan,j,l, etc., ~ellern_. ______!,_408 1,340 045 + g .----~------~~--~~~~~~ m:APTER XII-OCCUPATION. 83

SUBSIDIARY TABLE VII.-(cont). Selected ocmlpations of 1921,1911 and 1901.

o POPULATION SUPPORTED IN PERCENTAGE OF Z VARIATION BETWEEN OCCUPATION ~ 1921 1911 19-0-1-1 1921 !1911 an~ 1921 and o ~I~ ~ -~---II----'-- ---2----·------:1----3-- ---4-1---5--119~1 I '7 8

--1-3-8~--D-e-a-I-er-S-'-'n--Sh-e-e-p-,-g-oa-t-s-a-n-d--p-i-g-S------.-••~----3-2-9~11-----4-5-9~-----1-00--~I~---7~\+ 359 '+ 229 139 Dealers in hay, grass and fodder '" 430 I' 5G3 589 - 24 - 18 - 38 1 Order 34.-Trade in clothing and I toilet artlcles '" 157 336 930 - 53 - 64 1- 83 Trade in ready-made clothing and other articles of dress and the toilet (hats, umbrellas, socks, ready-made I '- shoes, perfumes, etc.) '" 157 336 930 - 103 - tH _ 83 Order 35.-Trade in furniture '" 1,111 1.537 896 - 28 + 72 \+ 24 If 142 Hardware cooking utensils, porcelain, crock~ry, glasswliLrE', bottles, articles for gardening, etc. 480 592 551 - H) + 7 I Order S6.-Trade in building 1-_ 13 materials 1,753 1,585 3,210 + 11 51 45 143 Trade in building materials other than bricks, tIles and woody materials ] ,753 1,585 3,210 + 11 [ 61 45 Order 37.-Trade in means of 1- . transport '" 766 797 299 + 156 144 Dealers and hirers in mechanical '67 transport, motors, cycles, etc, '" 28 ·r 145 Dealers and hIrers in other carriages, eartH, etc. _.. 689 146 Dealers and hIrers of elephanta, ca- ) mels, horses, cattle, asses, mules, etc .... 49 797 299 4 + 167 + 156 Order 3B.-Trade in fuel 2,130 2,043 904 ..,. 4 + 126 + 136 147 Dealers in firewood, charcoal, coal, ••• cowdung, ebc. 2,130 2,043 904 + 4 + 126 + 139 Order 39.-Trade in articles of . lu.x;ury and those pertaining to leV ters and the arts and sciences ... 1,961 1,118 18 + 108 HS Dealers in precious stonE)s, jewellery (rea.} and imitation), clocks, optical instruments, etc. I 1,067 642 592 8 149 Dealers 1U c'}tnmt)n bangles, bead necklaces, fans, small articles, toys, + 80 II huntinv and fishiDg tackle, flowers, etc. 4 346 192 80 + 110 Order 40.-Trade of other so:rts '" 1,3367 15,214 936 - 12 +1525 + 1328 r 1~2 General store keepers and shop keepers otherwise unspecified '" 1.2,038 14,450 776 154 Other trades (including f,HUlers of pounds, - 17 +1762 +1451 tolls and markets) :377 166 145 + 127 + 14 -l- 160 SUB-CLASS VI -PUBLIC FORCE .•.•.. 1 2,437 1,740 763 + It- 128 + 219 Order 41.-Army 954 576 700 + 66 1- 18 +_ 36 156 Army. 576 '700 + 6G '- 18 + 36 ;Order 44.-Police 1,483 1,164 63 + 27 r+ 1747 +2254 159 Police 1,483 1,164 .63 ;- 27 !+1747 +2254 SUB-CLASS VII -PUBLIC ADJfINISTRA'[,!ON 11,067 ) 10,045 -,... 10 I 8,648 1+ 16 + 28 ) Order 45 -Public administratiO~': 11,067 10,045 8,648 + 10 1+ 16 -I- 28 ! 161 Service of the State 107 71 22 + 51 221! 162 ServlCe of IndIan and ForeIgn St'1te:> R,401l \ 8,355 8,513 + + 386 163 I MUlllCipal ttnd ether local (not Vllhge) + 1 - 2 - 1 serVlce 616 400 113 16i Village offiClals and serva,nts other th>tn + 54. + 254 +- 445 I watchmen •.. 1,942 1,219 + 59 SUB-CLASS VIIl.-PROFESSION AND I LIBERAL ARTS •.. 44,944 30,571 24,960 + 47 + 22 + 80 Order 46.-Religion 9,252 10,648 9,785 5 l(i5 Priests, ~blliR(ers, etc. 2,844 3,367 166 ReligIOUS nlendJO&nts, inmat€s of mo­ 2,699 I - 16 nastries, etc. 211 155 155 I:::F~ + 86 CHAPTER XII-OCCUPATION.

SUBSIDIARY': TABLE V.-(eont.) Selected occupations of 1921, 1911 and 1901.

POPULATION SUPPORTED IN PERCENTA,.GE OF VARIATION BETWEEN OCCUPATION 1921 I 1911 1901 1'21 11911 andi1921 a.nd ) I and 1901 I 1901

--1-'1:---.------2------1--;~=~==-4~~~·_;_!1-_-~-_-5~~~.,~~-1~9_:--1_-_1--;--,--8--

16'1 Oatechists, reader", church and Inission I I I service ,,864 1,332 235 ,_- 13~, ++ 4~,7 1_+ 268 168 I Temple, burial or burning ground service, • . I pilgnm conductors, CIrcumci~orR 5,333 6,462 6,028 12 \ Order 47.-Law "'1 3,057 2,163 1,106 41 + 96 + 176 169 , Lii>W,.lers of ,,11 kinds including ktZb, law'" agents and mukttiars I 1,947 1,157 95,1 68 + 21 + 104 170 Ln.wyters' olecks, petItIOn writerh, dc. ::: 1,110 1,006 152 10 -I- 562 + 630 Order 48.-Medicine ···1 5,622 4,881 3,770 + 15 + 29- + 49 1'11 Medical pra.ctitioners of all kinds includ­ ing dentists, occulists, and veterinar) surgeons •••I 1 5,055 4,451 3,493 27 ... 14 172 Midwives, vaCCInators, compounders, nurses, masseurs, etc. 567 430 2'1'1 I: : I: 55 + 105 Order 49--Instruction 20,067 1,417 4,810 54 + 317 In + 1'13 Professors and teachels of all kinds 16,1841. 1 r 1'14 Clerks and servants connected with edu­ cation 3.883J I 7,417 4,810 + 171 + 54 + 317 I Order 50 --Letters and arts and sciences 6,946 \ 5,455 5,489 + 27 + 27 1'17 Authors, edItors, journalist". artIst", photographers, sculptors, >lRtrollO­ mers, meteorologii'ts, botani~t", as­ trologers, etc. 2,215 1,70S 1,221 + 30 + 40 + 81 178 Music composers and masters, players of all kiuds of musical instruments (not ! military), singers, actors and dancers ... 2,793 3,061 2,626 9 + 17 + 6 SU13-CTJASS IX.-PERSONS LIVING ON THE1R INCOME 1,802 1,129 3,822 1+ I .. 69 50 Order 61.-PersollS living princi­ pally on theIr income 1,802 1,129 3,622 + 60 69 - 50 180 Proprietors (other than of agriLultnral land), fuud and scholarship holder,.; and pensioners 1.802 1,129 3,622 + 150 69 50 SUB-CLASS X.-DOMESTIC HERVICE ... 7,670 5,573 7,698 + 38 38 Order 52.-Domestic service 7,678 5,573 7,698 ... 38 38 181 Cooks, water carriers, door keepers, watch­ men and other indoor servants 7,237 5,061 7,392 + 43 30 2 182 Private grooms, coachmen, dog hoys, ete .... ,302 512 306 67 1 41 \+ SUB-CLASS XI.--INSUFFICIENT­ LY DESCRIBED OCCUPATION 49,413 66,192 48,874 25 + 36 Order 53.-General terms which do not indicate a definite occupation 49,413 06,192 48,874 2S' ... 36 + 2 IB4 Manufacturer, businessmen a.u(l r.ontrac­ tors otherwise unspeCIfied 1,817 956 399 + + 185 Cashiers, accountants, book keeperB, clerks 355 and other employees in unspecified offices, warehouses and shol'~ 7.920 5.148 3,457 + + 129 187 Labourers and workm(,n otherWIHe un- specified I;, '"'" u .; 39,652 60,06S 44,818 3£ + 34 - 12 SUB-CLASS XII.-UNPRODUCTIVE 11,256 2,547 3,336 + 342 24 + 237 Order 54.-Inmates of jails, asy­ lums and alms houses 288 157 297 + 83 47 3

188 Inmate~ of jaIls, asylumns and '1lms hou~es 288 157 207 + 83 47 3 Order 55.-Beggars, vagrants, prostitutes 1,402 2,390 3,039 21 54

189 Beggarf., vagrants, wl~ches, wizn.rdf4, etc. 1.402 2,390 3,039 21 Order 56 -Other uncassified non-productive industries 9,566 191 Other unclassified and lOon productiyc industries 9,566 ------r------~------~, ______CHAPTER XII -oceDP A'£ION. 85

SUBSIDIARY TABLE VIlI. OCC'ltpatlon of selected castes,

I Number I I Number per 10001 Number por 1000 Number workers, ot fern"le workers of female ea~te and occupation engaged 'I workers I Caste and occupation engaged workers on e>tch per 100 (I f en each per 100 occupa- luales I males _! ------1------1-~~-1--;;--- _____l __ ~ __ ~c~:~~[ 3

Hindu. Brahman, Konkani-(cont.) J'.IedIClne ... 1 14 I AmbalavaSI- InstructIOn 7 Ordinary cultivi>tlOn 204 429 Letters aud arts and sciences 2123 I 2~ Growers of special preducts Domestic service 37 6:.!d and mtLrket gardenmg 55 8'3 Other oocupations 187 11 Food Industries 24 341 Banks, establishments of credIt, » B,nJl/lnan, othe},,>­ I exch"nge and Insuranoo 25- 36 Ordin'uy cultivation 375 Other trade in food stuffs 18 38 Growers of special products Pubhc ",dmInIstratlOn 29 and market gardenIng 7ti 14 Rehgion 364 11 TextIles 1~ Law 17 Food mdust6es 23 35 Medicine 16 Banks, establIshmonts of credit, InstructlOn 37 58 exchange and insurance 31 38 Letters, ;lrt" and sciences 58 Trad e in textiles 25 Persons ltvIng prinCIpally on Hotels, oafes, restaurants, etc .... 43 5 their income 21 3 Other tude 10 food stuffs 24 DomestIo serVICe 15 422 Tr.tde of other sorts 3lJ Other occupations 117 31 Religion 127 Persons living prillcipally Oti Arayan- their incoIlle 11 Ordinary cultivatill 155 78 Domesti::l service 43 Growers of special products a,nd Other occupations 171 market gardening 24 63 FIshmg and huntmg 4'lU 34 Chak7cfllt- I Textiles 145 931 Ordmary cultivation .•. 62 70 BUIlding mdustri0S 11 1,750 Growers of special products =d Transport by wa.ter 42 market gardening 11 50 Transport l:ly road 12 111 Ohemical produots properly so- Other trade In food stuff~ 25 79 called and analogous 736 55 Other occupatIOns 100 lOG Pood mdustrlCs 18 67 Other trade in food stuffs 47 30 Brahman :J£alayah­ Trade of other sorts 43 71 Ordinary cultIvation 428 5 RelIgIOn 25 Banks, establishments of credit, Other ocoupa.tions 58 33 exohange and insurance 63 18 Other trade in food stuffs ::J 32 313 Chaltyan- Publlc adminIstr,ttIOn 14 Ordinary cultiv.1tIOn .•. 15 15 RehglOu' 285 Growers oi' special products and I Law 28 market gardenIng ... 14 75 Inst.uct.lOn 56 FIshing and hunting ••• 21 50 Persons living principally on . TextIles ... 763 47 their lUcomo 26 Food industries •.. 11 I)cuuestlc serv1:CC ~1 81 I Banks, establIshments of credit, Other oceupatWll' 47 exohange and in3urance 11 22 Other tude in food stuffs 9 80 Brahman, TallHI­ Tr"de In furniture 12 Ordinary cultlVatlOll 208 5 I Trade of other sorts ... :i9 192 Growers of specla,l product~ RehglOn ·"1 2l and market gardening 21 8 I Instruction 2f> 100 Food IndustrIes 30 4,260 Other Ocoup'l.tions 5S 120 Banks, establIshments of cre:'lit, exchange and In9uranCe 1M 66 Chetf>b- Trade In textiles 48 OrdIna.y cultlv,~tion •.. 189 103 Hotels, cafes, restaurants, etc. 10:~ 24- Growers of speCIal products and Othcr trade in focd stuffs 51 16 market gardenlllg 41" 46 Trade of other Horts 60 R:LISIng of farm stock If) ,168 Public admlllistratlOll 1]0 Textiles 271 126 Religion 47 Food mdu"tries 15 74 Law 28 BUIldIng industries 43 43 Medicine 12 1'; Transport by road , •• 10 46 Instruction 78 1 Banks, esklblishrnents of credit, Letters and arts and RClences 15 exchange and in~urance 10 54 Other occupations 76 5 '1'rade III textIles \)0 Trade in wood 11 Brahman, Konkan.­ Hotels, "aies, restaurants, eto. 10 76 Ordinary cnltiva.tion 276 5 Other trade 111 food stuffs 49 103 Textiles 34 15 ':'rade m bmldmg materials In 88 Banks, 6'!tablishments of credIt, Law 10 exchange and insurance 20 28 Beggars, vagrants, prostitruteb 34 234 Brokerage, commis"ion and Other ocoupatlOns 175 43 export 21 Trade III textIles 13 DeVl •. Jl,qan- Hotels, cafes, restaurants, etc. 14 52 Ordmary cultIvd,tion 3C)4 1,025 Other trade m food stuffs IH 19 Textiles' 4df; .. 24 Trade 10 article~ of luxury and Food industries 68 those pertaming to letters, Furniture mdustries 14 arts, etc. 19 41 Trade in tex1!i.les 47 Tmde of other sorts 139 1 Trade n clothing and toiJ:et Religion 68 1\1 articles 14 ... 86 CHAPTER XI-OCCUPATION.

------~- -~----~------~~

UBSIDIARY TABLE VIII-(cDT').

OCC1I1JatifJ1L (If ,~lected ca~tes.

------~ ------~------~------Number INum~er\per 1000 Number I per 1000 Number workers of female workers of femlJ,l e Ca~te and occupation engaged workcps Clste "ud occupation ergaged workers en each per 100 Ion each per 100 occupa- rnaIps I oc~upa- males tion I tiOn ------1--2---;---11-~ -.--- ~1 ------1 I 2 3

Devangan-eont. Kavundan-(cont .) Trade In furniture ... 115 ... Raising of farm stock ... 34 11 Other occupations ... 12 .., Fishing and htmtlng ... 15 26 I Textiles ... 34 58 Eluttassnn- 'Wood ... 180 43 Ordinary cultivation ... 565 R4 Lhemical products properly so Growers of special products and called and analogou8 ... 13 52 market gardening ... 22 23 Feod indu~tries ... 35 3"a Forestry ... 136 9 Banks, estabhshlnents of credIt, Raising of fdrID stock ... 45 25 exchange and insurance ... 12 154 Woso. ... 12 ... Other occupations .. . 165 40 Trade in fuel ... 13 ( ,n Other occupations ... 207 49 J(shafriya, ""1alayalt- ! Ordinary cultivatIOn ... 146 83 IhI1,mt- I Public admimstration ... 465 19 Ordinary cultivation ... 470 I H Other occupations ... 389 22 Growers of special products and \ market gardening ... 17 16 Kshafnyn, Paradesi- Textiles ... 79 ]33 I Other trade in food stuffs ... 136 27 Wood ... 45 I 1'2 : Domestic service ... 112 15 Food industries ... 122 50 Other occupations ... 752 15 Building industries ... 42 1 Hotels, cafes, restaurants, etc .... U 117 Kudumi Chetti- 'Instruction ... 17 5 Ordinary cultivation .. 377 34 Other occupations ... 196 15 Grower~ of special Il"O:1ucts and market gardening ... 36 7} KaikOlan- Fishing and hunting ... 61 39 Raising of farm stock ... 61 10 T\jXtileH ... 51 64 Fishing and hunting ... 43 68 Wood ... 119 28 TextIles ... 755 84 Fooll industries ... 50 107 Wood ... 44 27 I Transport by road ... 16 ... Industries of dress and the toilet. 40 44 Other trade in fOod stufis .. 23 383 Other trade in fcod stuffs ... 23 I 467 Domestic service ... 28 32 Religion ... )0 ... Other -occupations ... 239 48 Other occupations ... 24 44 I Kt~savan- Kamrnalan- I Ordimtry cultivation ... 26 176 Ordinary cultivation I ... 113 3,204 I Wood ... 30 5'[ Textiles ... 11 717 Ceramics ... 743 58 Hid~s, skins and hard material Trade in pottery, bricks and tiles. 116 375 from the animal kingdom 24 3 Beggars, vagrants, prostitu· ~Wood 457 13 tes, e~c. ... 52 4th! Metals 270 22 l Other occnpa,tions ... 123 • 350 Industries of d~e,s alld the tOiIi~:1 36 16 Other occupatIQnS 89 60 Nayar- Ordinar) cultIvation ... 568 81 Kanakkan- Grower. of special products and Ordmary cultivatIOn ... 1:56 101 markd gflrdening ... 18 20 Growers of speCIal products and Textiles ... 27 121 market gardening ... 45 57 wood ... 18 8 Fishing and huntmg ... 73 9 "Food industrie;; 47 TextIles ..' 79 '" 58 540 Building industries ... as ... Wocd ... 102 253 Hotels, cafes, restaurants, ctc .... 16 Buildmg mdustnes 11 ... 19 10 Public "dministlatioll ... 24 20 rrran'lport by w~ter ... 43 . Inetrncticn 61 TrltllSport by road .. ... 11 ... 14 ... J~(ltter!' and arts and sciences 11 15 Trade in buildmg materials .. . '" 11 ... DOlm;stlC servICO 23 11 Other occnraticns ... '" 74 48 Other occupations ... 151 17 Kawi1{On- Otta Nail:l:an- {)rdinar) occupatlOn 1106 116 Ordinftry cnltivaticn ... 257 411 Growers of Hpocial products and Buildini mdustries market gardening '" 87 188 ... 25 JI8 Transl"ort by road ... 334 6 Textiles 18 ~ '" 143 Tu~c1e 111 builc1mg ulaterials ... 50 ... Wood ... 42 95 Tradc of other sorts Food IndustrIe"! ... 18 263 '" 32 63 13eggall-t::, vagl',,1..llt~, proRt1tutes ,etc. Indu,tries of dress and the 24 129 toilet 26 lEO Other occupatIOns ... 230 135 Religion .. 12 g - Medicine .. 42 £8 Panan- InstructIOn .. 114 31 Ordinal" rnltlY,ltJOn ... 52 31 I.Jcttier'i and arts and S(,lenCQS .. 365 13 .;:...; rtnu tho tOllet. i9 ." Kantnda't- BlUldillg lndt1stncR Ordmary cnltlvatlOll ... 162 1 .. 455 56 'Tlnne of otIlI'f f;OliH ... 33 '10 Growers of Rpecirtl plOducts ,,"d l'Iledioll10 2,& Jnarket gardening I' '" 71 ... 57 ]8 Lctim s ,Hod '" is ,llld HCHlnees , .. 218 .52 I (I .. -- CHAPTER XII-OCCUPATION. 87

SUBSIDIARY TABLE VXJ'I-(cmlt.) Occupation of ulected castes.

I Number Number! per 1000 Number \ per 1000! Number workers of female workers lof female Ca,stc and cccupatioD engaged workers Caste and occupaticn engaged I workers on each per 100 I on each per 100 occupa· Inales occupa- nudes tion tion I -----1----.....,---2--1~-3

Panan-(cont.} I rellnlan-(cont. ~ Beggars, vagrants, prosti. Banks, establi~hments of crcdlt, tutes, etc. 38 317 exchange and insurance ... 17 61 Other occupatiolls 43 96 Hotels, cafps, restaurants, etc.•.. 14 19 Other trade in food stuffs •.. 74 7,900 Panclaran- Public administmtion & .. 16 6 Ordinary cultivation 62 41 Meclicme .• 12 FIshing and hunting 45 Letters and arts and sciences .. . 17 Wood 147 120 Other occupa tio)1s .. . 165 12 Food industries 19 40 Building industries 27 4 Velutt?dan Transport by road 19 Ordinary cultIvation ... 96 135 Other trade in food stuffs 532 117 Growers of special products and Tralle of other sorts 14 19 market gardening •• 19 Beggars, vagrants, prosti- Raising of t.trm stock .. 18 tutes, ('tc. 21 Textiles _ 37 6:1 Other occupations 114 J7 \Vood ... 13 81 Fond indu~tries .. 21 71 Pan,ditattan- Industries of dress and the tOIlet 757 101 Ordinary cultivation ... 53 80 Building industnes .. 24 Growers of speclal products. and 6ther occupations ... 15 52 market gardening ... 12 100 Metals ••• 1,1 Vettttvan- Banks, establishments of credit, Ordinary cultivation ... 471 282 exchanr:e and insurance ... 14 Growers of specilll products and Otber tl'a de in food stufis ... 80 market gardening ... 33 36 Trade in buildIng materiaJs ••• 16 Forestry ••• 32 Trade III fuel ... 20 Raising of farm ~tock ... 23 Otber occupations ... 841 Textiles 74 82 Wood :l0 36 Parayan-· Food industries ~5 48 Ordmary culti'. atlOn 448 145 Building industrIes 13 6 Wood 49B 29 Domestic service 12 78 Other occupations 54 81 Other occupations 297 Jl Pulayan- Musalman. 892 Ordinary cultivation 72 \ Textiles 240 10,078 Jonakan- Other occupations 84 18 Ordinary cultivation ... 253 322 Growers Qf special products and Valttn- market gardening .. . 56 8 Ordlnary cultivation ... 502 165 FisMng and hUDting .. . 13 4 Growers of special prodUcts and Textiles .. . 44 29 market gardening .. . fi8 772 Wood 28 Fishing and hunting .. . 95 3 Food industrie~ 23 31 Transport by w~ter •.• 52 1 Tmnsport by water 30 Transport by road •. 21 Transport by road 4& 6 Other trade 111 food stulls .• 52 153 Hotels, eafeH. restaurants, etc. 18 51 Beggars, vagrants, prostl. Other trade in food stuffs :::1 353 11 tutes, etc. 11 189 Other occupations 137 134 Other occupations 20(:1 () Ravuttan- •• f Vannan- Ordidary cultivation •• 51 Ordmary cultlVa tion ... Sri 147 Growers of special products and Industne" of drebs and the toilet 867 37 market gardening .. , :15 5 Trade of otber sorts ... 11 Textiles ... 42 15 Domestic service .• 15 \Vood ... 2'3 Othcr occupations ••• 79. 83 Pood indu'>trles ... 6n 7 Industries of dre~s and the toilet 17 Vela·t- Trnnsport by rall ... 31 Ordinary cultiv.ltion .. . 39 172 Ballk~, establishments of credit, Wood. .. . 42 9 exchange and imtlrance .. . 18 33 Ceramics .. . 13 'Trade in textlles .. . il8 Indu'3tries of dre'3s 'lnd the toilet 652 78 Trade In wood •• 17 Other traGe in focd stuffs ... 109 18,733 Other trade In foon stuffs .. . GO :39 Medicine ... 67 22 Trade of other sorts .. . 38 6 ~atters and arts an~ sciEnc:s ... 29 30 Rellgio~ •.. 113 31 O~her occupa tfons 49 Ai) DOlnestlC scr\lCC 14. 39 Begg-ors, v"grant", plosti­ TeZakkatta 10 vnn­ tutes, etc-. 10 Ordmarv cnltivatlOn 33 59 Other (lCCnpatlOng ... 1 316 79 ]n(lu,tue" 01 clICKS and the tOllet 043 G3 Other cccupat](1l1b 24 36 Christian. Vellalan­ Anglo-lndwn­ OnlJnaryeultn-,ltTOn 630 43 Ordinary cllltrvatJon 38 FIRhmg <111d lluutmg 12 Growers of SpCCIH I products and Buildmg lndustllcs 43 60 market gardening 78 88 CHPTER XII-OCCUPATION.

SUBSIDIARY TABLE VIII-(eont.)

Occupation of fJelected castes.

Number I Number/ lper 1000 Number per 1000 Number wOJ:KeJ:s of female workers of fomale Caste and occupation engaged workers Caste and occupation engaged workers en each per 100 on each r per 100 occupa- males occupa-l males tion thm I ------...... _------.. ------1 I 2 I 3 1 2 3

A ng 10-Indian-(con.t. ) Jain-{cont.) Textiles 43 242 Beggars, vagrants, prosti- \Vood 170 1 tutes, etc. 53 50 lIfotalK 68 Other occupa,tions 437 47 Food industries •• 23 47 Induokies of dress and the toilet. 152 138 I Jew Furniture mdustries 13 Transport by road 13 I Black JelO- Trade III textiles 14 Ordinary cultivation 59 29 Other trade m food stuffs 22 Raismg of small anil1l~ls 13 Tl'3.de of other sorts 29 22 IndustrIes of dress and the toilet. 35 63 Public admlJllstration 26 Transport by water 19 75 1\IedlCme 21 150 Ba.nks, establIshments of credit, Instruction 69 500 exchange and msurance 240 13 Letters and art~ and sciences 21 Trade in textIles 16 Persons living prinCIpally on Trade in skin, leather and furs _.. 13 their income IS Trade in pottery, bricks and Other occupatioBS 106 106 WM W Hotels, cafes, restaurants, etc. 38 7fi European- Other trade in food stuffs 371 60 Ordinary cultivation 43 Trade of other sorts 237 66 Growers ot special prodUcts and Other occupations 156 76 market gardening 480 5 Trade III chemical products 152 White Jew- Public administration 87 Ordinary ::mltivation 82 Rehgion 109 150 Chemical products properly so MedICine 43 called and analogous 14 Instruction 22 Tra.nsport by water 152 20 Persons livmg principally on Banks, establishments of credit, their income 22 exchange and insurance 110 33 Other occupations 42 Trade in textiles .. . 55 Trade in skins, leather, and furs.1 14 Indian Christia'lls- Trade in wood 14 Crdinary cultivation ... '35 33 Trade in chemical products 27 GroWer9 of "pecial products and Other trade in food stuffs uS 67 market gardemng 35 29 Trade of other sorts 370 13 Fishing and hunting 21 17 Public administration 14 Textiles 120 225 Instruction 41 50 VVood 24 4.3 Other occupations 109 700 Food industries 41 609 IndustrIes of dres~ and the toilet. 14 7 Animist. Building mdustries 21 12 'rransport by water 16 1 Kodan- Transport by road 10 5 Ordmary cultivation 445 47 Trade 111 textiles 11 2 Growers of special products and Other trade 111 food stuffs 81 16 market gardening 76 13 Other occupatIOns 171 53 Forestry 819 153 Wood 81 900 Jain. Other occupations 76 800

Brokerage, commi~sion and Malal/an- export 53 Ordinan cultivatIOn 1500 37 Trade m textilcs 18 Forestr}~ 404 110 Trade in metals 35 Wood 58 50 Other trade in food stuffs 211 140 Inmates, of JI1.11s, asylums and Trade of other sort<; 175 20 alms houses 19 Instruction 18 Other occupations 19 Cl'IAP~EB XII-'-OGCUPA~ION.

SUBSIDIARY TABLE IX.

NftmbM' of 'persons employ~d on the 18th Mallon 1921 tm Bailway& a'll,Z i1t th' lrrigat1t)1'f,

PO&t Of/ia and Tew(Jra:ph Departments as cotKpat'ed with those employed Oll the 10th Mar(Jh of 1911.

Olass of persons employed

------~------, 1 Railways.

TO~AL PERSONS EMPLOYED Persons direct'ty employeil. Offioers _ 1 1 Subordinates drawing more than Rs. '15 per mensem 3 2 ])0 from Rs. 20 to '15 do i)5 6 26 Do under Re. 20 do SOS 1 229 Pet'SOIM indirectly employed.

Contractors • •• 1 1 33 Contraotors' regular employeeb ···1 -1 3 Coolie,. "'1 100 13 Irrigation Department,

TOTAL PERSONS }<)MPLOYED "'1 175 2 275 Perstms directly employed.

Officers 1 1 3 Uupper subordinates , 1 Lower subordinates :::1 3 '"7 Cle~ks '''1 3 Peons and other servant. 20 26 Coolie" 84 08 Persom indirectly employed,

Contra.ctors ···1 1 28 Contractm:s' regular employees ... ~ 7 Coolies • WI 60 132 Postal' Department. I I TOTAL .•• 1 124 1 95 I Supervising Officers ( inoluding probationlLrY Superintend- 1 ents, eto.) 1 1 Post Ma.sters 1 28 1 7 Miscella.neouil agentl IS Clerks 16 6 Postmen, etc. 39 39 Boa.d establtshment 18 13 Rallway mail~Bervic.:- Supervising officer II Clerks aod Sorteu ... Mail guards, etc. ···1 Oombined offices :­ Signa.llers M.easengers," etc. G Telegraph Depa.rtmeJati TOTAL 2:5 Admini.trativo esta.blishment Signalling '7 Clerka 2 Skilled labour Unskilled labpur Me.llene.rII, Ito. 16 Coahin :i'orest Tramway, TOTAL 4 406 17 369 PerBo',IZS ilireCDlll empltJyed.

Officers 2 , Z Subordinates drawing r !lore than Rs. '15 per mensem 2 4- 2 2 Do from Rs. !;IO to Ra. 75 do 58 12 38 Do lllode!: Bos. 20 dQ 262 1 271

Coutraotorii a o Contraotora' regula.r en: tployees 3 2

SUBSIDIARY TABLE.1X.-:eont.) Nwnbcl (j pM'sons employed en the 18th March 1921 on Railways attd in OUt b:rigati01t, Post o..f!ice (lnd TeZc[lraph Departments as compared with thost employed on the lutl~ Mart:h of 1911.

------010"" 01 ,',"0., .m'l"~ ~ -~';;I- -\ 1911 ~:::cfK~~~ . Europeans and 1___ ~______Indians I~lallS IAnglo'India.n~ _ Indianil l -1 \ 51 S 4 II Cochin Anchal Department. ----l- II I TOTA.L 232 III

Supervismg officer" 3 1 AnchaI Masters •.. 1 ·$8 45 MIscellaneous agents S 2 Clerks ..."'1 21 '12 Anchalmen and other servants 109 84 Road establIshment :::\ 88 37 CHAPTER XII-DCCUPATION. 91

Snnp'B 0001 Jad paAordmOl SOlXOlS , ~ ·00 := : .... 'IJ:~oq JO UBJPH'P}O sJaqulUN I - ,-I sal'Blllel nup'Il OOOI J:xI pa.{OIdwo ~ ~ CD saI'IlQlsl nnp'!1 JO JeqmuN: I;:: ..,...., .... ------~ I I "'a!Q \ ;:IN g..... ~I 1------~l~ I

------

------~,O> ...... I Ell I o ~_I~- 1------1 co

co 0> ~ CD - ,.. ,f dma paAcr I £Y9!'P 9JaqAl. s~0!l~S!a '"' ------.... CHAPTER XII--oCCU),ATIO~. , sHnp'll 0001 lad paAoldma sax". I ~ IHoq JO ualPHllo JO ;mquInN I

I HGl'llUr nnpu 0001 lOd pa.ColdUI

j 1 ~ ,f __:!__ ;___ g::__ gJ___ ;;;;_ ]1,-:-1 ~ ~ 1 ,------~l ", ,.,1 ...... ~I ...

QO gjl~ ...-.... CN ~'

-QO -=-

., ......

...''''<-

s~uom , -q'!{ll'IJ~..,;':[ JO ;!eqruuu l'e~0.L 1 c

iI I 1 I 1 1 ~ II'""'

I

i --...... -...._..."" j ~e~~~ • I - CHAPTElR XII-OCCUPAT10N. 93

SUBSIDIARY TABLE II.

PartirntZm's oj E~tablish1nents employing 20 or more pel':,ons in 1921 and 1911.

INDUSTRIES

A. TOTAL ESTABLISH- I 1921 92 22 8 6 7 20 11 9 4 5 MENTS. 1 1911 65 21 2 3 4 15 9 6 5

(i) Directed by Go- {1921 6 1 1 1 1 vernmeut or Local authorities 1911

(it) Directed by Re- {' 1921 28 11 2 4 2 3 1 2 gistered Compa- nies H)11

(lii) Owned by private persons

(a) European or , 192J 15 1 1 1 Anglo-Indian -lllni

11921 43 2 4 2 19 5 2 1 (b) Indi<111 /1911 11921 (c) Others 11911

B, NUMBER OF PEl~- J 1921 8,058 2,743 963 513 513 1,136 L488 303 204 195 SONS EMPLOYED. l1911 6,402 3,837 194 447 122 807 614 173 208

(a) Direction, 1921 692 230 67 44 56 81 109 61 11 27 Supervision and 1 Clerical h911 214 41 13 17 10 38 46 ll8 21

(b) Skilled work- S1921 1,575 171 197 140 216 179 ;]71 28 142 131 men [1911 1,311 718 73 138 38 48 103 55 138

. I 1921 5,791 2,342 699 32g 241 876 1,008 214 45 37 Ie) Unskilled labour I 1911 4,877 3,078 108 292 74 721 465 90 49

(i) -Adult women {1921 293 470 1,208 9 203 23 310 per 1,000 a.dult men 1911 218 304 259 14 173 88 254 28

(ii) Children (of (1921 123 240 80 89 26 105 !) 5 hoth sexes) per i 1,000 ILdults \1911 181 233 128 ., 206 40 11 324 ------~------.~~--~------~--~------NOTE.-Figures for 1911 uuder A a.re not ava-Ha.ble. 94 OHP':CER XU-OOOUPATION,

SUBSIDIARY TABLE Ill, 01'gatz.isation oj Elltabli,imumts,

INDUSTRIAL l!JSTABLISHMENTS

TYPE O}!, ORGANISATION

2

12. Registered Compan-ies 31 12 3 2 4 2 3 2

Ca) WIth European or Ang!o- Indian DlrectorH ••• 18 10 1 4 1 2 (b) With Indian DIrectors 10 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 (c) WIth Directorti of different races 3 2 1

3. Priva.tely owned 72 13 11 4 2 19 9 7 3 4

(a) By Europea,ns or Anglo- l Indians 16 G 2- '1 1 1 1 (b) By Indians "'1 56 4 11 2 19 S 7 2 3 Cc) ~y joint owners ~f dIfferent] races .. , I .. ' ... I c.a.nBR XII-OCOU1Wl'ION, 96

31",t.,. ! ~\

~~l I ______:00 :- ""I~1~1

~Io 3/01 ... :e> ,..../ I , I~ . .

:~ : ....

;CQ

------. : .

: .....

CI':I :

------

-t­ .-:!N ~--~~~~=~~~ ~~~~~~~ .... "" - II­ - 16 CHAPTER XII-OCCUPATION.

------_ ---- :"" _------

• c:c : ....

c-l "... :".. -~ - ."'":,...... -~

,..,,.., _ ~-"...~~lt\I ::i!: ... - -~ _ -

----~- = -(lO

.... ------ClllAPTER XII-OCCUPATION. ------SUBSIDIARY TABLE VI.

lhstributoin. of certain Races in. certain Industri

SUBSIDIARY TABLE VII.

.JJ PHfSCIl'AL INDUSTRIES OF EHPJ.OYlIiEN'l'

------;----;----j I I IV v VI VII t VIII IX x xn WOMEN:'AND TO~3.1 IGrowing! Textiles Leather Weed Metal: {lIRRS Indus- Food In4UIJ- CHILDREN num.- of, and etc. in- otc. indus- i and tries indus- ~riOll herem·' special connect- d\l~trics indus- tries, carther'l- conn;:>.Ct-1 trios 11lXU1J '-'ed,_OO'"''":=--1 .... ,d::"m: =~I l=d: ------_.: __ -I-_~-, A -1--5---6 -\--.,-;----1------\ ____1___ 2 I"" · , 8 __1 !. ,_ 10 ... 11

:- Adult women j ,(>90 )' iI 400

t Children <14 2 12 co Male 111 2 III _.''' Female ------~------:__---.------98 CHAPTER XII--QCLUPATION.

SUBSIDIARY TABLE VIII. Distri"?ution of power.

INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS

TYPE OF' POWER USED

Steam 32 1 2 5 2 II 7 1 1

Oil 11 5 3 1 1 Gti I 1

NOTE.-There !lore no establishments using typ() cf power of water and eleclricity. PAR~' II.

IMPERIAL TABLES. TABLE I·

AREA, HOUSES AND POPULATION.

NOTE.--The total area of the State as·computed on the recent" India, Map" and furnished from the Land Record Office is 1479 square miles as against 1361 shown in the Oensus Raped of 1911. TABLE l~ Area. Houses and Population. iv

0.:1 , CD >0 0 c 0 t- o ...... < ".. ~ I~ tI)- ..,. "'...... ,.: tI) r-I .... 0 «> '1':i en ~ ...... "" ,.... I -~- I z 0 >0 ..... 0> rJ1 I:- ...... 0> ..". ~ ..: "" """ p:) I~ ... ""CD GO• CD_ ..... co_ ~ ...:l..: p:; I .... = ...,;' .....,..., .... p ~ G'< "" "" "" ..... ;a I I ------l"l ~ I 0I:t 0 tI) 0I:t ..,. IN I IN It> IN ..,. ~ -~ ao IN. IN IN .... = [ ~ I .... ~ -~ 00 00 0> ... 0 , ...=" tI) ... 0 ee -.... 8 .... =- I I - ; I I - - ..:I I 0 ..... GO co .... I:- 00 co 0 CD -< >'"C1) ro""" .... Il:i ...,; ""~ ,,: >0, P "'"00 ,...,"" .... l:- t- ,""-cr> ~ ,..., --_"It' I_~ - -~~-- :r; z I .,. t- o .... <:c.> CD 0> C rJl -< ... C> cn CD C'I 0> 101 III ".. 0> 0">. """<.:>- t- ..... ro i-I'"" .:I l:- e« cO ...,; ci 041 <01 ;t C .,.. 0 ...00 .....,. ~ .,. It> on ." It> t- o IN- ,._;- ( 1) I ... e-i .,. - ~ ....00 :!: ~f .,. -00 ..,. j 8 - -

C!> .:I I-=- tI) t- cr> <0 eo t- o \ <0 >tJ ,.... en <0 < <:1>- l- 8 C'I co_ ~ co- o) «:. I P ." C> C'i ..... C'I l~ c <0 co t- ~ -co c0 t- l:- t- CD a:> "It' 0 0> ...... : 10> CD '" CD ! z ~ - co .. CD 0 en. p:; ,._;- ci >0 0)"" ,..:- 0 z P'I p ~ I "" "" 0 p.., -~I- - ~ , ee tI) ~ .... co 8 I, ag ;1; It> cd 0 tI) -=co t- ee -=C -~ <3> -=C 0'> 0> ro >0 ao 0> 0> 0 t- O'> CD 8~ i t- >0 >0 0> cq 1>-0 ... u:;,- <.:>- a) A f ~ "" 00"" It! ! zj It> '"..... Z rtI ..... I "" "" "" "" ..J I "" ------~ III -< p rn -IN u:;, t- o 0 C"1 .a IN C"1 W ------0 '" 0 >0 "" m z~ _ ""0"> OJ "" ~ 0 til ,.., "",,- "" I:.:t ""'0'" 00 "" ...... ,; m t:l r< -IN ~ ~ --_------H b P< , 0 P It> ... C!> !:'II t- I t<:I IN GO IN It> 00 O ~ IN ." ... -C!> .... 00 ~ 0 - ~ +> -00 ~ ~ Q SlifOV'I'IIA co <0 l- t- I ...... IN "'" "" - "" 0:> ...... ,..., ,..., ". SN.M..OJ, t:_ • , GO t- O ." <0 t:Q ~ >0 ...... " 0> g:!l'lIN .... >0 co ~ "" "" mIT.o.bs NI Vt'l8V I~ - I J i rn 1:<1 . p ... .::; L~ E <01 CI) s:: I E-< r.>-. a I -.~ '" .u ... fIl s:: '"P 0 ~ p 0 :: ~... :a {) 0 0 ;.:: E-4 ~ 0 TABLE II.

VARIATION IN POPULATION SINCE 1875.

Tho fir8~ systematie oensus of the Sbta was taken in 1875 and not ill 1872 as in British India.. TABLE It. VI Va.riation in Popula.tion.

0 &") ~ 10 0> <0_ ~ ll') Ill') ci M .,..-t I~ + + + + + fO IC'I I j .... I o o . -.... 0> ~ i~ +'" __ I-I I I ------1 I ..... o I ... ~ I~ C"> .... I - I o f~ ~ ...."'" + 1---'-'- 0> I ....00 I I .... ~ \ ~ 0> I ..... ___1_- 1_____ ------o ...... I g .... ~ I~ ~ , I __I- I I ~ ------I -..,. c !~ -~ -•

I o .... o ." .... CD CD .... 0> ~~ rD ....; cO o .... OIC I .... ----I-I I I g I .... t ~ I I ~ l:s 0:> --r--I -.,; -a; t ...c: I ~ ~ .,.., I .... -gQO <= ! I~ -"":. J - -QO f g 1~ ----- 1------(-) I!lSYI!l'IIoaa !...; ~~ <+)3SY:!HID I~ ...... -.... -.; -NI U;f)l- + + 91.81 aOI'lItilJ + Nt NOI ... -VI'8YA ;r.til~ I TABLE III.

TOWNS AND VILLAGES CLASSIFIED BY POPULATION. '!lADLE lU. Vlll To1(!ll. and vm.,es elassl· Aed by Po»ulation.

- = ~ ~ ! g

.., ---_ -- co co >Q CJ) coo CJ) ...... ~ aJ... aJ 8 I coo C> >Q 0_ co c:r.> ~ ~ , ~ .0 ex) t":: CQ l:- 0 UO!~'ll[ndoa .". ...... <:> .., co ..... 1.-1 .., ...... < ." _ _:wnN I -_ M ,...., >c CQ a:J 0 ~ ...... ,...... I:l .... C> 8 0 ""0 I:- 8 ~ m- fl.t UO!~'B[UdOCI g <:i ci" >0 ci" .0 • ro ..... Ct> 0 - ""...... fl.t - "'" • t q_ a:aqumN ....o =:: CI:l "" I ~ t- 01 <0- 0 I ..:> ...... CQ C'I ...... fiI 0 ,...., <0 0 z-: .... · ~ ~ 0 UO!~'Blndoa l':I .0 CJ) ~ l:- t.-:' ~ ",,- .-< ... ~ - &l , I - - co ,..., CJ) <0 lQ r.Q - f.&l- I "'"t- ...... co co ..I < ~..... JaqumN , · ..:I I I CCI ~- - 0 , ...... 01 -~~ CJ) <0 >0 co >Q 0 ....._ CQ r.Q :- · CQ ~ ~ u;- ..... 0'0- .... <:i .... ~ ~ UO!~'llIndoCI ~ .-. -- I - ~ ~ ;raqumN ~ '" i= f I A g =ri .., UO!~'llIndod .. < Il:t Gl I'l I ~ I, z .... lID ...... OJ ~ ~ ;raqmnN 0 I ~ Eot I 0 aQ .., ..GO 0 =:: ..w .., aQ ;: to:. =.. CQ eti fIIi "" ac - 0- i t- t- ..l':I 0 - UOl'l'81nclOd , IN IN ! ~ I .. =- I

TOWNS CLASSIFIED BY POPULATION WITH VARIATION SINCE 1875.

Urba,n population was separately censused for the first time in. 1S391. The figures given in columns 8 and 9 are only approximate. _~~ __ _ Cranganu~' was for-the first time treated as a town in 1913, and~tho two towns Chittur and Tattamangalam were united into one Municipal Town in 1914. TABLE1V. x Towns classified by Popu­ la.tion with varia.tion since 1875. I ... o I~ 1-:--'- I §l I-~ ~ -I-~- :------.---r----I,----~=---~'" ._~ ~ QO 0') co 0 t- l'lI_ q <00'1 cc ...II:) t- 0...... 01"'.... cO ------~--- 1 ~

--C':I----~-t':)QO- t) """,-=-~-",-­ r.... 00 l"":)~ r- "'d"t:"l rt:l C\1 C'I ~ t- C':)= e CD_.. 0') "II!'I fN I~ ~- ~- tNf!!,.]- 00 "'d".... ~... 1:'\1- N- eo;I.... I c= ...... I --~-=~~~--E

'I!'!'I-. .,; 'I!ff'"

_+--+ ++_- + ~8 @-- "<:J1~ 1_ O'J "" + + +1 + ++ + :> --=----~--t.O-t_-..", ----00- 1ft -tn-e.--+ ~ ~ ~~::_ ~~ ~ :N ~ - I ~ ~ ~- ~ ~ I----::+~~+~,+'=-+~~+o:__-++ + ___1- ~ § ~~ ~ ~~ ~ 1""""4 00"<11.... 1'"""1 LQ'o::t' I~ I ~ ..-j T""'IT""i T-I 1 ___- .,.. ~ ------1 co COl 00 00 ",.;= 0 ~ 1 ~ ,-!

1 :g --- ~ g~

____ : : = ------~------I;->Q--I ::::~---~: GO $;:.; "" ... ~ 0> - ..."" --,-\"'" ~ si ~~ - ·O.LI[ 'SoLN:B:NNO

~o Lt

.------E-t______J __ TABLE v.

TOWNS ARRANGED TERRITORIALLY WITH POPULATION BY RELIGION. TABLE V. xu Towns arranged Territo­ rially with Population by Religion;: --:---:------:------_ Eo< S:t[']VJlHil,[ I ~ !---=------;------~------~ ___s:t[']vW I ~ __-'-- __s_u_o_s_.xa d ,;;::

S:t[']vw~'~ I_~~~ ___~~_-=~~ ______~~ __ ~ ___~ __ S:t['lVTAT 1 0> 91 a; tc: ______.. " I.... "'" cq .... SUOS.Iad-l~ ~ ! ! _--~--__---- __I .... ~~ ___~ ____....~_ S3'lVW3,[ I:::; --s§I ....

--~--~--~-~~-- ---_S:!l'lYJIl I~ $ lj; suos.lad , ~

C'I c:o -S3'lVlIil::il.i{ ~E_ ,....'1-:- ~ ------1-- - ~~----"'~:----~~o;----cg;"'""---".~ ;1: ~ m !il:t['1VW 1 ~ go ~ ~.... ~ ~ ci- ---,- I ~~---~~~~--_"'~'---IC""""''---'''''~:----:;''-----::§::---''''~o=---''''''''=---(3)=-- suos.xa.:r I eo ~ ~ ~ (3a t:- -:. _. ~ eN ... I'" : - - fIIi ~ - ----~------II---1--~----=----I ....~-~~-----~--- ....~---:=----o~--- ....~----~_ S:t[,]YW3,a 1:::1 ~ g ~ co ~ ~ $ <0 d!l ~ 1 10 S3,]VN I .... I

I . . ~ w. ... E-i ~ I ~ -«: ::> Q) '" E-i .... <£l ~ C!! '"""h 0 0 ...~ E-i ...... , ..., ::l Z..... I'" rI.l '"~c:: ... ;:::i ""oS Il:: :::: s:l ..., ... ;.:::: u ~ d3 ::s :;:; ::s... 0 :a bII ::I .. c,) :§ ."1= 1i' ..,. 0 -:::' .e ::l -;::'-' 'C 0 0'" ..."" .... '

RELIGION. 'fABLE VI. xiv BeU'ion;

E< S

SOI'tlUIOJI

E: S9J'tlW ~ \- ..." \- SUOS.l9d

1 ___SIlItlUlilJI ___ seJ'IiIW ..."~ ---SUOSJ:ad

SIlI'llUll!lJI 1- ~..... E< .....to S9ItlW ~ 0

suos.tad

IIOl'lltlI9JI

."--",,--,,,,-- ." <::> >0 ~ .-I O""l .1.0 .Q c5 ~

I I SUOfiI.tad \ aJ ,I sOl'llUWJ{ I t- 1 1---::::---=- TABLE VII.

ALL RELIGIONS. Age, Sex and Civil condition. TABLE VII. XVI An ReliglOns. Age.' Sex and 0 iVII condition:

..... ~ C'> en! ~! .....o ~ ~ ~ ~ 01 ~I l- ~ ~ ~ ~I £1

C'> ---:---=-,to- 8 l­ l- r-< C': :1 ------1- ...... II) I _I ."- -= ... :;:. ;;;;.' - -"" ""­ -"" - ""

.....o

_, o...... "':. .....c:n

...... 00 .....-=- :i C\I

. c:n 0> co - cO..... -'-.-"> ~ ....tca ~

to­ ~_ -""'_ -'"II> -

t- .... 0 t- eo co ~ >l) >0 eo e0 ro "" 00 >q_ ¢ <0 ro >0 0> ..... 0> ~ .... 0',)- ....""- S':I -.0- .0 ..... "".,.:- ,; ro

CJ) .,_ <0 ...... ct:J 0> 0 t:- O> COl 00 ...... co 10 t- 10 co CD ct:J 10 co ." ..... ':() t- ro <0 .... 0> co ..... 0 0> .... 0 >q_ 10 >0 .,.:- .,; .." co ...... 0' , , '" "" ~

C\I to- N c:r.o .,. IN ._ ,.., ._ CJ) lI) lI) .,.. = "" L_ lI) 11)_ H, CJ "" ""t\l O. C'> ,--"" "" '" '" t:_ "" """'" ~ "'" -~I <-:> a:J "" ._e ",,- ...; ,",,' :: eo- !:; -""""" ~"" co -co -"" II> "" "" -""

o o o S IN g .... ><> I I I I f >l) 10 >l) >0 .-. "" ~ .... TABLE VII. XVII HIndu. Age, Sex and Civil condition. 1------

~I,..., •

-1- o M o M

21'0<"< ....

....

...... 00 co .... «) ,... -i< 0 co ~ ~'" 0_ 0 co ""CJ) t- - '" 0 ".,- ..;< '" "'"...- 0 r-I """ ".: S . -"" ...... """ "" ~

~ .... >n >r.> 0> ...... ro 0 '0 00 l- ~ Cl 0 c- ".. '"r-< ..... C> t- ..... 0- ,..., 0- ..... 0_ t-- "'">n 0 '"\Q 00 ""00 ""00_ 0 0 00 '" ... o...... M ~ '"2 ...... - "" .... Co ~ ... "" "" "" ~ ""~ :; ... ::: ..... r-< CQ 0> if! 00 cr. en '0 ...... 2..., c- oo ..... 0 .... C> :s ..... r-< ... co ... 0:; a:; t- o CQ ,..... r-.. '"(J) .....'" c- if) ..... ~ 0 ..... <0 '0 C'I co .... "" ..... """ .....; ! """,,- "'" '"'0- "" ;e "2 0> >0 0:'- 0 cO cD ...... >i)"" ...... co ...... s::: S "" "" r-t 0 0 """ ...... ,<:.> C) ~'" I ::5:::: ---- I Cl 1 C> C> CI) ... or-, 0> .... CI) ...... >0 c- <0 t- ..... 00 I <:0 >Q ... A'::: I'il >.') _" <:0 0 >0 C'I 00 0> C'I m co cD ...... "" ,..... ,..., co "'" :; ,...., co .0 "" 0> ~ 0 L~ 0_ """ ...... ZO ~ "" ",,- ",- co- "" 1-1 "d I '" ro cD ro ""0> C> "'"-C'I '"0 cii """>Q "" .... '" '"...... - P'i ";;j'" ...... G'l M 00 > Ill$:! < ,..,.'-< "" '" ..... - CIS :>1 Z "-l M P ~ Q) - rJ.l en .... C'I 0:0 ..., 0:0 ...... 0:0 Co ...... 00 CIO IN eo Co Co Co al ...... ,.

M c ..... ce ..... I ...... en r-< C'I <0 0> t- eD 0 C'I 00 co <0 ..... t- o C'I ...... C'I '" c:> ..... C'I <0 C'I >Q ....C'I e- '" ....."" l- CI) ...... 0 en co_ '" .... , ~'" u:) Cl- ro ,.....""'- ,...., '"0> ", o- ro "'-C'I .... 00 ce- ..Q' o- S .... ?: cO .....0 cC c. cc ro co ...... "" ..... C) """ '" "" "" I~ t:i:, - ~~1 I (J) C() z 0> 0> 0) >C\ It:l co <0 00 0- ..... co .... co co <0 10 I 00 ...,..... rl t- ...; ~1 .... >0 0 0> 0 rl 0 co .... t- <0 ,..... N rl "" (>, rl ..... Ul 0"> 0 t- <:D >G t- o e- en 10_ 0 ..". I .... "" 0 "" """': c:> ... 'O~ ",,- "" 00- Eo< ct, 0.- ",,- cO' 0- 0-"" cr, C'l rl ..... ,...., "2 .... ,~ p ~ "'" "'" "'" "" "" p.,'" I 0 P-! I ~, ,... 'I'> ,... ~':l IN ~ ..... ~~ ,,~ <:r.> .,.., ON <:.0 ~ .... <:TO Q eo>' <", ON 0> ."""'"". .,_ 11>"'" ',' ""Co_ "" "" .,.. "~ .""~ 11> (N"" "" """_"" - .... c::o ~ ...."'" .... "",,- 00- co .... "" "" 0 00 ....- 00 "., ....""- ...."" ...- ....- ....- .... ." ...- co ... C'I - ~- 00 it) .., -ON COl r!l 00 .... <&> ...... ;;., - ~IC >0 0 0 >n 0 >0 0- lO 0 to 0 10 0 '" 1"1 ...... C'l co co .... >n 10 to <0 .... 0 I~ Cl "" '" "", "'" '0 f I I ""I I I I I I I I ..... I I I I I 0 >() ..., 0 >0 >0I J, I >:1 I~ -< 0 .... ro .... 0 >0 0 <:> 0 >Q cO "" c~ .-< ~ eo 0' co ...... lC >0

t­ III \ O> til) l\ ... g 0>

------o ""..,. -...

co co '"

------

o t­ , oo . . - -.'

00

.. -fl_ -~

..... co ,- 0> 1(.Zo

.... 8 "'"o I ...- ,...; 1~..;tcQcrieici~"''''''~''';-~ ~ g 8 ~ ! ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~I ~ ~ CD I ~ .

------~-CD----t_----~---~----~-_-~-- \ -;;-_---or---~----~----OD----""----t-----·-...----N---~-----""---- ..~-- ..---Wl-----!:-I a :: ~_ IIft_ = GO ~- - =_ - ~ ~ ~_ ~_ g ::: - ~t ~ = :: to- ! C' cor -- N- - eO I11ft en CD- vi ~- ... or till '" .... - ;i , __ --~1~~~·--~·--~:--7:--~;~:~ ~:~~:--~~--~~~~~·~:--~~~~~~~i~'

A ...... o o o ... I I ...... o CfO I I >0 1 ~ "" ~ o xix TABLE VlI. Christian. Age, Sex and CIvil CondItion. I l.C 00 81~ t--_ '"':_ i <..;. ,..., .-<1'"' I"'" ------~I ""I""i215; I ....- __ IL

I QC) -QC) ~ ~ '!8 f!t.i ...; - lIN I I t- <0 ""I ..... ~ C!i ~ICh 1,..;­ I oQ ------1·------~--~------.--1

.....o CQ ,...,1"" 0_ ~ g:\~ 00 1~ ----I '" :: ~,;: - ,:=I IN------. -----+

<0 T""'i ~ 001.,...1 gj- c:<:l ,..., "" II~- co G'l ..... <0 I I <0 l- <;; 2i5 ~ 110::..,< 16 j t· ------______--...... ;1,- I ~ ...... ,., 00 "" ""'" _lIN ~- ~ .,.. "'" ~I~ "'" l=i ..."'" I~ I I o 0 I 1- 6i ~ I ~ -I,.-jlg; I ....

C'? ,..., .... t- cr. 10 ,...... ; 0' O)~ aJ 0_ ~- j ~ .....t-- C'<,..., ,...,,...., Ie;:' 1.-< ------~I

~ 0= It:> ...... ,..! .,. 00 00

"" t'!)- ~I~ -....QO - ""-00 iii"'" t'!)- i IN - I:: I

o Ie

I I,...., xx TABLE VII. Jain. Age, Sex and Civil Condition. , I .... ,'" ,I : I >C l~ • ------_- ----I-- ...... 'coI I -1-I I~

______I ______! I : I

------I~ I ------~I--- ltD 1"2'"

I~ ~ 1------ig ------,-I I -... ~

I .... 1' ~ ----1-,

en t- o ~ ~ ~ ~ M M I~ <) rl

"2 co I' ~ I~ 1 ~f\ -1----- , gl I ~

~I xxi TABLE VII. Jew. Age, Sex and Civil Condition.

lQ co o "" "" "" '" rll~, e I ~ I I I ~ <= Ml c .... I i ~ "" ~ = ~ ~ ~ ~ I! I I__ ':_I~-;--""'- I .,. I .... 0

~ I I ,..., I ,.., l:- t- ""<:'1 """ . . . I~ I"" 1 _- 1 ~ I t:­ 00 co 0:> <0 ,...-;< 0 lQ ...... -I ...... lQ '"lQ m .... I~ '" I CO I I I _ I 1'/.11 ...... ~ .... go ~ ...... = ....= ""...... ~ I~ ~ .... - - - IttO o "" - - -

! - i I I OJ 1'<1 I -- I I

00 0:> 00 0 if- 0 L- ro It:> ..... 1Q ;£? g ....,...... <:0 '0 "" .." ..... I~ ,.,g) I "" "" "" '" "'""" '" I ~1 ___ I---~~~---- I I I ...... ~ ... <0 ~ co <0 <0 ...... Ml Ml C 00 <0 .... <0 '"Ml ...... I~ I :;: "" .... :: :: '" '" - '" "" 1-· - - I- I - I, I I,..:)

~ .... F-< <1! I~ ,..; 0 lQ 0 0 0 0 >- ~ L.";) ,....,0 >n 0 ''0 0 -<: rl C't 71 '"..... lQ '" L- I~ E-< '" """ "" CT '"""' r:; r.I1 ::i1 I I I I "'"I I I 1 '"I i i IA I I I _,. T,~ ~ I ,,,_ '::) c) 1(;) ~ ..... 0 ..... ')1 0 '-'" 0 >D l y; -<: "" rl ..... ~ ..... "'..... >r- IO 3 ,_. "" "" "'"' '" <.>'" ll:i ,..:) L- I~ 0 ~ Ie 0 Eo< I U 0 E-< j I . I ---_._------_. --- ._---- xxii TABLE VII. Animistic. _~ge. Sex and CiTil condition

-- A I I'il I [:;; 0 . : I ~ S ~l ,...,eo I ~ ;;:ll -- ______:1_ 111 s::l : /! ...... I I 0 .... 0 0:. ,..., c I~I "" "" "" '" "/ ~ I I !I, I r""7-- I A f:1 I'" C> .... 'D.... .".... t- >0...... >0 co ",I~ ¢I ~ 0:. '" "" ::'1'" ,I aI"'i I ~ I III I I ON .., .,. I"- ...... ct:) . ... m ... ""ON .... ~ ""- '" "'" ,-I~ ~~I _I

'" ", I .s lO 0 ...... L- >Q >Q ,_,0> .... ,..., S'" to- "" ; "" ~" "I'- A ------P'l

I - I : I :;g 1- ~ ------~I I ""I~I .... I J

ril >Q co Cf.. lO lO 0 0 10 0 >0 0 >Q 0 g 0 ..: ...... co CI3 <0 .,.. ""'E-I I'il ...."" "" Ul , I I I I ""1 ""I I i ""I I I I \!:J J, Ot J, ..,. 0 >0 0 J, ! >Q 0 .... 0) ! ...... , ..., or" <0 W z ~ .... "" '" "" ~" '" H "" '" "" '" l:O "" .::1 0 F1 0 0 u E-I ------.. _-- TAB1_)E VIII.

EDUCATION BY RELIGION AND AGE.

NOTE. I-Of the 5,708 (4,219 males and 1,489 females), Christians literate in English 56 (37 males and 19 females) are Europeans a.nd allied races and 303 (143 males and 160 females) are Anglo-Indians. 2-Edncation among Indian Christians b" Sect. ------1 NUIlIBT

--~

INDIAN CHRISTIANS PROTESTANT ROMAN CATHOLIC SVRIAN __ I AGE --- ttl ttl III III d d I ttl ., ~ ttl , rJl

Tota.l 68, 081 1 45,770 22,;m'l,043,-;{-349r ~1,~4 20,8711 10,763 35,404' 24.2.5 if,l99 1 I I '0-·10 2862 1,6,5~ 1,210 41 26 16' 1,377 763 611 I,444 864c 580'

1 10-15 10,759 1 1),212 1547 159 911 6ti' 4,5~O ~,Mll 2,019, 6,010,l 3,530 2,430 1, 15-l0 10,006 f.,05$ ,j.911j 166 9~1 72, 4.7;)3 2,845 1,894 5,101 3,119 1,982 I 20 and 44,454, 31,848 12,606 677 48! 19~: 20,928 14,722, 6,206 22,849/ 16,642 6,207 over 1 I I I j TABLE VIII. Education by Religion XXIT and Age.

Ji \ ~\ __~ ____ ~ ___ ~ ____ ~_· __~_· __ -+I ___~ ___ ~ ____ ~ ___ ~_~__ ,___ ~_· ___\ ___~ ____ r; ___ (_~ ___~_____ ~

I\~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I 8 ~ ~ ~ ~. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ------;------I ~ to- , <:Q '"go ~ - to- - I '0'1, IN Ir- - -

____ I\ ~ ___ ~ I ;i~~"''''' I ~8;g~ ~ ~:g8~~1 h~ ~ag~: I gi·~~ ~ ~"~:~~I t M ~ ~ I ~ ~ --1-:------>0----0- ----!,---a;:----"'---·M------~-:- -o---co-----i 1 Ul! ~~~~! II g:~~~ ~" ~~~~~I ~ I ~ ?I ~ ~ ~ ~ I &:l c;J- g §" ~ 0)..,. "" ;;: gf I ______l I -w-'- II> ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ \ ~ ~ a ~ to- I g 'c> 00 S!:" 2i1 E" ~" I ~ ~ ".; <=> I -~ ~ I ~ _- - ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ - __I ~__ l ______:'______1 if." i""C

-~--I-II ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. I ~ ~ ~ ~ * g ~ ".; ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ = ~ ~ 1 - ~ ,_1._----_...._-+------w.

t ,I o >0 0 o >0 o I ..... I M ~ M I"" I T i ! 1 I I o >Cl o ~ o \ ! '" ...... 1M ~ I I i ; I I I I j ~ I -----I--I------~I------~------UO!'Elj"'l3. I ~ 'UOl~~I~H lty I UPU!H. 1 TABLE VIJI, xxv Education by Religion and Age. uJ I ~ :,..; p:;..... P'l ~ I~ w III & 1T"i ..:l...c __I H (!)~ p:; Z P'l P'l UJ ..... z ~ '"',... >-< H ril ~'" E-! -< p:l ~ ---_-'------1.------+------1 E~ -m-I-I ~ I r- ~l =0':> -.J .-I .....-I c.l "'t:f'I to":! ..-I ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ::::~sm ;: f I ~i _'" ~ i . 1------I I I ,...; - .;< <::) IN I 0 <::) L- 00 c:::t II <::) '" .... 10 2'=' I ~ I ~ooo~ ~ ,...; ~ ~o~~ ~ c; ,1;:::;( ~;1~6 - I' I T"i C ..J - P:1 z I'i1 OOOOCC~ Ir,) p:: ..,0 E-! ON'u...lC co ~--I-~-:,..; ,..;--:- ~ Eo< -<1 t-C\lOO = ~ < 1'=1 l"'"'I-~~~",i = .l H ril co "" t:Q p Eo< .a p...... Z 0 H I 0 t-I ~ E-t '"' < ~-c~""__ "" co 0 -= I I i P I -i I A --- I I I fi:1 k I I et:J et:J >C <0 ....,t- 0)1:-,,""0 ~ eo c:::t 00t-0> I ~ I ,....>Ot-"OIIO 00 I CQ1"""'Icqo I- -.I10OOCO co "" I co t--~C01:-'" c:o C'lO>coco ... 0) co >0 0 QO OOlO't""'iO ~ ,.... 00 ~ I ""Itt lQ 10m 00 ....qi,...-l1""""lT-l .,. C'I~Q')t- 1-. ,.... 00 ,.... oo~~ 0'1"" cq.... I I '" I CQI""'I!"""ICO ...., - - , I I - I ~ •I I ,,_ f 00 -= U) u:. .., II':I~~~ ""~INI- ~a'a~""" 00 ""11:100= .,. I OJ ...... 11:1 CI .,. to:! c:::t MI ! QOINMIIN t-lI).....c ..... ~. eo - • C\J _...... = ~ IN 11':1 ~oti~~ e-i - "_""'ININ eo I ... IN - J I . J . . : : . I . . . I . . -I I I I I I ...... I .... J ...... I Q) ce ce ., ~ ...... , I ' I ..., 01001>- 0 -... 01001>- 0 01001>-'" ~'* Y"""4J"'4cqo Q~gEi 0 'r"'i1"""'lC"l0 _ 'f"'-I1"""'IC"lO -.. ~ C'I 8 I E-t E-t 1 E-t 8 c:;~ I I I';'! I I I I "0 I II';'! I l 1.-::: ...:: 00>0- 0010 >:: OO>r.>M ootQ~ f'-, ~ ,...... d l ...... T"i~ ,-{ rl ct T'""i1'""'1~ 0 I 00 0 0 0 c< I <>1 I eN Z ! I "" I ;r:H ! i I 0 I I j ! I ~. 2 - I -----c-- I 3mJJ1[O'H UU!,lI!.Il[D UI'8t , .s!uxmy l,..;j i ,I I I ··r ------

- -

TABLE IX.

EDUCATION BY SELECTED CASTES, TRIBES OR DACES.

NOTE.-While in Table VIII the whole population is de1l.lt with, this table deals with only selected castes, tribes and races, the minor ones being left out of accounl; TABLE IX. lI:duC8,t19n by Selected xxvw. Ce.stes, Tribes or Races;

~t:"lc:::::":l~r:'l Ol '-'f'""'\c.c-tl...,..,.o '" ..Q r-IO_l:COO ~ ...., ~ '"'"

~ "'."> <) :"" rI2 I-< - Q) !lot

en cDT"""'IOCi'iO'"10 OCf"iC':> ''':' ~ co c:-.- ...... "'<1;Il-, l~'" 1 _.._ .B o t- --Tl ,.---l 00 rY"I ,..--I C'1 0 C" ;-1 lC:> cr ,....; ':' I ,~_ '-:_ ~ ~ ~- ce ...-< t-:_c-~c-~v;"..::;-:r:- C-l~ C'l Cl ~ 0.,) -rl ~ t- cq C'l L- r:n C" ).Q - .... ~,_,,-- S I .... ,..., Q ..... '" ~ I I ~ I E-< [) ~ 11 c'":" ...... l t...0 l!":) Cf) LlJ 0 t-r- r;1"':HCCC1[fJ...... ! D~-;;-:tio":l'T ..,.. f' I 'XI rJ 0 L- ,_.; CC- ~ cr:1 ~.._~~ rlk riI E-i A'"' 00 rl C(' 0 ~ \ ..... ___ I ~ __ 00 ~ V~ t-o ,,..,, c) rr: (,"0 C'~ ~ If'''., ~t ~) ,_~~COCO('"'>"~ ~~;r.~;:~~ L- ~''', c':' ,,; (,>1,) §'­ 'P.,~=""'0 I j;:M - "" f:Q ~ l I --~------~- Z CD ....s ...... , C:) 1":, -.... C 0 '7' "'-1 rl ",_j,J 1~17) -l1 ),- f"1 t- )(') (0 c:r ....-l l- t-- J 0 !I rl CO l- -"'11 ," Cl_' ~ 0 ("I ~ ..,....., t-- L- CI) T-l C C': ...... , t- 0 r-;:,!_ IT r--:: ~ '>1 (.") ~, ...... ~ e 4") c. ....-r' r:"1 C 1- l-- 01 0 -::-: '-2 :.:: y--, (.1']_ n~ O~ ~-:_ '""E-l ~ ~~~o~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~~~ v- ,....., O_j 1'"-1 rl <: or--i ~ ~ 0 I '" p __---;/-1 __- A "...... "'";)1~:'l 0 l.O ,'i o en O":l"""" t- L­ .--r 0..- l- 0 IT"' J".ii m~ \.,:lC~ :")C'("\ ':;('000\("1,1':' -1-1 '"'1 M L-Ol':' o C_J -..::Ii en:n t­ OUi--tlOc.QL..,": G'l 0 ~ CJ r;l rl ~mCi)"'~ ~-ci ~L-=--tl-~'):~ lC- ri'""'l ,...,-",; ,... ,.... CO

------

C:>C::>OCOl:)QeQ u:> .... """"<:I'~~~e-.l ~eyq."~~Q~= cOlI'i~_;cO~ ~~oOtN~_; Ot'; _ c'; tN' !N t') .... -""

,>, I ~ .__ J__ ._ TABLE IX. Education by Selected XXIX Castes, Tribes or Races. I ------I LL c C\'J 0 c: 0 Cl 1"'1 I ,...[i.i ~,..- T"'~ •• p:: M <7' II: M rZl w W H ..:I h C!l < h f-, H Il~ CJ l'-'~ l- ,,~., ~ t~ h 00 ...... t ~; I:.F_' -1 .1

~'n(,2 .,...-JO", C'_"'cr~c , '~"J'_;::;'"'1.....+-j -Or.;- ~ 1- 1-: I~.) l-:_ 0-:. 0_ t- lC.)r:" • .I.;":~::": - M Ct";: -11 L'J r-I C(" 1"""'1 r-1 ~ 1 , - i I Sr CQ S -----;-;---- "", r l'"' , .:r 1__ _.., ~ J lQ"""'" l- _' U' I! ~ c2 ~- ~: /: :~ ,..- .::_:. -r ,...-~ c -=: 1- r;-1 :-: _ T-f:: C1 rr' ,f' L- ~ ~ 'I lD,r.YJ-v.... _:' (:'I ~ I O'l T""1 0:- ~ 0' -, r-, t:'l r-j ~~ -.., 'f~ ~ ! I --~------~------~ ------r.'i ~,: ~ '-": ,,-.,. '" ~ ~ ,- "' ...... t,"!~~ ... , ,­ It ) t... ~ • r '"_' ..... _",,",,1 ,; 0 [.r!)~, ...... I1...... _-. >!-,..>, ...... j '~.) t"· .., c::: I'J.) 1:";' Ii_'_ O

(j.... ,""1 M 'r1 ,- T""1 0 (j'" L-':: ~: M ._J \ c.:- ~ C r- C-:' -I rn ('1 ..-. ::-:. ':'-1 ,-, ---- l- L- :': o -_, ....,.. C~ ", ;,,~ C ~ I rl ,-... I '0'1 ..... III.... CI ~ I~ ____~_ _ d_ -<:: E-I _,'-' Z ~--I-- -~-- ~~ ~ c, ,I' 0 J'"=l":'l.--O"'{'," G'_-"'r'Q~C- H i ,I !," ~ .l< ~ p I t:., 0'"' -~ P4 ~ I-t,--;-- C.J -: ....l <, ~:-J ~,'-I ~.::j I 1';" ~ '~I ~ -;. ", ...' z. ~ ',,,!.' .~ !...i ~ at. cQ E-1 g I", t'"ij It"; 0:.0 -;. t:"I ~_: .. -:~4 0 .... I "" ..."'"00 « 1%1 foe ...-:I ~ I fii ~--'--- Ul C.8 0-~ L - ('"'1 ,....~ ';'"'1 r~1 \.::::, J ~ _ .. -'.' :>t CL :to L- -:,,, :.' L- - cr) ...... { l.(~ III CC :z; 0 ..... ---1-I" E-I ~ t- (L ,...., C )_, o L- C-' 1'-' Cf._' co V' 0_ L- C ~:i OlOt·Ct­ -< L- L- OJ --j1 C'. ~J --i't rl ([) t .... !ll 0 .,...;- m-"'; ..o:jo1"',.....,- .,....iroc-i,-4~~ p CC 0 I~ fii _____ 1__ , ______L~

I""

----I

r:q 0...: ~ ) ttl 0 I p: .....~ Jl:1 P:i M M I" ""1 J'I1 I P (/1 u: f '" -:: Z 0 H (I: 0 I 0 I ~~ i ------_------TABLE x.

LANGUAGE. xxxii

TABLE X. LANGUAGE. OOCHI~ STAn.:. IMPERIAl, SERIES , ------1- I \

______~~GU~E ______._~\ pe:~ns_)-.-Ma~~--~emal:-- 1 i 2 I 3 I 4

Cochin• State 979.080 482.959 496,121 .A. Vernaculars of India, 978,500 482,669 495,831

VERNACULAR OF rHE STATE.

Malayalam 882,822 433,529 449,293

VERNACULARS FOREIGN TO THE STATE. 95,678 49,140 46.538

1,342 Gil:.! 710

8 8

Hindi ... \ 46 6

Hind ustalll · .. 1 2341 1, lCO un

K:tobohhi 622 J-10 27C;

3,772 1, ()~J1 1,77fl

KOllbui --I 17,601 9,2:;8 8,346 1 lIIaratbl . .,( 3,013 1,575 I 1,438

'ranul ... / 57,574 29,44.6 28,128

Telugu 8,901 4,161 4,740 Tulu J 453 313 140 Urdu 2 1 1

B. Vernaculars of other Asiatie countries. 195 151 44

53 Arabic .. 33 I, 20 I Hebrew 50 26 I 24 I SyrIan 92 92 I I I I C. European La.nguages. 385 139 I 246 2 Dutch 2 i English 324 101 223 ---I Portuguese .- 50 27 I 23 Spanish 9 9 I I ____ J_--I - TABLE Xl.

BIRTH PLACE. XXXIV TABLE XI.

COCHIN STATE. BIRTH PLAGE. IMPERIAL SERIES. ------POPULATION

BIRTH PLACE Persons \--l'IiaICR Females .------1 51 3 4

Population of the State 979,080 482,959 496,121 A.-Born in India 979,010 18!2,009 406,101

I. -Within the Provm,ce oj Emmw? atwn-(Co(}iin State) 939,321 464,575 474,746

II.-Pl"ov~nces and States In Indta beyond the Province of EnUlIle1 ation. 39,689 18,334 91,355

(a) PROVINCES AND STATES ADJACENT TO THE PROVINCE OF ENUMERATION. 38,769 17,846 20,923

1 -B?'ilish Territory (Madras Presidency) 26.380 12,414 13.966

Bellary 3 2 1

Coimbatore 2,338 1,015 1,323 Ganjam 1 1 Godavari ..... 2 1 1 Karnool ..... 1 Madra.s 228 106 122 Madura 216 135 81 Malabar 21,656 9,783 11,873 Nellore 5 3 2 Nilgiris 29 I 19 10 North Aroot 16 4 12 South Canara 853 646 207 Salem 181 171 10 South Aroot 3 2 1 Tanjora 117 58 59 Tinnevelly 607 377 230 Triohinopoly 121 88 33 Vizagapatam 3 2 1 2.-Indiam. States. 12,:589 5,432 6,957 Travancore 12,381 5,430 6,951 Pudukotai 8 2 6

( b) OTHER PROVINCES AN 0 STATES IN INDIA. 848 430 409

1.-I;rihsh Ten·itor?!. 264 157 101

Bengal 9 3 6 Bombay 177 109 68 BurnlU 8 2 (j 55 34 '21 1 Coor~ •• " I 1 Punjab ·"1 7 5 2 UlllLr11'toyinpcs 01 Agr.t allu OuClh '''1 7 4 3 ':!..-Il!(Zwlt St«/,,~ ... \ 584 282 a02 BARODA STATE --l 9 (i ;~ xxxv TABLE XI.-(cont.)

CO CHIN STATE. BIRTH PLACE. IMPERIAL SERIES.

------.------~------POPULATION

BIRTH PLAOE Persons I Males I Female" ------.,.,----~------;--1--3---1--;-

2.-IndMn States (cont.)

BOMBAY STATES. 477 232 245

(a) Cutch ••• 15 14 1

(b) Kathiawar 462 218 244

Hyderabad 9 2 7

Rashmir 1 1

1l1ysore 77 42 35

Rajputana. 11 11

(c) FRENCH AND PORTUGUESE SETTLEMENTS. 12 49 23 I. FRENCH SETTLEMENTS' 18 10 8

Pondicherry ~3 2 1 Karik:tl 1

lI1ahe 14 8 fi II. PORTUGUESE SETTLEMENT. 54 39 15 Goa 54 39 15 B,-Born in other Asiatic Countries 18 II 6

Ara.bia I 1 Ceylon ... \ 9 6 3 Persia. 1

Turkey in Asia 7 4 3

C.-Bo~ in Europe. 45 S4 11 (1) UNITED KINGDOM. 27 20 7 England and Wales 18 14 4 Scotland 6 5 1 Ireland 3 1 II

(2) OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. 18 14 4 Belgium 1 1 France 1

Holland 2 2

Norway 2 1 1

Portugal '''1 :> 2 1 Spain ..."'j 9 \) D.-Born in-America. •• .1 :> 3 I United States ···1 :> 3 E-Born in Australasia ... \ 4 1 3

New Zealand 2 2

Philippines 2 1 1

1--·------,--- T A_13LE XII·

INFIRMITIES. PART I-DISTRIBUTION BY AGE. PART II-DISTRIBUTION BY TALUKS.

1. Of the insane, 1 Hindu female, 1 Ohristian female and 1 Christian male are blind; ancl 2 Hindu males and 1 Christian fema.le are deaf-mme. Of the deaf-mut~, 1 Hindu male is insane, and 1 Hindu male and 2 Christian females are blind. Of the blind, 2 Hindu males, 1 Hindu female and one Christian female are deaf-mute Of the leper 1 Hindu mn.le is deaf-mute. 2. Persons suffering from more infirmities than ODe are inclucled under each hea.d and the double infirmitiefl are 15 in number. XXXVlll TABLE XII. INFIRMITIES

COOHIN STATE Part L-DlstributlOn by Age. IMf'ImlAL SERIES. '------.------.------~------INSANE DEAF-1.1:UTE BLIND I LEPER AGE

LL:i ~"! ::i ::: \ ::~ .~ .~ :~ I Ii !!! .;1 :~! ::: TOT~-"::" ~ ~ J: I: : \""; I I: 1: : ,: I 1: i 1: -;\ "";1 ::: ---Z=~~:::I ~::-lig-;g---T- ~ II-~- ~~ -~--I--;~ !-~~-II-~fl--~-I-J'-JII-~\1 15-20... 209 128 Ell 29 18 11 71 41 I 30 '31 50 I ':1 \ 30 21 9 20-25... 216 123 93 34 20 14 63 3-1 29 \ 11 I 38 33 48 31' 17 \ 25-30.•• ,1 224 123 101 41 22 19 61, 28 ,33 73 \ 35 \ 38 49 38; 11 1 30-::!5... 220 116 104 48 32 16 52 25' 27 65 1 20 I 4:; 58 39/ 19 35-40"'1 207 121 86 56 3a 23 27 18 t 9 8? 42 1 4 1 ! 39: 2031 11 I 40-45... 135 9J 39 21 18 11 15 11)2 46 55 I 64, 54 10 234 29 I I ' I 45--50 . 167 88 79 37 14 23 18 I') 8 74 39 35 38 25 13 / ::=:::: ::: l~: :: ;: :: i 1~ 2; 1: I 1: I :: \:: :: ::1 ::: : 60-65... 168 i9 89 HI 6 10 3 1 .. , 3 133 I 61 6') \ 17· 9 ' 381 65-70... 95 50 45 12 8 4 ... i'" I ... n 1;)4 38 11 8 70andover.. 1S8 7" 110 I 10 I 4 6! 8 :;) 6 1 131 (,J I 93 \ ~, 6! 31 T~:~\~~70 ::~!~_I-=~o~:~~~1378_1~~ _ __:_()6_1491l_!~6~_1-2:~-II~~? _1-~~~_'~25 _~1:(~~~~_~2~1 Gra.nd totnl.'2,586 :1,4::'.1 ;1,)55 1 ;)81 i 213 1GS: 504 .27.3 1 2~n 1,253 6l:l ,L~7 I ~Go, ::'.10, 126, I 1 " : I

Part n.-Dlstribution by T .luk·~

'l'ALUK

_. ----~------_ -~------_--_ I 1 Ccc~m SLaie I 2,521> 1,4~11 1.1 5\ Z31 ~13i lGU 5J1 273 i 'I' 1.2:;11 G\.3 til7 '.1,6 ~ J :2G , I I Cochin·KH n"y,mnur •. .1. 763: 48l 2'3]1 1;:;1 ';5 EG 133 CG/ 6J' 25} I! . ,'~7 ~t5 1~ 1 57 I 1 - 1 I I 1 I 1 h l Crallgnnore ··1 lisl 41 2,.: 14 51 9 7 2 33 4 u n 12 I , .. ·1 ! 1 _I 1 l'. .. ,.. 21 :rvrL;kunl~.lpumm 481 2[)2 2 ~) &2 2l 112: 6l ,,1. 254 L8 J.J' 53 1 I 1 'i'richur 56!), 292 &9 ::1 ~\) 132\ '71, G11 315 111) 16, '-!7 ~vl ~11 , 2G '\ I I 1 1 TabpIlly 494 255 2~9\ 51 2'3 2.3 76 40 "6 2901 135, 155 8') I I M\ 2,1 1 1 1 I ChlttUf 214j 10.1 110, '27: 48: 30 100' 411 59, 14 71 , 54\ 271 I :81 , , 7j I 1 I I ------

INFIRMITIES BY SELECTED CA;::~T£S, TRH~E5 f:J. :~ACE3.

1\OTE.--The fnl1(l';ving statement. oxhih:tu and Age.------Race :1nd Caste. Sex.

Hmdu. Chf'tt.i l\!ale 1()') Dlinc1 !Ill'] D0{1f-nmt(~ IluYan "JH LIT']' "r"l d,) t' Kad,olan ]i', r.l't'e .) Bllll': :\,l'! do. Kamtl1:1lan (Thrlfbn) ]I; 1: , J "F"n ,",~ tlr, ]10 (Kullu.ll) ('('. bill d II, r: dn. N:l":''':lr (I, • J I'n :t I d (In. Ottan,ukan ('e. J':l 11" 'Ie ,Hill do. "c'an (1". f'e' ,-"I 00. O.,hers ( \ lYl b;ftnn) :E"JIl'ld.1 [ 'j lu , ' ,j .JliLll Cliri~t£an. Indian Cbrlstian 3'-1 D0' f:",d flo. Do. rtlUlale 5 Dl"".t !l11)(e and do. 1'0. do. 2'1 1 t1 - "11L' a,nn cl fl. Do. do. n r,o : n I Dcrtf-10Ul

Persons s11ffering from more innrmities than 0,10 ~ re incLll::d und·w en ell hoad. xl TABLE XII-A. COGHIN STATE. IMPERIAL SERIES. INFIRMITIES BY SELECTED CASTES, TRIBES OR RACES.

PorerJ \TION DEALTH INSANE DEAF·MUTE BLIND LEPER WITH --I --I I ~I-I CASTE, TRIBE OR RACE. I gl. • § ~ § ~Ig. ~ ~ ~ j l 3 \ 1 ~~ ~~~ ~l~~ ~~~ a ... "., ~ [Pot I""' ~ .... ~ ~11lt1~ ~I~ "" ~ ------;:------2-:--a -1--4-1-~1-;-1-71-;-1 91~orllr;:;-7a'"\"~~Tl;-b6

HINDU. :~6,1321315,418 330,714 i241 1138 103 '301 '163 138 1905 4351470 2831199 84 AmbaJovasi ... 8,079 4,061 4,018 7' 4 3 4 2 2 15 7 8 1 I 1 Ara"l"ftu .•. 5,580 3,044 2,536 4 4 ... 1 .. , 1 5 5 ... 2 2 ::: Brahmin, Malayali ... '6,436 3,463 2,973 8 8 ... 1 1 ... 17 10 7 1 1 .. . Do. Tamil ••• 21,836 11,390 10,446 10 8 2 9 6 3 34 14 20 3 3 ... ::)0, Konkalli ... 8,080, 4,395 3,685 12 9 3 1 1 ... 11 7 4 '" ... •..

"@o. Others ... 4,016 2,733 1,283 2 2 ... _ 1 1 .. . Chetti '" i),163 4,135 5,028 6 2 4 10 4 1 '.'j1 3 3 .. . Devangan ... :no 1M 212 ...... 4 4 .~ ..~ ..~ .~ 422 Elutha2Aan •.• 15,197 7,856 7,841 . " ... 8 3 5 37 18 19 3 3 ... Iluvan ... 224,008 107,234 116,774 75 33 42 99 55 44 282 140 142 113 86 27

Kaikolan ... 4,805 i,030 2,775 5 2 3 3 1 2 3 1 2 4 .. , 4 Kammalan ... 35,917 17,533 18,384 19 9 10 27 6 21 61 32 29 21 14 7 Kanakkan ... 8,424, 4,409 4,015 4 4 ... 8 6 2 7 4 3 10 5 5 Kaniyan ... 2,393 ' 1,091 1,302 I 1 1 ... 1 1 1 ... Kavundan ... 6,354 3,657 2,697 3 ." 2 i 2 211 1 Kshatriya, Malaya.li ... 1,232 i 587 645 1 1 .•. 3 2 1 ... Kudumi Chetti ... 10,328 5020 5308 2 1 1 7 4 3 13 S 5 5 ...4 I ... 1 Kusavan ... 3,442 1;611 1.831 I 1 5 3 2 2 1 1 ...... Nayar .. 131,054 62,977 68,C77 45 23 22 52 26 26 231 98 133 45 30 15 Ottanaikan ... 2,437 1,200 1,237 2 1 1 2 2 ...... I 1 ... 1 Panan 2,642 1,153 1,489 2 3 3 ... 321 Pandaran 3,560 1,734 1,826 ••• 3 2 1 1 1 ... Parayall 7,145 3,388 3,757 ::i 1 13 4 9 3111 Pulayan .. , 69,423 34,471 34,952 .~ I"~ J ~! 5 88 43 ' 45 I 46 29 17 Vadukan •. ' 657 I 85 572 2 ... 2

Vaisya 886 :399 487 2 1 1 ... 1 1 ... I 1 Valan 9,507 4,266 5,241 5 4 1 3 2 1 11 G 5 2 ••• 2 Velan 6,232 3,157 3075 6 4 2 5 2 3 20 9 11 3 3 ... Velakk~thalavan 3,185 1,490 1,695 4 3 1 3 1 II 7 4 3 2 2 ... VeIlltlan 4,587 2,879 1,708 6 5 1 1 1 4 1 3 2 2 ... Veluttedan 3,347 1,565 1,782 ... 3 ... 4 3 1 Vettuvan :::1 4,759 2,378 2,381 1 1 3 2 1 1 ... Other,; 21 10,369 10,682 5 II 3 10 4 6 13 6 7 1 ... "'1 ,051 MUSALMAN. 68,717 34,940 33,777 26 11 15 44 23 21 72 43 29 23 19 4 Jon&kan ... 1 56,018 28,373 27,645 20 8 12 37 18 19 62 40 22 21 I Ravuttan "'1 6,544 3,538 3,006 2 2 6 4 2 7 2 5 Others .. ·1 6,155 3,029 3,12(:\ 4 1 3 1 1 3 1 2 CHRIH1'UN. 1262,595 Anglo·Indian ...: 2,182 Inaidn Christian .. .i260,347 JEW 1,167 ANIMIST 368

Gra.nd Total TABLE XIII.

CASTE, I:;' lUBE, RACE OR NATIONALITY.

NO'XE.-Non-indigenous castes which are of minor importance are lumped together in the ta.ble as " minor castes" xlii TABLE XIII. CO CHIN S:'ATE. IMPEBIA.L SERIES. CASTE, TRIBE, RACE 'OR NATIONALITY. U C.\'STE 'l'OT_\I~ I MALl;'S I FEMALES t----- CochmState .. 979,880 482,959 496,121

HI~DlJ ... '" 646,132 315,418 330,714

Agamudltiyan ...... '''1 fli - 13 68 I ! Ambalav3foj .,. '" ... '/' 8.079 I 4,061 4,018 I

I Adil:a! ...... '" ... 23 13 10 Chakkiyar ...... '" ... 'tl I 38 33 Chakh~yar Narnbiyar ... '" ... 51 14 37 OhenUazhi Nmnb!yar ... -.. . .. !J45 520 I 425 Kallattt£ Kurup ...... '" Hit 31 120

Marm' ...... 1,447 I '1:;'4 723 Nambiyassan ...... ::: I 592 :-322 2'Xl P~8haroa~ ...... 1.228 564 661 Putuval .,. '" ...... 891 369 522 Tt1l.uatt-.i ...... 80 57 23 r-ar~1Iar ...... 2,608 1,409 1,191

unbattan '" ... '" ... 1.032 549 48a lrayan ...... 5.580 3,044 2.536 336 128 ~aniya '" ... .. -~- 208 ~hatlya ... "'1 31 16 15 '" ...... r

~rabmall ...... ···1 40,368 21,981 18,387 10tJl);/(Ul, ...... 1117 nn 32fJ GQ1tda ... -- ...... \ 1,660 1,421 2a9 --Konkani ...... '" 8,080 4,395 3,685 ~ EZayad ...... 8;;0 484 3~ I l1alauah Muttad ...... , .. 179 81 98 }i a1nbudiri ...... ~- .. 5,427 2,898 2,529

Tamil ...... \ ... 21,836 11,390 10,446 Others _. 1,439 721 . ... '" -. 71~

210 ::lhakkan - ~ ...... 463 253 ::lhakkiliyan ...... '" 438 97 341 ::lhaliyan '.1 ...... 2,003' 1.003 1,000 :Jhettl ...... 9,163- 4,135 5,028 Jhunnambottan ...... 3 3 ..,

Da~i ...... 270 75 19!1 Devangan ... .. , ...... :)".. ) 15; I 212- Blluthassan ...... -- 15,191 7,356 'j,S41 [(hiya,n ...... '" ... 209 98 111

TIuvan .. , .. , ...... 224,008 i 107,234 116,774·

Il1tvan ...... '" 223,405 106,()41 116,464 Kavutiyan ...... '" 603 293 310

Caikolan '" '" ... '" 4,805 2,030 2,'1'15 Cakkalan ...... 508 237 2'11 Callan ...... 1,135· 637 498 Callar .- ...... , .. 3 ... 3 xliii TABLE XRI.-(cont). COCHIN STATE, IMPERIAL SERrI!lS. CA~TE, TR.TBE, RACE OR NATIONALITY. - C ... \.;1TE TOTAL !IALES FEMALES , I I \ -~

: Uamm:i.lan- ...... 35,917 17,533 18,384

~ :, : -Kallasari ...... 2,436 1,076 1,'360 K"Uan ...... 8,029 3,870 4,159 Milrasab ...... 18,555 8,879 9,676 ],Io'nsar ...... 946' 477 469 Tatta?~ ...... 5,602 3,089 2,513 ,.,...:rolkollan ...... 349 142 207 , ,-- Kammalan, TamiV": '" ...... 901 336 565 Kanakkan ...... , . ... 8,424, 4,409 4,015 Kaniyan ...... 2,393 1,091 1,302 Kannadiyan ...... 56 15 41 ,Kam1an - 120 , ...... 73 47

Kavara ...... 260 163 97 KR,VuPldan ...... , ... 6,354 3,657 2,697 Komatti ... - ...... 1 ... 1

Kshatriya ...... 1,649 828 821

lvlaZallali ...... 1,232 587 G45 RajlYUt ...... , 16 1 15 \ Othe1's ...... 401 240 161 ._ ,

. Kudumi Chetti ...... 10,328 5,020 I 5,308 . Kurukkll I ...... 109 6~ \ 46 -KULUP ...... Sil3. 4~O ( 'lbd 'Kus~vall ...... '" ... 3,442 1,611 1,831 , Malayan ...... , 500 I 391 ]09 '-. ,)1, I - I ,I , ,Manayar! I ...... ;- .. 5 ]\faro. tha. ; ...... - .. . ~ 40 36 Mudaliyar ...... 687 397 290 . :Mukkuvan , ...... 89 44 45 . Muttiriyan ...... '" 7 1 6 , ~hyal' , ...... 131,054 62,977 68,077 ~ambi Kurup ...... 25 20 • 5 ~ambidi ...... -.. 362 I 156 206 Nllnjanattu Pillai ...... 136 i 97 39

~adi ...... 119 47 72 lrtiya...... , 89 69 20 jttanaikan (Odde) ...... 2,431 1,200 1,237 Panan I '" v ...... 2,642 1,153 1,48S .

~ I I I I P:mclap',!! ...... 1J ." i 3,560 1,734 1,826 Panditattan' ...... , 1,2.99 737 562 ~aravanv" ••• ...... \ 24 43 ParaYRB \ ..:, roo...... (7:1~ 3,388 3,757 Paraya.n (Taimil) _j ...... ,- .9fl 79 11 0 , , ! Pondan i ... , ...... 5& 28 28 Pulayan...... 69,423 34,4~ 34,952 Pulluvan >/ 114 . - I ...... - ... 54

---- I aliv -1 'ABLE XIII.-(!)ont). OOCHIN STATE. IMPERIAL SERIES CASTEj TRIBE, RACE OR NA'l'IONALITY. CASTE TOTAL I MALES FEMALES - I

teddi 11 11 lamantan ~59 25 34 lhanan 1 1

ludra unspecified 362 94 268 Carakan 800 323 477-

Cottiyall , 58 27 31 Jllatan 413 211 202 {adukan 657 85 512 Taisyan I 886 399 4t17 ,'alan --'I "'I 9,&07 4,266 5,241 I 1 \'alachetti 37 13 24 Valluvan ••• 1 30 30 VR.niyan •. ,i 995 566 429 i'annan 2,038 1,285 71:3 iT elali:ka ttalavan '::\ 3.185- 1,490 1,695 I

Irelan 6,23~ 3,157 3,075

{ellalan 4,587 2,879 1,708 ieluttedan 3,347 1,565 1,782 (f'ttuvan 4,159 2,378 2,381 ,'lkurup 1,005 544 461 V'irasaivan 11 7 4 Innor dastes 2,231 583 1,648

.IUSALMAN ... \ 68,717 34,940 33,777

30ra •• .1 49 37 12 'Ianevi 155 85 70 ronakan , .. 56,018 28,373 27,645 rachchi '''I 73 64 9 _>athan 1,165 560 605 "'1 Ravuttan 6,544 3,538 3,006 Shabi 1,140 616 524 Saiyad 139 65 74 " -Sheik 2,095 935 1,160 Others 1,339 667 672

CHRISTIAN 262,595 131,758 130,837

Anglo-Indian ••• ... , 2,182 1,173 1,009 European 1British Subject) ... 23 19 4 European others) ... 43 24 19 Indian Christia.n - 260,347 130,542 129.805 JAIN 101 58 4i

JEW 1,167 587 580

BlaokJew 1,014 512 502 White Jew ••• ' :I IS3 75 '18

ANIMIST ···001 368 1118 171

Kad,\ll 274 148 Malayan 126 M 50 44 r.rABLE XIV.

CIVIL CONDITION BY AGE FOR SELECTED CASTES.

NO.rE:-This Table like Table IX deal's only with certa.in selected ca.stes a.na not with fib-e whole population. All ma.in ca.stes over 2,000 in strength and a few o~hers, which though not numerically so strong, are of loca.l importance, are included in this Table. TABLE XIV. Civil condition by Age for xlvi Selected Castes.

c.o~a.Ol.Ql.ClO cq C"I1"""'f...-4 C"I ]-"'-,'~~ ~ M eq~ __ ;_o_-,-__ ~ C'I ~ C1 co~r:----';C>'"""l--=~-=%l''-::OOo''''''92'--::'3=-7;-=o>~--"",'-::1O:-- "" I ~~~~ro~ ro~~~ ~~ _~ ~~~~~~ ~ I 0_,_, C"I to- --~--,--- I I c:: ...... __ ::3_,_ ::3 I 1 I ,~ :C'I ~ I ...... I ......

...... - . ~ ...... ------,------

~o~~o~ ~D~~~~ ~-~~~~ t:-c:.oOlCt-~LO m~~~~~ M~w~~m ~~~~~~ r-j'"diO'JOC.OCO~ ~~ ro~ ~ ~ro ~M ~ cq q ." cq

I ~--I-;- ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~@~~~ "" ..... rl ~ I ------ui .,.,--,-- Q) co C"'I :.cq. ~ I . ; ;' rJ2 rJ2 rz1 ~ ->< c8 o ...:I ..... (IJ< CI) 'OIl ~~ <: ~ rg~ ;& '__ -----: __ _ ~ c.;:)C)t-OQ)CO 'lQ,...... ~li.)O~ I.Qt-lQ-~-;;ji-t==""'i'I..- 0 g ~M~rl~M ooO~O~~ ~oo~~~~ 0 Mro wo rlOO~H~ OOrlOrl rl ...... I 0- ,_,- cD ...... "" >..... -:;:;---+------,"'=ro=,...,=""=(fJ=c;:,~--,O"'''~'''OO=''''::;:;-IO'''::;:;;:;--,O''''''c_lt=: ('()~ t.O L(:,-~ L- -.:t1 l- CLJ ..... o",r:-oooo =r:-o""'~,~rlOO'" 0 ro~~w~~ ~ ~~ ~OO~ 0 ro ~~ ~ I as 'r"""j' ..qi"' ~ I '--",,---,--- ~~~g~~ ~Sg~~~ ~~2~~$ g~3~~~~ 10"'.00<0= "'~ ~10 ='0 ~~tO""'~ .... ,_;~,...,~~ ~ ...... ~ = ~ coO)t:.C..q.IO':llC cq~Cf:'oCCroO)lC3 I t- to C):) "'::IH.D 0) rlC.Drlt-C"It-t­ ..q.I CfJ L- 0':) rl C''!_t-tO... lCI \0 01 CI) moo cci..-t ,-j'~ c-t'" r-I"' I "" co0> I """"'""tIC?O~C'O o:cc. ..jt-t­ (.O""'1'!tOQ)GlO":) Cf:l.roOCJ)l.COO oo ...... ~ect- OlO~OC:OlQ c-1 r:..: ..q-'" rl"' 0':)- ";cOcO ,_,,_..i~cq'" ,..,

i :

fii 8..: E-< III Z 53o o o TABLE XIV. xlvii

,.... L0 '" ""t- cr>

<0 :-<0~ .,....- '">0- 't- .-< C> 1 ""'0,.... ------

: ~ CD : 0 G'I --_._------: co

· .. ,....: : .. · .. . · . . . ~ · ....~ . . . C/l · .. . · ) ... .-<

. "",....,

· ... .

""101 0 CO 0 ~--CO-~-C'O-":"I 0'" Cl';) l- ,.....~ C"I M 0""1 ~ l- t- .....-! 00 '=1)<':l')OCDll"J mlQt:nlCm ,....;...;_; 1'"'"I-...-i- .-<

.." '" <0"" ,....,

>0 OD CI.) 1---- >Q

G'I ~:> >Q ,...... , .-

00 Ol>O 00 >0 CO --n ,....,

00 C> t-'Q t- G'I

0> "'0--(f'o-CJ)- G'I >0 10- >0 COl ""

"",.... t:->Q ,.... "" >0 """"

z z -t< """1IilZ .. P:l~ ~~ TABLE XIV. Ci'Yil condition by Age for xhiii Selected jaste•.

.....~~O')t.OO)lO .-< :g C'r.) Qq o a;, :.-< ,...,"" :~~..... '" ....

! ~ eo : ..... '" :~ "" :.-4

: ..... :0> : .....

· ......

Ol Ct":I C/'J Q') cq~ cq t- ;;CO"";;-;;CO"C'I- - CCJ -t,- C(,) 10 C'l C"1 0 =c>roooo~ ~co~~ >0",,0""'-<<0 .-i>ooom~oco oo~~oo~~ ~~ ~~ C'I~roMC'I ~~~~~~ ... 0) ,..... -.i

~r-!(NO')COO':l CQCl)~om'"d'l C1JCO~ 0_0)0":) C'l

---~-co 10 C" c:o""""=--">o=""=o;C-",, c;n=--~"""'O=O:-;::-:""'=--=C';)"""""""""'"=O>--""~o>~~c>0- OM~~~~ .-t ~ro~M M~OO~~ro .-t~O~~~OO ~rl~t.O~.-t ~ ~~ ~OO~ M~~ H ~ C'i

------·......

---~~-..._l-c=-(J;~ CI"'lOt-m~L­ oo::rt1""""lC'l~l.Qc.o 1"""'I-""",,,1""1-~M

----,;~~&i-~g;.--i "~""gjC;---;'~ ~ ~~-~ ~ 01:---...::1" 0 0- M C'\I C'1 lQ -1""""1- oo~ ~roC'r.)OOll"lT""i lQt-q~lCO') ,....; .-t ~ C'lOO r-tC"'l_C'I lO

fIO.-t OJ t;- et:l CX) ~ ~ 0') CO-~-C"l-O-~ eq OO-lO-k':)-Q)-~T""i 0'l-CJ)~t-- ~ I ~~~T""iOO~ M~~r-t~~ r-t~~~~~ .-t~~~~~ ~.-tT""i~~ r-t ~~ eoro~ ~ ~cq~ ~T""i ~ I a3' ,...; IQ'" ~ I ~ I >0 I--

---II • ] I_:_

::>O'""~• Zl'

~o I! ...

I I 'I'ABLE XIV xlix bivil condition by Age for Selected Oastes.

CCcr.'l~mco C'l';)CO~t-..tQ CC""'

0';:-""-0-. '" C"I...;Hcr.,"'CtI~ M~~,..., __1t:q_I_- I ~

r...>0 I C'I,..., ....>0 :", ....J. I I ~ I I ,,-;------~I, ~~~~~ "",00>"'" I ! ~ -.c: I

O'lcq t-~fO ~OmrllO CQ co C"110 Q') CO,-j"<:j1lQt:­ G"'IlGl t-~ C'1 C'-IlOt-t.DO _..- c-i cq­ ,...; ,.....;' ,...( TABLE XV.

CHRISTIANS BY SECT AND RACE. TABLE~V. Iii i!'erritorial distribution· 01 the Chris- tia:c Population by Sect and Race. - ai ~ ..CD I0 a:) It:> .,j< 10 0> II) :1 I . 10 0> <0 ~ .... 0 ..-i C a:) ;s 0> 0 I:ll . CQ . CIC 10 <0 CQ ... ~ a:J ""en a "" ..-i~ ~~ ~ ., I ..; 0> .... -< ~ 10 10 ..-i CI:) ..... 0> 10 .". co co ..... <:> ... eo ." ." ." cr.> 0> t- CQ "'" "'" I C'> co 00 <-:. I~ "'" "" cO .... I >0 6 .... , "" <0 j!~ - ! ;:il I I .,cr. C CQ 0 ~ 0 I 00 ....""" . "'" C'> 10 .... 0 < ~ co'" .," o~ ~ I I'l 8 I>< ell p;.'" ~ :; Z .....0 '" I E-4 P rJ) •, ~ j .. 00 0 t- t- o .... ,~ H ~ t- . '~ ...... t- E'< .-'l I ,-" ~ , ,- A \ I I I m ..... I ,_ I '"oJ I r:n ..... >0 0> 0 u:> . 1'iI" I ~ I "" ..... "'" .-< : ~ I l '""' I~ I l , I I .------I , I rIl CI) , tel c:o til I ..r -a t - CIC CI) Ft I "'" Ii I ,- I I

.... tel tel CIC tI:I II) ,,_ t'lI ~ to- Il) ~ '" '"CIC '" ~ I - "'" ... to:. ...." tI'i C

II) ~ 001 II) N IN CIO t- ~ CI>" ~ ~ ... ~ TIt) I 0" ",," r1fi "" .... 0 001 ..CoO' I~ ...... ! I I I 1: ~ =• Gl dI 't:! Z s:I .~ dI S s:I Eo< 0 d! -< s:I .1:: Z d dI ..... A'" :a .., ... 13 ;:a- ~~~ 0 ., U> ,.-< I'l '" 0 -;:r -;;;- CD Z eU '" ~ ;:il ~ .., 0 c: Q) ce I'i1 \ .-[ '" .<:l'" 0 ~ p., ..- o OJ .~ 0 0 0 8 ~ ""s::I S '"OJ a0 I s:: cII 0 P ...... ~ A A A ~ I 0 H p..,'" p., ~ UJ 8 ...: P=1 """ to I ..,; >ci .0 ~ cO m <:) rl z I ..< 0-5 .... ,..., ,..., I-< '" p:; '" '-'c <:.) I TABLE XVI.

EUROPEANS AND ALLIED RACES AND ANGLO-INDIANS BY RACE AND AGE.

NOJ:ll: ;-~4ere are two Armenia.n males m the Sta.te, one in llhe ~.;)U# 3-1)-~O ..nd tb@ gj;her iJ:l. uha 1I/ia.1iIO\l, 00 auQ gYRo TABLE XVI. Europeo\ns and---- Allied Raees and liv Anglo-Indians by Race and Aee

1____ S_"I_ll_m_"_.>f __ .J gj I g Sa[ll!\I , t- I Ir.> ______1-I"" I __<.:> _ I ~ I :g 11 ___

______I ~ ,f__ _ I-I 0 o ." ____ seIllm~1 ~ I 00 I o ..." -:llW I-;l--~

'-I co saIllwa.[ 1 "" , C'I ______I_C'I ....

____s__ aI_ll_W_~; ~ I ~ -1-- -- saIllwa.[ I ~ I ~

\--=--/ sarllw~I_~I __ ~__ I I 52 I selllm".!I i ;:; I Q ~ I ___'_1 w ,______s_aI_ll_w __ ~1 ~·.~I--~-- I~ \ I 1----- l Sarll]\[ I ~ I --=-, salllU!9.[ I ;:!1 1- ;g '-<1;::; I------jr I --;1----I I S9IllJiII I ~ I I I I~I ------.- -,:----""--- 1:::1 ~ s9 'Bw-a-.[------:1 1 ~ "j:--=~;------..-sal~w· T~I~-

saplma.[ Twl~-­ 10 1. -----SaI'BW I t- , -y-

:sal'8l1I3.[ I <0 \ <0 -----___--!I:--.--~ 1 sal'BN 1>0 1 ~ ----8a-l'11-1I1-9.£[--I--: I ~ I I ....

S91ll;-- !~ I:----,~;::o-,--­ t C'I I ~ I ,I~ rrABLE XVII.

OCCUPATION OR MEANS OF LIVELIHOOD. GENERAL TABLE.

Note (1) In this table the term" partially agriculturist" includes only those people 'W ho<.,e subsidiary occupation falls uncler groups 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. (2) Groups numbers 19,20.24,28,31 to 36, 47, 53, 57, 62, 63, 104-, 157, l01), HiO a.nd 190 are bla.uk for the Sta.te. Rence they have been omitted hi TABLE XVII. OCCUPATION OR MEAN. OF LIVELINOOD. COCHIN ST~TE. UIPEmAL SERIES GENERAL TABLE. ------Actual workers.

OCCUpn,tlOll cr means of hvelihl!lod -B" o

-:------.... ~- -;--31 --5----

- ~-~ Pasture a,nd agriculture. 499,039 133,310 73,585 \ 1 ,302 251 292,144 ORDINARY CULTIVATION,

1 Income from rent of agricultural land- (a) N?u-culbvating l:md owners "'1 1.'>,095 1,982 1,111 I ... 12,002 (b) Cnlhvatmg lane' ownerR ... 47,520 10,107 1,401 i 36,012 2 Ordmary cultrmtorR- J (a) Non-cult,vatmg tenants .. , 2,871 73'3 307 ... 1,826 (b) Cultlvatmg tenants .• 217,156 57,540 16,887 ... 142,729 3 Agents. managers of jjl.n,l (b) I GROWERS OF SPECIAL PBODUCi'S I , I>() AND MARKET GARDENING. '"a.> V 6 Tea, coffee, clllchona, rubber and 't:l mdigo plant;ctions ... 3,186 993 369 ... 1,834 ee~ 7 FrUlt, flower, yegutahlc, bctel-vUlc, arecanut, etc., growcr~ .. 20,500 7,020 1,898 11,672 ee'" ... s (c) FORESTRY. rn ..:I ] 8 Forest officerb, rangers, guards, ctc. 708 211 ... 13 497 <1 H ....0 9 Wood cutters; firewood, catechu, ~ rubber, etc, collectors and charcoal 15 £:-< burners .. 4,682 1,706 261 115 82 2,715 <'" 10 Lac collectors .. 21 6 ...... 15 ~ !::: II(d) RAISIIfG OF FARM STOCK. < 11 Citttlo and bufLtlo breoders RInd keepers 'l13 8'1 37 79 8 89 ~ 12 Sheep, goat, and pIg breedcrs .. 4< 0 H 13 Breoders of othor anIm"ls (horses, ~ 101 3,1 19 25 17 48 I 10 z mules, camels, asses, etc.) ." 49 32 7 5 0... 14 Herdsmen, shepherds, goatherds, etc. 1,585 1,070 161 992 142 354 Eo< 0 p (e) RAISING OF &MALL ANIMALS. Q 15 Birds, bees, etc. '" 156 105 9 73 2 42 0 , Il!i 16 Sllkworms 7 7 .. '" Il-J 7,288 ..:I 2 Fishing and hunting. 13,902 5,612 1,002 115 20 17 Fishillg 13,85~ 5,580 1,002 113 20 7,~70 18 Hunting 50 311 ... 2 18 Total Sub-Class I 512,941 138,929 74,587 11,417 271 299,432 I I 3 % I Mines. 2\ '" ...... El \ cO I 21 !Innes and metallic mineral,; (gold, ... iron, manganese, etc.) ...... 2 '"~ ; 2 \ fa 4 Quarries of hard rock-s. ... ." ... 2 .,0- I :!J ] ~ 22 Othel minerals (jade, diamonds, .9..., limestone, etc.) 2 ...... !! cO ." 5 3 .. 3 l,. Salt, etc. ... ." r;t1 2<1 I Rock, sea and marsh salt I g ... 1 ...... 3

7~'~711'~;7 _;;II ... ·~ 1 , I I I I 6 636 11,668 18,281 1671 228 20,687 Text:J.les, I 50, 1 I 13 Cotton gi nning, cleaning a.nd pressin~ 97 ) 8 41 7 76 Cotton spinnin" I 131 22 61 42 Cotton siaing and weavlllg 7,287 2,113 2,051 87 I 19 3,123

1 I \ Ivii TABLE XVII.-(cont.) OCOUPATION OR MEANS OF bIVEIlIHOO:O. COCliIIN STArE. UIPERL\.L Sl!mIE':-; GENERAL TABLE. I I L \- "",=1 wmi'~' . I ! f@ I Total \l'arti"ll' I iJl I Occupahion or means of livelihood. i ~ "g agncultun to I lJJ ~ 1_1 \__ ~ _____ .. ___ .. ___ lj! i_"'_:_:=Jj~"~I~;;;~I'I'_~ ___ _ 1 I 2 I 3 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 8 I 9 10 11

405 i I ~09 ROlle, twme and string 857 1' 242 2 :1 -,- '~ v Other fib..,~ (cocoanut, aloes, flax, I hemp, straw, etc.) 42,173 9,120 16,838 7J 100 1'1,:£1[; 37 Dy?ing, bl'lachmg, printing, pt'epara- \ tion and spongmg of textIles ... \I ..l 3S r Lace, cripe, embroideries, fringers, etc., and IllsuffiClen tly descn bed I textile mdustries ... \ 89 70

7 Hides, skins and hard materials from too animal I kingdom 1,302 I 492 24 I 40 2 786 I

39 Tanners, cnnierq, le'lther dressers 30 and leather dyero, etc. 72 42 I 40 Makers of lCiLther articles, such aH trunks, wa.ter b,l's, s~ddlery or \ harlleSq, etc., excluding articles 'I of dress ... 1,210 436 22 39 2 "i 5 ~ I

41 Furriers and persons occupied WIth feathers and bristles; brush makers. 5 2 1 42 Bmw, ivory, hurn, slen, etc., workers (except button) ... 12 9 i I 5,052 1 616 471 23962 I Wood. 44,760 15,746 \ 43 Sawyers 14,561 ~,32g 23 31;' S 10, .o~) g 7}O 44 Carpenters, iurners and joiners, etc .... 1 17,204 7,321 153 Vl )J 45 Basket makprs and other mdustrws I I of woody materialillcludmg leaves It and thatchers and budders workIng with bamboo reeds or SImilar 12,995 4,096 4,876 210 Ill1 1,:)2;) I f mateJ+ials s 10,325 703 20 1 7 9 Metals. ·· ... i 46 Forging :tnd rollling of Iron .lnd \ other met:1.1s. ...1 27 15 1:2 48 Other wvrkers in iron and mXkers of implements and tools prmc.i­ 1 pally or exclusively of iron '1',952 3,316 I 571 20 7 49 Wockers in brass, copper and bell metal 1,822 81f i 1~6 ROJ 50 Workers in other mehls exs,ept I precious metals (tin, zinc, lead, qUickSIlver), eLc. 521 171 050., 51 Workers m mmts, dw-sinkers, etc. 3

10 1,526 10 C&ramiclil. 4,227 1,959 742

52 Makers of glass and crystal W.1re 4 1 3 54 Makers of porcelam and crockery... 41 1 3 ,-11 55 Potters and earthen pIP~ and bowl makers 3,302 1,567 678 10 1 56 Brick and tile makers 880 301 60 :2

11 Chernicall>fOducts l>rouerly so called and analogous. 4,40e 1,450 695 37

58 J',fallufacture of matchos and e:;:­ ploslVe ,naterm-ls 242 59 M~nufacture of aera.t~d and mmeral 44 \ waters and ice .1.6 Iv iii TABLE XVII.-(oo'1tt.) OCCUPATION OR MEANS OF T"IVELIHOOJi). COCHIN STATE. IMPERIAL SERr!l~. GENERAL TABLE . .------~------~------Actual wOlkers, ~2 ~ ~ Total I Partially .r ~ Occupation or means of livelihood 0'"" g . ultu . t s::I '" .,. " § a rIC rlS II ~"'~ rn '0 ~ 2 I ~ ~ ------i ------~ ~ 5 c:; ~ '"" Ma.les Females :Males I FI- g -;--1--2--3 --;:-J------5___ ~_===___=__ '---_6_]--7-8 -1-9-\~~ 1--;;:-

11 Chemical products properly so c~,lled and analogous. 60 Manufacture of dyes, paint and ink.. 4 !l 61 l\bnufacture and refining of vegetable oils •. 4,101 1,8"2 6911 3'1 14 2,OM 64 Others (s::>ap, candles, lac, cutch perfumes and lllIscellaneous drugs). 28 14 14 12 Foed industries. 43,524 11 ,075 9,745 491 332 22,704

~5 Rice pounders and huskers and flour grinders 16,920 938 9,145 57 294 6,837 66 Bakers and biscuit makers 382 155 112 17 115 67 Grain parchers, etc. !l02 53 140 5 !1 109 68 Butchers 506 113 393 69 Fish curers 27 Hi 3 9 70 Butter, cheese and gheemakers 115 22 62 31 71 Makers of sugar, molasses and gut 513 107 ~sa 10 125 72 SweetmcQ,t ill>tkers, preparers Gi jam and condIments, etc. 7 1 ti 73 Brewers anel dI~tiaers 24 14 10 '/4 Toddy drawt "3 24,653 9,605 15,048 75 lIanuirtctun'rs of tc.bacco, oplUm and ganja 75 52 23

13 Industries of dress and the t~ilet. 19,127 5,838 4,814 258 55 8,475

76 Hat, cap and turban make's 12 6 3 8 77 T~,lor", mll'mcrs, d ess m>tkpfs, darners and emorol(iprers un tlnen ... 4,100 1,20'l I 906 ... I 1,992 78 Shoe, boot ,1nd salJdal mllkers ... 250 167 23 83 79 Other Indnstrw" pertaIning to dres~, glove,;, socks, garters, belts, but- tons, uillbrell~s, 'Canc$ol, etc. • .. 1;9 31 7 ... 1\ 21 80 Washing, cleanmg and dyeil1g ." 9,026 2,537 3,282 20 17 3,207 81 BaBbers, haIr dressers and Wig makers. 5,551 1,871 607 215 38 8,078 89 Other industries connected with the tOllllt(tattooers, shampooers, bath houses, etc.,) ... 123 18 9 96

14 FUflliture industries. 179 105 17 74

83 Cabinet makers, carriage painters,etc. 168 96 17 711 84 Upholsterers, tent makers, etc. ... 11 o 2

15 Building industries. ; 17,767 8,939 677 345 I 57 8,151 I 85 Lime burners, cement workers ... 909 60\1 238 86 Excava.tor~ all<'! well-sinkers ... 31 16 1 15 87 I Stone cut~ers and dressers ... \ 7,914 3,801 \ 1ii2 54 1 4,051 88 Brick layers aHd masons ... \ 6,800 3,E04 253 215 42 3,043 89 Builders (other than bUlldlUg~ made of bamboo or similar materIals), pai"lters, decoratOlrs of houses, I tilers, plumbers, etc. • .. 2,113 1,016 293 75 14 804

16 Construction of means of transport. 341 195 146

90 Pers~us engaged in makiuq, agSeDl- I bling or repairing motOt vehiclQs J or cydes ... 134 89 '5 91 ] Carriage, cart, palki, etc., makers and wheel-wrights •.. :.!() 10 92 1 10 I Ship, boat, aeroplane builders ... 187 96 n Iix TABLE xvn.-(cont.) OCCUPATION OR MEANS OF LIVELIHOOD. OOCRIN STATE. IMPFJRIAIJ SE:3HJJS. GENERAL TABLE.

I ] Actual worker!. ! j.. iTt I I Partially ~ """,.1"'" _no 0' h'ollhood. 1;1 ----0--a __ tgri(JuI\tU::~s !

8 Males Females \ Males mlloles A -1T2T81~1 ----5------1--;--1--;--'--1 8-1-''9--I-1o--u- 171-( -~o~n and transmission of physical fo:rces (heat, li.ht, electrictty, motive, power, etc.) 18 11 7 93 Gas works and electri c light and power .•• , 18 11 7 18 Other miscellaneous and I undefined industries. I 13,658 4,7Q3 1,638 51 304 7,317 94 I Printer~,lithographerB,en!l;r'tver., etc .. 407 295 112 95 Book binders and stitchers, envelope makers, etc. ._~ 322 205 14 103 96 Makers of musical instruments ••• 15 8 7 97 Makers of watches and clocks and optieal photographic, mathematical and surgical instruments ••. 9 99 Workers in precious stones and metal~, enamellers, imitation jewellery makers, gilders, etc. ••• 3,891 52 25 5,109 99 Makers of bangles or beads or neck­ laces of other materials than glass and makers of spangles, rosaries, lingams and sacred threads ... 69 37 4 28 100 Toy, kite, cage, fishing tackle, etc., makers, taxidermists, etc. •.. 58 29 29 101 Others includil:g managers, persons (other than performers) employed in theatres and other places of public entertainment, employees of public societies, race course service, hUntsmen, etc. ... 11 7 4 102 Contractors for the dispos'Iol of refuse, dust, etc. •• 14 8 6 103 Sweepers" scavengers, etc. . .. 3,701 214 1,568 26 304 1,919 Total Sub-Olass Ill. 210,264 66,574 42,371 2,052 1,473 101,319 ----- Transport by air.

20 1 Transl)ort by water. 6,901 3,333 17 41 I ... 3,551 105 Perlons (other than labourers) em­ ployed in harbours and dooks in­ cl uding pilots 1 106 Labourer. in harbours and docks ... 10 107 Ship owners and their employees, ship brokers, ships' officers, engi- nee,.s, ma~iners and firemen ... [ 212 69 143 108 Persons (other than labour.rs) em­ ployed on the maintenance of har­ bours, dockl, streams, rivers and canals (including construction) ... 25 13 12 109 Labourers employed on the construc­ Hon and maintenance of harbours, !1ocks. dreams, rivllrs and canals .. . 243 83 10 150 110 I Boat owners, boatmen and towmen .. . 6,410 3,157 7 3,246 Transport by road. 10,971 4,511 196 155 ... I 6,284 III Persons (other than labourers) em­ ployed on the construction and main­ tenance of roads and bridges ... 302 134 '" ) ... 168 112 Labourers employed on roads and bridges •• , 1,891 424 117 .... ~ 850 118 Owners, managers and eml?Ioyees (ex­ ... I eluding persoual servants) c()nnected I with meohanically driven vehi eles (in-l eluding trams) .. , 3! 29 5 11£ Do. connected with other vehicles '7,494 3,513 8,906 115 Palki:,-, eto., bearers alld own( lIS ... 43 31 12 \ l~. TABLE XVII.-(oont.) OCCUPATION OR .J.\'CEANS OF I_JIVELIHOOD. COOHIN STATE. IMPERIAL SERIES. GENERAL TABLE.

~2 Occupation or means of livelihood J.l§2l cO Total I Partially I rn gj .~ til agriculturists I ~ d ~ ~ ~ j ~ ~ B II ~ A Male~t;::: Males Fe· I e' OCllO 0 I males A --;'-'-;"-3j-4 -,------~------s-1--~-1-8- -;--i(j--,-U:-·-o-·

E6 \ Pack elephant, camel, mule, a,s :md bullJck owners and drivers ... 1,06SI 239 4: '18 810 117 Porters and messengErS ... 654: HI ,., 613 Transport by Rail. 2,189 I 972 1,217 118 : Railway employees of all kinds other than coobes ... 1,469 567 902 119 Labourers employed on railway cot;s­ tructlOn and mamtenance and coohes and .porterl! • employed on railway) premises '" 40b 315 Post Office, Telegraph and I 389 679 Telephone services. \ 120 Post Office, J'elegrapb and Telephone I Services ... 495 157 8as w >il (a) Anc hal~ service '" 573' 232 341

~v. \i Total Sub· Class IV. 21,12'",,9,205.. 21'" 1"6i7 .,. I 11,711 ~ l------~------c--~~--~~---~~--- ...:1 24 Ba.nks, estabhshments of ;:;: credit, exchange and 4,931 1,306 731 83 7 2,894 ~ insura.nce. Eo< ...~ 121 Bank managers, money lenders, ex­ '" change and insurance agents, money o~ changers and brokers and their em· ployees ••• 4,931 1,306 ! '131 ~,89' Pot~ P 25 Brokerage, commission tf.l and export. 401 191 210 122 Brokers, commission agents, commer­ ~ cial travellers, warehouse owners and S employees ... 401 191 210 E:: -

12t 'l'rade in skins, leather, fUfS, feathers, horn, etc., and the articles made from these •. , 489 166 323 Tra.de in wood. 1,307 449 7 851 125 Trade in wood (not firewood). cork, bark, bamboo, thatch, etc., and the articles made from these '" 1,30'1' 7 26 851 , , 29; Tra.de in metals, , 278 4:: 1 1 192 ,, 126 '1'rade in metals, machinery, knives,! I too15, etc. .. 0: 278 85 1 192 1 30 Trade in pottery, bricks II', and tiles. 103 85 3 201

127 Tl'ade in pottery, bricks and; tiles II 103 B6 3 1 201 31 Trade in chemical prOducts:" 339 512 128 Trade in chemical products (drugs, dyes, lpaints, petroleum, explosives, etc.) ,_0 3S9 51~ Iii. TABLE XVII.-(cont.) OCCUPATION OR MEANS OF LIVELIHOOD. COOHIN STAl'E. IMPERIAL SERIES. GENERAL TABLE. ~---....,-~:------.---:------, ---- "g lS"§'" '" .s~ Occupation 'or "means of livelihood o CD ~!;' ~~

11

10,336 3,160 1,380 20 8 \ 5,796

6,53' 1,813 9116 20 8 3,795

3,B02 1,3471 454 ... \ 2,00::' 59,865 17,354 4,970 986 340 37.541 131 Fiah dealers 12,394 3,101 1,271 105 41 8,022 132 Grocers and scHers of vegetable oil, salt and other condiments ... 13,898 4,040 605 245 18 9,253 , 133 Sellers of milk, butter, ghee, poultry, 11 25 959 eggs, etc. ... 2,302\ 471 872 134 Sellers of sweet-meats, sugar, gur and molasses ... 2,595 316 366 7 2 1,913 135 Cardamom, betel-leaf, vegetables, fruit and areeanut sellers 13,258 4,670 516 8,0'12 136 Grain and pul~e dealers 13,251 4,038 1,317 7,896 137 Tobacco, opium, ganja, ctc., sellers 1,408 495 913 138 Dealers in sheep, goats and pigS 329 92 IE 222 la9 Dealers in hay, grass and fodder 430 131 8 291 34 Trade in clothing and loilet articles. 157 74 83 140 Trade in ready-made' clothmg and other articles of dress and the toilet (hats, umbrellas, socks, ready-made shoes, perfumes, etc.) ... 157 74 83 ' 35 Trade in furniture. 1,111 284 47 7 780 HI Trade in furniture, carpets, curtains 1 and bedding 631 131 22 7 478 U,2 Hardware, cooking utensils, porcelain, crockery, glassware, bottles, articles for gardening, etc. ... 480 153 25 302 36 Trade in building ma.terials. 1,753 514 168 10 12 1191 143 Trade in building matenals other than bricks, tiles and woody materials .,. 1,753 594 168 10 12 !J91 37. Trade in means of transport. 766 208 5 553 144 Dealers and hirers in mechanical transport, motors, cycles, etc. 28 9 19 ~!~ Dealers a.nd hiTers in other carriages, carts, boats, etc. 689 187 502 U6 Dealers and hirers of elephanta, ca­ mels, horses, cattles, asses, mules, etc. 49 12 5 32

38 Trade mfuel. 2,lSO 781 143 83 24 1,206 147 Dealers in firewood, charcoal, coal, cowdung, etc. 2,130 14S 83 24 1.206 39 I Trade in articles of IUxucy and those pertaining to letters and the arts and sciences. 1,961 595 31 1,335

148 Dealers in precious stones, jewellery (real and imitation), clocka, optical instruments, etc. ... 1,067 326 741 149 Dealer<; ;n C'lmml)n bangles, bead necklaces, fans, small articles, toys, I huntiny and fishiDg tackle, flowers, etc. (03 53 31 319 150 Fub~ishers, book-sellers, stationers, aea1ers in music, pictlUes, musioal I I instruments and clUiosities 491 U6 275 bdi TABLE XVII.-·(cont., OOOUPATION OR MEANS OF LIVll1LIHOOD. COOHIN STAl'E. IMPKRlATJ BERIl!Il. GENERAL TABLE • ..... ---~------Actual worker.

~m 1------~ ~~ i · lih-." ... ~ Total Partially ""~~ Occupa t Ion or means a f 1Ive uUu 0 ~ Agriculturists ~ ~ ~~ ~ j I I ~ A M~les liFemales Males Fe- A 1 malea -1- -3- -4-1------·-'----:1'--6-1~-1--;- 9 w-~- 5 ~ ~ I 40 Trade ot:other' sorts.-- 13,36J 2,242 471 110 35 0.0 ~~ 151 Dealers in rags, stable refuse, ete. 71 17 8 !a ~-. § 152 General :"tore·keepers & shop·keepers I ~p~ ~ otherwise unspecIfied 12,038 1,867 161 110 32 10,010 ZUli: 158 Itinerant traders, pedlars, hawkers,i S..:l8 ~ etc· I 881 r 272 239 370 E-<~"""" ~ 154 Other trades (mcludmg farmers of' I I ~~ .,... pounds, tolls and markets) i 377 I 97 54 226 ~~ r=il Total Sub·Olass V ]106,150 I 30,449 8,062 1,389 427 67,839 Po.", j:Q0 Total mass B 337,5431108,228 50,848 3,638 ,1,900 180,669 ------~~--~------41 Army. 954 370 584 155 !Army (Imperial) 153 158 156 Army (Indian States) 801 370 481

Navy· ... I ...

i I Air force. I Police. 1,483 80S 178 159 j Police 1,483 605 878 I I 2,437\ 975 1,482 ) Total Sub·Class VI ------_ .. --_:~--.;..---

Public Administra.tion. 11,067 3,171 250 2821 11 I 7,648

161 Sernce of the State (British) 107 541 ... I ." 58 162 Service of Indian and Foreign States:-I (a) Chiefs and the~r fam~lies 46;) 64 ... I ,.. 3'7 (b) Ojficers and servants oj Chiefs and 1 their families 1,2661 387 1 IS I 13 681 Silrkm' Officers 681 197 ' 484 Clerical establwhmcnt •.• i 2,713 941 38 1,77!1 (e)I~~ I , 3,232 Afenials ~~eciJied 386 80 !I,8'6 If) Servzce of States other than "', Coohin .. .I 47 12 35 11')3 Municipal and other local (not village) service- ::1 (a) lfIzLnicipal Service . {clerical :> i establzshm.entj 213 72 9 141 , (b) r Do. other menials 403 161 81 !l4!l J 164 Village officials and servants other than wa~chmen 1,942 897 113 1 ... 1,045

TotaJ. Sub-Class VII. ••• 11 ,087\ 3,171 250 2821 13 7,848

--;-:'-~146--'-'--/) -- Religion. 9,252 3,315 740 1141 ... \ 5,197 I j I 165 Priests, ministers, etc. 2,844 1,001 28 1.815 ._ 166 Religiou,g mendicants, iwnates of 211 15 162 ~ ~ I I mona stenes, etc. "'1 ~.~ I :~: S /' 167 Catechis'us, readers, churoh and / .. mlssi on service ... 1 864 304 18 ... / .. ~jJ ! i!J 168 Temple, burial or urning ground i 'i I servi'ca, pilgrim o:>ndU\ctorl, .!l ciroll Lmcisars 5,333 I 1,995 87 I ... 1,806 1.018 I1£ . 471 Law. \ :3,057 I ~ 169 Lawyel'll of all kr nds including :kazill, I __..;... __....:__.:_ __ .....:..._~l~ ~gents an.a. mukhtiaors .,. 1,947 81 lxiii TABLE XVII.-(cont.) OOOUPATION OR MEANS OF LIVELIHOOD. COOHIN STATE. IMPERIAL SERIES. GENEaAL' 'l!ABLE. --T ---)------I-]------A-c-tu-a-l-w-o-r-k-er-s-_-_-_-_- - -'-11

~2 I ~ ~ Total Partially r:Il gj Occupation or means of livelihood 15 "=' agriculturists I:i

1 Males [Females Males Fle- 1 ~ Iii 1 IIna os 1 -4-l------~-·;--· -:-I-~';- -;_--'-21-31 - ----1-6-1--7 -1--8-'--9-1-10 I 170 Lawyers' clerts, petition writers, etc. 1,110 403 29 707 48 MediCine. 5,622 1,731 291 65 6 3,600 171 Medical practitioners of all kinds includmg dentists, occulists and veterinary surgeons •.. 5,Oli5 1,631 125 61 3,299 172 Midwives, vaCCInators, compounders, nurses, masseurs, etc. 567 100 166 4 6 301 20,067 6,572 951 Instruction. 641 I 12,544 173 Professors and teachers of all kinds ... 16,184 5,222 951 502 10,011 174 Clerks and servants eonnected wnh education 3,S83 1,350 139 2,533 Letters and arts and sciences. 6,946 1,801 266 144 7 ~,879 I 1751 Public scrIbes, stenographers, etc. ... 34 12 22 176 Architects, surveyors, engincers and their employees ... 815 221 594 1771 Authors, editors, journalists, artists, photographers, oculptors, astrono­ mers, meteorologIsts, botanists, astrologers. etc. • •• 2,215 570 29 1 1,637 178 Music composers and :nastcrs, players on all kinds of musical \ mstruments (not military) singers, actors and dancers 2,7931 704 182 47 6 1,907 179 ! Conjurors, acrobats, fortune tellers, 1 reeitors, exhibitors of curiosi~ies I and wild animals 1,089 294 76 81 719 Total Sub· Class VIII ... 44,944 14,460 2,248 1,054 13 28,236

Tot~I.Cla..s C 58,448 18,606 2,498 1,336 26 37,344

Persons living principally on their inoome. 1,802 • 562 27 17 1,213 180 Proprietors (other than of agricul­ I tural land) fund and scholar­ i ship holders and pensioners ... \ 1,80Z 56Zl Z7 17 1,213 Total Sub-Class IX ... 1,802 ~l ~ "I 1,213 ~----~--~.------

Domestic service 7,670 2,244 1,608 15 3,818 181 COOkll, water carriers, doorkeepers, watchmen and other indoor servants 7,237 2,0'76 16 23 3,553 182 Private grooms, coachmen, dog boys, etc. • 30Z 115 1'~~81 187 183 Private motor drivers and cleaners •.• 131 53 78 Total Sub-Olass X, .. 1,". \ 2,244 1'~~81 15 23 3,818 I lxiv TABLE XVII.-,(cont.) OCCUPAl'ION OR MEANS OF LIVELIHOOD. CO ORIN STATE. IMPERIAL SERIES. GENERAL TABLE. ----~I------~----~I--- \ : ~ !____ ~ct~al_wol~~e~~

JJ § To ~al Pa.rtially O"J Occupation or moans of livelihood ij 11 [a.griculturists i i3:." ! ~ ~ ! -M-~l-eS-F-e-m-a-le-s 1M-a-I~S -~~~ ! l_l_:-_:;!I:=:;-s;__I_4_-_;_\_____ ~'- ~~_==----\-6-1-;- 8 \-9--10~I-ll-I

53 General terms which do not I[ 49,413116,705 6,685 739 194 26,023 indicate adefinite oCGupation. , T 184 Manufacturers, busmess men and I contractorll otherwise unspeci- 786 .. , I ... 1,031 185 Cashiers,fied accountants, book keepers, "'1 1,817 clerks and other employees in uDspecified offices, warehouses . I I and shops ,.,1 7,920 2,880 \ 153 4,887 186 Mechanics otherwise unspecified 24 10 14 187 Labourers and workmen otherwise ~~ I unspecified 3\),652 13,029 6,532 194 20,091 ~ I Total Sub-Class XI 49,413 16,705 6,685 ::: I 194 26.023 _ _:_-:._------_._'------_!,_---..!_-- 54[ Inmates of jails, asylums 288 278 10 ... I and almshouses, •

188 Inmates ~f jails, asylums and alms­ houses ", 278 10 ' Beggars, vagrants, prostitutes. 1,402 ~9~ 707 104 189 !Beggars, vagrants, witches, wizards etc. ... I,40J 591 707 104

Other unclassified non­ 9,566 4,771 1,005 38 45 3,7g0 productive industries. .f 191 Other unclasslfied non-productive r 1,005 38 45 3,790 industries 9,566 4,771 1 Total Sub-Class Xli 1(256 5,640 1,722 38 45 3,894 Total Class D 70,141 l 25,151 10,042 809 262 34,948 ------Grand tota.l \ 979,080 288,907 137,773 17,200 2,459 1,552,400 \ 1 I TABLE XVIII·

OCCUPATION OR MEANS OF LIVELIHOOD. SUBSIDIARY OCCUPATIONS OF AGRICULTURISTS­ ACTUAL WORKERS ONLY. Part I.-Rent Receivers. H.-Rent Payers. " III.-Farm servants and Field labourers. IV.-Growers of Special products and Market " gardening.

NOTE :-Pa.rt I deals with' Rent receivers " i. e., Group lof Table XVII, Part II with 'Rent payers', 'to e., Group 2 of Table XVII, Part III with 'Fa.rm servants and Field labourers', 2. e., Groupe; 3, 4 and 5 of Table XVII an<'l Part IV with 'Growers of Special products and Marbt g!l.rdening', i . •. , groups 6 and 7 of Table XVII. TABLE XVnI~ b'vi Occupation or means of livelihood. Subsidiary occupa.tions of Agriculturists­ Actual worke~s only. ·co I : ..... ::: : se[mne.a: I ~ .... I --T- ... :co 0'"..... :: . "" S9['IlW I ~I ____t ____ :--- __-~=-~- IN I 0 : : I~ "".... :: I- "'I",rogj~ I' I

S9['IlW I ~ I --_j­ I sa['Ilme.a: I ~ I ----1-- ~~ :; S9['IlJIlI ;::: -----l-I----:~~-~----.-: --;---; T~­ sa['IIUla.a: r ~ I __I­ I __S9['IlJIl J_j ;::: <= sa[lIUIa.a: I ::: "" I ---~ -;-~-----:-:- :----~~ CD S .,...... ,.

I ------:--- -;:.., ~

sa['IlUIa.a: I 00 1 ....co Ct"J ...... co I ..... ""~ "" 5 S9['IIJII I a:J

I -----'1 :s <=... 01 eN SQIuma.fll ... I~ I I 1m I Ba['IlJII I~ I I S9I'8ttI >0 -a..[ I I

S9I'8J1[ I '"

I SIlI'8ttI Ct"J -a..[ I

I Sal'8li\I r 01

------.:.._.--.~I

I

-I

•~ I .... I TABLE XVl'lJ: l:rvii Occupation or means of livelihood. Subsidiary occupations of Agriculturists­ Actual worket"s only.

\ I~ _:_._..,....,.-,-______:._._.1_.- ; ; I : 1

------TABLE XV1'!J. l:rviii Occupa.tion or means ot livelihood. SubsidJary OMupations of ,Alricultul'iE s­ A.tual worke't's only.

oil ,:; °15 'B'" bD'" ....~ ~ S ~.:: ~ en ...... >. s::I "8 0 ""...0 ~ 41) "" ·s~ '" -.. ~ '" ..: A i:: "S"" :;::! 0 'it Zl c 0 ;::l <:.:> i:tI .... ~ '-' :3 ~ ...0 ril t'J I :> 11 • ..... til H .... e til .. ~ '21 - oil -> 0 ·S.... W Zl =< '3 2l ~ C) :::I ~ ril .£: 2 :i!I 'Q.O ~ ..J ~ I!Q ~ 0 'S ~ til < l2< i:I E-t g § ""oil :0 2 ~ as i:I Il< s::J, p :::s ~... 0 ~ ~~ 0 C) 0 0 !3" >. iii'" ; ,_; H :a...... H .! IS :::I h '"e6 UJ I>< ~ ~'" ,_:; H .,....a :>- 0$ 0 ...... '" ~ z H o H ~"" p ~ <;) Eo< C) -< o Eo< ill ;z;...., ~ 0 0 0 TA:8LE XVJJJ. lrix Occupation or means of livelihood. Su.bsidiary occupations of Agriculturists­ Actual \Vorkel's only.

i .g,,;, j -··--T!·':---~; ---~~T... -- -B.e bJ) I Jl""".. : co ~ --~-~--:--:-l-~- Ii! a I :co J:: co - ---'-~--;' _- : lOo-- """ p - -:--:~-I-~- 0 E< ""... I'il P: I "'" 1:11 3 Z --....--""' .... I ~ " 0.... I '"~ E< () -< ! .,... p '"0 =-r'l' £ 0 -0 0 '" I>< 0 iJ:j po: -<.... J-< ....A J:: 1:11 ""oJ al P ...'" 1:11 '":::> 0 0 rJ1"" .t:> r:l ~ -< E< ~ I'il :::l Q ,::: ""oJ -;:;.'" t '" ~ ~ ....H ....,; ~

z 8 "'" p~ o o o TABLbJ xx·

OCCUPATION OR MEANS OF LIVELIHOOD. Distribution by Religion of Workers and Dependents in different occupations.

NOTE :-(1) Group~ numhers 19,20,24,28,31 to 36, 47, 53, 57, 62, 63, 104,157,153: 160 and 190 are blank for the State. Hence tbey have been omitted. (2) Table XIX" showing tor certain mixed occupatIons the number of per30ns who returned each occupation as their (a) princip.11 \ b) subsidiary mcans of livelihood" has not been prepared as such mixeJ occupations u,re rare for the State. lxxii TABLE XX. DISTRIBUTION BY RELIGION OF WORKERS AND DEPENDENTS IN DIFFERENT OCCUPATIONS.

COCHI}; STAn: IMPERIAL SERIES.

Pasture and Agriculture. 499,039 352,365 29,195 117,041 .. , 115 323 , ORDINARY CULTIVATION.

1 Income from rent of agncultural land- (a) N()n-cultwat,ng lCl1w ~'oncrs ._. 15,095 I 438 640 33 (h) Cultwalmg landO?JJI!e/5 ., 47,520 28,03213,98~ 16,370, ... 11 2 Ordmary cultlvators- 3,~: I (a) Non-cultwating tenants ... 2,87l 2,580 259 : .. , to 39 (b) Cultzvatmg tenants ~17,156 131,u22 14,003 71,592, .. I 8 .\gcnts, managers of landed estates (not plrmtcrs),clcrk@, rent collectors, etc ... i 1,927 1,442 19 3661 .. • 4 Farm servant, ... 3,008 1,793 lGl 1 1,OEO; ," -l, 5 Pleld labou1Or8 ... ' 180,26~ 154,564 , 7,891, 5 160 I 17,6441'" I i GROWERH OP HPECIAL l'RODUCTB ! I AND MARKET G.~:,,)ENING. I 6 Tea, coffee, cinchona, rubber and mdigo plantations S,lBn 2, In 828 215 31 7 ];'ruit, flower, vegetable, betel.vine, , 110 10,237 ~,2'3' 8,110 arecanut, etc., growers "'1 ,590 FORESTRY. 8 :B'omst officers, rangers, guards, etc. , 708 615 32 60 1 9 Wo~d cutter~, firewocd, catechu. rubber,' de" cOllcct01S ",nd charcoal ,bu,mers ... ' 4,682 3,715 319 125 10 IJac collectors ." 21 19 \ ::: 2

RAISING OF FARM STOCK. It CRttlo and buffalo breeder3 and kee]lms .•. 213 180 I 11 22 12 Sheep, goat and pig breeders 101 72 10 19 1'3 Breeders of other animals 11101,0" mules, camelS', asses, etc.) 49 27 2 !O 14 ) Herdsmeu, shopherds, goat-heldo, e,c_ ," 1,585 1,1170 10Z 113 , I o'" ( e) RAISING OF SMALl, ANIMALS. 16 Buds, bees, etc. 156 94 7 ::: 17 16 Silk worms 3.~.1 5,532 2 Fishing and Hunting. 13,90: I, 7,30: 1,061

17 Fishing 18,852 1 7,304 1,042 5,506 18 Hunting 50 5 If) 26 Tot'al Sub-Class!. 512,941 1359,674 30,258 122,573 1 ::: I;~~ 323

_:__I-2--+2 1--:1 Mines.

~[ines ft'.1d metallic miner:tls (gold, iron., manganese, etc.) f "'I 2 ~ i "luarries of hard rocka. 2 1 j

22 Othf J'l mineral. (jade, di2lIllOnds, limestone, etc.) ...I 1 5 Salt, etc. 2 28 Rock, sea and marsh salt 3 1

Total Sub-Clasl II. 7 4 3 I ! Total Class A. ••• \ 612,948 359,878 30,2561122,576 J Luiii TABLE XX.-(cont.) DISTRIBUTION BY RELIGION OF WORKERS AND DEPENDENTS I'N DI.FFERENT OCCUPA'I'IONS. COCHIN STATE. IMPERIAL SERIES.

--.,------;---~------~------'----- " ro Distribution by Religion ... ><

__ 0:-,-: .1: .J ~--~~--_--_-_-_-.------5------'----- _=() ---: I--~--:--I~~,~

007 6 Textiles. "1 50,638 29, 1 2,282 19,347

25 CottO'1 ginning, clea ning and pressing ..• 97 66 2 29 26 Cotton spinning 131 101 15 15 " 27 Co "on ",zing .tTJd weaving 7,287 6,499 550 238 99 Hare, twine, &nd string 857 857 eO Other fibreR (cocoaL ut, aloes, flax, hemp, straw, etc.) ... 42,173 21,460 1,715 18989 37 Dyeing bleachmg, plinting, prep&ration and spongmg of textiles .. II 2 38 Lace, cripe, embroidenes, frmgers, etc" and insufuClently described textile industrIes 89 13 76

7 Hides, skins, and hard materials from the animal kingdom. _ 1,302 1,178 16 ltO

39 T90nners, curriers, leath~r dresserb and leather dyers, etc. 72 35 16 40 Makers of loather articles, such as trunks, w"ter bags, sad(llery or harness, etc. , excludIng ",rtwles of dress 1,210 1,127 83 ,.. I 41 Furri~,s and persons occupied with feathers and bristles; brush makers 8 4 4 42 Bone, ivory, horn, shell, etc. "workers (except button) 12 10 2

8 39,688 L Wood. ••• ( «,7M I 1,730 3,280 12

43 Sawyers 14,561 12,788 1.450 323 44 Carpenters, turners, and Joinerg, eto. 17,204 I 14,972 2,232 45 I Basket makers and other mdustries of woody material, including leaves and thatchors m,d h]JJldcrs working with bamboo reeds or sImilar material 1\1,995 11,928 3S0 725 12

9 Meta.ls. 10,325 9,503 64 756 2

46 Forging and rolling of iron and othor metals 27 27 48 Other workers in Iron and ~kers of implements and tools prrnoipally or exolt:sively of iron 7,952 7,812 138 49 Workers in brass, copper ",nd bell metal 1,822 1,619 203 50 Workers in other metals except pre­ cious metals \ tin, zinc, lead, 51 quicksilver), etc. 521 45 412 Workers in mInts, die,einkers, etc. S 8

10 Ceramics. 4,227 ! 3,477 16 734

52 Makers of glass and crystal ware ti 4 54 Makers of porcelai:1 and crockery 41 2 39 55 Potters and earthern pipe "nd bowl makers J ... \ 3,302 3,244 56 Brick and tIle makers 880 227 15 63857 \ ::: J ::: lxxiv TABLE XX.-(cont) DISTRIBUTION BY RELIGION OF WORKERS A.ND DEPENDENTS IN DIFFERENT OCCUPA'I'IONS.

COCHIN STATK IMPERIAL SERIES.

Dlstnbution by Religion

()L('upatlOll or me ,11'; of liyellhood \\! 1 2 3 4 9 110 ------'c------;

11 Chemical products properly I so called and analogous. 4,400 I 2007 42 2,347 4 58 l\Lmuf.1ctnro of matclle, ;111<1 eXplOSIYO ll1,lteflltl, .. ! 2L~ 4 238 1 )\Iauuf.,etLlre c,f aerated and mineral I wa,tcrs and ICC ' 2 19 60 Mannbctu18 of dves, paint and ink "'1 4 51 1I1anui>tcture and refinmg of veget[lble " ods I 4,101 2,001 42 2,058 64 Others (SO:1P, c"mdles, lac, cutch per- 1 fumes and llnqcellaneons drugs) 23 28 12 Food Industries. 43,524 35,951 1,050 6,523

65 RICe poundels and huskers and flour grIndels 16/no 10,:~21 686 5,913 6G B:tkels ,mel b1~CUlt mlker~ :::1 :ol:l:l 58 13 211 6'1 Gram parchers, etc. DOJ :263 4 35 68 Butchers :::1' 506 :295 211 5D FIsh curers ... 27 9 18 70 Butter, cheese, and ghee makers 115 115 71 Makers of sug,H. mohoscs and gur "'j 51 ~ 513 72 Bweetme~t 1l1>Lkol;, p'cp;trers of jam and COndlll1entQ, etc, 'I 2 4 1 73 Brewers awl d\~t111ers .. 24 11 1d 74 Toddy drawer~ 24,653 24,653 ~ <:> 75 l\IannLwturers of tobacco, OpIUm and -3 ganp 75 15 39 21 I >. 13 Industries of the dress Jjl 19,127 15,292 1,126 2,660 49 ~ , and the toi1et. 'gl ..... 1 76 Ha,t, cap, D,nd turl.mn Im,kees 12 1 11 , 77 TMlors, mlllulPrs, dress makers, darners H H 682 1,4g6 a7 H and elubroHlerers on lInen 4,106 1.891 78 Shoe, boot, emu' sand,],l makerq 250 200 50 7U Other m<1ustuc; pertJ.inmg to dle8~, glOVeS, socks, gfHtllrs, belts, but- tons, umbrelln.s, canes, etc. 59 41 18 :,0 \V"shing, cleaning, 51 4,804 332 414 1 82 Other indmtnos connocted with the toilet (tattooers, s'~ampooers, bath houses, etc,) •.. 123 61 62 14 Furniture Industries, 179 22 7 150 83 Oa.bmct makers. catriage pamters, etc ... . .168 S2 7 189 84 Upholesterers, L~llt m.' kels, etc. .. . 11 1 11 15 Building Indu l;tries. 17,767 11,992 51 5,723 85 Lime burners, C2ment 'Ivorkers 909 522 386 1 86 \ Excavators and well-sin. kers 31 21 10 2,549 87 II Stone cutters and dresso r<; •• ,' 7,914 5,365 I 88 BrIck laye18 a"d masom, ... 6,800 5,095 1,664 80 BUilder'! (other than hui Idmg,;Ul,,J,de of J bamboo or ,imllar m aterin.ls), pv.in. tel s, decorators of hi )uses, tilers, plumbers, etc. 2,113 989 1,124 ... \ 16 Construc~ioll of me ans of t 341l 237 5 99 transport. , .. / 90 Persons engaged in makl og, 'tssombl- iug or repalriug lU(ltOI' vehicks or I cy:cles 134 &2 15 67 f -••• ------~~------~~~----.------~------~~I lxxv TABLE XX.-(cunt.) DISTRIBUTION BY RELIGION OFWORKERS AND DEPENDENTS INeDIFFERENT OCCUPATIONS. OUCIDN STATE. IMPERIAL SERIES.

'g 1 Distribution by Religion "d '" __~ ______

$a ",,"8 ::l I II '" Occupation or means of livelihood g 1:1~&I 8,1 IX! >i ~ .., Po. ~tI) ~ S ~ ~ ., c>::S ~A 't:l 1 '~I s _~ _ ~ 15 _~ ______•. ______-- _~ _____ ~ __ -:_I __ ~_i ~ I ~_~ 1 I 2 I 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 110 111 12

I US Construction of means of transport.-(cont. ) 91 Carriage, cart, palkee, etc., makers and wheel-wrights 20 18 2 92 Ship, boat, aeroplane butlders 187 157 80 17 Production and transmission of physical forces (heat, light, electricity, motive power), etc. 18 13 5 93 Gas workers and electric light and power 18 13 5 18 Other miscellaneous and undefined industries. 13,658 11,432 5 2,180 .. j..l 94 Printers, lithogra.phers, engravers, etc ... 407 102 4 301 ... ' ... 1 'i€g 95 Book binders and stltchers, envelope makers, etc. 322 71 210 41 Y 96 Makers of muslCal instruments 15 14 1 & 97 "'"::s'" Makers of watches and clocks and op- \ 't:l tical, photographic, mathematical p H and surgical instruments .' . 9 98 Workers in precIOUS stones and met- \ ~ I I H :118, enamellers, imitation jewel- I H lery makers, gilders ... 9,052 935 99 Makers of bangles or beads or neck- \' laces of other materials them glatlll and makers of spangles, rosaries, 69 42 lingams and sa-cred threadB '" 100 Toy, kite, cage, fishing tackle, etc., I makers, taxidermists, etc. ." 101 Others including managers, persona I 58 31 27 ( other than performers) employ- I ed in theatres and other places of 11 5 6 public entertainment, employees of public societIes, rac e course servwe, huntsmen, etc· ,,' 102 Contractors for the disposal of refulle, \ dust, etc. ... 14 3 1 10 103 Sweepers, scavengers &c. "'j 3,701 3,038 663 I Total Sub-Class Ill. • .. 210,264 159,784 &,457 43,9141 97 12 •______1 ___ - ,------_- Transport by air. I ... J ..... I "i'ransport by water. 6,901 2,559 1 1,425 _2,901 18

105 I'.raons (other than labourers) em­ ployed in harbourSc and docks in­ 1 cluding pilots 1 tl 106 L&bourers in harbours and docks .,,' 1~ I I 2 8 ::l ...et 107 t;hip owners and their emple>yees, ShIp E-< brokers, ships' efficers, engineere, I mariners anc1 firemen 212 .~ \ 35 118 108 Persons (other than labourers) em­ ~ ployed on the maintenance of har­ 1 bours, docks, streams, rivers and canals (including .oonstl'uction) ". 25 13 5 109 Labourers employed on the construc­ 7/ tion and maintenance of hsrbours, 243 73 70 dooks, streams, rivers and canals.­ 100 110 Boa.t owners, boatmen and tow men ... 6,HO 2,393 I 1,302 2,699 16 lxxvi TABLE XX.-(cont.) DISTRIBUTION BY RELIGION OF WORKERS AND DEPENDENTS DIFFER.ENT OCCUPATIONS. OOCHIN STATE. IMPERIAL SERIES.

\ ! I ~ OceupatJOll or means of livelihood '0'" ~ :;:,.. ] ~ ~ 8 I ___o I1 ______w. 0 ':.') 1l____ _ --~~--~- I '

I 21 Trnsport by road. ... ! 10,971 4,907 2,341 3,723 I ... I 111 Persons (other than labourers) em- I 1 ployed on the constructlOn and I mltmtenance of roads and bridges ...! 302 211 26 65 112 Labonrers employed on roads and bridges 1,391 919 82 :390 i ••• 113 Owners, managers and employees j

(exclndmg personftl servants) con- 1 nected wIth mechamcally driven vehIcles (lllcluilmg trams) ... 34 26 114 DItto connected wIth other vehi­ cles 'T ,494 3,102 1,365 3,00: I.:: I:: 115 Palki' &c. bGftferS and owners 43 27 16 116 Pack elephant, camel, mule, ass and i bullock owners and drivers 1,053 125 786 142 .. . 117 Porter::: and messengers 65

I Total Sub-Class IV. . .. \ 21,129 9,436 4,533 I 7,144 1'" 16 I .. --r24' --r-&~ks:-~tabhshm;~-f _1: ____ 1___ :__ ___ ------I credit, ex.change and I msurance. 4,931 3,862 88 1 957 24 ... 121 Bank m>tnagers, mODey lenders, ex- ! j change and insurance agents, I money changers and brokers and theIr employees 4,931 3,862 88 957

25 Brokerage, commission and 1 ex.POlrt. 401 137 I 20 . 235 9 I Brokers, commISSIon agents, com. ~ I t 122 mereI,,! travellers, ware hOUl,e owners and eJnployees 401 137 ~o 8 I :> 26 Trade iln textiles. 6,058 1,927 810 B 3,307 13 12fl Trade in pIece go·~ds, wool, cotton Ii SIlk, hmr

124 1'rade ill okms, leather, furs, feathers, I horn and the ,articles rnade from these 489 2 31 434 22 lti07 390 292 616 9

125 Trooe m ,yood (not firewood), (lork, bark, lnmboo, thatch, etc., and the artlCles made from th.ese 1,307 292 616 I ... 9 lxxvii TABLE XX.-(cont.) DISTRIBUTION BY=RELIGION OF.WORKERS AND DEPENDENTS I,N DI:FFERENT OCOUPATIONS. C()CIDN STATE. IMPERUL SERIES.

----,------,_ , ------~~ Distribution by Religion >:1 ~ c:6 00 ,.a .., gJ Occupation or means of livelih ood ~ ~ i § I >:1

gJ ~ ~ ~ I I ~ lk ~ ~ I ~ ~ 1 6 ~ <5 1 - Eo; I ~! ~ \ ~ .; ~ ·s --1-~-8-1-;-1- ---. - .-----1-6,-~-;-~-i-;-ll:--;~-I':-

I 29 Trade in metals. ,. .1 278 I 641 201 \ 5 126 Trade in metals, machinery, knives, i I [> , tools, &c. 278 64 8 201 .. 30 Trade in pottery, bricks and tiles. 389 111 :n 228 ... i 19 127 Trade in pottery, bricks and tiles 389 111 In 2~8 ... 19 • .. 1 1 31 Trade in chemical products "'1 851 252 188 402 ' 9 ... ,1 128 Tmde in chemical products (drugs, I dyes, pltmts, petroleum, explo- I I Sives, etc.) •.• , 851 252 188 I 402 I 9 I '" 32 Hotels. cafes, restaurants, etc.", 10,336 7,982 \ 650 i 1,681 23! ... 129 Vendors of wine, liquors, aerated water~ and ice 6,534 5,776 , I 741 17 .... ! 130 Owners and managers of hotels, 1 cookshopfl, sar"is, eic., and their 3,B02 2,2061 650 910 6 1 employees "'1 33 Other trade in food-stufts. 59,835 23,917 14,616 21,070 19 . 243 ·.. l 131 Fish dealers 12,394 3,838 4,'783 3,745 ... 28 ~ 132 Gr Jeers and sellers of vegetable OJI, I .,,; I 5,882 4,56(1 I 3,4J7 ~ salt and other condlments 13,898 ... ; 0 138 Sellers of mIlk, butt~r, ghee, poultry, <> ) egg~ etc. 2,392 1,8,3 73 312 "', 41 ... : T.; 134 SeUars of sweet-meats, ;;ugar, gur I I I ~ Ii' e and molasses 2,5% 1,151 '132 712 E<4 135 Cardamom, bet.el-Ieaf, vegetables, fruits and arec~nut sellers 13,258 3,553 2,660 6,SH ::: 1171, 136 Gra.m and pulse dealers ... ' 13,2'>1 7,On 1,029 5,1()] 19 => 137 Tobacco,oplUm, g.tllja, etc., sellers 1,408 357 441 610 I ::: I ... 1 138 Dealers in sheep, goats and pigs 329 62 181 80 , ...... ::> 139 Deilolers in hay, grass and fodder ." 4:30 160 148 12..1 ! ...... aQ I ... I 34 Trade~in clothing and toilet ...... , ~ 1 articles. ... 157 42 12 103 ...... z I ...0 ! 140 Trade in ready made clothing and I I ..,Eo< other articles of dress and the I 1 ~ I toilet (ha.ts, umbrellM, socks, .., ready-made shoes, perfumes, etc. ) ... 157 42 12 103 !l.. ... '" ... l1li 1,111 204 183 ~ 3S Trade in furniture. ... 724 ...... '" I rQ 141 Trade in furn;t.ure, carpets, curtains I I and bedding ... 631 27 91 513 ...... 142 I Hardware, cooking utensils, porce- lain, crockery, gl.. s~ware, (;2 bottles, artIcles for gardening, etc. 480 177 ...... I 211 1 ... 36 Trade in building materials ... 1,753 , 771 277 705 ." ...... 143 Trade in buiHing materials other ! than bruJks, tiles, ani woody materials , 1,753 771 277 \ .. 70:51, •.. 00' ... n Trade in means of transport ... 766 496 83 127 , ...... 14( Dealers and hirers in mechanical transport, motors, cycles, etc. ... 28 15 ... 13 \ ...... 145 Dealers and hirers in other cilrriages, r ... , &3 carts, boats, etc. .. 689 450 I ... .. ' 146 ~ DlI<'tlers and hirers of elephants, El; I'"

D:i~FERENT OCCUPAT.lONS. cocurx STATE. IMPERIAL SERIES.

------~-----~--

• " i I 0",,,,,,,",, m""" hvohhood

'n : G ., p.. I ~ ~ ~ I g I I d 1&51 6 1 <3 - --_'__ ~-_J 1 I 1 I 3 \ 4 i ----- 5 ------I I Trade in fuel. ... ! 2,130 H7 I Dealer in firewood, <.:harco~LI, coal, i cowdung, CLC. 2,130 635 180 1,313 2 39 Trade in articles of luxury i I and those pertaining to I letters and the arts and sciences. 1,961 1,039 251 671 148 Dealers in p'ecioJs p.toncs, jewellery (relll and imltation), clocks, 1 optical instruments, eLC. 1,067 504 210 353 149 Deale's in common bangles, bead 1 llecklaces. fans, small articles, to~ s. huntlllg and fislllng tackle. tli}Wer~, etc. 4031 312 I 'i3 \ 68 150 Pubh"hcl"b, bO(lh'dlel's ~t.1tIollers, ~ ( dealers III mel']C, plct,lres, mUBI­ I cal lI1strUlnents and curIOsItieS 491 223 250 18 I Trade of ot,her sorts. 13,367 1,779 293 11,041 19 235

151 DealeI'd III rugs, stable refuse, etc. 71 48 7 '152 Gener"l store keepers ,ad shop keepers othel WIse ullspecified 12,0.;8 1,419 13:l 10'2~: ,I ~~ 235 ... 153 ItinNant tr"dero. pedlMs, h'Lwkers, etc, 881 Hi8 612 ." 15 .. Other tl<1des (1ll0,udll1g j ,rmers of -pounds, tolh ~nd m'UketS') 377 154 1~: I 181 ...

Total Sub-Class V .. ,. ]06 ].50 I 43,6]0 13 180, 1 43,875 i 53 599 I Total Class B. . .. 337,543 212,830 29,003 I 94,933 !53 712 12 ------I I 1 I \ I 41 I, 954 736 · Army. 34) 184 1 1 ! 155 IArmy (Imperial) 153 51 48 1 i 156 Army (IndIan Stat()~) 801 ~gg 1 29 136 142 Navy. IA ( I 43 Air Force. I .. , I Police. 1,483 811 I 226 446, •.• 159 Police 1,4S_; 811 I 226 446

~I_---- __ Tota.l Sub Cla.ss VI. . .. 1,547\, 630 .. ·1 .. · Q .•. ' 11,037 9,2~3 307 .~ /451 Public Administration. i 1,543 f ... 1 4 I ~ IG1 j 80rnee of tho Sta.le! (B1'ltish) 107 62 11 34 ...... :!l .5 162 Service of Indian ltnd Foreign 8ta.t~s:- .§ (a) Ch'defs and the~r families '" 463 .463 "'1 r b) OtfiCCl , and servants of chiefs -[--- and Ilu!!,. j'aryuUes 1,266 1,266 .". ... (c) S~rkar officers 681 I 550 28 103 ,.. (d) ClC1-ical eM"bl',lIhl1wnt 2,713 2,052 27 J 634 (e) },Iean!aZ" Imspe(w/icd 3,222 2,509 208 511 ~ (f) Ser-vWM oj 8tates alhe'" tJuz"b ::..-1 Coc/wn 47 22 8 17 I lxxix TABLE XX.-(contJ DISTRIBUTION BY RELIGION OF WORKERS AND DEPENDENTS IN DIFFERENNT OCOUPATIONS.

CO CHIN STATE. IMPERIAL SERIES. ----,------DHrihlltiOTI hy Religion \ ! : OCcupa.tlOn. or me;tus of lIvelihood ~ ~ I ~ § I a laJ 5( c'5 -1-12-\3-1-;- ---- _-- ---5------

~ 45 Public Administration.-(cont.) .tl a--: 163 J\1uUlClpal and other local (not '8 t: vIllage! sel vICe-- ~8 I <~ '" I, (a) IJ,I'LnLCLpal se' vice (del-ical J :ii § c.sta;YlbShment) '" 213 I 192 5 16 .f. .s (b) do othe> 'mnials '" 403 210 7 186 ...., ( 164 VIllage offiCIal" <1lld scrvants other I t:i than watchmcn '" 1,942 1.887 13 42... .., ...

p. Total Sub-Class VIl. ... 11 ,067 I 9,213 307 1,543 ... 4 I ... ------1----._.------1--1w_ 46 Religion.... 9,252 7,611 304 1,336 ... I 1 I ...

165 Priests, ministers, etc. ... 2,844 2,.516 82 245 1 166 Religious mendICants, imn<1tes of monasteri('s, etc. 211 ., 20~ 167 Catechists, readers, church, and miSSIon sel'v Ice 864 49 815 168 Temple, burial or burning ground ~crvlCC, PJlgrrm conductors, cir­ 'Cumcise-rs .-. 5,333 5,039 22!l 72 47 Law. '" 3,057 2,523 17 500 17 169 Lawyers of all kinds mcluding kazis, I law 'lgents and mukhtiars ... 1,947 1,873 5 62 7 ... I 170 Lawyers' clerks, petition writers, etc.... 1,110 650 12 438 10 48 Medicine. . .. 5,622 3,444 239 1,938 1 171 Medical practitioners of all kinds including dentists, occuhsts, and vetermary surgeons ..• 5,055 3,238 218 1,598 1 172 :Vhdwlves, vaCCInators, compounders, nurses, maSSIeurs, etc. '" 567 206 21 340 49 Instruction. •.. 20,067 13,646 858 5,539 21

173 Professors and te<1chors of ~111 kinds .•. 16,184 10,704 820 4,686 3 21 lU :Jlorks and servants connected With educatIOn ... 3,883 2,!)42 38 903

50 Letters and arts and sciences... 6,946 5,033 114 1,799

175 PublIc sClnbes, stcnographcrs, etc.... 34 31 3 176 ArchitectR, surveyors, engIneers and thOIr cmployoes '" S15 303 20 492 177 Authors, edItors, journ'tlists, art.rsts, photographers, sculptors, astrono­ mers, meteorologists, botamsts astrologers, etc. '" 2,215 1,624 2 589 ...... 178 Music composers 'lnd masters, players on all kinds of musical instruments tnot milItary), singers,-actors and dancers '" 2,793 2,478 11 304 179 ConJurors, acrobats, fortune tellers, reciters, exhibif,ors of curiosities and wild animals ••• 1,0S!) 597 81 411

Total Sub-mass VIII. .~ 44,944 32,257 1,532 11,112 3 40 Total Class C. . .. 58,448 43,017 2,099 13,285 a 44 - ______- ____,..,_------_~------~---::wtL-~----- Persons living principally on their income. ... 1,802 1,157 120 514 11

180 Propriet~ra (other than of agricultural bnd) fund a.nd schola.rshIp holders and pensIOnors ••. 1,502 1,157 120 514 11 Total Sub-Class IX. '" 1,802 1,157 120 514 11 }xx.x T4BLE XX.-(cont.\ n~arp.F~ll:nJT!aN BY~RELIGION OF WOB,KERS AND DEPENDENTS IN :OIFFElRENT OCCUPArrlONS. COl HI:;! STATE. HiPERIAL SERl:E8 .

._------.... Dlstribution by Religion ~]2 '" ee;:1 \ ~~~ ~ I OccupatIOn or m()all~ of li\'chlwod :;..m & til I >:: .s ' >:: l> ~I S .gJ ~ c.-I s... ::,2...a ...-{ ~"...... ~ - I ~ .- ill • Q) " $ ~ >-; "" gl.;!l S "'- .r: 'tl 0 0 >:: I ~ '"' .S Ii:: .~ ~¥-~2 gl _;I-~ :r~_~~=- . -=-~5------~6:-_~~iJ~-:; _j:_§9-;41~f : I § 52 I Domestic ser;;ce·---~·I~6.~O I 3,980 425 3,257 8: ... ~ 181 Coob WitLer carriers, doorkeepels, ! U1 ! w..ttehmen and other muoor I _g sCrVftnts '''17,237 3,804 413 3,012 8 '" J 82 Printe grooms, coachmen, dog S beys, etc. ... 302 D4 12 we : I la] l''''.'i~:::' ~::e~;:. e~~",,, :::1' .~: I 5,.: I 42, i ,,';: I... 8 I ... =-1-:- ---i-G:ne:~t~:mS~:hi:~-~O-:a~ 1----'----1--- -11------1-- 15 I indIca.te a defimte occupation ... 49-,413 120,572 5,389 23,265 40 114. 33

~ I' 18-1 ! ::iI,mnf.icturers, business men and r I I ~, ;::: contractors otherwlse unspecified"'1 J ,817 687 119 1,006 4 1 j ... .;0 0 185 Cash18rs, accountants, bookkeepers, I ~ ::l .;:; clerks and other employees in __ 8 11 llllspeclfiea office';, wa,rehouses I ~] 8 'I and shops ... 7,920 /",228 la6 4,467 ]3 16 ,0 0 186 I l\ cch..tnics otherwise unspemfied 24 11 13 H 187 i L·tbourerR aud workmen otherwise 'j"'; unspemfied. ...' 39,652 16,646 5,074 17,779 23 97 33 ~ I I ' Total Sub-Class Xl. . .. 149,413 20,572 5,389 23,265 40 114 33 r---I------______I ___ I ______-----~- __ 54 I Immates of Jails, asylums I 288 I 92 I 36 160 ...... and alms houses. .,. I I I 18S Immates of ~ails, asylums and alms- I \ - I houses 288 92 36 160 ...... I Be~gars, vagra.nts, prostitutes.:. 1,402 779 2J)0 418 189 Begg.lrs, vagrants, witches, wizards, etc. .•• 1,402 779 200 418 5

55 Other unclassified non-pro· I ductive industries. ...,I 9,566 I 4,027 1,189 4,187 163 191 Other unclassified n;:m-produ~tive I I' 'I \ industries .•• 9,566 4,02'1 I 1,189 14,187 163 5~ Tota.l Sub-Class XU. ... 11,256 4,898 1 1,425 4,765 5 lSi I I I Total Olass D. ...1 70,141 30,607 7,359 131 ,801 45 296 33 1--1--1--1------~-G-r;~dT;t;.i---::iii9;JBo-- 646,ml6s-:ii7- 262.59i- lot J:'iG7 368 1 I~--- TABLE XXI.

OCCUPATION BY CASTE, TRIBE OR RACE. Part A.-Occupation of Selected Castes, Tribes or Races. Part B.-Distribution of Workers in certain Groups of Occupation by Caste, Tribe or Race.

NOTE I.-Orders numbers 3, 4, 5,19, 42 and 43 are blank for the State. Hence they have been omitted. 2.-Part B has not been prepa.red. ]xxxii TABLE

OCCUPATION BY CASTE

PART A..-OC('CLt'l·IOX 01" SELECTED _('(J~~11N" STATE. Nnrnber of .Ictual workers \Numhcr of .:wtu.tl 'Population dealt wIth whc:,c tn-dltlOn,,1 C,hto ()ccn- worker~ ~etummg 1 i __ ~ p'ltJOu was retnnw(1 .• ~ thC1l' their traditIOna.1 I I ---~----\------occupation aq their D I Prm01paJ . Snbsldml y prmclpal mean<; of CAS1'l~, 'ritrBR 'l'mchtionaJ Actual I ~pe~- mRans of I means of llvehhood who hadl I Ol{ U ~,GE Occnp.1,tlOlJ workers en S hvl'lihood \ ]t,elihood sO~~c~~~:!~~HY ! ~ -1-. ~ -~! II ]---] \--j ]-\1- ~ i ~ 1__~1 _=--:= -;;:-::-::-:i-:::_: _I_i! ~I ~: -\ -:"c_ -~:_-,- -~ -3~[;_: -I--,~ HINDlI. I I Ambalava.l .. .i'1'emple servantR 2,148 1,015 4,916 1,000 145 431 61:2 418 99 Arayan ... \Fishermen and i boatmen 2,007 1.411 2162 1,011 414- 222 56 237 142 Brahman, Mala- I vali ." !Priests 1,699 98 4,639 492 9 98 144 4 do' Tamil i do ... 6,520 841 14,475 331 456 284 do Konkanij do '''\' 2,221 306 5,553 112 5 153 12 62 3 do Others do 1.932 51 2,033 186 78 97 Chakkan ... Oil'pressers 182 94 187 131 72 16 12 43 16 Challyan ... \Ve.1vers 651 327 1,025 507 239 48 61 19 7 Chettl ... Labourers 2,191 1,520 5,452 326 212 148 98 71 18 Devangan ... Weavers 85 63 222 51 12 2 13 4 4 Elutt.lssan .•• AgrICultnriBb, and g

TRIBE OR RACE CASTES, '[RIBIi:S OR RA.C]'1s. IMPF1RIAL SERIES.

------~~------~------.------I RECORDI<,D PRINCIPAL OCCUPA'rION OF ACTUAL WORKERS (BY ORDERS) \ 1---- ~- :-l-,-(:-;b):-(=-~-ro-w-c-r-s· ------';------·'-----r------;7;;-.~H:;-;ic-:;d-eS-,-s--;-k-;-in-S:------' of npOUl

122 523 92 81 3 .. I 298 232 51 32 3 23 201 48 447

731 3'3 1,456 72 1'12 12 57 .. ' 4 13 661 d6 13 8 8 .. i " 74 11 :./ :~ 743 131 18 25 11 10 7 2 1 Ii) :.l S 6 14 :.19 14i) 121 56 12 22 37 15 20 H5 5(;2 7 4 41 1,~'35 1,666 ]15 812 77 235 58 5 12 34- I I 80 31,505 13,037 1,410 228 314 26 216 67 17 449 4 3,19] '4,259 21 1 2,623 ] ,614- 1€ 2 .. .. 125 12 57 39 .. I 21 'IS 21 I I 45 1,487 59 45 10 51 11 18 12(J 3CO . - \ .. 2 \ 24 , 136 77 28 12 315 28 4-3 4 •• 136 344 61 71 11 13 1 7 20 17 9 '2 31 8 57 I 0~! I 142

39 I 131 7 13 5 105 4R i2 I :: '2 '2 20~ j:: 57 21 51 42 24 I I ~~1 127 R 822 51 ' 902 75 65 12 5 1 4 ,,3 51 16 13 : I 2J41 278 '82 I " I 122 81 33 12 2' 9 "I 147 15 12 3 3

7 G 42 200

35 5 6 3 43 11 3 3Hl 18 907 7 112

915 1,514- 32 ~ 24-7 15 2.! :: , :: I :: 5 54 V3 2771 8' " 14 :: \ 147 13 34 20 :: l:: :: 13 .. j .. I 2 •• 7 25 9 88 1H n 48 ;:)1 16 13 d:.l3 912 64 23 83 :~ I ~i 107 88 39 14

1,289 1-,145 1,226 92 115 17 f12~ 8 200 11 IU2 2S5 653 5:!3 269 ]0" 5 .• 1.3 1 1 4 22 3 115 17 71 I I j 10:3 ;:30 ::'3 18 3 12 3 162 2 2 __ 21 1 :: \ 36,656 1l,D17 'I.O.d 12 24 27 1 1859 795 889 212 101 51 1,082 :~~114-'~~5 r~~3i .• I" i 17 5 6 ::l : I :: I :: II

36 17 15 9 1 23 1 \ 19 7 10 11 :: I :: :3 1 TABLE OOCUPATION BY OASTE PART A..-OOCUPATION OF SELECTED COCHIN STATE.

I I RECORDED PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION

i- -~ -- :~ '-~o-.-';:!!:-::~:-i--:pC::::r~-~-~-:;-tS-:-1-2-. -F-O-Od~'-1-3-'I-n-d-U-8t-.[-,-14-.-F-u-r.-:-1-5.-B-'U'--il-d-.

CASTE, TRIBE Traditional iO Metal~ I CI'l'IlmlC8 propelly 80 I industries ries of dress niture ing --0RRACE Occupation I I . caHell and and the indus- industri.s I __ .__ ,i______ana 1 ogou~ 1---- i;oIlet"~• ____ gj I 'I ail i ~,' gj I gj gs I~ ) !~ li~l~ ~ 1[ i 11 ~Il i i ~ 11 . I \~ P;,I~IP;, ~ P;, ~ P;, ~ Poi ~ ~ ::a lIZ:! -----1-----·---!~;1~1 ~;_!3;-84- -;--;-1-37- 3s1-3;-7o"'ill~l4s

HINDU· Ambalavasi ... Temple Servants .,,1 .•. 1... ! ... /...... 17 58 ••• ! ... {... 5 ... Aryan ... Fishermen and boa.tmen 5 10 8 17 ... 2 35 Brahman Mala. yali '" Priests do Tamil do "71 ::: 10 ••. do Konkani. do :::' ::~ ::: I ::: 7 ':g 12i~ 4 ... [ ... 12 ••• do others... do 3 ... 1 Chakkan '" Oil pressers .:: I::: 3~ I 1~ ::. ::: "i Chaliyan ... Weavers ... ) ... 11 ••• ., Chetti ... Labourers 31 23 111 48 Deyangan '" Weavers ...... 10 Eluttass~n ... Agriculturists and genemllabourers ••. , "', ...... 16 25 .. ::: '''2 .~~ l"~~ Iluvall '" Toddy dmwArs ... 510 42 277 32 I, 296 209 2,127 3,600 514 311 ...... 3,919 33 Kaikolan ... Weavers ... w '" 8 12 ...... 7... 62 27 •.. Kammalan .." Carpenters, masons, 1 black.smIths, gold­ r smiths, bell·metal workers and leather r workers ...... 47 ) 43· 8 2 4~3 18 9 Kanakkan '" Boatmen and agri. 1'1 64 eulturallabourers. '" 8 91 ... 15 81 8 Kaniyan , ... Astrologers ...... • • I 19 12 10 15 ... Kavundan '" Agriculturists ...... i '" 23 12 68 24 9 7 ... 17 Kshatriya, Mala- yali Military dominant.. . .. do Paradesi. do ...... 4 ::: I "71 ::: Kudumi Chetti ... General labourers ... 10 •.. 5 •.• ::: I 18 42 5 Kueavan ... Potters ... 1 ••• 8 3 3 U Nayar Military and agri. I ... I "'1 culture ... \ 174 . a 1,435 1,1311 237 225 ... '" l,9M 91 Ottanaikkan Earth-workers ...... ~ ~:~ ..~ \ ~.~2 21 92 Panan '" SOlC()rerB & exor· CIsts ...... ; "~I Pands.l'an ... Mendicants ... .,. 1 7 26 10 Panditattan '" Goldsmiths •.. 7 Parayan ... Agricultural labour- ers & basket makers 3 5 27 , Pnlayan ... Agricultural labour. ers 239 4 14 5 107 H2 3 Valan '" Boatmen & fisher· men \ 45 35 13 Vannan '" Washermen 2 463 1 21 Villan ... Barbers & priests ... I 51 640 "9 Velakkatta.lavan .. Barbers : .. 5 Vellalan . Agriculturists 5 1 4 12 5R 35 Veluttedan ... Washerman I 27 19 51 Vettuvan '" Hunters ..."'\' .. . I ... 9 4( ~1 7 sa 2

MU8ALMAN. I 4 1 !l22 IIO 101 8 20 J ona.k an '" ...... Ravutta.n ... .. , ... .0 • s 1101 15 52 ...... 2' ... ···1 1/ I CHftoISTIAN. J r Anglo·Indiau ... 65 ... 2 ... 15 7 61 a!l III ... 2 ... European ...... ,...... 1'"...... , ...... Indian Chl!istian .. 570 2 123 86 720 301 651 8,965 405 1,152 78 ... 2,083 142 JAIN...... i ...... , ...... " JEW. \ ... 1 .., 8 I) . Bla.ck Jew '" It ...... 11 ... White Jew ...... 1 ...... I ANIMIIiiT. I r I KadaR ...... ,...... Malayan ...... '''1 I I I··· - lxx~v XXI.-(cont.)

TRIBE OR RACE,

CASTES TRIBES OR RACES. IMPERIAL S}1}RTES. ------_.---_. ------_.. _- _.. ---- OF ACTUAL WORKERS (BY ORDERS).

5 33 2 11 28 17 • 42 13 18 7 4 6 22 3 8 6 83 27 17 26 12 13

, 0 iJ7 8 24 6 60 ~,104 713 2 886 5 174 i 61 i .. lxxxvi TABLE OCOUPATION BY CASTE PART A.-OCCUPATION OF SELECTED COCRIN STATE.

----~------i RECORDED PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION I~Banks, 08------I 1 I tablishments 25. Brokcr- 26. Tra(lo 21. Trade 28. Tmde 28. Trade 30. Trade of credIt 1.lge, oommls- III textiles in skins. ' U1 wood In metals in brICks CARTE, TRIBE Tmchhonal exchange and sion and IC.1.tber I and tiles OR UA(:J<} O~cupation lllsur

-A-m-b-:-l-:N-va-:-~-'- ..-.!__T-e-m-p-I-e-s-e-r,"n~ •• \ ~~1-21- ]1- T, ,\I,f Arayan ... F'6helll1Cn and 1 I I borltmon ."'j \' 1 Brn.hm,m !VI ala- 1 ' yah ... Priest~ ... 1 96 17 7 1\ 12 1 I do Tamil ... ' do 461 305 21 356 \ .'.:' 22, 2 ao Koukul1l' do 39 11 5:J 32 5 J 3 du Others ... ' do 45 17 49 ... ! Chakkan ••• Oil-p1'0ssers 2! ' Chaliyan ... Wca\-ol's 9 2 2 ::: i 2 2'1' 6 Chetti ... LabourcfS 24 13 333 I 41 "I '·'1 7 Devangan ... ,WeavCis , . , 1 Eluttassall ... ,Agricnltul'n.l and I I gCllcrci.ll.1bourels! :::n 14 1 7 5 llunn ... l'raddy drawers ... \ 18 21 8 78 1 i 6 Kaikolan • .. IWeav:lrs .. . 8 I Kammalan ... 1 C'1rpentem, mason", I I bla.ck-smlths, gold­ I snnths, hEll-metal I, WOrkers dnd leathor workers .. 7 3 111 ,... ·.. 1 1 , 2 Kan Kadan 1 Malayan_____ ------~w-~. '·:'·1 __ _.--~.. ____ ~----~ ____ ~~ __ ~ ____ ~ ______:::1 i::: ~ __ ~~~ lxxxvii XXI.-(cont.)

TRIBE OR RAOE.

CASTES, TRIBES OR RACES. IMPERIAL':SER1ES.

I OF ACTUAL WORKERS (BY ORDERS )______--,-::-::--; 34. Trade I I I 139• Trade in 31. Trade 32. Hotels, 33. Other in cloth· 35. 'frade 36. Trade 31'. Trade 38. Trade articles of I40. Tude of in chemi· fcafes, restaur. trade in food ing and in furni- ,m build· lin means \ III fuel luxury and ot.her sorts I cal pro. ~nt~, etc. stuffs tOIlet ture i iug ,of trans- Ithose pertammg I ducts _____ , articles /matenaIS' ~ , ___ to letters, etc. ______

~Ii ] 1 i ~ j/( ~ il] ]1] ]li ~ ] ] ~ 1 co: ce c:> ::;:~:;;:: ~ ::;:,~ !;;:1~~~!:;;lr.:.!:j~~I~,:;:;: ~ ::::l R 7273I-74I-~-t-;6I-77-178T79180(81"18;-1~3~~853G87-'-;-I-S;;--go-l-9I-

8 16 I 3 / ... 21 '''1 5 2 67 10 15 5 '''1 7 42 15 . ..1 ... J4 5 607 148 323 52 ... 1 15 19 15 51 442 2 23 12 241 46 4 ••• 1 ... 8 .. I 2;, 31 14 134G 5 81 4 48 .,.' i_4 I '" I 11 I '18 1 I 10 3 I 7 /) I) '" I 5 4 31 :::1 12 ... I ••• ! 13 25 9 21 16 89 g2 52 20 5 10 ~8 4 ..2 , ....,' 1730! ."". 2 20 17 21' G8 ]4 13 87 537 627 26 4mJ "2) ::: i':i l"3 9 51 35 31 13 16t 36 11 9 42 ." \ .'I'" ) I I I II 9 15 14 13 ... 1 11 10 19 17 1 ... 5 5

2 1 51 I 15 1 2 1 9 3 4 5 17 ::: I :::1·" 9 27 19 3 ...... I 8 9 22 6 ...... ''',, .. ' ... 9 4 , .. 24 18 24 38 1 2 U g 3 11 ... 1 ... 41

68 807 89 43 405 2 5 18 I 212 26 2 1 :::1 ~.~ 81 ~.~ l ::: 8 21 4 2 :::1 ... .,-, ... 24 19 8 1 448 523 5 7 ... 14 2 21 4 15 8 1 10

17 12 35

20 17 32 7 2 "'1·- ~ ll~ 7 .. 153 "'1'" 29 ... I 8 4, 1 ..~ I::: I .. , 12 ...... 3 412 ::::.:: 9 26 6 2 158 ! ) 8 7 :::1 .. :: ::: ••• 1 15 I:::

!U 281 14:1 7505 813 ••• J S4 12 3 3 IS' 2 12 4 :.L 8 10 134 52 14 13 7 \ ::".\ 3 12 1~~

~ 2 21 1 23 7 '" .'. I ... 101 650 273 7801 1226 57 .,.1 120 23 U'5 12 72 720 ':03 61, 5 7 ...\ ...... ~\ ~:~ ~ 8

1 8 6 86 52 1 53 31) 2 :3 2 J::: :::\::: ... \... ~4l ~8

''', ...... , "'\ .. . ------~~--~~~_:·-·_~·_·_I_···----~----~--~'-···- 'lxxxvtii TABLE OCOUPATION BY CASTE

P ART A.-OCCUPATION OF SEL};]CTED COCHIN STATE. ------_------RECORDED PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION

I ' I~- \ (!. Allll)r I I-olwel_"dm~~~~tI"r ~6. Religion 47. Law 48. Mechcine CASTE, THIBE TradItional OR RACE OccupatIOn

-; Iii _;TI r I- ~--i1- ~ I i -'/ ~----l-I ~ II j ------_?~i~-I ~-~ ~i_!-<-_?.:__ ~ --~-~ --::--~- i02 93 _o: I~I 97 I 98 I 99 I 100 lOt 1,00 '100 HINDU. Amh"la-v.1bI . .. Temple bervclnt, Araya-n ... FIshermen and :::1- 12 4 55 5: 4 boatmen D; Ba:-.hman l\hla- yab ... Pnest~ ... 1 2.';]0 2 50 9 do TaIllll... do .. 1 8 39 882 14 203 75 11 do Konkani do ... 23 32 22 21 36 do Others... do ! hl 7 14 60 12 17 Chakko111 .. OIl-pressers : 7 Chaliyau ... We:1.vers .. 7 22 Chetti ... Labourers .. ! 16 21 28 32 37 26 5 Devangan ... ',ve

I ANIMIST. Kadan \Mala.yan _ lxxxix XXI.-(collf.)

TRIBE OR RACE.

CASTES, TRIBES OR RACES. HIPERIAL'

--~--,

1 43 182 65 2 33 I 9 2 2 II 38 24 7 8 5 49 S 46 21 17 :8 16 5 30 1 112 67 17 8 3 ~~~ 4- 10 13 7 13 81 134 6 2 7 ]01 12 9 22 69 ... ! 121 ::: I ... I 1 :~ ::: I 8 4 12 12 /1 ::: I ~:~ 22 31 3 8 .. I 89 I 1 12 I ::~ 11~:~ I ~:: ::: < ~: ...... i ]0 11 414. 221 2 2 1533 81 J81 14 21 196 182 71 37 ... lIB 797~ I 37 41 11011 I ... I ... I

I 25 ! 74 102 4 2 36 31 1 40

< ::: 12 ! 4 I ::: 37 119 42 32 11 85 26 30 28 40 38 11 i •• i 115 4- 21 2 13 ::: j ..: U 27 18 7 13 6 24 9 1 16 6 34 4 21 13 15 7 59 21 95 4 23 346 78 3011 505 217 127 1348 136 16 • '2 2 10 §55 43 ••• I 4., I 17 22 9 88 13 9 12 38 5 8 1 19 I... I 38 3 2 6 5 ..~ I ... 1 ...

28 47 ..... I •••

9 i < 18 48 86 1044 42 3 19 29 436 15 23 7 637 14 2 I ... IS 34 16 26 3] 1~.~ I .. ~ 25 2 19 6 84 5 14 8 28 1 .. 1 14 18 36 21 2 2 99 8 2 5 14 ] 19 4 IS 4 10

I 87 62 10 11 82 74 1915 102 21 145 f '" 7 2 10 31 12 302 456 32 12 I

11 20 17 I ... 3 9 3 38 ] 1 ... 771 161 38 6 I 111 763 1U95 2005 159 4 201 ,1489 356 1 ... I 17 8 2 1 I 4 8 2 7 1 2 1 7

1 I ...... I ...... I .. . : \ "i \ :: I_ _;_~ _____....:-..: ___I _ .. _. _I .~~_ ::: I ::: ----_ ------r~r ABL E :x XII.

INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. Part I.-Provincial Summary. Part II.-Distribution by Districts. Part III.-In.dustrial Establishments classified according to the class of Owners and Managers. Part IV.-Caste or Race and Birth place of Skilled workmen classified according to their Industry and Occupa­ tion. Part V.-Caste or Race and Birth place of Unskilled Labour­ ers classified according to the Industry in which they are working. Part VI -Iletails of power employed- (1) For Establishments using St~am, Oil, Gas, Water, etc. (2) For Establishments using Electric power gene­ rated on the premises. (3) For Electric power supplied from outside. Part VIL--Number {l;f LGoms in use in Textile Estabiishments.

NUTE.-l. Part Y1 (2) :md (:3) h~1ve not been prepu,rcc1 u,'l there me no imlustri<11 co-ltahlisllDwntq lli:,ing elecLic J10\W1'. 2 SUh~1,1l1lry i'ihttmentr; sho\,:jn~; ciC'tfLll" of women emp]o\':;rl [15 M",n,l,c;ers etc l:a YO lwen apvewlel1 to hut I allL~ II. TABLE XXII. XCll Industrial Statistics. Part I.-Provincial Summary.

lI') -....=­ -ex>

I~ -$ ...._ -_ ... • _.... -~ ...."" -~

IN ... § I t­ ... -.... ;.a.:l I 1--;""'-- _ l~ ... I

n::l'" rrr- ~§ I] ~~ -'" J ~ i ~ 8. ~ I ------~~------s~tIam , ... -t[sHq'6~sa 10 J,9qumu r'l1~o.t et:>

(~u9m9R'I!u'l1tn ~n~pl1pUI) p9AOrdUIa sllosJ,ad JO J,aqmull ro 9q~ o~ l'ill!P300OU fl~uaUI -qB!Iq'l1~B<.l JO UO~!J'BO!P.SS'BIO "" TABLE XXII. XClll Industrial StatistiCs. Part I.-Provincial Summary.

I !~ I I 1 ~ I

------\

------~------

.....m ------*

... :"'" . ~

':',

... :f"""I

I _..... I~ : .....

o .....c-

------CO .... 1:-<00> =ct:>~ ...... 00 ""... "d'i ro to ------

-----:--- I ---_------(w9roo~llUlm:r ~UlpnroUI) I paAoldura suoSl8d JO lQqumu I", 9q~ o~ )jU!PlOODll -;~U9UI I -qsnq'Il~8;) JO nonlloy:qqr.ro J I

'----'------_- TABLE XXII. xciv Industrial Statistics. Part I.-Provincial Summary.

o :0 ..... Y-OI •

'" ..

~-----~------

. . :CQ

"'" :""

: . .

CN~ .

(!j.U

...- - TABLE XXII. xcv Industrial Statistics. Part I.-Provincial Summary. l~

I I~ I I~ I ~. -r- ~ ( 1 I ~ ------r p., I ~ ~ I Ct) Q'J co (0 _-~-:_~----" :______~--"------_"------I:--- 't5 '" f{j I ~ P Cd I t:T) '" oj P. I ..... ~;g:: I ~>-;t-:::-:---"'-,-- "" 0 en ~]:I ~ I~ ""

------.------~------I .... - "

...... •

- "'"'

Ctl m

* ......

(~uam911tHl'Bm llu!pupur) •I 8 c-

.... ::l ------~--~------~ TABLE XXU. XCVI

_,

... o ...... :! I I ~ I . I I : I I J I • •, r m I 110 1 ~ . . ~ ~ cq :!: I - \---""-'----;-- 1------~I '\ j 'I ~ ~ ... . . o>.!!' 'I

s

,...,...... I \'l -'" .'" 0 ~··-~i·lGO..., : l:l ""::l P ....'" ""t\O -

I'i <\I'" .t; g .....::l e 'tl a - !!', 11 - 0 0 = 'a. ~ S 0> .!'l'" "'b ~f ~ mno~ '"~ ,1:1 .. . I 0 0<'- ...'" I .... 'tl '0 '"I'l.a ~ftl.::1 .., ..,. "Cl :"" 1:1 0 -- ~., q:J II:: til .;;; ~ ,.liI III 00 ,.... uj ~ Cl '0 "",' 0 ?;t:! 1i i-I iii c6 'k 0 foI ~ t:-I w 0'" ~ 7Q >. .... ,Q ~ I E-4 '[1" t-i <: $:I .$ E-4 0 r.:J ... rIl :l3 >d ~.Q""~ .... ~ Cl l:I '53 ;:! ,0 ..... ,.<",~

....00> "" .... >-. ",0 II .0 'a. Ela I ;:10.> I 1:1'" .q.1~tOlT.l~-.:tl~ ~§ '" ~~~~~~~ ...o~ ..... 1'-1"" I I co I"'" : I ... - I I .-"! ;:! ~ I~ Eo< I

<1'" II> S ~ ~- ~ :c 1'-1 03 cD ..., I;i:1'" ....z '0 ::xl 1:1 '0 0 ~ 0 .a- ...; ~ ~ ~ TABLE XXII. xcviii Industrial Statistics. Part H.-Distribution by Taluks.

;:![J.'llUIaa I 0 ------______~----~I~ ------~------_._----- •• }l";) ... i I~ ':. : cq _~ __I~ ""

.,..., :0 j l~ ... : rl .,...., ~ I~ ..."" 1 "" _--'....!",--,---~ ------" I ~ ,....,00 ~ , r

:'"" -""

It- i I ~------

: :1'"""1 :M ·_---_·_-_·_------1

----:-"'------~ o £ !::lE-< .... :: ~ ~~ .,~ 6;:§ TABLE XXII. xcix Industrial Statistics. Subsidia.ry Sta.tement. to Part H.-Distribution by Taluks. Subsidiary Sta.tement showing aeta.ils of the women employed.

I I I I TABLEXXll. Industrial Statistics.

Part HI -Industrial E~tablishments classified according to the class of Owners B,nd Managers. , w ~ H ~ : : :: .... 1C

ai I M (]) 'GIl Cl ~as ~ "d; til,., ....(]) ~ ....0 0 rn D'.I Cl

c::J __1 I rl; >-< ~~-l'~il' ~ ~ \ I

:.-< .....

,-.. ..,_; u:i ------. - ----:------1 ~ 0 Q ...... _...'-' 8 ...Ul I Eo! < Eo! -~ r.n. ~ ...::I

------

.. ~...... 'Il'i-I ~ : .. : -f : :'"

...... - ...... I> ...... ~ ...... ~ : ......

I ------') I 01,

------1--i Ii -

II,..... i 'TABLE XXII.

Industrial Statistics~ Part tV.-Caste or Race and :Birth place of Skilled Workmen classifted accord­ ing to their Industry and Occupation. ------_------_----- ......

. ~ ~ ...... : : : : :: : : :

------

: ~:

.... - :'""

------

: :~

_~~= ;~ ... ~m~~~_~~~~ ...... ,...... ,...-f co

ui ------'--'- "_--_ ..,.; ~ - H . ~ § E-t ] 1:::1 '0 112 ..,. M o --I E-I J_ I· -< .. • ...... r ...... E-t ~ I ~ ..~ ...... -~ U1 ~ J ;>( 1-=1 ------'------...:...... ~ ...... fIl p:; ."'5 1or...... f.-4 I ....'" I ..J m ------.:a p ---- ~~------r:11 Q :C'1 :zt 1 ~.~ I ~ t-I \ __R -P __L 1------______I. I : .... : ...... ~~~ce 1It- :'"" ~s I ______---- ______·1 ~ ------......

......

~------_---.--- -~~~~~~~romro~~~~~~~ I

~----- TABLE xxn. Industria.l Sta.tistics. elll Part IV. Caste or Race and Birth place Qf Skilled Workmen classified according to their Industry and Occupation.

.... < .... ~ !~\ ...... 1-~191------:-""'-""'-- -t-I-~i Jil ' .S ------:00 eg I~ -< ------_ ------:-.""'!~.....:.-I- _---- - :cq ~ ~ 1;£ ___~~ I ..cI I" -; I ~ :::::: ...... ~ J_ --______~ ______---'-;.,..",,,,,,--- ...... ~] ...... : ... '" I~ ~Q I 8I i5'~tn..m-,- ~ : ..... ;t- &;~ I--=.s'--~-'-A-'--II, :: l JL9... ~ I -;;7J~ --._------...... t' ,~I ...... ,...... _~_____JI,.- 1- m 10 ......

--__~----_I:\----_---·-·--·------...... S II c> ~ ----.------~.,----- _------...... : ....

:""

: .... : ~ CO

...... ~ ......

---.-~--- ......

:cc : .... TABLE XXII. mv Industria.l Statistics. Part IV.-(1aste or Race and Birth place ot Skilled Workmen classifted accord­ ing to their Industry and Occupation. i 1--1 l-'i?-'-i--. -.------~~-_- ______l i I ~I · ...... \ b I c.J5 . I ------rg-1a> ...... '" I .... - ...... ~ I >il I

IN ,...... : ,.....

------

~ c-. c-. ; ; .... ;c

------~ ...... - ...... ______------

------

"0000

;,-;

:-

z ~ o:..l o TABLE XXII. ev Industrial Statistics. .J!IIIn .-CaSte 01" Rae. and :Birth place 9 killed; Workmen

. f ~: i t .t., ,':' . ' .... - : : : : : : - ,~-"f~'F~-"-'~'=-_-+1 __ 1-__------.--- .. ell I ...... ~ .~' I ~ ...... ~ -~-{- :.S:;;.pI!: I~ :...... : : : : : ~ : : ~ ----!---i------'------...... I~ ...... ------_._---_._--_._------...... U'2i"'''i 01T"i -,-: :.. ..: :.. :...... : !1"""f :......

'0 ...... -...... :1"'( ...i ...... 110 1... ~

1 : : : : : ...... ~ • z 1"'1 :;;! J I:tl -,--- 10 .. ~ 0 0 ~ I '

-----_ ------_.------,

11 I=l'" 'Jj: 2 I~ p.,

~• .!:l

0 . . . , : II:l= · ,~ . : . I ·

CO> ...... · . . . ~ . ,.-t

: ...... - : ,.-t IN ...... ------. --- -' -_.

IIlno

------.

I ;_ .~ ~ I --~---l- ...... j I~ : : : : : -----._-_._._------_.------..:0'>

... : .... - ....

......

......

:,...., .... , ------TABLE XXU. Industrial Sta.tistics. CVll Part IV. Caste or Ra.ce and Birth place 01 Skilled Workmen classified8according to tteir Industry and Occupation.

fr , 0 . • .-.-.r:--I t I"" , " &: I I -'g--- j ~ --~~------I-I ~ I I~ :l5 -~--i------,- a ~; I~ tt-

Y~ ]..... ~ __ ,1- ______I 1 ! 11_1~, ·, I~ g J ~ I -1-- o z ;.a ... I~ .. 1"'" "d o:i ~~ I • ~ ~ ~ I I t: ---"S -I-~ ! - "iii ;::J I I ~ ;:.; I I M ~ 1-- ~ d~i:: ~ ":,.-{I~_ .= l-i ~ ~ t-1 ~ o·~ 1 ~ ____ -_,_A-'---c_:______.s ~~g~l~ ~,....,,,.. ::"" :>oI~ ~ >-<36h~1 IN ~ , 8 ~ .§ .B II ~ CCI e-1 .... t'II C'I .... =~ ~ c::q .... CH 0:. ~ , = C) ---JI 1M!:. ai ~ ~~m ,- -...s 0.... ~ I ------~,-- --S 'Q ~ ~_-~- fl I::: . :I~ .... - ~ I I C) 0 ____l_ ------_ ----\,-- T• ~ E-trn ~ -~ I~ ;~- ->< ..:I -)< ~o: ~ f ------I ...:..... § \- ----,--- is: ~ is Co :: •••••••• ::::tl: ~ ~ E-t ~ .~ . ...l rn ~ ~ ___>-:' ___ 1 ------_____-- ______1 ea p l4:=J I I IN :"" "'" I A UJ ~ ~;S ~ , XJ cq rl ~ =to co ; Cl,) ~ ~':I C";) \ ~ ~ :: ..... ~ rj ~-:.,-;!!---r- ______!_<>O__ ~ ~~ It- ..... ~:::M:C'l t~ Pt ::s ot! J I ~ __ ;:_: ~ __ I______1 .~ i oo! I H~ I"" i ;____ , ~ 1<0 I Q) J ~ l! --i- , "(.) ~ ~ t I!:: I ~ m 1 _ ~_J_>O ------I I i ,~ ~ .$ I..". r~, a$ ;:::: 1..::1 ~ a r ___0 _____ -',

~ P-4 ~ , ______1