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Balanus Glandula Phylum: Arthropoda, Crustacea Class: Thecostraca, Cirripedia Order: Thoracica, Sessilia Acorn Barnacle Family: Balanidae

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Balanus Glandula Phylum: Arthropoda, Crustacea Class: Thecostraca, Cirripedia Order: Thoracica, Sessilia Acorn Barnacle Family: Balanidae Balanus glandula Phylum: Arthropoda, Crustacea Class: Thecostraca, Cirripedia Order: Thoracica, Sessilia Acorn barnacle Family: Balanidae Description plates themselves include the rostrum, Size: Up to 3 cm in diameter, but usually less opposite it the carina and between the carina than 1.5 cm (Ricketts and Calvin 1971; and rostrum are the four side plates, the Kozloff 1993). carinolateral and rostrolateral plates (see Color: Shell usually white, often irregular and Plate 213, Newman 2007). color varies with state of erosion. Cirri are Opercular Valves: Valves consist of black and white (see Plate 11, Kozloff 1993). two pairs of movable plates inside the wall, General Morphology: Members of the which close the aperture: the tergum and the Cirripedia, or barnacles, can be recognized by scutum (Figs. 3a, 4, 5). their feathery thoracic limbs (called cirri) that Terga: The terga are the are used for feeding. There are six pairs of upper, smaller plate pair and each tergum has cirri in B. glandula (Fig. 1). Sessile barnacles a short spur at its base (Fig. 4), deep crests are surrounded by a shell that is composed for depressor muscles, a prominent articular of a flat basis attached to the substratum, a ridge, and an articular furrow (Pilsbry 1916). wall formed by several articulated plates (six Scuta: The scuta have pits on in Balanus species, Fig. 3) and movable either side of a short adductor ridge (Fig. 5), opercular valves including terga and scuta fine growth ridges, and a prominent articular (Newman 2007) (Figs. 2, 4, 5). ridge. Shell: Aperture: The shell opening, from Shape: Shell surrounding the which the cirri emerge when feeding, is barnacle body is pyramidal in shape (see Fig. controlled by movement of the terga and 99, Kozloff 1993) (Fig. 2). scuta in conjunction with adductor and Basis: Calcareous and flat, attached depressor muscles. When closed, plates to hard substrate, rendering B. glandula a produce a distinct and sinuous line at their sessile, or attached barnacle junction in B. glandula (Kozloff 1993). (Balanomorpha). Cirri: Feathery, black and white and Wall: Formed by the six plates (Fig. conspicuous. Each of the six pairs of legs 2) and composed of irregular, vertical, filled (=cirri), bears 4–7 pairs of setae (Nishizaki tubes, giving the exterior the appearance of and Carrington 2014). The cirri of B. glandula rough ribbing. were the first observed to exhibit Longitudinal Tubes: Only ecophenotypic plasticity, where individuals present in immature individuals (Newman adjusted response time (i.e. cirral withdrawl) 2007). to specific habitats. An adjustment from one Plates: Calcareous, nearly habitat (e.g. wave-exposed) to the next (e.g. conical and columnar. Six in family protected) occurred over a period of two molts Balanidae. Each plate is composed of (approximately 18 days) (Marchinko 2003). parietes (exposed triangular part) (Figs. 3a, 3b), alae (the plate overlapping plate edges) Possible Misidentifications and radii (the plate edge marked off from the There are three groups (i.e. superorders) of parietes by a definite change in direction of cirripeds including the Rhizocephala growth lines) (Fig. 3b) (Newman 2007). The (parasites among crustaceans), the Hiebert, T.C. and M. Jarvis. 2015. Balanus glandula. In: Oregon Estuarine Invertebrates: Rudys' Illustrated Guide to Common Species, 3rd ed. T.C. Hiebert, B.A. Butler and A.L. Shanks (eds.). University of Oregon Libraries and Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR. A publication of the University of Oregon Libraries and the Oregon Institute of Marine Biology Individual species: http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12694 and full 3rd edition: http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18839 Email corrections to [email protected] Acrothoracica (shell-less burrowing forms), B. crenatus or B. glandula. Generally, these and the Thoracica. The Thoracica contains latter two species are found higher in the 1,000 species worldwide including the intertidal than is S. cariosus, which occurs monophyletic taxa, Lepadomorpha, the mostly subtidally. stalked barnacles, and the Balanomorpha, or Balanidae encompasses the genera sessile barnacles (Perez-Losada et al. 2008; Megabalanus, Paraconcavus, and Chan et al. 2014). Among the sessile forms, Menesiniella (each with one local species), there are four families represented locally. Amphibalanus (three local species) and The family Chthamaloidea includes members Balanus (four local species). Balanus of the genus Chthamalus. Juvenile Balanus crenatus is generally found in the intertidal glandula and Chthamalus dalli, often found at a lower level than the ubiquitous and together, are very alike. The genus morphologically similar B. glandula. Chthamalus has alae on its rostral plates, not Balanus glandula has no longitudinal wall radii (i.e. the rostral plate is overlapped, tubes (except when young) and it differs in rather than underlapped, as in B. glandula, the structure of terga and scuta: the terga by the rostrolateral plates). Chthamalus dalli are very wide and have longer spurs and is found both with and at higher tide levels the scuta have no adductor ridges (compare than B. glandula, and individuals are usually Fig. 5 with B. glandula Figs. 4, 5, this brown. The family Tetraclitoidea has one guide). Balanus crenatus, on the other species locally (Tetraclita rubescens), and is hand, has a shell wall with a single row of characterized by a wall that is composed of uniformly spaced tubes (Newman 2007). four plates (rather than six in the Balanidae). Balanus crenatus is a difficult barnacle to The remaining two families are the identify: "Not only does every external Balanidae and Archaeobalanidae. The character vary greatly in this species, but Archaeobalanidae includes the genera the internal parts very often vary to a Armatobalanus, Conopea, Hesperibalanus surprising degree, and to add to the and Semibalanus (each with one local difficulty, groups of specimens do not rarely species). The latter genus includes a vary in the same manner” (Charles Darwin common local intertidal species S. cariosus in Cornwall 1951). Balanus nubilus, the (and former member of the genus Balanus). giant acorn barnacle, is easily distinguished An isolated S. cariosus, is with splinter-like from B. glandula by its large size, reaching spines, nearly black cirri and is not likely to be 100 mm in diameter, and a shell aperture confused with another barnacle. It has a that is relatively large and flaring (Newman thatched appearance, being irregularly ribbed 2007). Balanus trigonus is a lower intertidal and its walls have uneven, longitudinal tubes species with a southern distribution (to (Pilsbry 1916). However, where it is crowded Monterey Bay, California). or eroded, these spines may be worn off or not developed, and the barnacle would have Ecological Information to be distinguished from other common Range: Type range includes Alaska to Baja barnacles by its terga and scuta, and by its California (Darwin 1854), B. glandula was unique and unusual membraneous base. introduced to South America (Argentina) and Semibalanus cariosus have terga with a long Japan (Kado 2003; Newman 2007; Rashidul pointed spur, quite different from either B. Alam et al. 2014). crenatus or B. glandula. Semibalanus Local Distribution: Ubiquitous in a wide cariosus commonly co-occurs with B. variety of locations from the open rocky crenatus, B. glandula, as well as with shores to the salty or brackish bays of the Chthamalus dalli. Juvenile S. cariosus will Oregon coast (Kozloff 1993), where show a typical heavy ribbing and starry basis populations show genetic heterogeneity over outline, which would distinguish it from young great distances (Barshis et al. 2011), except Hiebert, T.C. and M. Jarvis. 2015. Balanus glandula. In: Oregon Estuarine Invertebrates: Rudys' Illustrated Guide to Common Species, 3rd ed. T.C. Hiebert, B.A. Butler and A.L. Shanks (eds.). University of Oregon Libraries and Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR. in central California where gene flow is more Life-History Information restricted between populations (Sotka et al. Reproduction: Cirripeds usually brood their 2004). eggs and B. glandula produces 2–6 Habitat: Very adaptable to a variety of broods/year, in winter and spring (Oct–May in habitats. Suitable substrates include rocks, southern California), and through September pilings, wood, other crustaceans, molluscs, on Vancouver Island and December in Friday and barnacles. Often in conditions with Harbor (Høeg et al. 1987). Barnacles are one extreme exposure to sun, wind, rain and can of the few sessile organisms with internal tolerate estuarine conditions quite well, fertilization and plasticity in penis length has including those of poor water circulation, low been observed, with shorter penises in high oxygen, and little wave action (Ricketts and wave-energy environments (Neufeld and Calvin 1971). Populations in polluted areas Palmer 2008). Individuals are hermaphroditic have been shown to exhibit lower genetic and self-fertilization is possible, but not diversity, with more individuals of the same common (MacGinitie and MacGinitie 1949; haplotype (southern California, Ma et al. Yonge 1963). Spermcast spawning can 2000). occur (Barazandeh et al. 2014). Eggs and Salinity: Collected at salinities of 30, but can embryos are retained in ovisacs within the also survive at lower salinities (Ricketts and mantle cavity and are discharged as nauplii Calvin 1971). Balanus glandula resists after four months (Yonge 1963; Høeg et al. desiccation
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