DOCSLIB.ORG

Saudi Arabia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Saudi Arabia COUNTRY MARKET STUDY: SAUDI ARABIA Compiled by: Directorate International Trade Sub-directorate: Europe, Russia and Middle East Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries March 2010 Authors: Mr Gert van Rensburg ([email protected]) and Ms Joyce Letswalo ([email protected]) Disclaimer The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries take no responsibility for any action taken from this study. This is a desktop study and own research must be undertaken, before decisions is made based on this study. SUMMARY1 This country market study of Saudi Arabia examines the trade flows between South Africa (SA) and Saudi Arabia. The major objective of the study is to identify agricultural products that have the potential to be exported to Saudi Arabia. First the study gives a historical background about Saudi Arabia, looks at some country facts, give an economic overview and look at the regional and international relations of Saudi Arabia. Then it examines the trade policy of Saudi Arabia, looks at bilateral agreements between SA and Saudi Arabia and at total trade between these two countries. From here on there is focused on agricultural trade, inter alia taking into account the following: the most important products imported and exported and the trade balance. An analysis is done to determine posible exports to Saudi Arabia. Finally it looks at some trade barriers and a conclusion and some comments are made on trade with Saudi Arabia. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Saudi Arabia) is a Middle Eastern Country, occupying about 80 percent of the Arabian Peninsula. The economy of Saudi Arabia is oil-based and there is strong government controls over major economic activities. It possesses more than 20% of the world's proven petroleum reserves and ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum in the world. Saudi Arabia is a member of the Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC) and a leading member of Organisation of the Petroleum Exporters Countries (OPEC). More than half of Saudi Arabia's GDP is managed by the government. Mineral products constitute about 90% of Saudi Arabia's exports and foodstuffs are about 14% of Saudi Arabia's total imports. The hot, harsh weather and limited water supply of Saudi Arabia, results in the climate not being suitable for agriculture. Exports of agricultural products from SA to Saudi Arabia were R 523.1 million in 2008, while imports of agricultural products were R 26.5 million. Edible fruits, cigarettes and chocolate were the major agricultural exports, while waters and dates were the major agricultural imports (the import of waters was small in 2009). A trade potential index (TPI) was drawn up and it was noted that there are opportunities for deepening trade with Saudi Arabia. The “trade chilling” analysis was also done. The results are in Table 12 and 13, respectively. The market for certain product groupings in Saudi Arabia were analyzed and include inter alia some citrus; food preparations; cigarettes; sauces and preparations, tomato sauces; juices; maize; preparations for infant use; milk and milk powder; frozen boneless bovine cuts; maize seeds; refined sugar and chocolates. It is noted that tariffs for SA‟s exports to Saudi Arabia are relative low and there was a further decrease in some tariffs in June 2009. Finally, we look at the trade barriers, as well as the trade related infrastructure, conclusion and some comments are made. 1 Acknowledgements: Various sources were used during the composition of this document, which are acknowledged under paragraph headings, footnotes or in the text. 2 INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 5 1.1 Historical background ................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Country facts .................................................................................................................................. 6 1.3 Economic overview ....................................................................................................................... 6 2. TRADE RELATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Trade policy .................................................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Total Trade between South Africa and Saudi Arabia ..................................................................10 3. AGRICULTURAL TRADE ..............................................................................................................11 3.1 Profile ............................................................................................................................................11 3.2 Forecast of consumer expenditure ..............................................................................................12 3.3 Agricultural trade between South Africa and Saudi Arabia .......................................................14 3.4 Analysis to determine posible exports to Saudi Arabia .............................................................15 3.4.1 Trade potential index ......................................................................................................................15 3.4.2 "Trade chilling concept” ...................................................................................................................18 3.4.3 Discussion of products identified by the TPI and trade chilling ........................................................21 3.4.3.1 Oranges, mandarins/clementines/wilkings and similar citrus, and fresh or dried lemons and limes ......................................................................................................................................21 3.4.3.2 Food preparations ..................................................................................................................22 3.4.3.3 Cigarettes ...............................................................................................................................23 3.4.3.4 Tomato ketchup and other tomato sauces, and sauces, preparations mixed condiments & seasoning ...............................................................................................................................23 3.4.3.4.1 Consumer market for sauces, dressings and condiments in Saudi Arabia .............................24 3.4.3.5 Juices……. .............................................................................................................................25 3.4.3.5.1 Consumer market for fruit and vegetable juices in Saudi Arabia .............................................26 3.4.3.6 Maize…….. ............................................................................................................................26 3.4.3.7 Preparations of cereals, flour, starch/milk for infant use .........................................................27 3.4.3.7.1 Consumer market for baby food in Saudi Arabia ....................................................................27 3.4.3.8 Milk powder not exceeding 1.5% fat, Milk and cream powder unsweetened exceeding 1.5% fat……… ................................................................................................................................28 3.4.3.8.1 Consumer market for milk products in Saudi Arabia ...............................................................29 3.4.3.9 Bovine cuts boneless, frozen ..................................................................................................29 3.4.3.10 Other products .......................................................................................................................30 3.4.3.10.1 Maize seed…… ......................................................................................................................30 3.4.3.10.2 Refined sugar in solid form .....................................................................................................30 3.4.3.10.3 Chocolates……. .....................................................................................................................31 3.5 Tariff structure ..............................................................................................................................33 4. TRADE BARRIERS ........................................................................................................................33 4.1 Non Tariff Barriers ........................................................................................................................33 4.2 Sanitary and phyto-sanitary (SPS) regulations ...........................................................................34 4.3 Trade related infrastructure .........................................................................................................35 5. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................35 6. COMMENTS ON STUDY ................................................................................................................37 ANNEXES ..............................................................................................................................................39 Annex 1: Exports of all agricultural products by SA to Saudi Arabia in 2008 ..........................39 Annex 2: Description of the Trade Potential Index .....................................................................42
Load more

Recommended publications
  • LONCHENA-THESIS-2020.Pdf
    FAILED STATES: DEFINING WHAT A FAILED STATES IS AND WHY NOT ALL FAILED STATES AFFECT UNITED STATES NATIONAL SECURITY by Timothy Andrew Lonchena A thesis submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Global Security Studies Baltimore, Maryland May 2020 2020 Timothy Lonchena All rights reserved Abstract: Failed States have been discussed for over the past twenty years since the terrorist attacks of the United States on September 11th, 2001. The American public became even more familiar with the term “failed states” during the Arab Spring movement when several countries in the Middle East and North Africa underwent regime changes. The result of these regime changes was a more violent group of terrorists, such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). This thesis will address how to define failed states to ensure there is an understood baseline when looking to determine if a state could possibly fail. Further, this thesis will examine the on-going debate addressing the question of those who claim failed states can’t be predicted and determine if analytic modeling can be applied to the identification of failed states. The thesis also examines the need to identify “failed states” before they fail and will also discuss the effects certain failed states have directly on United States national security. Given this, the last portion of this paper and argument to be addressed will determine if there are certain failing states that the United States will not provide assistance to, as it is not in the best interest of our national security and that of our allies.
    [Show full text]
  • Kazakhstan and the World Economy: an Assessment of Kazakhstan's Trade Policy and Pending Accession to the WTO
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Hindley, Brian Research Report Kazakhstan and the world economy: An assessment of Kazakhstan's trade policy and pending accession to the WTO Jan Tumlir Policy Essays, No. 01/2008 Provided in Cooperation with: European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE), Brussels Suggested Citation: Hindley, Brian (2008) : Kazakhstan and the world economy: An assessment of Kazakhstan's trade policy and pending accession to the WTO, Jan Tumlir Policy Essays, No. 01/2008, European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE), Brussels This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/174857 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu The European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE) is an independent and non-profit policy research think tank dedicated to trade policy and other international econo- mic policy issues of importance to Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Saudi Arabian Industrial Development and Manpower Requirement: Problems and Prospects
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Open Access Master's Theses 1984 Saudi Arabian Industrial Development and Manpower Requirement: Problems and Prospects Saud Saleh Alsaleh University of Rhode Island Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses Recommended Citation Alsaleh, Saud Saleh, "Saudi Arabian Industrial Development and Manpower Requirement: Problems and Prospects" (1984). Open Access Master's Theses. Paper 1112. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses/1112 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SA~DI ARABIAN INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AND MANPOWER REQUIREMENT: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS BY SAUD SALEH ALSALEH A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARITAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ART IN ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 1984 MASTER OF ARTS THESIS OF SAUD SALEH ALSALEH APPROVED: Thesis Committee DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 1984 Abstract The shortage of qualified Saudi manpower has arisen as the most serious obstacle to Saudi industrial development and economic diversi­ fication. This study addresses the labor problem by projecting the industrial sector's manpower needs and the availability of such labor in the indigenous population, then by projecting the number of expatriate workers required to ensure the industrial sector's steady growth and prosperity. In addition, the educational system is examined and the number of higher and vocational education graduates are projected to show to what extent the educational system can supply the necessary workers.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimalisasi Ekosistem Haji-Umrah Indonesia-Saudi Arabia
    Increased Growth in Investment Between Indonesia and Saudi Arabia Through the Hajj and Umrah Ecosystems Muhammad Hasan Gaido President of ISABC Thursday, 14 November 2019 Cendrawasih Room, Jakarta Convention Center King of Saudi Arabia, Salman bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud spoke with President Jokowi at Bogor Palace, West Java, Wednesday, March 1, 2017. The Arabian government plans to invest IDR 300 trillion in Indonesia. The chairman of Indonesia’s Chamber of Commerce and Industry (Kadin), Rosan P. Roeslani (second left), shaking hand with the Council for Saudi Arabia Chambers of Commerce and Industry’s vice chairman Shuwaimi Al Doussari (second right) during a meeting in Jakarta on March 2, 2017 as witnessed by the Indonesia’s Trade Minister Enggartiasto Lukita (left) and the Saudi Arabia Kingdom’s General Authority for Small and Medium Enterprises’ governor Ghassan Ahmed Al Sulaiman. Kadin met with Saudi Arabia business representatives during King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud’s visit to Indonesia. (JP/Jerry Adiguna) President and Secretary of ISABC, M. Hasan Gaido and Ali Said when signing the declaration of Indonesia-Saudi Arabia Business Council and witnessed by the Vice Minister of Foreign Affair, AM. Fachir; Vice Chairwomen of KADIN for International Relation, Shinta W. Kamdani; and Chairman of Kadin Indonesia Permanent Committee on The Middle East & OIC Countries, Fachri Thaib. March 15, 2017. President of ISABC, Muhammad Hasan Gaido shaking hand with the King of Saudi Arabia, Salman bin Abdulaziz and the President of Republic of Indonesia, Joko Widodo. Vision Increasing Trade, Tourism, Investment and Empowering Human Resources Mision 1. Develop and improve economic relations of trade, tourism and investment between Indonesia and Saudi Arabia 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Vision 2030 and the Birth of Saudi Solar Energy
    MEI Policy Focus 2016-15 Vision 2030 and the Birth of Saudi Solar Energy Makio Yamada Middle East Institute Policy Focus Series July 2016 A solar sector is emerging as part of Saudi Arabia’s economic diversification plans under the Vision 2030. Makio Yamada offers an analysis of policy and institutions governing the country’s expansion into “yellow oil.” Rising domestic oil consumption, young citizens’ entry into the job market, and reduced solar panel production costs have driven the launch of the solar industry in the kingdom. Growth of the industry had previously been hindered by institutional ambiguity and fragmentation, but the government restructuring in May has paved the way to its eventual rise by unifying necessary administrative functions under the newly-created super-ministry. Key Points ♦ The new Saudi leadership, led by King Salman and his son Deputy Crown Prince Mohammed, will exercise control over the country’s next giant, non-oil industry, which Saudis call “yellow oil,” or solar energy ♦ The initial driver behind the Saudi government’s interest in the use of solar power was its intention to preserve the kingdom’s capacity to export oil in light of rising domestic consumption; the Vision 2030 also underscores the industrial aspect of solar energy ♦ Following the succession in January 2015, the new leadership found the country’s institutional framework for the solar sector problematic; the government restructuring in May 2016 unified the necessary administrative functions for the sector ♦ Insufficient human capital may be an impediment to the growth of the industry; the National Transformation Program 2020 has set ambitious goals to boost the country’s technical education, but its feasibility remains to be seen Makio Yamada Makio Yamada Introduction investigates economic diversification in Saudi he announcement of Vision 2030, the Arabia and G.C.C.
    [Show full text]
  • A Macroeconometric Model for the Economy of Saudi Arabia Saleh Ahmed Tawi Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1984 A macroeconometric model for the economy of Saudi Arabia Saleh Ahmed Tawi Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Macroeconomics Commons Recommended Citation Tawi, Saleh Ahmed, "A macroeconometric model for the economy of Saudi Arabia" (1984). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 17096. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/17096 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. r1 A macroeconometric model for the economy of Saudi Arabia ..:£511 by /9Y'Y 7/9? Saleh Ahmed Tawi (•3 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Economics Signatures have been redacted for privacy Iowa State Uni versity Ames, Iowa 1984 1481393 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 Cf-W:>TER 1. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ABOUT THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN SAUDI ARABIA 3 CHAPTER 2. PROCEDURE OF SPECIFICATION 8 I ntroduction 8 Estimation Procedure 8 Testing for the Autocorrelation Problem 10 Multicollinearity Problems 13 Statistical Tests 14 Assess ing the Normality of the Residual Term 15 Rankit Plot 16 Shapiro Wilk t est 11 CHAPTER 3. DESCRIPTION OF SAUDI ARABIA SYSTEM OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS (SANA) 19 Present Status of National Accounts 19 Sources and Methods 20 National Accounting Problems 32 CHAPTER 4 .
    [Show full text]
  • Conference Series
    Journal of Critical Reviews ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 8, 2020 JEDDAH WEST COAST ISLAND ECO-RESORT Danyah A. Zuhairy1, Nehad Eweda2, Abdel Moneim El-Shorbagy3 1,2,3College of Architecture and Design, Effat University, Qasr Khuzam St., Kilo.2, Old Mecca Road. P.O.BOX 34689, Jeddah 21478, Saudi Arabia E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Received: 15.04.2020 Revised: 18.05.2020 Accepted: 12.06.2020 Abstract The terms eco-friendly or environmentally friendly are designed to have no damaging effects on the natural environment and its residents. Thus, this work has proposed the development of eco resort at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. In this work, 3 case studies were analysed to comprehend the design and architecture aspects of the proposed resort. Based on the case study analysis, the estimated area for the eco resort is 17100 m2. The eco resort is comprised of several zones such as main building, suites, spa, gymnasium, restaurant, café, marine side, courtyard and dolphin bay. The proposed development site for the eco resort is located at the north side of Jeddah and it is an island landscape. The idea and design philosophy of this resort is purity, relaxation and preservation of nature's beauty. This eco resort will be a major attraction for visitors and Jeddah residents. It will also serve as an educational reference for those interested in nature and as an entertainment venue for tourists of all ages. Keywords-- eco, resort, environment friendly, architecture, Saudi Arabia © 2020 by Advance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.08.85 INTRODUCTION Angsana Resort Jeddah is Saudi Arabia's second largest city and the largest city in Angsana Resort is one of the islands in the Indian Ocean, Ihuru, the Western province.
    [Show full text]
  • Doing Business Guide 2021: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Tax Position
    Doing business guide 2021 Understanding Saudi Arabia’s tax position Doing business guide | Understanding Saudi Arabia’s tax position Equam ipsamen 01 Impos is enditio rendae acea 02 Debisinulpa sequidempos 03 Imo verunt illia 04 Asus eserciamus 05 Desequidellor ad et 06 Ivolupta dolor sundus et rem 07 Limporpos eum sequas as 08 Ocomniendae dit ulparcia dolori 09 Aquia voluptas seque 10 Dolorit ellaborem rest mi 11 Foccaes in nulpa arumquis 12 02 Doing business guide | Understanding Saudi Arabia’s tax position Contents 04 About the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 06 Market overview 08 Industries of opportunity 10 Entering the market 03 Doing business guide | Understanding Saudi Arabia’s tax position About the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia The Kingdom" of Saudi A country located in the Arabian Peninsula, Throughout this guide, we have provided the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA, Saudi our comments with respect to KSA, unless Arabia is the largest Arabia or The Kingdom) is the largest oil- noted otherwise. oil-producing country producing country in the world. in the world Government type Monarchy " Population (2019) 34.2 million GDP (2019) US$ 793 billion GDP growth (2019) 0.33% Inflation (2019) -2.09% Labor force (2019) 14.38 million Crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, ammonia, Key industries industrial gases, sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), cement, fertilizer, plastics, metals, commercial ship repair, commercial aircraft repair, construction Source: World Bank, General Authority of Statistics 04 Doing business guide | Understanding Saudi Arabia’s tax position 05 Doing business guide | Understanding Saudi Arabia’s tax position Market overview • Saudi Arabia is an oil-based economy Government with the largest proven crude oil reserves Government type Monarchy in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Ownership and Control of Oil
    Ownership and Control of Oil Ownership and Control of Oil examines government decisions about how much control to exert over the petroleum industry, focusing on the role of National Oil Companies in the production of crude oil since the nationalizations in the 1970s. • What are the motives for which some producing states opt for less and not more control of their oil production sector? • When can International Oil Companies enter the upstream industry of producing states and under what conditions? The diversity of policy choices across producers provides the stage for this investigation: different theoretical explanations are confronted with empirical evidence, with the aim of fi nally proposing an interdisciplinary framework of analysis to explain who controls oil production around the world. This book is intended for both specialists and general readers who have an interest in the issue of government control of the petroleum industry. Due to its multidisciplinary approach, the book is aimed at a large academic public composed of scholars of political science, international political economy, comparative politics, and Middle East area studies. Moreover, this book should be relevant to international consultants, industry professionals and decision-makers in countries assessing their experience with existing control structures as well as the many countries in the process of joining the “petroleum club” of oil producing nations. Bianca Sarbu is a post-doctoral researcher at the Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich. Her research spans the fi eld of Energy Studies with a particu- lar focus on the oil industry, political risks, National Oil Companies and International Oil Companies, as well as the political economy of oil producing countries.
    [Show full text]
  • 20 MARCH 2002 No
    J O U R N A L of the UNITED NATIONS International Conference on Financing for Development Monterrey, N.L., Mexico (18-22 March 2002) WEDNESDAY, 20 MARCH 2002 No. 4* PROGRAMME OF MEETINGS AND AGENDA SCHEDULED MEETINGS Wednesday, 20 March 2002 GENERAL ASSEMBLY INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FINANCING FOR DEVELOPMENT MINISTERIAL ROUND TABLE B1 Coherence in development 10 a.m.- 1 p.m. Conference Room 2 Co-Chairs: Czech Republic (H.E. Mr. Jan Kavan, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs); United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (Mr. Rubens Ricupero, Secretary-General) Member States: African States: Angola, Botswana, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Nige- ria, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Togo Asian States: Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan, Malaysia, Oman, Qatar, Viet Nam, Sri Lanka, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates, Viet Nam Eastern European States: Czech Republic, Lithuania, Poland, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Slovenia Latin American and Caribbean States: Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grena- dines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela Western European and other States: Australia, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden, United States of America Institutional stakeholder participants: World Bank; International Monetary Fund (IMF); World Trade Or- ganization (WTO); United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD); European Commis- sion; United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA);
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae: Professor Timothy C Niblock
    CURRICULUM VITAE: PROFESSOR TIMOTHY C NIBLOCK Born: Belfast, Northern Ireland, 1942 Nationality: British Education i Leighton Park School, Reading, 1956-61 ii University of Oxford (New College), 1962-65 B.A. in Politics, Philosophy and Economics 'Good' Second iii College d'Europe, Bruges, 1965-66 Certificat des Hautes Etudes Europeenes iv University of Sussex, 1966-69 D.Phil. in International Relations Thesis topic: 'Aid and Foreign Policy in Tanzania' Appointments i Teacher, St Norbert's School, Carshalton, 1961-62 ii Lecturer in Politics, University of Reading, 1969-78 (Seconded to the University of Khartoum, 1969-77) iii Lecturer in Politics and International Relations, University of Khartoum, 1969-76 iv Associate Professor in Politics, University of Khartoum, 1976-77 v Research Fellow and Deputy Director of the Centre for Arab Gulf Studies, University of Exeter, 1978-82 vi Lecturer in Politics and Director M.A. Programme in Middle East Politics, University of Exeter, 1982-1986 vii Senior Lecturer in Middle East Politics and Director, Middle East Politics Programme, 1986-89 and 1991-92 Joint Director, Research Unit for the International Study of Economic Liberalisation and its Social and Political Effects, 1990-93 Director, Graduate School of Political and Administrative Studies, 1992-93, University of Exeter. viii Professor of Middle Eastern Studies, and Director of the Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, University of Durham, 1993-9 (Directorship to August 1998) ix Professor of Arab Gulf Studies, 1999- 2008, University of Exeter, and Director of the Institute for Arab and Islamic Studies, 1999-2005 x Emeritus Professor, Chair of the Management Board of the Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, and Special Adviser to the Vice-Chancellor on the Middle East, University of Exeter, 2008-present.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 CHAPTER 1 International Labour Migration and Sri Lankan Female Domestic Workers Introduction Migrant Labour Has Been an Import
    CHAPTER 1 International Labour Migration and Sri Lankan Female Domestic Workers Introduction Migrant labour has been an important factor in labour force growth in host countries. Labour migration in the nineteenth century was mainly temporary or circular. People migrated to regions such as the United States and Southeast Asia which were associated with industrialisation and production of raw materials. In Asia, migrant workers initially migrated under indentured labour conditions to the least populated areas mainly for agricultural and mining work. A large number permanently settled in the countries in Southeast Asia where they went for work. Contemporary migration patterns are different from these older migration flows in terms of the nature and composition. Current labour migration flows are characterised by temporary guest worker programmes/short-term contracts and are also gendered (Castles & Miller, 2003; Morokvasic, 1984; Zlotnik, 2003). The demand for guest workers comprises largely low-skilled workers category who take up 3-D jobs (dirty, dangerous and demeaning) that local populations normally refuse to engage in. West Asian countries, including Saudi Arabia, are classic examples of this pattern. These low-skilled jobs exist in West Asia in two main sectors: construction and domestic work. Large numbers of workers, mainly women from lower socio-economic backgrounds in developing countries, including Sri Lanka, make up the domestic labour force in West Asia and other countries. These women are often under- paid and/or unpaid, face systematic exploitation and are deprived of protections. Consequently, the protection of migrant workers’ rights has become a major concern of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and the United Nations (UN) and these organisations have adopted several international conventions to safeguard migrant workers’ rights and to look after their wellbeing.
    [Show full text]