DOCSLIB.ORG

Ownership and Control of Oil

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ownership and Control of Oil Ownership and Control of Oil Ownership and Control of Oil examines government decisions about how much control to exert over the petroleum industry, focusing on the role of National Oil Companies in the production of crude oil since the nationalizations in the 1970s. • What are the motives for which some producing states opt for less and not more control of their oil production sector? • When can International Oil Companies enter the upstream industry of producing states and under what conditions? The diversity of policy choices across producers provides the stage for this investigation: different theoretical explanations are confronted with empirical evidence, with the aim of fi nally proposing an interdisciplinary framework of analysis to explain who controls oil production around the world. This book is intended for both specialists and general readers who have an interest in the issue of government control of the petroleum industry. Due to its multidisciplinary approach, the book is aimed at a large academic public composed of scholars of political science, international political economy, comparative politics, and Middle East area studies. Moreover, this book should be relevant to international consultants, industry professionals and decision-makers in countries assessing their experience with existing control structures as well as the many countries in the process of joining the “petroleum club” of oil producing nations. Bianca Sarbu is a post-doctoral researcher at the Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich. Her research spans the fi eld of Energy Studies with a particu- lar focus on the oil industry, political risks, National Oil Companies and International Oil Companies, as well as the political economy of oil producing countries. For the 2011/2012 academic year, Bianca was a Fulbright Visiting Scholar at the Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA. This page intentionally left blank Ownership and Control of Oil Explaining policy choices across producing countries Bianca Sarbu ROUTLEDGE Routledge Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK First edition published 2014 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2014 Bianca Sarbu The right of Bianca Sarbu to be identifi ed as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Sarbu, Bianca. Ownership and control of oil : explaining policy choices across producing countries / Bianca Sarbu. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-415-72599-6 (hb : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-315-77809-9 (ebook : alk. paper) 1. Petroleum industry and trade—Government policy. 2. Petroleum industry and trade—Political aspects. I. Title. HD9560.6.S37 2014 338.2'7282—dc23 2013042670 ISBN: 978-0-415-72599-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-77809-9 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Refi neCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk To my parents and my Manuel This page intentionally left blank 1. The right of peoples and nations to permanent sovereignty over their natural wealth and resources must be exercised in the interest of their national development and of the well-being of the people of the State concerned. 2. The exploration, development and disposition of such resources, as well as the import of the foreign capital required for these purposes, should be in conformity with the rules and conditions which the peoples and nations freely consider to be necessary or desirable with regard to the authorization, restriction or prohibition of such activities. (United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1803 (XVII) of December 14 1962, “Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources”) Oil is the most glaring exception to the rules of trade and investment underpinning globalization. (. .) Barriers to investment are preserved and protected as governments freely discriminate against foreign investment or totally ban it, providing their companies unfettered, uncompetitive monopo- lies in the exploration, production and sale of oil. (Edward Morse, SAISPHERE 2005) This page intentionally left blank Contents List of fi gures and tables x Preface and acknowledgements xii 1 Rethinking the ownership and control of oil 1 2 Upstream sector policy in the oil industry 22 3 Current readings of Energy Studies and theory development 50 4 A statistical analysis of oil upstream sector policies across the world 82 5 Mirroring the cases of Saudi Arabia and Abu Dhabi 108 6 Conclusions 154 Annex 164 Index 195 Figures and tables Figures 1.1 Position of this book in relation to the existing literature 12 3.1 Analytical framework—explaining oil upstream sector policies worldwide 69 5.1 Professional distribution of interviewees on Saudi Arabia (22 interviewees) 112 5.2 Professional distribution of interviewees on Abu Dhabi/the UAE (16 interviewees) 113 6.1 Revised analytical framework 156 Annex 7 State control ratio versus time 172 Annex 8 State control ratio—variation across countries 174 Annex 9 State control ratio (mean) versus time 176 Annex 14 Political constraints versus state control ratio 186 Annex 15 Control structures in (a) Saudi Arabia versus (b) Abu Dhabi 188 Annex 16 Time versus state control by country 190 Tables 1.1 Relevance of the existing literature to this book 14 2.1 Combinations of ownership and control 30 5.1 The Board of Directors at Saudi Aramco (August 25, 2012) 125 Annex 1 NOCs abroad 164 Annex 2 Countries in the sample 165 Annex 3 Countries by year in the sample 166 Annex 4 Data operationalization and sources 168 Annex 5 Summary statistics 170 Annex 6 Correlation matrix 171 Annex 10 Regression models 1–7 178 Annex 11 Regression models 8–14 180 Annex 12 Regression models 15–21 182 Figures and tables xi Annex 13 Regression models 22–25 184 Annex 17 Questionnaire on the oil sector organization and upstream strategies in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates 192 Preface and acknowledgements This book examines the diverse policies pursued by producing countries in their oil production sector, also known as the oil upstream, since the nationalizations in the 1970s. More specifi cally, it explores the motivations behind government decisions about how much control to exert over the petroleum industry, focusing on the role of National Oil Companies (NOCs) in the production of crude oil. The idea of the book concretized in time and took shape in a doctoral research project at the ETH Zurich in Switzerland. Following myriad discussions with fascinating people I had the chance to meet at the UN headquarters during my time as a Youth Delegate of Romania in New York, I grew more and more interested in energy-related topics and resource curse. Curiosity-driven, after my return to the ETH Zurich, I immersed myself in endless readings and debates until I faced the puzzle. In short, a number of oil-rich countries around the world like Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Mexico (since the 1990s until the mid-2000s), Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan have kept their oil upstream industry largely under state control. If present, foreign oil companies have operated without decision-making rights over investments, oil prices or profi ts. In contrast, other oil producing countries like Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Colombia (since the 1990s), Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan have attracted foreign direct investments into their upstream and have made their NOCs share production and profi t with International Oil Companies (IOCs). The question that sprang to my mind was “What triggers this variation?” or in a more scholarly form, “Why have oil producing countries pursued diverse policies in their oil upstream sector?”. To my surprise, the existing theoretical and empirical scholarship turned out NOT to have a systematic and comprehensive answer to this, which provided the stage for my doctoral investigation and eventually this book project. Over the past years of research and writing, I have grown grateful to a lot of people for their intellectual and/or moral support. In this sense, I would fi rst like to express my most sincere appreciation and thanks to Professor Robert Weiner from George Washington University in Washington DC for Preface and acknowledgements xiii his intellectual guidance, knowledgeable advice, unconditional support, and not least, collegial attitude during my Fulbright Fellowship as well as afterwards as external supervisor on my doctoral committee. For encouraging me to advance my academic degrees, pursue my research interests, fi nd an empirical puzzle, and also, for upholding the trust in my abilities and determination to bring this book project to an end, I am fully indebted to Professor Andreas Wenger from the ETH Zurich. Furthermore, I am most grateful to Fareed Mohamedi from Statoil and Rodica Donaldson from EDF Renewable Energy (formerly enXco) for offering me invaluable perspectives from energy consultancy and the industry, as well as for introducing me to the community of energy experts on the Middle East. In addition, I am fully indebted to my interview partners, without whose breadth of knowledge, expertise and insights this book would not have been possible. I should also like to thank Christian Wolf, Raphael Andre Espinoza and Pauline Jones Luong for sharing datasets with me and for fruitful discus- sions.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • LONCHENA-THESIS-2020.Pdf
    FAILED STATES: DEFINING WHAT A FAILED STATES IS AND WHY NOT ALL FAILED STATES AFFECT UNITED STATES NATIONAL SECURITY by Timothy Andrew Lonchena A thesis submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Global Security Studies Baltimore, Maryland May 2020 2020 Timothy Lonchena All rights reserved Abstract: Failed States have been discussed for over the past twenty years since the terrorist attacks of the United States on September 11th, 2001. The American public became even more familiar with the term “failed states” during the Arab Spring movement when several countries in the Middle East and North Africa underwent regime changes. The result of these regime changes was a more violent group of terrorists, such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). This thesis will address how to define failed states to ensure there is an understood baseline when looking to determine if a state could possibly fail. Further, this thesis will examine the on-going debate addressing the question of those who claim failed states can’t be predicted and determine if analytic modeling can be applied to the identification of failed states. The thesis also examines the need to identify “failed states” before they fail and will also discuss the effects certain failed states have directly on United States national security. Given this, the last portion of this paper and argument to be addressed will determine if there are certain failing states that the United States will not provide assistance to, as it is not in the best interest of our national security and that of our allies.
    [Show full text]
  • Kazakhstan and the World Economy: an Assessment of Kazakhstan's Trade Policy and Pending Accession to the WTO
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Hindley, Brian Research Report Kazakhstan and the world economy: An assessment of Kazakhstan's trade policy and pending accession to the WTO Jan Tumlir Policy Essays, No. 01/2008 Provided in Cooperation with: European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE), Brussels Suggested Citation: Hindley, Brian (2008) : Kazakhstan and the world economy: An assessment of Kazakhstan's trade policy and pending accession to the WTO, Jan Tumlir Policy Essays, No. 01/2008, European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE), Brussels This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/174857 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu The European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE) is an independent and non-profit policy research think tank dedicated to trade policy and other international econo- mic policy issues of importance to Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Saudi Arabian Industrial Development and Manpower Requirement: Problems and Prospects
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Open Access Master's Theses 1984 Saudi Arabian Industrial Development and Manpower Requirement: Problems and Prospects Saud Saleh Alsaleh University of Rhode Island Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses Recommended Citation Alsaleh, Saud Saleh, "Saudi Arabian Industrial Development and Manpower Requirement: Problems and Prospects" (1984). Open Access Master's Theses. Paper 1112. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses/1112 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SA~DI ARABIAN INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AND MANPOWER REQUIREMENT: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS BY SAUD SALEH ALSALEH A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARITAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ART IN ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 1984 MASTER OF ARTS THESIS OF SAUD SALEH ALSALEH APPROVED: Thesis Committee DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 1984 Abstract The shortage of qualified Saudi manpower has arisen as the most serious obstacle to Saudi industrial development and economic diversi­ fication. This study addresses the labor problem by projecting the industrial sector's manpower needs and the availability of such labor in the indigenous population, then by projecting the number of expatriate workers required to ensure the industrial sector's steady growth and prosperity. In addition, the educational system is examined and the number of higher and vocational education graduates are projected to show to what extent the educational system can supply the necessary workers.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimalisasi Ekosistem Haji-Umrah Indonesia-Saudi Arabia
    Increased Growth in Investment Between Indonesia and Saudi Arabia Through the Hajj and Umrah Ecosystems Muhammad Hasan Gaido President of ISABC Thursday, 14 November 2019 Cendrawasih Room, Jakarta Convention Center King of Saudi Arabia, Salman bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud spoke with President Jokowi at Bogor Palace, West Java, Wednesday, March 1, 2017. The Arabian government plans to invest IDR 300 trillion in Indonesia. The chairman of Indonesia’s Chamber of Commerce and Industry (Kadin), Rosan P. Roeslani (second left), shaking hand with the Council for Saudi Arabia Chambers of Commerce and Industry’s vice chairman Shuwaimi Al Doussari (second right) during a meeting in Jakarta on March 2, 2017 as witnessed by the Indonesia’s Trade Minister Enggartiasto Lukita (left) and the Saudi Arabia Kingdom’s General Authority for Small and Medium Enterprises’ governor Ghassan Ahmed Al Sulaiman. Kadin met with Saudi Arabia business representatives during King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud’s visit to Indonesia. (JP/Jerry Adiguna) President and Secretary of ISABC, M. Hasan Gaido and Ali Said when signing the declaration of Indonesia-Saudi Arabia Business Council and witnessed by the Vice Minister of Foreign Affair, AM. Fachir; Vice Chairwomen of KADIN for International Relation, Shinta W. Kamdani; and Chairman of Kadin Indonesia Permanent Committee on The Middle East & OIC Countries, Fachri Thaib. March 15, 2017. President of ISABC, Muhammad Hasan Gaido shaking hand with the King of Saudi Arabia, Salman bin Abdulaziz and the President of Republic of Indonesia, Joko Widodo. Vision Increasing Trade, Tourism, Investment and Empowering Human Resources Mision 1. Develop and improve economic relations of trade, tourism and investment between Indonesia and Saudi Arabia 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Analysis Brief: Kuwait
    Country Analysis Brief: Kuwait Last Updated: November 2, 2016 Overview Kuwait was the 10th-largest producer of petroleum and other liquids in 2015. As a member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Kuwait was the world’s 10th-largest producer of petroleum and other liquids in 2015, and it was the fifth-largest producer of crude oil among the 14 OPEC members. Despite its relatively small geographic size (about 6,900 square miles), in terms of production, it only trailed Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates in production of petroleum and other liquids in 2015. Kuwait's economy is heavily dependent on petroleum export revenues, which accounted for more than 70% of the government’s total revenues in 2015, according to IMF estimates.1 In fact, petroleum exports accounted for almost 89% of total export revenues in 2015.2 Much like other OPEC producers, Kuwait saw the value of its total exports fall sharply in 2015 as crude oil prices fell. In 2014, Kuwait’s value of exports totaled roughly $104 billion and fell to about $55 billion in 2015. The share of petroleum exports in 2014 was 94% of the total export revenue.3 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that Kuwait’s net export revenues totaled $40 billion in 2015, about half of what Kuwait earned during the previous year.4 Although some of the decline in net export revenue is a result of a decrease in production and exports during the year, the decrease in crude oil prices accounted for most of the decline in net export revenues.
    [Show full text]
  • Vision 2030 and the Birth of Saudi Solar Energy
    MEI Policy Focus 2016-15 Vision 2030 and the Birth of Saudi Solar Energy Makio Yamada Middle East Institute Policy Focus Series July 2016 A solar sector is emerging as part of Saudi Arabia’s economic diversification plans under the Vision 2030. Makio Yamada offers an analysis of policy and institutions governing the country’s expansion into “yellow oil.” Rising domestic oil consumption, young citizens’ entry into the job market, and reduced solar panel production costs have driven the launch of the solar industry in the kingdom. Growth of the industry had previously been hindered by institutional ambiguity and fragmentation, but the government restructuring in May has paved the way to its eventual rise by unifying necessary administrative functions under the newly-created super-ministry. Key Points ♦ The new Saudi leadership, led by King Salman and his son Deputy Crown Prince Mohammed, will exercise control over the country’s next giant, non-oil industry, which Saudis call “yellow oil,” or solar energy ♦ The initial driver behind the Saudi government’s interest in the use of solar power was its intention to preserve the kingdom’s capacity to export oil in light of rising domestic consumption; the Vision 2030 also underscores the industrial aspect of solar energy ♦ Following the succession in January 2015, the new leadership found the country’s institutional framework for the solar sector problematic; the government restructuring in May 2016 unified the necessary administrative functions for the sector ♦ Insufficient human capital may be an impediment to the growth of the industry; the National Transformation Program 2020 has set ambitious goals to boost the country’s technical education, but its feasibility remains to be seen Makio Yamada Makio Yamada Introduction investigates economic diversification in Saudi he announcement of Vision 2030, the Arabia and G.C.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Kuwait Petroleum Corporation: Searching for Strategy in a Fragmented Oil Sector Paul Stevens
    Kuwait Petroleum Corporation: Searching for Strategy in a Fragmented Oil Sector Paul Stevens Working Paper #78 July 2008 PESD Working Paper #78 July 14, 2008 Stevens, KPC The Program on Energy and Sustainable Development at Stanford University is an interdisciplinary research program focused on the economic and environmental consequences of global energy consumption. Its studies examine the development of global natural gas markets, the role of national oil companies, reform of electric power markets, international climate policy, and how the availability of modern energy services, such as electricity, can affect the process of economic growth in the world’s poorest regions. The Program, established in September 2001, includes a global network of scholars—based at centers of excellence on five continents—in law, political science, economics and engineering. It is based at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Program on Energy and Sustainable Development Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Encina Hall East, Room E415 Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-6055 http://pesd.stanford.edu 2 PESD Working Paper #78 July 14, 2008 Stevens, KPC About the National Oil Company Study While the role of the state is declining in nearly every sector of world economic activity, in hydrocarbons the pattern is quite different. State-controlled oil companies—so-called national oil companies (NOCs)— remain firmly in control over the vast majority of the world's hydrocarbon resources. Some NOCs are singular in their control over their home market; others engage in various joint ventures or are exposed to competition. PESD’s study on National Oil Companies focuses on fifteen NOCs: Saudi Aramco, NIOC (National Iranian Oil Co), KPC (Kuwait Petroleum Co), PDVSA (Petróleos de Venezuela) , ADNOC (Abu Dhabi National Oil Company), NNPC (Nigerian National Petroleum Co), PEMEX, Gazprom , Sonatrach, CNPC, Petrobras, Petronas, ONGC, Sonangol, and Statoil.
    [Show full text]
  • A Macroeconometric Model for the Economy of Saudi Arabia Saleh Ahmed Tawi Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1984 A macroeconometric model for the economy of Saudi Arabia Saleh Ahmed Tawi Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Macroeconomics Commons Recommended Citation Tawi, Saleh Ahmed, "A macroeconometric model for the economy of Saudi Arabia" (1984). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 17096. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/17096 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. r1 A macroeconometric model for the economy of Saudi Arabia ..:£511 by /9Y'Y 7/9? Saleh Ahmed Tawi (•3 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Economics Signatures have been redacted for privacy Iowa State Uni versity Ames, Iowa 1984 1481393 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 Cf-W:>TER 1. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ABOUT THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN SAUDI ARABIA 3 CHAPTER 2. PROCEDURE OF SPECIFICATION 8 I ntroduction 8 Estimation Procedure 8 Testing for the Autocorrelation Problem 10 Multicollinearity Problems 13 Statistical Tests 14 Assess ing the Normality of the Residual Term 15 Rankit Plot 16 Shapiro Wilk t est 11 CHAPTER 3. DESCRIPTION OF SAUDI ARABIA SYSTEM OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS (SANA) 19 Present Status of National Accounts 19 Sources and Methods 20 National Accounting Problems 32 CHAPTER 4 .
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Economy of Arab Gulf States-RS-Lh-KCU
    JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY RICE UNIVERSITY THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ARAB GULF STATES BY KRISTIAN COATES ULRICHSEN, PH.D. FELLOW FOR THE MIDDLE EAST JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY RICE UNIVERSITY MAY 8, 2015 The Political Economy of Arab Gulf States THIS PAPER WAS WRITTEN BY A RESEARCHER (OR RESEARCHERS) WHO PARTICIPATED IN A BAKER INSTITUTE RESEARCH PROJECT. WHEREVER FEASIBLE, PAPERS ARE REVIEWED BY OUTSIDE EXPERTS BEFORE THEY ARE RELEASED. HOWEVER, THE RESEARCH AND VIEWS EXPRESSED IN THIS PAPER ARE THOSE OF THE INDIVIDUAL RESEARCHER(S) AND DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT THE VIEWS OF THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY. © 2015 BY THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY OF RICE UNIVERSITY THIS MATERIAL MAY BE QUOTED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION, PROVIDED APPROPRIATE CREDIT IS GIVEN TO THE AUTHOR AND THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY 2 The Political Economy of Arab Gulf States Introduction This paper assesses the multifaceted reasons behind the Arab Gulf states’ uneven record of integration into the global economy. It begins by documenting how the ties binding the Gulf states into the global economy are both deep-rooted and long predate the discovery and extraction of oil in the 20th century. Rather, the opening section highlights the historical interconnectivity of the transnational flows that tied the region into a broader economic hinterland spanning the Indian Oceanic world. Nevertheless, these processes were patchy and subject to partial reversal during the early oil years. Thus, the second section examines the entrenched dynamics that also served to limit the Gulf states’ relationship with the international system, both politically and economically.
    [Show full text]
  • Conference Series
    Journal of Critical Reviews ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 8, 2020 JEDDAH WEST COAST ISLAND ECO-RESORT Danyah A. Zuhairy1, Nehad Eweda2, Abdel Moneim El-Shorbagy3 1,2,3College of Architecture and Design, Effat University, Qasr Khuzam St., Kilo.2, Old Mecca Road. P.O.BOX 34689, Jeddah 21478, Saudi Arabia E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Received: 15.04.2020 Revised: 18.05.2020 Accepted: 12.06.2020 Abstract The terms eco-friendly or environmentally friendly are designed to have no damaging effects on the natural environment and its residents. Thus, this work has proposed the development of eco resort at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. In this work, 3 case studies were analysed to comprehend the design and architecture aspects of the proposed resort. Based on the case study analysis, the estimated area for the eco resort is 17100 m2. The eco resort is comprised of several zones such as main building, suites, spa, gymnasium, restaurant, café, marine side, courtyard and dolphin bay. The proposed development site for the eco resort is located at the north side of Jeddah and it is an island landscape. The idea and design philosophy of this resort is purity, relaxation and preservation of nature's beauty. This eco resort will be a major attraction for visitors and Jeddah residents. It will also serve as an educational reference for those interested in nature and as an entertainment venue for tourists of all ages. Keywords-- eco, resort, environment friendly, architecture, Saudi Arabia © 2020 by Advance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.08.85 INTRODUCTION Angsana Resort Jeddah is Saudi Arabia's second largest city and the largest city in Angsana Resort is one of the islands in the Indian Ocean, Ihuru, the Western province.
    [Show full text]
  • Doing Business Guide 2021: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Tax Position
    Doing business guide 2021 Understanding Saudi Arabia’s tax position Doing business guide | Understanding Saudi Arabia’s tax position Equam ipsamen 01 Impos is enditio rendae acea 02 Debisinulpa sequidempos 03 Imo verunt illia 04 Asus eserciamus 05 Desequidellor ad et 06 Ivolupta dolor sundus et rem 07 Limporpos eum sequas as 08 Ocomniendae dit ulparcia dolori 09 Aquia voluptas seque 10 Dolorit ellaborem rest mi 11 Foccaes in nulpa arumquis 12 02 Doing business guide | Understanding Saudi Arabia’s tax position Contents 04 About the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 06 Market overview 08 Industries of opportunity 10 Entering the market 03 Doing business guide | Understanding Saudi Arabia’s tax position About the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia The Kingdom" of Saudi A country located in the Arabian Peninsula, Throughout this guide, we have provided the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA, Saudi our comments with respect to KSA, unless Arabia is the largest Arabia or The Kingdom) is the largest oil- noted otherwise. oil-producing country producing country in the world. in the world Government type Monarchy " Population (2019) 34.2 million GDP (2019) US$ 793 billion GDP growth (2019) 0.33% Inflation (2019) -2.09% Labor force (2019) 14.38 million Crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, ammonia, Key industries industrial gases, sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), cement, fertilizer, plastics, metals, commercial ship repair, commercial aircraft repair, construction Source: World Bank, General Authority of Statistics 04 Doing business guide | Understanding Saudi Arabia’s tax position 05 Doing business guide | Understanding Saudi Arabia’s tax position Market overview • Saudi Arabia is an oil-based economy Government with the largest proven crude oil reserves Government type Monarchy in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Future Relations Between Kuwait Petroleum Corporation and the International Oil Companies: Success Or Failure?
    F U TU RE R E LA TI ON S B ET WE EN K U WA IT P E TR OL EU M C O RP OR AT IO N A ND T HE I N TE RN AT IO NA L O I L C O M P AN IE S : S U C C E S S O R F A I L U R E ? Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy Thesis Submitted by Arwa Mohammad Abulhasan May 2004 Under the advisement of Professor Bruce Everett © 2004 Arwa Mohammad Abulhasan http://fletcher.tufts.edu Future Relations between Kuwait Petroleum Corporation and the International Oil Companies: Success or Failure? Arwa Mohammad Abulhasan Candidate for Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy 2004 Presented to the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy Advised by Professor Bruce Everett Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank Professor Bruce Everett for introducing me to the fascinating study of petroleum, and for being a dedicated mentor. For giving me invaluable information: Shamael Al Sharikh Nawaf Al Sabah Abdulaziz Al Attar Suzanne Maloney Scott Ingersoll For helping me with translation: Bader Al Saif Obaida El-Dandarawy For being my steadfast writing tutor: Rebecca Kinyon Last, but certainly not least, I would like to thank my mother, my brother, and Obaida El- Dandarawy for their inspiration and encouragement. 2 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................................................................4 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................................................................5 ORIGINS
    [Show full text]