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Thrombotic Microangiopathy Score As a New Predictor for Neurologic Outcome in Patients Undergoing Targeted Temperature Management After Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest

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Thrombotic Microangiopathy Score As a New Predictor for Neurologic Outcome in Patients Undergoing Targeted Temperature Management After Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Thrombotic Microangiopathy Score as a New Predictor for Neurologic Outcome in Patients Undergoing Targeted Temperature Management After Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest Taeyoung Kong Yonsei University College of Medicine Hye Sun Lee Yonsei University College of Medicine Soyoung Jeon Yonsei University College of Medicine Jong Wook Lee Konyang University Hospital Hyun Soo Chung Yonsei University College of Medicine Sung Phil Chung Yonsei University College of Medicine Je Sung You ( [email protected] ) Yonsei University College of MedicineGangnam Severance Hospital https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2074- 6745 Original research Keywords: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, Targeted temperature management, Thrombotic microangiopathy score, Mortality, Predictor, Schistocytes Posted Date: July 8th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-40096/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/21 Abstract Background: Given the morphological characteristics of schistocytes, thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) score can be benecial as it can be quickly and serially measured without additional effort or costs. This study aimed to investigate whether the serial TMA scores until 48 h post admission are associated with clinical outcomes in patients undergoing targeted temperature management (TTM) after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Methods:We retrospectively evaluated a cohort of 185 patients using a prospective registry. We analyzed the TMA score at admission and after 12, 24, and 48 hours. The primary outcome measures were poor neurologic outcome at discharge and 30-day mortality. Results:Increased TMA scores at all measured time points were independent predictors of poor neurologic outcomes and 30-day mortality, with the TMA score at time-12 showing the strongest correlation (OR, 3.008; 95% CI, 1.707–5.3; p=0.001 and HR, 1.517; 95% CI, 1.196–1.925; p=0.001.Specically, TMA score ≥2 at time-12 was closely associated with increased predictability of poor neurologic outcome (OR, 6.302; 95% CI: 2.841–13.976; p<0.001) and 30-day mortality (HR, 2.656; 95% CI: 1.675–4.211; p<0.001). Conclusions: Increased TMA scores predicted the neurologic outcome and 30-day mortalityin patients undergoing TTM after OHCA. In addition to the benet of being quickly and serially measured by using an automated hematology analyzer without additional effort or costs, this nding indicates that the TMA score may be a helpful tool for rapid risk stratication and identication of the need for intensive care in patients with ROSC after OHCA. Introduction Cardiac arrest (CA) causes approximately 500,000 deaths annually in the Europe and US [1]. Further, the survival rate after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is less than 15% and remains poor [1]. OHCA also has high morbidity rate including neurologic disability [2]. Regardless of causes, CA and resuscitation lead to severe damages in multiple organs because of the associated hypoxemia, ischemia, and reperfusion [3], with the severity varying between patients. Accordingly, effective post–CA care requires identication and mitigation of the precipitating cause of CA and ischemia-reperfusion injury to multiple organ systems [3, 4]. Recent guidelines have recommended targeted temperature management (TTM) as the neuroprotective intervention in resuscitation care of CA [3, 5, 6]. Refractory shock inducing recurrent CA or multiorgan failure (MOF) typically results in deaths within the rst 24 hours after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), while neurological injury causes later deaths after CA [7]. In the pathophysiology of multiorgan injury after CA, cardiovascular ischemia/reperfusion injury and cardiovascular toxicity are signicantly associated with excessive levels of inammatory cytokine activation and catecholamines, among other contributing factors [7]. Systemic ischemia/reperfusion injury after ROSC leads to the release of inammatory cytokines and the development of systemic inammatory response syndrome that mimics sepsis without infection [7]. Clinically, post CA syndrome (PCAS), also known as sepsis-like syndrome, mimics the immunologic and coagulation disorders in patients with severe sepsis [8]. Despite advances in post-resuscitative care, a signicant proportion of patients will have a poor neurological outcome and a high risk of mortality [3, 9]. Page 2/21 A multimodal approach is recommended to improve the accuracy of prognostication of CA survivors [3]. The application of new biomarkers that easily and quickly predict the development of unfavorable neurologic outcome and mortality after post-resuscitation may improve the prognosis of patients by enabling innovative monitoring, early aggressive treatment, and therapeutic strategies [10–12]. Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is characterized by three important elements including higher levels of lactate dehydrogenase, thrombocytopenia, and fragmented erythrocytes (schistocytes) [13]. Several critical conditions lead to the development of systemic endothelial injury in critically ill patients [14, 15]. In endothelial injury, severe hemolysis from mechanical damage in the circulation occasionally produce schistocytes in turbulent areas of the microcirculation that are partly occluded by platelet aggregations [14, 16]. The International Council for Standardization in Hematology (ICSH) Schistocyte Working Group recommended that the more than 1% schistocytes on a peripheral blood smear is an important criterion for identifying TMA [13]. Moreover, the occurrence of schistocytes in blood reects a high risk of thrombocytopenia-associated multiple organ failure (TAMOF) [17]. Schistocytes indicate specic characteristics of increased red cell distribution width (RDW) and hemoglobin distribution width (HDW), and microcytic hyperchromic red blood cells (RBCs) [15, 17]. Based on the development and changes in the morphological characteristics of schistocytes, the TMA score was developed as a rapid, simple marker to screen for TAMOF in critically ill patients [15]. An automated complete blood cell (CBC) analyzer can automatically and easily determine the TMA score based on RBC parameters and the volume/hemoglobin concentration (V/HC) [15, 17]. We previously found that increased TMA scores signicantly predicted short-term mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock [15, 18]. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have reported that the new TMA score can predict the clinical outcomes of patients with OHCA. As such, we aimed to investigate whether the serial TMA scores over time were signicantly associated with neurologic outcomes at hospital discharge and 30-day mortality in patients undergoing TTM after OHCA. Towards this goal, we investigated the association between the development and morphological changes of schistocytes and severity of organ damage in patients undergoing TTM after OHCA. We hypothesized that the TMA score could be used to predict the severity of organ damage in TTM patients who achieved sustained ROSC after OHCA. Methods Study design and population This retrospective, observational cohort study was performed between July 2015 and May 2019 based on a prospective registry of the emergency department (ED) of Yonsei University College of Medicine aliated with Severance Hospital, which is a tertiary-level referral hospital with a population of average 100,000 patients per year. The study was approved by the institutional review board (IRB) of Yonsei University Health System (3–2019–0308). Because of the retrospective nature of the study, the need for informed consent was waived by the IRB of Yonsei University Health System (3–2019–0308). We included consecutive patients who were prospectively integrated into the Critical leaders, Optimal care Of Life threatening post cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (COOL) protocol as a critical pathway (CP) Page 3/21 program. However, we retrospectively conducted data analysis based on OHCA records from the prospective registry of ED COOL CP. Considering the theoretical characteristics of TMA score, we excluded patients who received a transplant or prosthetic valves and those undergoing chemotherapy within 14 days from this study. To validate the usefulness of TMA scores over time, we also excluded patients who were transferred to our ED from another hospital, those who transferred out to another hospital within the rst 72 h, and those who died within 24 hours. Figure 1 summarizes the patient inclusion process. COOL protocol Since September 2011, we have implemented the COOL CP in our institutions as part of a quality improvement initiative to provide proper and professional treatment of TTM with bundle management to patients who had achieved sustained ROSC after OHCA. In the ED, emergency physicians screened candidates for the COOL CP program as soon as feasible. According to the predetermined protocol based on the advanced cardiac life support guidelines published by the American Heart Association (AHA) [3], a multidisciplinary treatment group involving an cardiologist, intensivist, neurologist, and emergency physicians immediately identies the patient status and simultaneously provide intensive and critical care. We provided post-CA care to patients who achieved sustained ROSC after OHCA following a standardized protocol within at least 72 hours after CP activation. The COOL CP program is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. According to this protocol, we actively applied TTM with a target core body temperature of 32 °C–36
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