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Physiological Responses to Prolonged Bed Rest and Fluid c6 NASA Tscht ~icalMemorandum 81324 Physiological Responses to Prolonged Bed Rest and Fluid Immersion in Man: A CompendiumI of Research (1974-1980)- John E. Greenleaf, Lori Silverstein, Judy Bliss, Vicki Langenheim, Heidi Rossow and Clinton Chao (NASA-Tl-81324) PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO N 82- l885b PROLONGED BED REST AND FLUID IfltlERSION IN 111: A COlPEYDIUl OF RESEARCH (1974 - 1980) (NASA) 112 p HC A06/r!F 201 CSCL 06s Unclas January 1982 National Aeronautics arid Space Admin~strat~on 7-.v,-3-./",--- T ,pl.---r--r . -- .-- T, ~ -- m?+-_ " &-rr--T. -,-- -".- - --- * --- - Jill. I NASA Techniml Memorandum 81324 I i Physiological Responses to Prolonged Bed Rest and Fluid Immersion in Man: A Compendium of Research (1974-1 980) John E. Greenleaf Lori Si lverstein Judy Bliss Vicki Langenhcim Heidi Rossow Clinton Chao, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California National Aorona ,~csand Space Administration Amos Ramwch canter Moffett Field, California 94035 TABLE OF CONTENTS BED REST ...................................................................... 1 References and Abstracb ........................................................ 3 Additional Selected Bibliography .................................................. 55 Subjactlndex ................................................................. 58 AuthorIndcx ................................................................. 71 IMMERSION ..................................................................... 75 References and Abstracts ........................................................ 77 Additional Selected Bibliography .................................................. 99 SubjectIndex ................................................................. 101 Authorlndex ................................................................. 109 PRECEDlffi PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED iii The purpose of this compendium is to summarize clinical observations and results from more basic studies that help to elucidate the physiological mechanisms of the adaptation of man to bed rest and fluid immer- sion. Some additional studies an included that provide background information in the form of reviews or summaries. This volume is a continuation of two previously published volumes: (a) Adaptation to Prolonged Bed Rest in Man: A Compendium of Research, by J. E. Greenleaf, C. J. Greenleaf, D. Van Derveer, and K. J. Dorchak (NASA TM X-3307, 1976); and (b) Physiologic Responses to Water Immersion in Man: A Compen- dium of Research, by J. Kollias, D. Van Deweer, K. J. Dorchak, and J. E. Greenleaf (NASA TM X-3308, 1976). Those volumes presented abstracts of material from e~rlyworks through December 1973. This com- pendium includes material published from 1974 through December 1980. The abstracts and annotations are compiled in alphabetical order by first author and are numbered serially. Subject and author indices are provided. Note that numbers shown with the index entries are abstract numbers, not page numbers. Again, we thank our many colleagues who sent reprints of their work, and apologize to those whose studies we have inadvertently overlooked. PREC€DING PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED Bedrest 1. Aleksandrov, A. N.; and Kochetov, A. K.: Effect of 30-Day Hypokinesia in Combination with LBNP Training on Some Indices of the Func- tional State of the Cardiovascular System at Rest. Kosmich. Biol. Avi~k.Med.. vol. 8, 1974, pp. 71-72. I Authors' Abstract 1 The effect of 30day bed rest and LBNP training on the functional state of the cardiovascular system at rest was studied in two groups of test subjects. A moderate decline in tone and a delay in blood flow rate were 1 noted in the leg vessels (mainly venules). The systolic blood volume decreased. The cardiac output at first I decreased and then gradually increased, reaching the initial level by the 30th day, due to an increase in the heart rate. The changes in the EKG T-wave suggested metabolic changes in the myocardium. These changes in the EWwere more distinct in test subjects who were daily subjected to LBNP training. 2. Anashkin, 0,D.; Trushiikiy, 2. K.; Reva, F. V.; and Shatunina, T. P. : Effect of Hydrostatic Factor on Orthostatic Stability and Physical Fitness of Man during 60-Day Antiorthostatic Hypokinesia. Kosmich. Biol. Aviak. Med., vol. 13, 1980, pp. 78-80. j Annotation ; Purpose. To investigate the influence of the hydrostatic factor on orthostatic tolerance and physical fitness I of man in the course of long-term antiorthostatic hypokinesia. Method. Six male subjects, 19-37 yr. 1. Three subjects in bed rest at -4.5' down for 60 days. 2. Three subjects in 2 hrlday sitting with 22 hr in antiorthostatic position; leg horizontal 45 min. 3. Twenty-minute passive orthostatic test (75') on days 11, 18,25,3?, 39,46,52, and 61. 4. Heart rate and arterial pressure recorded. 5. Physical fitness established by PCW-170. Results. Orthostatic factor (legs horizontal in sitting position) had no beneficial effect on orthostatic stability. Physical work capacity decreased by 33% and 34% in control and hydros tati c-factor groups, respectively. Conclusion. Daily use of a hydrostatic factor during 60 days of bed rest had no beneficial effect on ortho- static stability and physical work capacity. 3. Artishuk, V. N.; Litsov, A. N.; Stupnitskiy, V. P., and Yakushkov, Yu. V.: Effect of 30-Day Hypokinesia on the Dynamics of Higher Nervous Activity and Sleep of an Operator. Kosmich. Biol. Aviak. Med., vol. 8, 1974, pp. 75-79. Annotation Purpose. To investigate indices of human higher nervous activity and sleep in hypokinesia and to evaluate prophylactic effect of physical exercise and electric stimulation of muscles. Subjects. Nine males, 22-33 yr Procedure. Three subjects exercised, three were stimulated electrically, and three served as the control grou P - . Method. 1. Visual obsemation of psychic activity and mood-monitoring data. 2. Sensomotor reactions to sonic stimuli. 3. Test problems. 4. Perception of tachistoscopically displayed scales. 5. Time tests. 6. Motor activity in sleep. Results. The study of mood and behavior showed several distinct periods. Period No. 1 (3-4 days) was characterized by a good mood. Period No. 2 (5-15 days) showed decreased psychic tone and instability of rnt ,d. Period No. 3 (2G30 days) showed the mood improving. The sensomotor reactions showed insignificant increase in latent periods and decrease in accuracy and rate of reactant of instrument information. Decreased duration, decreased percentage of quiet 5-nun periods, and a lengthening of time required to fall asleep occurred in all three groups. 4. Asyamolov, B. F.; Panchmko, V, S.; and Pestov, I. D. Water Load as a Method for Changing the Orthostatic Reaction in Man A Fter Brief Hypodynamia. Kosmich. Biol. Aviak. Med., vo1. 7, 1973, pp. 80.82. Annotation Atrpose. To study the effect of hydration on orthostatic tolerance in brief hypodynamia with increased water loads. To investigate simple methods for prevention of orthostatic disorders. Method. Four males, 19-20 yr, were investigated in a series of five tests. Active orthostatic test (OT) treatments: 1. 2% B.W. water load in eighth hour of ordinary activity. 2.4-hr bed confinement without water load. 3. 12-hr bed confinement; 2% water load at t = 8 hr. 4.4-hr confinement with 1% water load at t = 3 hr. 5.4-hr confinement with 0.5% water load at t = 3 hr. After water intake, 3 to 5 orthostatic tests were camed out at 3Ckmin intervals while sub;ects were at bed rest. Pulse rate was used as the index of orthostatic reaction. Results. 1. Successive (OT) test caused gradual decrease in ortllostatic tachycardia. 2. Water load without bed rest led to decrease in pulse rate. 3. With hypodynamia and fluid intake there was a lessenirlg of pulse reaction in OT. 4. At 30 min after water intake, pulse was reliably lower than in 0s-1 (P < 0.01). Conclusion. There is a direct dependence between the excess fluid in the body and the degree of change in I. pulse rate in an orthostatic test. I, I 5. Asyunolov, B. F.; Panchenko, V. S.; Pestov, I. D.; and Tikhonov, M. A,: Determining Excess Pressure on the Lower Part of the Body Ensuring Prevention of Orthostatic Impairments. Kosmich. BioL Aviak. Med., vol. 7, 1973, pp. 56-61. Authors*Abstmct Lower-body positive pressure applied by means of an antigravity suit decreased orthostatic reactions of test subjects expjsed to simulated weightlessness (18-hr water immersion, 30day bed rest). Lower-body positive pressures of 50 and 35-mm Hg proved to be effective and well tolerated, whereas that of 20-mm Hg proved to be inadequate for preventing orthostatic disturbances. The greatest effect in the prevention of orthostatic disturbances was achieved by a combination of different countermeasures. 6. Belay,V.Ye.;andU~lova,N.N.: Effect of 30-Day Hypokinesia on Body Reactivity to Drugs. Kosmich. Biol. Aviak. Med.. vol. 8, 1974, pp. 83-84. Anno tation Purpostb. To determine the effect of a colnbination of CNS stimulants on physiological indices of subjects in hypokinesia. Method. 1. Six subjects in two groups. 2. Two subjects underwent LBNP on days 26-30 f~r2.5 hr/day, with peak values up to 50-55 mm Hg. 3. Drug complex consisted of benzedrine (0.01 g), caffeine, and sodium benzoate (0.1 g) and securinine (0.002 g) given per 0s. 4. 'nvestigations uere ca~iedout in the morning while subjects fasted or 2-3 hr after food intake. 5. Parameters measured included ECG, arterial pressure, respiration rate, lung ventilation, oxygen consumption, and CO, elimination under physical load. 6. Indices were taken 1 hr before
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