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Madame De Staël Lance L'allemagne Romantique

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Madame De Staël Lance L'allemagne Romantique JEUDI-VENDREDI 28 9-10 AVRIL 2009 Idéesde génie TRIBUNE DE GENÈVE Madame de Staël lance l’Allemagne romantique A l’occasion du 450e anniversaire de dérée dans ses rapports avec les avait les correspondants. En l’Université de Genève, la «Tribune de Genève» institutions traçait les pistes à 1811, un second voyage, imprévu et l’alma mater présentent la genèse suivre. L’écrivaine dénonçait la celui-ci, était venu compléter ce de 20 idées nées dans la région stérilité, ou plutôt l’épuisement, panorama. L’écrivaine fuyait et qui ont changé le monde. du classicisme français. Elle at- alors Coppet, devenu peu sûr 10/20 tendait la régénération par les pour elle. auteurs du Nord, qui avaient La vision que la Genevoise rejeté ce carcan de règles. proposait de l’Allemagne, une ÉTIENNE DUMONT vision contrastée avec un Sud Enquête sur place presque latin et un Nord bru- L’affaire semblait mal engagée. On veut toujours retrouver meux à souhait, pouvait sembler Elle finira en catastrophe. En chez les autres ce que l’on porte en elle-même novatrice. Elle 1810, la police impériale saisit en en soi. Si Germaine de Staël montrait tout l’apport d’un pays France les 2000 exemplaires im- popularisa outre-Jura le mot négligé à la pensée occidentale. primés du très attendu De l’Alle- «romantisme», c’est bien parce Mais l’auteur proposait, et c’est magne de Germaine de Staël, que cette fille des Lumières était là la vraie rupture, un fonda- née Necker. Ils seront pilonnés. attirée par la rêverie poétique et mental changement d’orienta- Echapperont au massacre les sensible à la relativité de choses. tion. Jusque-là, l’Europe atten- manuscrits et épreuves du livre. Delphine et Corinne faisaient dait la lumière du Sud. Les Ger- Les admirateurs que la Gene- ainsi souffler des ouragans senti- maniques eux-mêmes, Goethe en voise s’était faits avec ses romans mentaux, que l’auteur n’avait pas tête, allaient vers «le pays où Delphine (1802) et Corinne à chercher bien loin. Il lui suffi- fleurit le citronnier», autrement (1807) devront cependant atten- dit l’Italie. dre pour découvrir son analyse du monde germanique. Regard vers l’Est L’ouvrage paraîtra à Londres en Or Germaine de Staël, elle, 1813 et à Paris en 1814. voit plutôt le renouveau par le Qu’y avait-il donc de si terrible sait de regarder sa vie privée. sapin. Il existe, au-delà du Rhin, dans ce gros traité en deux volu- La baronne de Coppet comp- des écrivains. Des philosophes. mes? L’idée que ce livre n’était tait cependant bien livrer avec Des peintres aussi, mais elle con- au mieux «pas français» et au De l’Allemagne un ouvrage scien- naît mal ces derniers. Tous inno- pire «antifrançais». Il faut dire tifique. Elle s’était documentée. vent, alors que la France impé- que Madame de Staël, en froid En 1803-1804, l’écrivaine avait riale stagne. Paris doit cesser de Germaine de Staël. L’écrivaine vue par un miniaturiste. Drôle d’idée pour une femme qui aimait avec Bonaparte dès 1800, tenait ainsi séjourné à Berlin, Francfort se regarder le nombril, ce qu’il toujours faire les choses en grand! (MARTIAL TREZZINI/CYBERPHOTO) depuis Coppet le rôle de l’oppo- et surtout Weimar. Cette der- faisait déjà très bien à l’époque. sante officielle. Plus l’empereur nière ville lui avait semblé une Cette Allemagne lui semble de sa «germanicité». l’éloignait, la menaçant du pire, nouvelle Athènes, en moins clas- plus en pleine mutation. Politi- On sait ce qui en adviendra, Bio express plus il lui conférait de l’impor- sique. Tant pis si Goethe, qui que, puisque Napoléon a sup- mais Madame de Staël, morte en tance. L’exilée tenait une vérita- avait traduit son Essai sur les primé en 1806 le Saint Empire 1817, l’ignore encore. Le roman- ❚ 1766: Germaine Necker naît à Révolution pour Coppet. ble cour sur les bords du Léman. fictions dès 1796, prenait peur romain-germanique, mais aussi tisme peut cohabiter avec l’auto- Paris. Son père est un banquier ❚ 1798: rencontre avec Bona- devant cette terrible bavarde! morale et intellectuelle. Les ritarisme. En moins d’un siècle, genevois richissime. Sa mère parte, qui deviendra son en- Stérilité classique Germaine de Staël avait en- Français avaient l’habitude l’Allemagne deviendra ainsi pour tient un salon littéraire. nemi mortel. Mais pourquoi le sujet suite conservé à domicile des d’une Allemagne faible et morce- la France l’ennemi héréditaire. ❚ 1786: Mariage avec le baron ❚ 1803: Premier exil à Coppet, n’était-il «pas français»? Le titre attaches avec l’Allemagne. lée (elle comptait environ 400 Mais ceci est une autre histoire… de Staël. Le couple aura offi- où Mme de Staël a son Cercle. lui-même donnait la réponse. Schleger était le précepteur de Etats!), aux élites francophiles et ciellement quatre enfants. ❚ 1811-1813: Fuite éperdue à Germaine de Staël avait toujours son fils Augustin. Le prince francophones. Même Frédéric II ❚ Vendredi prochain: Jean-Jacques ❚ 1788: Premier livre, des lettres travers l’Europe. été fascinée par l’Allemagne, Auguste de Prusse faisait à Cop- de Prusse avait eu besoin de Rousseau et le contrat social sur Rousseau. ❚ 1817: Mort de Germaine de pays d’origine des Necker. En pet une cour semi-platonique à Voltaire. Par ses guerres, Napo- ❚ 1792: Madame de Staël fuit la Staël à Paris. 1800 déjà, De la littérature consi- son amie Juliette Récamier. Il y léon accélère son unité comme La Genevoise a-t-elle mis son génie dans sa vie? Germaine et les autres femmes Germaine de Staël a surtout en effet que la baronne de Cop- roi, le tsar ou les philosophes La baronne de Coppet mais sans affirmation radicale. été pour ses contemporains pet ait toujours utilisé ses ge- veuillent l’avoir à leur table. L’air était-elle une féministe? S’il fallait donner des noms aux un formidable personnage. noux comme bureau. que Germaine de Staël brasse est deux actrices les plus novatrices Madame de Staël usait aussi bien celui du temps. Pourquoi vouloir situer la «rup- de la Révolution, la baronne de Oscar Wilde disait qu’il avait de son physique, même si elle se On peut du coup se demander ture» de Germaine de Staël avec Staël n’en ferait pas partie. Il faut mis son talent dans son œuvre et disait laide. Elle séduira beau- si les innombrables études au- De l’Allemagne? L’écrivaine citer à sa place Théroigne de son génie dans sa vie. Il reste coup. Son second mari avait jourd’hui consacrées à l’écri- aurait pu se voir traitée sur les Méricourt, qui voulait créer une permis de se demander si, sans vingt ans de moins qu’elle. Elle vaine ne rendent pas hommage à plans de la promotion des fem- «phalange d’amazones» en 1792, le vouloir, Madame de Staël n’a se créera surtout de la sorte une la femme. Soyons justes. Peu de mes ou du droit au bonheur. et surtout Olympe de Gouges, pas fait exactement la même image de marque. Un siècle et gens lisent encore Corinne, Del- Pour ce qui est du bonheur, auteure d’une Déclaration des chose. demi avant Simone de Beauvoir, phine, De l’Allemagne et a for- disons que la question avait droits de la femme et de la ci- Dès l’enfance, dans le salon qui constitue sous certains as- tiori ses ouvrages les plus histori- beaucoup préoccupé la généra- toyenne. Toutes deux devaient littéraire de sa mère, il est ap- pects son héritière, elle devien- ques. En revanche, l’opposante à tion précédente. Sa légitime re- mal finir. La première dans un paru qu’elle deviendrait une dra «la dame au turban». Napoléon n’a jamais été oubliée. cherche avait été garantie par les asile de fous. La seconde guilloti- femme exceptionnelle. Sa con- Il suffit de lire ses Dix années De 1800 à 1814, Germaine de «pères fondateurs» au moment née en 1793. versation aurait même été tou- d’exil pour voir à quel point la Staël demeura presque seule à de la Déclaration d’indépen- Germaine de Staël se conten- jours supérieure à ses écrits. Genevoise fut une sorte de «peo- oser ouvrir le bec, même si elle dance américaine. Celle-ci date tera du coup dans ses livres des Cette impénitente causeuse pou- ple» européen. Sa fuite de Cop- pouvait se le permettre. Cette de 1776. La petite Germaine avait femmes malheureuses et indi- La baronne. L’un des portraits vait ainsi saouler ses adversaires pet a beau avoir été secrète au patricienne était aussi, on alors dix ans. gnes de l’être. Elle proposera il célèbres de la dame, dû au et ravir ses amis, qui ne la départ, il lui suffit ensuite (à part l’oublie trop, une femme extrê- Le féministe semble, lui, en est vrai aussi l’exemple, libéré, de baron Gérard. (ALAIN ROUÈCHE) voyaient jamais écrire. Il semble Vienne) d’apparaître pour que le mement riche. Etienne Dumont germe dans les années 1780, sa propre existence. (ed) DE LA RUPTURE À AUJOURD'HUI Echec total du «Thannhaüser» de Richard Wagner Mort de Louis II de Bavière, le dernier des rois à l’Opéra de Paris le 13 mars. Les Français n’en deviendront romantiques allemands. Il se noie le 13 juin. Eugène Delacroix illustre la pas moins après 1880 des première traduction française pèlerins de Bayreuth. du «Faust» de Goethe. 1827 1830 1861 1870 1886 1914 «Bataille d’Hernani» à la La guerre franco-prussienne Comédie-Française le 25 février.
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