DOCSLIB.ORG

Loxioides Bailleui)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Loxioides Bailleui) THE AUK A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY VOL. 101 OCTOBER 1984 NO. 4 ANNUAL VARIATION IN THE DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE, AND HABITAT RESPONSE OF THE PALILA (LOXIOIDES BAILLEUI) J. MICHAEL SCOTT,• STEPHENMOUNTAINSPRING, 1 CHARLESVAN RIPER,III, 2 CAMERONB. KEPLER,3 JAMESD. JACOBI,1 TIMOTHY A. BURR,4 AND JON G. GIFFINs •U.S.Fish and WildlifeService, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Mauna LoaField Station, Hawaii National Park, Hawaii 96718 USA; 2CooperativeNational Park ResourcesStudy Unit, Departmentof Zoologyand Ecology, Universityof California,Davis, California 95616 USA; 3U.S.Fish and WildlifeService, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 248 KaweoPlace, Kula, Hawaii 96790 USA; 4HawaiiDepartment of Landand Natural Resources, Division of Forestryand Wildlife, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 USA; and SHawaiiDepartment of Landand Natural Resources,Division of Forestryand Wildlife, Kamuela, Hawaii 96743 USA ABSTRACT.--Westudied the distribution, population size, and habitat responseof the Palila (Loxioidesbailleui) during the 1980-1984 nonbreeding seasonsto infer factorsthat limit the population and to develop management strategies.Distribution was fairly constant from year to year. Palila were confined to the subalpinewoodland on Mauna Kea on the island of Hawaii, occurredbetween 2,000 and 2,850 m elevation, and reachedhighest densitieson the southwestslopes. The populationshowed large annual fluctuations,from 6,400 birds in 1981 to 2,000 in 1984. The width of woodland was the most important variable in determin- ing habitat response.Palila were more common in areaswith greater crown cover, taller trees,and a higher proportion of native plants in the understory.Annual variation in Palila density within a habitat reflectedvariation in levels of their staplefood, mamanepods. The main limiting factorsof the population appearedto be the availability of good habitat and levels of their staple food. Palila had strongly depresseddensities in the Pohakuloa flats area.This low density could not be explainedby grosshabitat featuresor food levels. Site tenacity,thermal stress,disturbance, and diseasewere hypothesizedexplanations. Our study indicatedthat the mosteffective management strategies would be the removalof fetal un- gulatesand certain noxiousplants from Palila habitat and the extensionof the woodland zone to areasnow intensivelygrazed. Received 20 May 1983,accepted 9 March 1984. DISTRIBUTION,population size, and habitat demonstrate the potential value of temporal responseof speciesthat may require manage- analysesof habitat responsein evaluationsof ment to ensuretheir survivalare ecologicalpa- factors that limit bird numbers. rameters of special interest. Annual variation In this study we examine annual variations in these parametersmay offer insight into the in distribution, population size, and habitat re- factorsthat limit the present population, yet sponse acrossthe entire range of the Palila relatively few workers have attempted to eval- (Loxioidesbailleui), a finch-billed Hawaiian hon- uate temporal variation in habitat response. eycreeperfound only in the subalpinewood- Studiesby Raitt and Pimm (1976), Rotenberry lands of Mauna Kea on the island of Hawaii and Wiens (1980a, b), and Rice et al. (1981) (Fig. 1) and one of 30 endangeredor threat- 647 The Auk 101: 647-664. October 1984 648 SCOTTET AL. [Auk, Vol. 101 GENERAL VEGETATION TYPES MAUNA KEA FOREST RESERVE BOUNDARY CONTOURS IN ".J'Z'METERS c/o Ac s/rs Ac 1900 s/rs So c/o So c/o My- So s/vsMY-So O:(ns) D:(xg) Pasture 0 I 2KI Burned Area Fig. 1. The dry nativeforest on MaunaKea, Hawaii. General vegetation types: c/o Ac = closedto open canopykoa (Acacia koa); s/vs Ac = scatteredto veryscattered koa; s/vs So = scatteredto veryscattered ma- mane forest;c/o So = closedto open canopymamane; c/o My-So = closedto open canopymamane-naio; s/vs My-So= scatteredto very scatteredmamane-naio; D:(ns) = dry nativeshrub; D:(xg) = dry exoticgrass pasture;Burned Area = site of 1979fire. ened birds in Hawaii (U.S. Fish and Wildlife nonbreedingseason, when population levels Service1983). The populationsize of the Palila were lowest in the annual cycle,food was most was estimated at 1,600 birds in the 1975 non- likely to be limiting, and bird distributionwas breedingseason (van Riper et al. 1978). most likely to reflect local variation in food The behavior and ecologyof the Palila were levels. intensively studied by Berger (1970) and van The objectivesof this studywere to (1) ex- Riper (1978,1980a). Palila are adaptedfor feed- amine annual variation in distribution, popu- ing on green seed pods of the mamanetree lation size, and habitat response during the (Sophorachrysophylla), although mamane flow- nonbreeding seasonacross the range of the ers, naio (Myoporumsandwicense) fruit, and in- Palila; (2) evaluate some of the factorsthat may sectsare alsoeaten, particularly when podsare limit presentdistribution and numbers;and (3) scarce.The breedingseason extends from April development managementstrategies to ensure to September and coincides with maximum the survival of the species. productionof mamanepods. During the non- STUDY SITES AND METHODS breeding season,local and somelong-distance movement occursin responseto food levels. Study sites.--The entire range of the Palila lies We studied the speciestoward the end of the within the subalpine mamane and mamane-naio October1984] PalilaPopulation and Habitat 649 MAUNA KEA STUDY AREA 1700 1900 ........ LIMIT, MAMANE-NAIO FOREST .... ' FOREST RESERVE BOUNDARY v STUDY AREA LIMITS 0 2KM 2•TRANSECT ROUTES • CONTOURS IN METERS 1900 1700 Fig. 2. Locationof study area and transectson Mauna Kea, Hawaii. woodlandon Mauna Kea (Fig. 1). Our samplinguni- absence and to detect recolonization. The stations verse was the present range of Pallia, a 139 km 2 area were the sample points for monitoring plant phe- (Fig. 2). We also sampledthe north slopesof Mauna nology,counting birds, and verifying the vegetation Kea, where Pallia no longer occur(transects 116 and map. 117 in area 3), in order to document repopulation of Annual surveys were conducted in the nonbreed- the area. Data from this area were not included in ing seasonduring 7-21 February 1980, 20-29 January our analysis. 1981,22 February-4March 1982,25 February-4March The woodlandon Mauna Kea rangesfrom 1,800to 1983, and 6-9 February 1984. We used the variable 3,000 m elevation.The trees are generally short (3- circular-plotmethod with a 6-min samplingperiod 10 m), and canopy cover varies from very scattered (Reynolds et al. 1980). This period was determined (< 5%) to partly closed(60%). Rainfall averages35-75 to be long enough to hear or see Pallia near the sta- cm annually. tion, yet short enough to minimize the chancesof Mamane occurs around the entire mountain, but countingthe samebird twice or of birds moving into naio is mainly restrictedto the southwestslopes. A the count area (Scott and Ramsey 1981). During this detaileddescription of the vegetationis given in Hartt period, observersrecorded each Pallia heard or seen and Neal (1940). exceptfor birds flying high overhead(Reynolds et Samplingdesign.--Information from the 1975 sur- al. 1980). The countswere conductedfrom approxi- vey (van Riper et al. 1978) was used to stratify the mately 0730 to 1300,the period of greatestPallia ac- subalpinewoodland according to Pallia densityinto tivity (van Riper 1978).Observers were assignedto three areas:a high-density area (area 1), a low-den- transectsby random draw within a sampling area, sity area (area 2), and a supplemental area (area 3), and no countswere conductedwhen precipitation or where Pallia once occurredhistorically (Fig. 2). winds greaterthan 4 on the BeaufortScale (>29 km/ Transectswere randomly placed a minimum of 500 h) occurred.Transects 102 and 103, the area of high- m apart and approximately perpendicular to eleva- est density, were each sampled twice and a mean tional contoursin areas1 and 2. Stationswere placed density was computedfor those stations. 150 m apart from approximately 75 m below treeline The 20 observers that participated in the survey to the lower woodland boundary.In area 3 we placed were trained in identifying Pallia and estimatingde- 24 stationsalong two transectsrandomly located in tection distances(Kepler and Scott 1981). All but two the bestremaining woodland only to verify the bird's observersmet hearing standardssuggested by Emlen 650 SCOTTET AL. [Auk,Vol. 101 and DeJong(1981), and one of these did not partici- Canopy height (m); pate after 1980. Mamane biomass--mamane cover (%) times mamane Densityestimates.--Using the methods of Ramsey height (m); and Scott (1981), we calculateddensity estimatesfor Naio biomass--naio cover (%) times naio height (m); Palila. Using values pooled over 4 yr, we derived Total tree biomass--the sum of mamane and naio correction factors for each observer and vegetation biomass; type as samplesizes allowed. The effective area sur- Shrub cover (%); veyed at a stationvaried from 0.69 to 1.48 ha. Grasscover (%)--cover of grassesand herbs; Populationswere estimatedfor eacharea from the Mamane flower biomas--the averageprecentage of Pallia densities at the individual stations. To estimate mamane branches in flower on the 10 trees sam- the total population in the Palila universe, we pied at station multiplied by mamanebiomass; weighted the populations and variancesin areas 1 Mamame fruit biomass--same as for mamane flower; and 2 by the size of the area and pooled the results. Naio fruit biomass--same as for mamane flower; Densitieswere plotted by
Load more

Recommended publications
  • July I, 2007 Thru June 30, 2008
    December 5, 2008 Annual Report---- July I, 2007 thru June 30, 2008 Cultural Resources Management Projects Performed at the Pohakuloa Training Area, Island of Hawai'i, Hawai'i. Prepared by Julie M. E. Taomia, Ph.D. Senior Cultural I<.csources Specialist Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawaii With sign~ficant contributions by James A. Head, Kelly Leialoha Luscomb, J. Cary Stine Cultural Resources Specialists Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawaii Prepared,for U.S. Artny Garrison, Hawai'i Pacific Studies Research Unit, University of Hawai'i (_'ontacl b{fonnation: P6hakuloa 'fraining Area Environmental Office, Bldg. T-93 Cultural Resources Section PO Box 4607 Hilo, HI 96720-0607 (808) 969-3340 December 5, 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS , ...................................................................................... 11 LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................. .111 LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................ V LIST OF PLATES ................................................................................................ V EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................1 Environ1nental and 1-listorical background ................................................................................................ 1 Cultural Resources Progran1 .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Palila Restoration Research, 1996−2012 Summary and Management Implications
    Technical Report HCSU-046A PALILA RESTOratION RESEarch, 1996−2012 SUMMARY AND MANAGEMENT IMPLIcatIONS Paul C. Banko1 and Chris Farmer2, Editors 1 U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Kīlauea Field Station, P.O. Box 44, Hawaii National Park, HI 96718 2 American Bird Conservancy, Kīlauea Field Station, P.O. Box 44, Hawaii National Park, HI 96718 Hawai‘i Cooperative Studies Unit University of Hawai‘i at Hilo 200 W. Kawili St. Hilo, HI 96720 (808) 933-0706 October 2014 Citation: Banko, P. C., and C. Farmer, editors. 2014. Palila restoration research, 1996–2012: summary and management implications. Hawai‘i Cooperative Studies Unit Technical Report HCSU-046A. University of Hawai‘i at Hilo. 70 pages. This product was prepared under Cooperative Agreements CA03WRAG0036-3036WS0012, CA03WRAG0036-3036WS0032, and CAG09AC00041 for the Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center of the U.S. Geological Survey. This article has been peer reviewed and approved for publication consistent with USGS Fundamental Science Practices (http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1367/). Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. PALILA RESTORATION RESEARCH, 1996–2012: SUMMARY AND MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS A palila (Loxioides bailleui) selects a seedpod from a māmane (Sophora chrysophylla) tree high on the western slope of Mauna Kea, Hawai‘i. The palila’s ecology and existence are inextricably linked to green māmane seeds, their critically important food. Chronic shortfalls in the supply of māmane seedpods could lead to the extinction of the palila. Photo by Jack Jeffrey (http://www.jackjeffreyphoto.com/).
    [Show full text]
  • General Plan for the County of Hawai'i
    COUNTY OF HAWAI‘I GENERAL PLAN February 2005 Pursuant Ord. No. 05-025 (Amended December 2006 by Ord. No. 06-153, May 2007 by Ord. No. 07-070, December 2009 by Ord. No. 09-150 and 09-161, June 2012 by Ord. No. 12-089, and June 2014 by Ord. No. 14-087) Supp. 1 (Ord. No. 06-153) CONTENTS 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1. Purpose Of The General Plan . 1-1 1.2. History Of The Plan . 1-1 1.3. General Plan Program . 1-3 1.4. The Current General Plan Comprehensive Review Program. 1-4 1.5. County Profile. 1-7 1.6. Statement Of Assumptions. 1-11 1.7. Employment And Population Projections . 1-12 1.7.1. Series A . 1-13 1.7.2. Series B . 1-14 1.7.3. Series C . 1-15 1.8. Population Distribution . 1-17 2: ECONOMIC 2.1. Introduction And Analysis. 2-1 2.2. Goals . .. 2-12 2.3. Policies . .. 2-13 2.4. Districts. 2-15 2.4.1. Puna . 2-15 2.4.2. South Hilo . 2-17 2.4.3. North Hilo. 2-19 2.4.4. Hamakua . 2-20 2.4.5. North Kohala . 2-22 2.4.6. South Kohala . 2-23 2.4.7. North Kona . 2-25 2.4.8. South Kona. 2-28 2.4.9. Ka'u. 2-29 3: ENERGY 3.1. Introduction And Analysis. 3-1 3.2. Goals . 3-8 3.3. Policies . 3-9 3.4. Standards . 3-9 4: ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 4.1. Introduction And Analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Pōhakuloa Training Area (PTA) Real Property Master Plan (RPMP)
    Draft Finding of No Significant Impact Pōhakuloa Training Area Real Property Master Plan Adoption for Hawai‘i Island, Hawai‘i AUTHORITY Pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969, as amended (42 United States Code 4321-4347) (NEPA), the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations for implementing NEPA (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] parts 1500-1508), and the Final Rule on Environmental Analysis of Army Actions (32 CFR Part 651), the United States Army Garrison Hawaii (USAG-HI) gives notice that a Programmatic Environmental Assessment (PEA) has been prepared for adoption of the Pōhakuloa Training Area Real Property Master Plan, Hawai‘i Island, Hawai‘i. PROPOSED ACTION The U.S. Army (Army) proposes to adopt the Real Property Master Plan (RPMP) for the Pōhakuloa Training Area (PTA). The adoption of the RPMP is an administrative action that would not involve new development, ground disturbance, alteration of any real estate, facility or infrastructure, or change in training activities at PTA. The adoption of the PTA RPMP involves senior mission commander endorsement, recommendation by the installation Real Property Planning Board, and approval by the designated staff of the Installation Management Command (a field-operating agency of the Office, Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management). The Proposed Action is independent of the types of training and tempo of range activities taking place at PTA. It is not expected to result in changes to training tempo and intensity at PTA because these conditions are driven by national security threat assessments and the ebb and flow of international affairs. The PEA evaluates the environmental impacts of the RPMP adoption and includes analyses of the no- action alternative.
    [Show full text]
  • 174 Subpart C—Entry Regulations for Certain Army Training Areas In
    SUBCHAPTER D—MILITARY RESERVATIONS AND NATIONAL CEMETERIES PART 552—REGULATIONS AFFECT- 552.68 Minimum requirements for agents. 552.69 Application by companies to solicit ING MILITARY RESERVATIONS on military installations in the United States, its territories, or the Common- Subpart A [Reserved] wealth of Puerto Rico. 552.70 Applications by companies to solicit Subpart B—Post Commander on installations in foreign countries. 552.71 Associations—general. Sec. 552.72 Use of the allotment of pay system. 552.18 Administration. 552.73 Minimum requirements for auto- 552.19 Hunting and fishing permits. mobile insurance policies. 552.74 Grounds for suspension. Subpart C—Entry Regulations for Certain 552.75 Factors in suspending solicitation Army Training Areas in Hawaii privileges. 552.76 Preliminary investigation. 552.25 Entry regulations for certain Army 552.77 Suspension approval. training areas in Hawaii. 552.78 ‘‘Show cause’’ hearing. 552.79 Suspension action. Subpart D—Acquisition of Real Estate and 552.80 Suspension period. Interest Therein 552.81 Agents or companies with suspended 552.30 Purpose. solicitation privileges. 552.31 Definitions. 552.82 Exercise of ‘‘off limits’’ authority. 552.32 Authority to acquire real estate and 552.83 Standards of fairness. interests therein. 552.33 Estates and methods of acquisition. Subpart F—Fort Lewis Land Use Policy 552.34 Policies relative to new acquisition. 552.84 Purpose. 552.35 Rights-of-entry for survey and explo- 552.85 Applicability. ration. 552.86 References. 552.36 Rights-of-entry for construction. 552.87 General. 552.37 Acquisition by Chief of Engineers. 552.88 Responsibilities. 552.38 Acquisition of maneuver agreements 552.89 Activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report (Posted 10/19)
    FINAL REPORT Remote Sensing Technology for Threatened and Endangered Plant Species Recovery ESTCP Project RC-201203 OCTOBER 2018 Erin Questad California State Polytechnic University, Pomona Susan Cordell USDA Forest Service Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry James Kellner Brown University Distribution Statement A This document has been cleared for public release Page Intentionally Left Blank This report was prepared under contract to the Department of Defense Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP). The publication of this report does not indicate endorsement by the Department of Defense, nor should the contents be construed as reflecting the official policy or position of the Department of Defense. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Department of Defense. Page Intentionally Left Blank REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Fire History and Management Concerns at Pohakuloa Training Area
    Analysis of Fire History and Management Concerns at Pohakuloa Training Area Andrew M. Beavers Robert E. Burgan Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1490 CEMML TPS 02-02 April 2002 Analysis of Fire History and Management Concerns At Pohakuloa Training Area December 19, 2000 Submitted by Andrew M. Beavers Fire Ecologist/Behaviorist Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO Reviewed by Robert E. Burgan USDA Forest Service (Retired) Intermountain Fire Science Lab, Missoula, MT TPS 02-02 Table of Contents Introduction................................................................................................................................................................. 1 General Description .................................................................................................................................................... 2 Fire Effects on Hawaiian Ecosystems........................................................................................................................ 5 Fire History of Pohakuloa Training Area............................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Summary .......................................................................................................................................................... 10 1.2 Fire History Methods ......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Light Pollution and Rfi.Key
    Protection of Hawaii’s observatories from light pollution and radio interference Richard Wainscoat University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy Mauna Kea is on the island of Hawaii Haleakala is on the island of Maui Kauai has some of the best lighting in Hawaii because of its bird population Population growth Many of the world’s major observatories are located in areas of rapid population growth Arizona Canary Islands La Serena - Coquimbo area of Chile Kona coast of island of Hawaii Hawaii: 1992/1998/2003 Haleakala Mauna Kea Island of Hawaii 30–60 km 185,000 Maui 150 km 155,000 Oahu (Honolulu) 300 km 980,000 Kauai 480 km 70,000 Hawaii: 1992/1998/2003 Mauna Kea Increases are seen: North of Kona Kona Airport Hualalai resort North Kohala KeaauSports field and Golf facility Local light sources dominate over distant sources Honolulu is 300 km away Lighting laws in the US Unlike the Canary Islands and Chile, in the United States, lighting ordinances are typically at the county or occasionally state level This derives from the US Constitution, which defines the role of the federal and state governments, the supremacy clause in the constitution, and amendments 10 and 14 to the constitution Lighting laws in the US In essence, there is a precedence of county < state < federal This means that we need to deal with all levels of government For example, military installations do not have to follow county lighting ordinances ISS image of island of Hawaii: October 2003 Waimea Location Brightness Impact Hilo Town Center 34,000 3 Waikoloa Mauna Kea Hilo Mall
    [Show full text]
  • State of Hawaii State Procurement Office P.O
    OAVIOY. IGE SARAH ALLEN GOVERNOR ADMINISTRATOR PAULA A. YOUNGLING ASSISTANT ADMINISTRATOR STATE OF HAWAII STATE PROCUREMENT OFFICE P.O. Box 119 Honolulu, Hawaii 96810-0119 Telephone: (BOB) 5B7-4700 e~mail: [email protected] http ://spo. hawaii. gov June 30, 2015 TO: Executive Department/Agencies City and County of Honolulu Department of Education (COE) (C&C of Honolulu) (Excludes Charter Schools) Honolulu City Council Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) Honolulu Board of Water Supply University of Hawaii (UH) Honolulu Authority for Rapid Transportation Hawaii Health Systems Corporation (HART) (HHSC) County of Hawaii (Excludes Regional System Boards and Hawaii County Council Hospitals) County of Hawaii-Department of Water Supply House of Representatives (House) County of Maui Senate Maui County Council Judiciary County of Maui-Department of Water Supply FROM: ~arah Allen, Administrat~LZ SUBJECT: Change No. 7 SPO Price List Contract No. 13-22 BULK DELIVERIES FOR GASOLINE AND DIESEL FUEL-OAHU, MAUI, HAWAII Expires March 31, 2016 IFB-13-014-0MH The following changes are made to the price list contract: • Add two bulk gas tanks for the Department of Transportation, Airports Division, located at the Waimea-Kohala Airport. • Tritia Cruz is the new point of contact for the Judiciary. The current contract incorporating Change No. 7 is available on the SPO website: http://spo.hawaii.gov. Click on Price & Vendor Lists Contracts at the home page. If you have any questions, please contact Stanton Mato at (808) 586-0566 or email [email protected]. STATE OF HAWAII STATE PROCUREMENT OFFICE SPO Price List Contract No.
    [Show full text]
  • District 9 Boundaries
    District: 9 Beginning at the intersection of Hawaii shoreline and Honokea Stream and running (1) Southerly along said stream to Hamakua - North Kohala District boundary; (2) Southerly along said boundary to South Kohala - Hamakua District boundary; (3) Southeasterly along said boundary to Kohala Forest Reserve boundary; (4) Southeasterly along said boundary to trail; (5) Westerly along said trail to Hauani Gulch extension; (6) Southeasterly along said extension to Hauani Gulch; (7) Southeasterly along said gulch to Kohala State Forest Reserve boundary; (8) Northeasterly along said boundary to unnamed gulch; (9) Southeasterly along said gulch(s) (TLID 634733712, 634733711, 614491750, 614491749, 202984769, 203008389, 202984768) to Mamalahoa Highway; (10) Easterly along said highway to White Road; (11) Southerly along said road to DHHL parcel boundary; (12) Easterly along said boundary to Hawaiian Hm Road; (13) Southerly along said road to Mana Road; (14) Southeasterly along said road to jeep trail; (15) Southeasterly along said jeep trail to Mauna Kea Forest Reserve boundary; (16) Southwesterly along said boundary to Auwaiakeakua Gulch; (17) Westerly along said gulch to jeep trail; (18) Southwesterly along said jeep trail to Saddle Road; (19) Southerly along said road to Pohakuloa Training Area boundary; (20) Southwesterly along said boundary to Keekee Road; (21) Southwesterly along said road to unnamed road; (22) Northwesterly along said road (TLID 203009746) to jeep trail; (23) Northwesterly along said jeep trail to powerline; (24) Westerly
    [Show full text]
  • Historic Sites Review of a Proposed Mauna Loa Trail System∗
    T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc. 735 Bishop St., Suite 315, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96813 Historic Sites Review of a Proposed Mauna Loa Trail System∗ Thomas S. Dye, Ph.D. March 25, 2005 Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Sources of Information 3 3 Use of Cultural Sites 4 3.1 Historic-Era Sites . 4 3.2 Traditional Hawaiian Sites . 6 4 Settlement Pattern 8 5 Site Distribution Map 9 6 Impacts of Trail Development 11 7 Mitigative Strategies 12 A Historic Sites Within 1 Km of the Proposed Trail System 15 B Historic Sites Within 5 Km of the Proposed Trail System 17 Bibliography 19 ∗Prepared for Mr. Rob Shallenberger, The Nature Conservancy, P.O. Box 6600, Kamuela, Hawaii 96743. 1 2 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction At the request of The Nature Conservancy, T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc. has identified significant historic sites in the vicinity of a proposed trail system and has identified both the potential impacts of trail use on the cultural sites and management strategies to mitigate those impacts. The proposed trail system includes approximately 319 km of trails at high elevations on Hawai‘i Island (fig. 1). The main trail follows the southeast and northwest flanks of Mauna Loa and runs north to Hualalai.¯ Side trails run from Hualalai¯ to Pu‘uanahulu, to Moku‘aweoweo¯ at the summit of Mauna Loa from the north and south, and over the southwest rift of Mauna Loa in two places. A preliminary alignment through Pohakuloa¯ Training Area ends near the base of the steep slopes of Mauna Kea.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Sophora Chrysophylla</I>
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USGS Staff -- Published Research US Geological Survey 2002 Parasitism of Cidia Spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on Sophora Chrysophylla (Fabaceae) Along an Elevation Gradient of Dry Subalpine Forest on Mauna Kea, Hawaii Gregory J. Brenner Pacific Analytics L.L.C. Peter T. Oboyski University of California - Berkeley Paul C. Banko U.S. Geological Survey Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub Brenner, Gregory J.; Oboyski, Peter T.; and Banko, Paul C., "Parasitism of Cidia Spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on Sophora Chrysophylla (Fabaceae) Along an Elevation Gradient of Dry Subalpine Forest on Mauna Kea, Hawaii" (2002). USGS Staff -- Published Research. 645. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub/645 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the US Geological Survey at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USGS Staff -- Published Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 78(2): 101-109, (2002) PARASITISM OF CYD1A SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) ON SOPHORA CHRYSOPHYLLA (FABACEAE) ALONG AN ELEVATION GRADIENT OF DRY SUBALPINE FOREST ON MAUNA KEA, HAWAII 1 2 GREGORY J. B;RENNER , PETER T. OBOYSKI , & PAUL C. BANKO U.S. Geological Survey-Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, PO Box 44, Hawaii Natjonal Park, HI 96718 Abstract.-The biology and ecological importance of Hawaiian endemic Cydia spp. (Lepidop­ tera: Tortricidae) are poorly known. Cydia larvae arc an important food to palila, an endangered Hawaiian bird that inhabits Sophora woodlands on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. We quantified Cydia larval abundance in seeds of Sophora chrY~'ophylla Salisbury (Fabaceae) and larval mortality caused by parasitism.
    [Show full text]