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Māori Employment and Urban Migration During World War Two

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Māori Employment and Urban Migration During World War Two More than a trickle, not yet a flood: Māori Employment and Urban Migration during World War Two Hannah Barlow Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History, University of Otago, prepared under the supervision of Angela Wanhalla and Mark Seymour March 2021 i Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ................................................................................... iv List of Abbreviations ................................................................................. v List of Table, Maps, and Figures ............................................................ vi Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 Chapter One From One World War to Another: An Overview of Māori in the 1920s-1930s ................................................................ 23 Chapter Two An Eyesore or Essential? Māori in Market Gardens ........ 43 Chapter Three Migration and Meatworks: Māori in Freezing Works ... 83 Chapter Four “Capable of running our own affairs”: Māori and the Public Service ............................................................... 114 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 147 Bibliography ........................................................................................... 151 Appendices ............................................................................................. 161 ii Abstract This thesis explores the connection between Māori urban migration and the Māori home front war effort during World War Two. It argues that Māori urban migration was occurring on a meaningful and notable scale before the end of World War Two, and this can be seen in the impact urban migration had on the war effort. The relationship between war work and migration is examined through case studies of three different industries: Market Gardens, Freezing Works, and the Public Service. This framework was chosen because it allows for the examination of various employment patterns, as they relate to gender, kin, and different forms of migration. The historiography for the Māori home front in World War Two has largely been limited to analyses of the Māori War Effort Organisation and its legislative legacy. Other areas of research usually limit the Māori home front experience to being the prologue for events in the 1950s and beyond, in terms of urban migration and industrial developments. The period of Māori urban migration after 1950 has often been described as a ‘flood’, and the period before that as a ‘drift’. This thesis offers an examination of the 1939-1945 period which places the war at the forefront of the story of Māori urban migration, and challenges the assumption that Māori urban migration only becomes notable after the war. Making use of primary sources ranging from minute books, to official correspondence, housing surveys, and census data, this thesis offers a new perspective on the Māori home front. It contributes to the scholarship by exploring the link between employment, migration, and the war effort. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank Associate Professor Angela Wanhalla for the time, work, and care she has put in to the supervision of this project from beginning to end, and Professor Mark Seymour for his co-supervision of the project. I am also indebted to Les O’Neill for his illustrative expertise in creating the maps within this thesis. I also thank the staff at the Hocken Library, Dunedin, and the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, for allowing me access to various archives and manuscripts. Similarily I thank the Auckland Museum and both the Wellington and Auckland branches of Archives New Zealand for their assistance. Thank you and much love to Alia, Karen, and John Stefani for welcoming me into their home, without your support I couldn’t have begun this project, let alone completed it. Last but not least, thank you to my family for their constant encouragement and support, especially my mum Shelley and my nana Annie. iv List of Acronyms AFFCO Auckland Farmers Freezing Company AMA Akarana Māori Association DoMA Department of Māori Affairs MP Member of Parliament MWEO Māori War Effort Organisation v List of Tables, Maps, and Images Tables Table 1: Boroughs of Auckland and their populations, 1936 and 1945 ........................ 29 Table 2: Māori population of cities in 1936 and 1945 .................................................. 30 Table 3: Number of Māori employed in various industries, 1936 and 1945 ................. 36 Table 4: Acreage of market gardens by city 1940-1941 ............................................... 54 Table 5: Iwi of respondents in the Panmure Housing Survey ....................................... 66 Table 6: Estimation of number of Tribal Committee members, January 1943 ........... 129 Table 7: Urban area and population managed by Māori Women Liaison Officers as of 1 March 1944 ...................................................................................................... 134 Maps Map 1: Panmure Housing Survey Locality ................................................................... 63 Map 2: MWEO Zones and their counties as of 1942 .................................................. 124 Images Female freezing works employees outside the works in Otahuhu, Auckland ............... 89 “Capped and uniformed women parcel sausages on a conveyor belt at Affco Ltd [sic]? 1945-1966” .................................................................................................................... 96 vi Introduction World War Two is an area of New Zealand history that has been analysed, debated, and revised repeatedly. From the frontlines in Europe, to the campaigns in Egypt, Greece and Italy, to the Pacific theatre, historians have written extensively about the experience of soldiers and the New Zealand contribution to the Allied war effort. In terms of the Māori contribution, specific attention has been paid to the 28 Māori Battalion, releasing them from the homogenous study of our soldiers and affording them their own pages in history.1 The other face of New Zealand’s war history is the home front. The nation’s patriotism, encouraged by the First Labour Government, was expressed in high rates of conscription and volunteering, a national food production scheme, and the manpowering of men and women into essential industries. The Pākehā home front, then, has been written about in considerable depth.2 This project began with the question: to what extent did Māori contribute to the home front war effort in World War Two? In considering this, other questions followed about the extent of Māori urban migration during World War Two. By answering these two questions, I reveal the intertwined relationship between wartime employment and Māori urban migration, and bring these two historiographical debates together. This thesis seeks to answer these questions by looking at three main areas. First, market gardens reveal Māori families living in main centres before the war, and their role in food production as part of the war effort. Second, freezing works were deemed an essential industry and labour shortages required the manpowering of Māori men and 1 For the 28th Māori Battalion, see: Monty Soutar, Nga Tama Toa: The Price of Citizenship, (Auckland, NZ: David Bateman Ltd, 2008). This volume aims to move away from military history and examines the people invovled and affected, and amplifies their voices. Soutar is focused on the East Coast iwi that contributed greatly to the Battalion and the war effort, as the home region of Sir Apirana Ngata whose leadership inspired the book. 2 Featured in my review of home front literature are works from Deborah Montgomerie, J.V.T Baker, Nancy M. Taylor, and Pamela Alison Mason. 1 Māori women in high numbers. Finally, public service roles show how the war effort allowed Māori to take up positions in the government and do important work for the war effort on their own terms, often focused in urban areas. The work of the Māori War Effort Organisation (MWEO) in assigning and relocating Māori to jobs in cities is where Māori efforts on the home front and Māori urban migration come together. Using employment as a framework allows an exploration of different demographics of Māori workers and an opportunity to assess the extent to which wartime employment needs underpinned Māori migration to urban centres. Both the lack of work on the Māori home front and the importance of urban migration to the Māori experience of World War Two have been noticed by the project leaders at The Māori Home Front/Te Hau Kainga, to which my study contributes.3 Te Hau Kainga’s overall focus is the Māori experience of World War Two at home. This covers economic contribution to the war effort, the impact of war on familial and community obligations, and how the war shaped a generation of Māori youth. My project fits in to the discussion on economic contribution as well as how the war impacted Māori society in terms of employment and geographic spread. The Māori Home Front New Zealand’s home front in World War Two has been covered extensively by historians in the decades since the war concluded. Focus has been on the government’s responses as the war progressed, the preparation of armed forces in New Zealand barracks, the posting of United States personnel on our shores, and the
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