SYSTEMATIC STUDIES ON THE GENERA OF INDIAN MYMARIDAE (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA)
DISSERTATION
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
0iasut of $|)tlos(opfip IN ZOOLOGY
Bv PRINCE TARIQUE ANWAR
Under the supervision of DR. SHAHID BIN ZEYA
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY. ALIGARH (INDIA) 2013 d?^ &^^ ^^ ^ &^ V^
DS4353
24 NOV 2014 (iyE JWD „^ r External; 2700920/22700920/21-343^ 0 P*^^\ Internal 3430,3431 DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH - 202 002 INDIA Sections: 1. ENTOMOLOGY 2. FISHERY SCIENCE &AQUACULTURE Q^ j2l) 3. GENETICS '" 4. NEMATOLOGY ^ ' 2.- IX-OJZ 5. PARASITOLOGY Dated. I certify that the dissertation entitled "Systematic Studies on the Genera of Indian Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)" contains the original work done by Mr. Prince Tarique Anwar. The work was carried out by the candidate under my supervision. I allow Mr. Prince Tarique Anwar to submit it to the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY in Zoology. J A ^- Dr. ShahidBin Zeya Associate Professor CONTENTS Acknowledgements 1. Introduction ' 2. Review of Literature 4 3. Material and Methods 6 4. Abbreviations and Acronyms 8 5. Terms and Measurements 9 6. Explanation of terms 10 7. Key to the Genera 13 8. Genus I. Genus Alaptus Westwood 15 1. A. deccanensis sp. nov 16 2. A. delhiensis Mani 17 3. A. magnanimus Anandale 18 4. A. pyronus sp. nov 19 5. A. ramakrishnai Mani 20 6. A. ramamurthyi sp. nov 21 Figures 23 II. Genus Camptoptera Foerster 26 1. C. ambrae Viggiani 27 2. C. bangalorensis sp. nov 28 3. C. brevifuniculata Subba Rao 30 4. C. dravida Subba Rao 31 5. C. kannada Subba Rao 32 6. C longifuniculata Wiggiani 33 7. C. matcheta Subba Rao 34 Figures 35 III. Genus Erythmelus Enock 39 1. E. (Erythmelus) flavovarius (Walker) 40 2. E. (Erythmelus) lygivorus Viggiani & Jesu 42 3. E. (Erythmelus) helopeltides Gahan 43 4. E. (Parallelaptera) panis Enock 44 5. E. (Parallelaptera) teleonemiae (Subba Rao) 45 Figures 47 IV. Genus Litus Haliday 49 1. L. huberi Rehmat & Anis 49 2. L. shivalika sp. nov 51 3. L triapitsyni Rehmat & Anis 52 Figures 54 V. Genus Mymar Curtis 56 1. M roopum Hayat & F.R. Khan 56 2. M schwanni Girault 58 3. M taprobanicum Ward 59 Figures 61 VI. Genus Stephanodes Enock 63 1. S. reduvioli (Perkins) 63 Figures 66 9. Conclusion 68 10. References 69 11. Appendix I 30 12. Publication ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply indebted to my supervisor, Dr. Shahid Bin Zeya, Associate professor. Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University (A.M.U.), Aligarh. under whose able guidance this work was carried out. I am thankful to Professor Irfan Ahmad, Chairman, Department of Zoology. A.M.U.. for providing to me all necessary research facilities. I feel privileged in expressing my profound gratitude to Dr. Mohammad Hayat. Professor, (retired), Department of Zoology, A.M.U., for his invaluable suggestions and providing access to the mymarid collections, including types, housed in the 'Insect Collections' in the Department of Zoology (ZDAMU). I am especially thankful to the following teachers for their support and encouragement in my research work: Drs. Kamil Usmani (Associate Professor), Mrs. Ayesha Qamar, Mrs. Shoeba Binte Anis, Khalid Saifullah, G.G.H.A. Shadab, Dr. Khwaja Jamal and Mohd. Amir (Assitant Professors). I also thank Dr. S.M.A. Badruddin (Research Associate in the Network Project on Insect Biosystematics, Department of Zoology Center of the A.M. U.) and Dr. F.R. Khan (formely Research Associate in the NPIB; presently Assistant Professor, Al Oassim University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia), for their helps and cooperation in various ways. I am grateful to Dr. Mohd. Yousuf Scientist F, and Head, Forest Entomology Division, Forest Research Institute, (F.R.I.) Dehra Dun and Dr. Mohd. Faisal Young Scientist, F.R.I, Dehra Dun for guidance during my field trips to various places in Uttarakhand; to Mr. Shabbir Raza Khan, Project Fellow, Banaras Hindu University. Varanasi, for his support during my field trips in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Special thanks are due to my colleagues, Miss. Syeda Uzma Usman, Mr. Syed Hassan Mehdi, Mr. Humayoon Akhtar and F.S.K. Amer, all research scholars in the Department of Zoology, for their constant support during the preparation of this dissertation. No words could adequately express all that my grandfather, Janab Ali Hussain, and my parents, Janab. Mohd. Taiyab and Mrs. Shahjabeen, have done for me. Their prayers, affection and love played a great role in completion of this work. My heartiest gratitude also to my uncles, Mr. Mohd. Tasleem Ahmad and Mr. Md. Mukhtar for their boundless affection and constant encouragement during my research work. I gratefully acknowledge the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, for the award of a junior Research Fellowship (JRF) to me under the 'Maulana Azad National Fellowship' scheme. Prince Tarique Anwar 1. INTRODUCTION im'iiaDVcTio^'' INTRODUCTION In the present scenario, various wide-spectrum insecticides are being indiscriminately used to combat insect pest populations in agricultural and horticultural fields, to enhance the productivity level of these crops. But, the long residual effects of these insecticides often pollute the environment of the fields. Besides, checking the insect pest populations by the use of insecticides leads to the elimination of the natural enemy complex of the insect pests fauna. Hence, the only alternative and ecologically safe method is the use of entomophagus insects in the management of insect pest species which is, now, well recognized as an effective measure to control the pests. The insect parasitoids used for the control of pest species belong mainly to the Ichneumonoidea and Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). The present dissertation concerns the chalcidoid family Mymaridae. The members of the family Mymaridae are generally referred to as fairy flies. They are cosmopolitan in distribution and occur in almost every habitat throughout the year. The mymarids are small in size, usually less than 1 mm in length, although specimens in some genera may reach a length of 1.5-2 mm. The mymarids where their biology is known, are exclusively oophagous, parasitizing the first developmental stage (eggs) in the ontogen\ of other insects, their hosts. The host eggs attacked by mymarids belong to several orders, such as Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Orthoptera and Psocoptera. of agricultural and horticultural crops (Huber, 1986). However, only one quarter of the genera of Mymaridae have hosts reported for them (Lin el ai, 2007). Together with some genera (eg. Trichogramma) of the family Trichogrammatidae, mymarids may be considered as potentially important in keeping the pest population under control in natural conditions. Although there are very few records of the use of mymarid species in im''Rp(OVCTI09^' Biological Control programme in the world, nevertheless their importance as potential biological control agents is not diminished. The best example of the use of mymarid species for successful control of a pest species is that of Anaphes nilens (Girault) (formally Patasson nitens) for the control of Gonipterus scutellatus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a pest of Eucalyptus in South Africa (De Bach & Rosen, 1991). In spite of their importance in the control of economically important pest species, mymarids, compared to other chalcidoids, received far less attention taxonomically. The one obvious reason for this neglect is probably the small size of these parasitoids, which need special techniques for collecting. However, in the last 40 years, with the development of newer collecting techniques, such as specially made sweeping nets, pit fall traps, yellow pan traps, and malaise traps, helped in getting large number of these tiny insects. This has resulted in greater understanding of these insects leading to valuable revisional studies on the taxonomy of Mymaridae. (See under Review of literature page 3 of dissertation). Compared to Palaearctic, Nearctic and Neotropical regions, very little work on the taxonomy of Indian Mymaridae was done. The mymarid fauna is represented by 98 genera and more than 1400 species across the world (Noyes, 2012). The Indian fauna of mymarids consists of 26 genera (Appendix I; page 77) and 113 species. This forms approximately 27% and 8% respectively of the total number of world genera and species of the family. Therefore, in the present study, the author attempted to investigate some known taxa of the family from India. A total of six genera are considered here for taxonomic studies. These are: Alaptus Westwood, Camptoptera Foerster, Erythmelus Enock, Litus Haliday. UNT'RQDVCTIO^N' Mymar Curtis, and Stephanodes Enock. The study led to the preparation of a key to the included genera. Each genus is briefly diagnosed, and the number of species from the world and India is also given. The diagnosis of known species and detailed descriptions of new species with their distribution in various states from India and other parts of the world are provided. The present dissertation contains a total of twenty-five species including five new species. All the species are fully illustrated with 74 figures. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE REVIEW OF LITERATURE Review of world literature Debauche (1948) and Kryger (1950) provided historical reviews of the family. Schauff (1984) and Gibson (1986) discussed the relationships of mymarids and provided evidence that mymarids are among the most primitive of chalcidoids and apparently the sister group to the rest of Chalcidoidea. Huber (1986) reviewed the history, systematics. biology and hosts of Mymaridae. Generic keys of the Mymaridae have been provided for different geographical regions. Annecke & Doutt (1961),world genera; Subba Rao & Hayat (1983 &1985), Oriental genera; Schauff (1984), Holartic genera; Noyes & Valentine (1989), New Zealand genera; Yoshimoto (1990), New world genera; Huber (1997), Nearctic genera; and Triapitsyn & Huber (2000), Palaearctic genera. Huber (1988) studied the species groups oi Gonatocerus Nees in North America with a revision of the sulphuripes- and ater- groups. Lin et al. (2007) provided a generic review of the o'l Australian Mymaridae and recognized 45 genera and listed the Australian species in each genus. Review of Schizophragma Ogloblin and the non-Australian species of Slethyniim Enock of the family Mymaridae have been provided by Huber (1987). Huber & Lin (1999) provided world review of the Camptoptera group of genera. Huber (2003) provided reviews on the genus Chaetomymar Ogloblin (Palaeoneura Waterhouse). Recently, Triapitsyn made important contributions to the taxonomy of world Mymaridae. The following publications deserve mention: Triapitsyn & Beardsley (2000) on Hawaiian species of Anagrus; Triapitsyn 8c Berezovskiy (2007) on Oriental and Australian Acmopolynema and Palaeoneura; Triapitsyn et al. (2006) on Nearctic species of Neomymar- Triapitsyn (2010) on Palaearctic and Oriental Ooctonus; and Triapitsyn el al. (2010) on Neotropical Gonatocerus Nees. JdE'VI'EU^ 0 Review of Indian literature Kieffer (1913) described the first Indian species of Gonatocerus Nees. Subba Rao (1966) recorded known and new species of mymarid parasites of Empoasca devastans Distant from India. Subba Rao (1984) described some new species of Oriental Mymaridae. Studies on Indian Mymaridae were made by Subba Rao & Kaur (1959) and Narayanan et al. (1960). Key to Oriental genera of family Mymaridae were provided by Subba Rao & Hayat (1983) which includes 27 genera and 90 species. Further, Subba Rao & Hayat (1986) catalogued 20 genera and 60 species in the family Mymaridae mostly from India and adjacent countries of Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Mani (1989), redescribed 20 out of 24 genera known at that time. Later on, Subba Rao (1989). studied Indian Mymaridae and described several new species. Zeya & Hayat (1995) revised the Indian species of Gonatocerus Nees and recognized 39 species in four species groups ater-, sulphuripes-, litoralis-, and asulcifrons-gxon^s. Recently, 6 more species are added to this genus by Zeya & Khan (2011) and Zeya & Anwar (in press). Hayat (1992) recorded some genera and species from India and Hayat & Anis (1999a) recorded the genera Ptilomymar Annecke & Doutt and Himopolynema Taguchi, from India. These authors have also published, on Indian species of Polynema Haliday and Acmopolymma Ogloblin (Hayat & Anis, 1999b, c). Later on, Hayat et al. (2003) added three new species of Himopolynema. Rehmat et al. (2009) recorded the genus Litus Haliday from India, and described two species. Rehmat & Anis (2011) recorded Pseudanaphes Noyes & Valentine, based on the material collected from north-eastern India. Hayat & Khan (2009) recorded the genus Eubroncus for the first time from the country. The genera Dicopus Enock and Omyomymar Schauff were added to the Indian fauna by Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar (2011), based on the collection made from Tamil Nadu. 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS 'MJiTE'RJACJl'A(D 'M'ETJf&DS MATERIAL AND METHODS Material The present study is based on a large number of specimens mainly collected during 2007-2012 from several states of India. Types and determined material of some species present in the ZDAMU collections were also examined. Methodology Techniques for collection and preservation summarized below are largely adapted from those given by Noyes (1982). Collection. The specimens were mainly collected by a sweep net with very fine mesh, which were then sucked up by an aspirator and then killed in ethyl acetate fumes. Some specimens were directly transferred from the net to 80% alcohol. Preparation of card mounts. This procedure mainly consists of attaching the specimen with its thorax on a rectangular card (14 X 5mm) using water soluble glue. Preparation of slide mounts. The following procedure for slide-mounting given by Noyes (1982) is followed, i. Remove wings with the help of a fine needle and place it in a small drop of Canada balsam on the slide. ii. Knock off the antenna and head, attach it to the side of the thorax with the help of Canada balsam, iii. Transfer the specimen in 10% KOH in a cavity block and leave it for 48 hours. 'MJ^TEIUJlLAy^^ 'M'ETKODS IV. Remove KOH and put one drop of glacial acetic acid for 10 min. Remove acetic acid and add distilled water for 10 min. VI. Add an equal quantity of distilled water and 80% alcohol for 10 min. vu. Remove the solution, and add 80% alcohol for 10 min. VIM. Remove 80% alcohol and add 90% alcohol for 10 min. ix. Remove 90% alcohol and add 96% alcohol for 10 min. X. Remove 96% alcohol and add absolute alcohol for 10 min. XI. Then put one drop of clove oil 10 min. XII. Repeat the last process for 10 min. Xlll. Mount on slide with Canada balsam with parts arranged on slide as shown in the figure below. Gaster with Genitalia Thorax + Gaster Head xiv. Dry slide for about two weeks, and then place coverslips on the parts. Then allow the Canada balsam to dry for two weeks in a thermostat at 40°C. J\ 4. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS "^^ V A(BfB ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS The following abbreviations of names of various body parts were used for giving relative measurements of these structures. The following abbreviations are used: Fl, F2, etc. = funicle segments 1, 2, etc. The Acronyms used for the Museums are given below. BMNH The Natural History Museum, London, U.K ICZN International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature ISNB Royal Institute for Natural Sciences of Belgium Museum, Belgium MCSG Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova, Italy MRAC M usee Royal d'Afrique Centrale, Tervueren, Belgium NBAII National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insect, Bangaluru, India NHMW Natural History Museum, Vienna NPC National Pusa Collection, Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. QMB Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Australia USNM United States National Museaum of Natural History, Washington D.C.. U.S.A. ZDAMU Insect Collections, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University. Aligarh, India. ZSl Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata (-Calcutta), India 5. TERMS AND MEASUREMENTS 'MJ&LSJiWD ^•LJISV'R.'E^^'EWS TERMS AND MEASUREMENTS Terminology The terminology followed here is explained in figures 1-8. This is largely in agreement with that used by Huber (1988). The 'mesosoma' includes thorax and propodeum (morphologically the first segment of abdomen), and 'metasoma" includes petiole (morphologically the second segment of abdomen) and gaster. Thus the thirst tergum of gaster (Tl) is the third tergum of abdomen. Further, ovipositor refers to the second valvifer and the second valvula combined. Measurements The total body length is given in millimeters. All other measurements were taken directly from slide mounted parts with the help of an occular micrometer (linear scale, 100 divisions) placed in the eye piece of a compound microscope. In most cases the measurements were taken at lOOx magnification, but for very small structures, the magnification was 400x, and this has been mentioned in the text. These measurements can be used for calculating only the relative dimensions of various structures. However, one division of the occular micrometer at lOOx (lOx objective and lOx eye piece) equals 0.00988 mm; and at 400x (40x objective and lOx eye piece) equals 0.0025 mm. K 6. EXPLANATION OF TERMS ^ V . vertex anterior ocellus posterior ocellus supraorbital trabecula eye transverse trabecula preorbital trabecula torulus medial face subantennal sulcus gena lateral face mandible clava longitudinal Aagellum sensilla pedicel scape radicle Figs 1 and 2. Explanation of terms. Females: generalised Mymaridae.l, head front view; 2, antenna. 10 fore wing length submarginal vein stigmal vein marginal vein Fore wing ,_ _^_. -^ r-^ -*^^ width hypochaet>chaeta ^••^^v-^-^vv-^A,;:^^ •;.s^ marginal fringe' hind wing length marginal fringe tarsus coxa trochanter Figs 3-5. Explanation of terms. Females: generalised Mymaridae. 3, fore wing; 4, hind wing- 5, leg. 11 pronotum "?isid^e !°Klob^e n— ' mesoscutum notaular line axilla anterior—I scutellum posterior -• metanotum spiracle propodeum petiole ovipositor .w Fig. 6. Explanation of terms. Female: generalised Mymaridae. 6, mesosoma & metasoma.. 12 7. KEY TO THE GENERA Key to some Indian genera of the Mymaridae (females). 1. Tarsi 4- segmented (Fig. 74) 2 -. Tarsi 5- segmented (Fig. 22) 4 2. Gaster subsessile, mesophragma projecting into gaster (Fig. 44); female funicle with 5 or 6 segments, rarely with 4 segments; metanotum with dorsellum projecting over propodeum as a small triangular lobe; female with hypopygium extending to apex of gaster or beyond (Fig. 39) Erythmelus Enock -. Gaster with well developed petiolate (Fig. 59); female funicle with 6 segments (Fig. 56); metanotum with dorsellum not projecting over propodeum; female with hypopygium not extending to apex of gaster or beyond (Fig. 59) 3 3. Fore wing stalked with expanded membranous apex (Fig. 61); hind wing filamentous (Fig. 66), or abbreviated (Fig. 62), with marginal setae absent; scape at least 5x as long as wide, without sculpture on inner surface, longer than head, constricted medially (Fig. 56) Mymar Curtis -. Fore wing not stalked with apex expanded or not expanded, venation short extending about one quarter length of wing (Fig. 70); hind wing not filamentous (Fig. 71); scape at most 2.25x as long as wide with, imbricate, rasp like sculpture on inner surface, not longer than head and not constricted medially (Fig. 69) Stephanodes Enock 4. Gaster petiolate; mesophragma not projecting into gaster (Fig. 27); funicle with 7-segments or apparently 6 segments (F2 usually ring like) (Fig. 24); axillae advanced into side lobe of mesoscutum (Fig. 32) Camptoptera Foerster 13 X^rro T3m iwoijin^g^y^'Jiji -. Gaster sessile or subsessile; mesophragma projecting into gaster (Fig. 11); funicle with 5 or 6 segments (Fig. 8); axillae not advanced into side lobe of mesoscutum 5 5. Fore wing with posterior margin behind venation deeply excised; funicle with 5 segments (Fig. 14) Alaptus Westwood -. Fore wing with posterior margin behind venation not excised (Fig. 47); funicle with 6 segments (Fig. 46) Litus Haliday 14 8. GENUS I. GENUS ALAPTUS WESTWOOD genus MJi'PTVS 'West-wood Genus ALAPTUS Westwood (Figs 7-22) Alaptus Westwood, 1839: 79. Type species Alaptus minimus Westwood, by monotypy. Parvulinus Mercet, 1912: 332. Type species Parvulinus auranti Mercet, by monotypy. Synonymy by Girault (1913) Metalaptus Malenotti, 1917: 339. Type species Metalaptus torquatus Malenotti. by monotypy. Synonymy by Girault (1917) Diagnosis Female. Body length, 0.22-0.44 mm. Antennal formula, 1151 (Figs 8, 13, 18), but exceptionally a minute additional segment may occur. Mesophragma projecting into gaster (Figs 11, 16, 21). Fore wing with posterior margin behind venation usually deeply and abruptly excised and its hind margin usually straight so that the fore wing beyond basal excision widens evenly and continuously towards wing apex (Figs 9, 14, 19). Tarsi 5- segmented (Fig. 22). Gaster sessile or subsessile (Figs 11, 16, 21). Male. Flagellum 8-segmented. Hosts. Unknown for Indian species. Elsewhere reported from Psocoptera and Coccoidea. The records from Coccoidea need confirmation (Lin et al, 2007) Distribution. Worldwide. Species. World, 54. India, 6 (including the 3 new species described in this dissertation.) genusALA^PTVS %'estwood Indian species 1. Alaptus deccanensis sp, nov. (Figs 7-11) Description Female. Length 0.32 mm. Head dark brown. Antenna with radical, scape, pedicel, Fl and F2 pale yellow; F3-F5, clava yellowish brown. Mesosoma pale yellow. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale yellow. Metasoma with ovipositor dark brown. Head, in frontal view, 1.14x as broad as high (Fig. 7); transverse and supraorbital trabeculae divided into seven pieces; torulus touching eye margin laterally. Mandible bidentate with dorsal tooth distinctly shorter than ventral tooth. Antenna (Fig. 8) with scape 3x as long as broad; pedicel 1.5x as long as broad, subequal in length to Fl, F3 and F4 individually; funicle segments all longer than broad, but F2 longest and F5 shortest; clava 3x as long as broad, slightly shorter than F3-F5 combined, with 3 longitudinal sensillae. Mesosoma. Mesosoma (Fig. 11) 0.76x metasoma; mid lobe of mesoscutum with two setae; side lobe of mesoscutum and axilla each with one seta. Fore wing (Fig. 9) 12x as long as broad, with a line of setae running slightly below the anterior wing margin, rest of the disc bare; marginal fringe about 4x as long as wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 10) 20x as long as broad, with a line of setae extending from slightly distal to venation and ending before apex of wing; marginal fringe 6.6x as long as wing width. Metasoma. Ovipositor (Fig. 11) originates from base of gaster and exserted to about one-third length of gaster; ovipositor about 1.58x as long as gaster and, 2.14x as long as mid tibia. Relative measurements at 400x (holotype slide): head width, 72; head height, 63; mesosoma length, 65; fore wing length:width, 205:17; marginal fringe length, 65; hind wing length:width, 201:10; marginal fringe length, 66; fore tibia length, 40; mid tibia genus MJ^iPTVS Westwood length, 63; mid basitarsus length, 15; hind tibia length, 69; gaster length, 85; ovipositor length, 135. Male. Unknown. Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, slide No. MYM. 69): INDIA: KARNATAKA: Mandya (MT), 3.V.2012, Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU). Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Karnataka. Etymology. The species name is derived from the Deccan Plateau of the country as the holotype was collected from Karnataka. Comments. This new species differs from all other Indian species, particularly in having larger body size (0.32 mm) and shorter antennal clava which is slightly shorter than the combined lengths of F3-F5. In rest of the Indian species, including the new ones described here, the body length is at most 0.25 mm, and the antennal clava is almost equal to the length of funicle. 2. Alaptus delhiensis Mani Alaptus delhiensis Mani, 1942: 160. Female. Holotype female, India, New Delhi (NPC). Alaptus delhiensis Mani: Subba Rao & Hayat, 1983: 131; 1986: 180, catalogue. Diagnosis Female. Length 0.25 mm. Head (dorsum) 2x as broad as long. Antennal scape distinctly shorter than clava; pedicel equal to F1-F2 combined; all funicular segments almost quadrate, F4 and F5 larger than F3; clava slightly longer than F1-F5 combined. Male. Unknown. Hosts. Unknown. Distribution: India: New Delhi. genus ^L^ Comments. The above diagnosis is based on the original description and the illustration given by Mani (1942: fig. 22). Alaptus delhiensis Mani differs from A. ramakrishnai Mani in having quadrate funicular segments, and clava slightly longer than F1-F5 combined. In A. ramabishnai: funicular segments are all longer than broad, and clava about as long as F2-F5 combined. 3. Alaptus magnanimus Anandale Alaptus magnanimus Anandale, 1909: 299. Male. Holotype male, India, Calcutta (ZSI). Alaptus magnanimus Anandale: Subba Rao & Hayat, 1983: 131 catalogue. Subba Rao & Hayat, 1986: 180, catalogue. Diagnosis Male. Length 0.21 mm. Head, in dorsal view, broader than long. Antenna hairy; scape sub-cylindrical; F3, F5 and F6 distinctly longer than broad, F4 quadrate. Pronotum about 4x as broad as long, slightly longer than anterior scutellum. Fore wing with a row of setae along anterior margin and one along posterior margin, the disc with 2 setae. Metasoma stout and rounded at apex; first tergite with a single bristle on either side near the posterior margin; last tergite with a pair of unequal bristles on either side. Female. Unknown. Host. Unknown Distribution: India: West Bengal. Comments. The above diagnosis is based on the original description and illustration (Annandale, 1909: figure). As this species was described from a male, it is not possible to compare it with the other species based on females. genus M^'PTVS iVestwood A. Alaptus pyronus sp. nov. (Figs. 12-16) Description Female. Length, 0.27 mm. Head pale yellow; eyes large and black; area around mouth margin yellow. Antenna with radicle, scape and pedicel pale yellow, flagellum brown. Mesosoma pale brown with longitudinal striations. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale yellow. Metasoma with gaster pale brown in basal half, brown in distal half; ovipositor brown. Head, in frontal view, transverse, 1.27x as broad as high (Fig. 12); supraorbital trabeculae divided into seven pieces; torulus touching eye margin. Mandible unidentate. Antenna (Fig. 13) with scape 2.5x as long as broad, almost as long as pedicel and Fl combined; pedicel 2.2x as long as broad, longer than all funicular segments individually; all funicular segments longer than broad, F2 slightly longer the Fl and F3; clava about 4x as long as broad, subequal to preceding 4 funicular segments combined, with three longitudinal sensillae. Mesosoma. Mesosoma (Fig. 16) 0.85x as long as metasoma. Fore wing (Fig. 14) IIx as long as broad; disc almost bare except two setae in the middle; marginal fringe 4.78x as long as wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 15) 18.12x as long as broad; disc with a row of setae along anterior margin beginning slightly distal to venation and ending slightly before apex of wing; marginal fringe 7.5x as long as wing width. Metasoma. Ovipositor (Fig. 16) slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster, 0.89x as long as gaster and 1.25x as long as mid tibia. Relative measurements at 400x (holotype slide): head width, 70; head height. 55; Mesosoma length, 57; fore wing length:width, 155:14; marginal fringe length, 67; hind wing length:width, 145:8; marginal fringe length, 60- fore tibia length, 29; mid tibia genus JAL^(PTVS Westwood length, 48; mid basitarsus length, 16; hind tibia length, 47; metasoma length. 67; ovipositor length, 60. Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips, Slide No. MYM. 29): INDIA: UTTARAKHAND: Dehra Dun, Sahaspur, ll.xi.2011, Coll. P.T. Anwar. (ZDAMU). Male. Unknown. Host. Unknown. Distribution. India: Uttarakhand. Etymology. The species name is an arbitrary combination of letters. Comments. Alaptus pyronus sp. nov. comes close to Alaptus ramakrishnai Mani, but differs in having the pedicel shorter than Fl and F2 combined; funicular segments all longer than broad; F1-F5 slightly decreasing in length distally. In A. ramakrishnai: Fl and F2 quadrate, F3-F5 slightly longer than broad, and F1-F5 increasing in length distally. 5. Alaptus ramakrishnai Mani Alaptus ramakrishnai Mani, 1942: 159. Female. Holotype male=female, India, Coimbatore, (NPC). Alaptus ramakrishnai Mani: Subba Rao & Hayat, 1983: 131 catalogue. Diagnosis Female. Length 0.25 mm. Head broader than long. Scape distinctly shorter than clava; pedicel as long as Fl and F2 combined; Fland F2 quadrate, shorter than F3; F3-^F5 subequal, and each slightly longer than broad; clava about as long as F2-F5 combined. Male. Unknown. Host. Mealybug [?] on coconut. genus JiL^(PTVS iVestwood Distribution. India: Tamil Nadu. Comments. The above diagnosis is based on the original description and illustration given by Mani, (1942: fig.21). 6. Alaptus ramamurthyi sp. nov. (Figs 17-22) Description Female. Length 0.25 mm. Head dark brown; area around mouth margin pale brown. Antenna pale yellow with clava brown. Mesosoma with pronotum dark brown; mesoscutum and scutellum yellow except anterior third of mesoscutum brown, mesoscutum weakly reticulated; propodeum yellow. Wings subhyaline. Legs, including coxae, pale yellow. Metasoma brown, basal three intersegmental areas yellow; ovipositor brown. Head, in front view, 1.29x as broad as high (Fig. 17); transverse and supraorbital trabeculae divided into seven pieces; torulus touching eye margin laterally. Mandible unidentate. Antenna (Fig. 18) with scape about 2.25x as long as broad; pedicel ].5x as long as broad, distinctly longer than all funicular segments individually; all funicular segments longer than broad, F2 longest; clava pointed at apex, about 4.5x as long as broad and slightly shorter than F1-F5 combined, with 3 longitudinal sensillae. Mesosoma. Mesosoma (Fig. 21) 0.71 x as long as metasoma; mid lobe of mesoscutum with a pair of setae, side lobe and axilla each with one seta. Fore wing (Fig. 19) I0.3x as long as broad; disc bare with a line of five setae on disc; marginal fringe 5x as long as wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 20) about 18x as long as broad, disc with a line of setae extending apex; marginal fringe about 8x as long as wing width. genus MJi'PTUS Westwood Metasoma. Metasoma rounded at apex (Fig. 21); ovipositor originates from base of gaster; ovipositor strongly exserted, the exserted part about one-third length of gaster (Fig. 21), and about 1.4x as long as gaster and 2.27x as long as mid tibia. Relative measurements at 400x (holotype slide): head width, 71; head height, 55; mesosoma length, 50; fore wing length:width, 155:15; marginal fringe length, 75; hind wing length:width, 150:8; marginal fringe length, 65; mid tibia length, 43; mid basitarsus length, 10; hind tibia length, 41; metasoma length, 70; ovipositor length, 98. Male. Unknown. Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips. Slide No.. MYM. 30): INDIA: UTTARAKHAND: Dehra Dun, Harbatpur, 14.xi.2011, Coll. P.T. Anwar. (ZDAMU). Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Uttarakhand. Etymology. The species is named after Dr. V. V. Ramamurthy, lARI, New Delhi, a renowned insect taxonomist and presently Co-ordinator of the Network Project on Insect Biosystematics (NPIB). Comments. Alaptus ramamurthyi sp. nov. is close to Alaptus deccanensis sp. nov., but differs in smaller body size (0.25 mm); in the relative dimensions of funicular segments. scape 2.25x as long as broad, pedicel robust; and in having the clava slightly shorter than funicle. In A. deccanensis: body larger in size (0.32 mm); relatively longer funicle segments, especially the long F2; scape about 2.5x as long as broad; pedicel normal, not robust and clava slightly shorter than F3-F5 combined. 8 10 Figs 7-11. Alaptus deccanemis sp. nov. holotype female: 7, head front view; 8, antenna; 9, fore wing; 10, hind wing; 11, mesosoma & metasoma. 23 .. \^ ' -^' 13 12 \ y.^^^^c^- / .• / • # \\ \ / / \ 15 16 Figs 12-16. Alaptus pyronus sp. nov. holotype female: 12, head front view; 3, antenna; 14, fore wing; 15, hind wing; 16, mesosoma &. metasoma. 24 Figs 17-22. Alaptus ramamurthyi sp. nov. holotype female: 17, head front view; 18, antenna; 19, fore wing; 20, hind wing; 21, body; 22, tarsus. 25 II. GENUS CAMPTOPTERA FOERSTER y V genus CA'M(eT(yPTE^ Toerster Genus CAMPTOPTERA Foerster (Figs. 23-35) Camptoptera Foerster, 1856: 116, 119. Type species Camptoptera papaveris Foerster, by monotypy. Stichothrix Foerster, 1856: 117. Type species Stichothrix cardui Foerster, by monotypy. Synonymy by Anneclce & Doutt (1961). Pteroclisis Foerster, 1856: 144. Unnecessary replacement name for Camptoptera, thought to have been preoccupied by Camptopteris in Botany. Eomymar Perkins, 1912: 26. Type species E. muiri Perkins, by monotypy. Synonymy by Huber& Linn (1999). Congolia Ghesquiere, 1942: 320. Type species Congolia sycophila Ghesquiere. by original designation. Synonymy by Debauche (1949). Sphegilla Debauche, 1948: 62. Type species Sphegilla franciscae Debauche, by original designation. Synonymy by Yoshimoto (1990). Wertanekiella Soyka, 1961:87. Type species Wertanekiella brevicornis Soyka. Synonymy under Sphegilla by Mathot (1969). Zemicamptoptera Ogloblin & Annecke, 1961: 24. Type species Camptoptera {Zemicamptoptera) semialbata Ogloblin & Annecke, by original designation. (As subgenus of Camptoptera) Staneria Mathot, 1966:214. Type species Staneri diademata Mathot by original designation. Synonymy by Huber & Linn (1999). Diagnosis Female. Body length, 0.22-0.44 mm. Mandible with one pointed tooth (Fig. 23). Antennal formula, 116-71; F2 usually ring like (Figs 24, 29, 33). Mesosoma with axillae genus C^W'PTCXFTE'RA Toerster advanced into side lobes of mesoscutum (Fig. 32); mesophragma not extending into gaster (Figs 27, 32). Fore wing with posterior margin almost always concave giving the wing a distinctly curved apex (Figs 25, 30, 34); proximal macrochaeta absent and distal macrochaeta often relatively short and fine. Tarsi 5-segmented. Metasoma with a well developed petiole (Figs 27, 32). Male. Flagellum 10-segmented, with F2 and often F4 ring like. Hosts. Unknown for Indian species. Elsewhere reported from eggs of Scolytidae and Buprestidae (Coleoptera), and possibly Cicadellidae, Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera), and Thripidae (Thysanoptera). Distribution. Worldwide. Species: World, 79. India, 7, including one new species. Indian species 1. Cantptoptera ambrae Viggiani Camptoptera ambrae Viggiani, 1978: 152. Female. Holotype female, India, Madras [=Tamil Nadu], Kodaikanal (MSNG). Camptoptera ambrae Viggiani: Subba Rao & Hayat, 1983: 133; 1986: 183 catalogue. Diagnosis Female. Length 0.47 mm. Body dark brown. Antenna yellowish brown. Legs yellowish brown. Antenna with scape cylindrical and curved; pedicel as long as Fl; all funicular segments longer than broad except ring-like F2; clava 2.5x as long as broad, slightly longer than F5-F7 combined, with four longitudinal sensillae. Mesosoma as long as gaster; mesoscutum and scutellum sculptured with polygonal reticulation; propodeum smooth with two median carinae, and with one long seta on either side behind spiracles. genus CJi^'PTO'PT^'RA Toerster Fore wing 14x as long as broad with marginal fringe 5x as long as wing width. Ovipositor originates at middle of gaster and not exserted at apex. Male. Unknown. Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Tamil Nadu. Comments. Camptoptera ambrae differs from C. longifuniculata Viggiani, in having petiole smooth and without lamellae; pedicel 2x as long as Fl. In C longifuniculata petiole sculptured with a pair of lamellae; pedicel half the length of F1. 2. Camptoptera bangalorensis sp. nov. (Figs 23-27) Description Female. Length 0.33 mm. Body dark brown to black. Antenna yellowish brown. Wings fumate (Figs. 35, 36). Legs with coxae yellowish brown. Head (Fig. 23) 1.3x as broad as high in frontal view; transverse trabecula and supraorbital trabecula not divided into pieces; frontovertex transversely reticulate; one pair of setae between posterior ocelli, one pair of setae slightly above anterior ocellus. Antennal scape 3.5x as long as broad; pedicel 1.75x as long as broad, subequal to Fl: funicular segments Fl, F2 and F3 slender and distinctly longer than broad; F2 longest; F5-F7 shorter and slightly swollen, clava more than 3x as long as broad, subequal to F5- F7 combined with two longitudinal sensillae (Fig. 24). Mesosoma. Mesosoma (Fig. 27) longer than gaster, notuli incomplete, mesoscutum with polygonal reticulation, scutellum with sides transversely sculptured and medially with polygonal reticulation; propodeum 0.55x as long as scutellum, medially smooth, sides with polygonal reticulation. Fore wing (Fig. 25) 16.8x as long as broad; disc nearly bare, with 8-10 setae in a row in middle; marginal fringe 6x as long as wing width. genus CJi^VrO'FrE'Ufl 'Toerster Hind wing (Fig. 26) 33.6x as long as broad, with marginal fringe 10.4x of wing width. All coxae reticulated. Metasoma. Petiole strongly reticulated; ovipositor (Fig. 27) 0.6Ix as long as mid tibia. and hardly exserted. Relative measurements at 400x (holotype slide): head width, 65; head height, 50: mesosoma length, 70; fore wing length:width, 185:11; marginal fringe length, 66; hind wing length:width, 168:5; marginal fringe length, 52; fore tibia length, 37; mid tibia length, 65; mid basitarsus length, 12; hind tibia length, 63; petiole, 15; gaster length, 55: ovipositor length, 40. Male. Unknown. Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 cover slips. Slide No. MYM. 80): INDIA: KARNATAKA: Bengaluru, NBAII, 28.xii.2010. (YPT), Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU). Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Karnataka. Etymology. The species name is derived from Bangalore, the earlier name of Bengaluru, the holotype locality. Comments. Camptoptera bangalorensis sp. nov. is a distinct from all the described Indian species. It appears close to Camptoptera phillipinna Taguchi (1972) in having same body length, colour and relative dimensions of antennal segments, but it differs from the later in having complete supraorbital trabecula, absence of petiole lamellae and a longer propodeum, about 0.55x of scutellum. In Camptoptera phillipinna: supraorbital genus CJ^^'FTCXFTE'KJi Toerster trabecula (=orbital trabecula) divided into nine small pieces; petiole with well developed lamellae; propodeum shorter more than 3x of scutellum length. 3. Camptoptera brevifuniculata Subba Rao (Figs 28-32) Camptoptera brevifuniculata Subba Rao, 1989: 162. Female, male. Holotype female. India, Karanataka, Mudigree (BMNH). Redescription Female. Length 0.36 mm. Body dark brown to black. Antenna yellow except clava brown. Wings fumate. Legs with coxae yellow. Head (Fig. 28), in frontal view, 1.3 Ix as broad as high. Antennal scape about 2x as long as broad, slightly longer than pedicel and Fl individually; Fl longest, all funicular segments longer than broad except F2 (the ring segment); clava 2.7 Ix as long as broad and longer than F5-F7 combined. Mesosoma. Mesosoma longer than gaster (Fig. 32); mesoscutum sculptured with horizontal striations; notauli incomplete reaching to anterior half of disc; each axilla with one seta; propodaeum smooth. Fore wing (Fig. 30) 16.63x as long as broad, with marginal fringe about 6x as long as wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 31) 21x as long as wide, with marginal fringe about 6x of wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 32) with petiole 2.66x as long as broad, not sculptured, with a pair of long lamellae; ovipositor (Fig. 32) not exserted, 0.55x as long as mid tibia. Male. Similar to female except for antenna and genitalia. Linear sensilla on all funicular segments present, as described by Subba Rao (1989). Relative measurements at 400x (from slide): head width, 75; head height, 57; mesosoma length, 70; fore wing length:width, 183:11; marginal fringe length, 65; hind wing length:width, 182:9; marginal fringe length, 52; fore tibia length, 35; mid tibia length, 54; genus CAM(pTaFI^ Specimen examined. INDIA: KARNATAKA: Mandya, 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips. Slide No., MYM. 79), 28.iii.2012, (MT). Coll. K. Veenakumari. (ZDAMU). Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Karnataka. Comments. I have not seen the types of Camptoptera brevifuniculata, but the specimen recorded here agrees well with the original description and figures given by Subba Rao (1989). However, C. brevifuniculata Subba Rao is close to C longifuniculata Viggiani. but it differs in having different relative dimentions of the antennal segments; differently sculptured mesosoma; and smooth and lamellate petiole. 4. Camptoptera dravida Subba Rao Camptoptera dravida Subba Rao, 1989: 163. Female. Holotype female, India. Karanataka, Mudigere (BMNH). Diagnosis Female. Length 0.5 mm. Head dark brow; eyes red. Antenna pale brown. Mesosoma dark brown. Wings hyaline. Legs pale brown. Metasoma with petiole dark brown, except distal one-eighth of gaster pale. Antennal scape slightly longer than pedicel; pedicel subequal to F5 and F6 individually; all funicular segments thin, longer than broad except F2 (ring segment); clava more than 5x as long as broad, subequal to F4-F6 combined. Mesoscutum with notauli present in anterior half of disc; both mesoscutum and scutellum with transverse striations; scutellum wider than long. Fore wing 14.5x as long as broad with marginal fringe 5.5x as long as wing width; disc proximally bare, distally with two irregular rows of 16-18 setae. genus CA^^l^ Metasoma with short petiole, smooth and without lamellae; gaster longer than mesosoma; ovipositor not exerted. Male. Similar to female except for antennae and genitalia. Fore wing broader with three rowsofdiscal setae. Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Karnataka. Comments. The diagnosis of the species is based on the original description and figures given by Subba Rao (1989: figs 73-79). Camptoptera dravida appears close to Camptoptera kannada Subba Rao, but differs mainly in having scape slightly longer than pedicel and with incomplete notauli. In Camptoptera dravida scape more than 2x as long as pedicel and mesoscutum with notauli complete. 5. Camptoptera kannada Subba Rao Camptoptera kannada Subba Rao, 1989: 163. Female. Holotype female, India. Karnataka, Mudigere (BMNH). Camptoptera kannada Subba Rao: Manickavasagam et al, 2011: 396. Diagnosis Female. Length, 0.32-0.35 mm. Body dark brown. Head 1.4x as broad as long. Antennal scape cylindrical, more than 2x as long as pedicel; all funicular segments, except ring-like F2, longer than broad, F3 the longest; clava about 4x as long as broad, subequal to F5-F7 combined, and with two longitudinal sensillae. Mesoscutum with complete notaular lines; mesoscutum anteriorly transversally striated and basally more or less alutaceous; scutellum reticulated forming polygonal cells; propodeum alutaceous with one seta on either side behind the spiracles. Fore wing uniformly faintly fumate, with one row of 10- 12 setae in the mesal area of the disc; marginal fringe more than 8x as long as wing genus CA^^eTO'FT^'Rfl Toerster width. Hind wing 12x as long as broad; disc bare except a row of very minute setae along anterior and posterior margins. Metasoma with petiole short, smooth and without lamellae; gaster slightly longer than mesosoma. Male. Unknown. Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Kamataka. Comments. The above diagnosis is based on the original description and figures given by Subba Rao (1989: figs 86-89). This species appears close to Camtoptera dravida but differs by the characters given under Camtoptera dravida. 6. Camptoptera longifuniculata Viggiani Camptoptera longifuniculata Viggiani, 1978: 153. Female. Holotype female, India, Madras [=Tamil Nadu], Kodaikanal (MSNG). Camptoptera longifuniculata Viggiani: Subba Rao & Hayat, 1983: 183; 1986: 133 catalogue. Diagnosis Female. Length 0.67 mm. Body dark brown. Antennal scape yellowish brown. All legs except coxae and femora yellowish brown. Antennal scape narrow, 2,5x as long as broad; Fl 2x as long as pedicel; F3 longest; clava 3.5x as long as broad, slightly longer than F6- F7 combined, with two longitudinal sensillae. Mesoscutum transversely reticulate; notauli well developed, with a pair of setae; side lobes of mesoscutum and axilla each with one seta; scutellum with reticulate sculpture; propodeum smooth with two submedian carinae and four setae centrally in between the carinae. Fore wing 11.75x as long as broad with marginal fringe 4x as long as wing width. Gaster larger than mesosoma; petiole with genus CJiiMiPTOPTE^ Toerster lamella, but without apparent sculpture; ovipositor originating from middle of gaster and not exserted. Male. Unknown. Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Tamil Nadu Comments. The diagnosis of this species is based on the original description and illustrations given by Viggiani (1978: fig. Ill 1-4). This species is apparently close to Camptoptera ambrae but differs from the later by the characters given under the comments to C. ambrae. 7. Camptoptera matcheta Subba Rao (Figs 33-35) Camptoptera matcheta Subba Rao, 1989: 161. Female. Holotype female, India. Kamataka, Mudigree (BMNH). Camptoptera matcheta Subba Rao: Anwar & Zeya, 2012: 52, females, Uttarakhand record. Diagnosis Female. Length 0.5 mm. Body dark brown to black. Antenna with radicle, scape and pedicel brown, flagellum dark brown. Wings fumate. All legs with coxae brown. Head 1.4x as broad as high in front view. Antenna (Fig. 33) with scape more than 4x as long as broad; all funicular segments longer than broad, except F2 (the ring segment); F3 longest: clava slightly shorter than 3x as long as broad and longer than F5-F7 combined, with two longitudinal sensillae. Mesoscutum with notauli incomplete; scutellum with polygonal sculpture with mesal area alutaceous; propodeum smooth with two parallel vertical carinae joined distally with a fine horizontal carina, and one long seta present on either side of propodeum below the spiracles. Fore wing (Fig. 34) 10.86x as long as broad, with genus CA^'PTOPT^'Kii Toerster marginal fringe 3.47x as long as wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 35) 22.72x as long as broad, with marginal fringe 7x as long as wing width. Coxae reticulate. Metasoma with petiole 1.29x as broad as long with transverse reticulation and without lamellae: ovipositor 1.39x as long as mid tibia, not exserted. Male. Similar to female except for antenna and genitalia. Linear sensilla on all funicular segments present as described by Subba Rao (1989). Relative measurements 400x (from slide): head width, 80; head height, 60; thorax length. 110; fore wing length:width, 250:23; marginal fringe length, 80; hind wing length:width. 250:11; marginal fringe length, 77; fore tibia length, 70; mid tibia length, 46; mid basitarsus length, 15; hind tibia length, 84; gaster length, 102; petiole, 38; ovipositor length, 64. Material examined. INDIA: UTTARAKHAND: Dehra Dun, Sahaspur, I female (on slide under 4 coverslips. Slide No. MYM. 34), ll.xi.2011. Coll. P.T. Anwar; Dehradun, Harbatpur, 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips. Slide No. MYM. 35), 14.xi.2011, Coll. P.T. Anwar. (ZDAMU). Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Karnataka, Uttarakhand. Comments. The diagnosis of the species based on the 2 females collected from Dehradun and agree fairly well with the original description and illustrations given by Subba Rao (1989: figs 94-100). This is a very distinct species and differs from all Indian species in having fore wing matchet-shaped with apex of the disc pointed. A 27 Figs 23-37. Camptoptera bangaloremis sp. nov. holotype female: 23, head frontal view; 24, antenna; 25, fore wing; 26, hind wing; 27, mesosoma &. metasoma. 36 ^^^^^^'^^ O' 29 28 30 / ^^ 31 32 Figs 28-32. Camptoptera brevifuniculata Subba Rao, female: 28, head front view; 29, antenna; 30, fore wing; 31, hind wing; 32, mesosoma & metasoma. 37 ^tc^c 33 •-^ws^"' 34 35 Figs 33-35. Camptoptera matcheta, female: 33, antenna; 34, fore wing; 35, hind wing. 38 III. GENUS ERYTHMELUS ENOCK -iViON genus 'E'R^fDm'ELVS "Enoci Genus ERYTHMELUS Enock (Figs 36^4) Erythmelus Enock, 1909: 454. Type species Erythmelus goochi Enock, by monotypy. Parallelaptera Enock, 1909: 454. Type species Parallelaptera panis Enock, by monotypy. Synonymy by Schauff, 1984: 45. Enaesius Enock, 1909: 456. Type species Enaesius agilis Enock, by designation of Gahan & Fagan, 1923: 50. Treated as a subgenus of Erythmelus by Debauche, 1948; 193. 197. Synonymy by Schauff, 1984: 45. Anthemiella Girault, 1911: 187. Type species Anthemiella rex Girault, by original designation. Synonymy by Schauff, 1984: 45. Eurythmelus: Ogloblin, 1934: 243. Lapsus calami. Erythmelellus Viggiani & Jesu, 1985: 487. Type species Erythmelus lygivorus Viggiani & Jesu, by original designation. As subgenus of Erythmelus. Diagnosis Female. Body length, 0.22-0.44 mm. Head (Fig. 40) very short in dorsal and lateral views; gena extremely narrow behind eye. Mandible reduced to a small stub and without teeth. Antennal formula 114-61 (Fig. 36, 41). Metanotum with dorsellum distinct and more or less projecting over propodeum as a small triangular lobe (Fig. 44). Tarsi 4-segmented. Caster subsessile (Fig. 44); hypopygium extending to apex of gaster or beyond (Fig. 39). Male. Flagellum with 10 or 11 segments, very rarely with 9 segments. Hosts. Unknown for Indian species. Elsewhere reported from Tingidae and Miridae (Hemiptera) (Triapitsyn, 2003). Distribution. Worldwide. Species. World, 57. India, 5. 39 genus 'E Indian species 1. Erythmelus {Erythtnelus)flavovarius (Walker) (Figs 36-39) Panthus flavovarius Walker, 1846: 52. Female. Lectotype female, designated by Graham, 1982: 219, ?Ireland. Erythmelus goochi Enock, 1909: 455. Female. Lectotype female, designated by Graham. 1982: 220. HoUoway, London, England (BMNH), synonymy by Triapitsyn, 2003; 17. Enaesius parvus Soyka, 1932: 83. Female. Holotype female, Valkenburg, Limburg. Holland (?NHMW). Synonymy by Graham, 1982: 219. Erythmelus (Enaesius) dichromocnemus Novicky, 1953: 13, Female. Holotype female. Poland. Synonymy by Triapitsyn, 2003: 17. Erythmelus spinosus Mathot, 1969: 15. Female. Holotype female, Riezes, Belgium (ISNB). Synonymy by Triapitsyn, 2003: 17. Erythmelus empoascae Subba Rao, 1966: 192. Female, male. Holotype female, India. Delhi (NPC). Synonymy by Triapitsyn, 2007: 48. Erythmelus flavovarius (Walker): Manickavasagam et al.. 2011: 394, Puducherry record. Anwar & Zeya, 2012: 52, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh record. Diagnosis Female. Length 0.42-0.55 mm. Body pale yellow to dark brown as follows. Head dark brown. Antenna pale yellow. Pronotum brown; mid lobe of mesoscutum dark brown in anterior half and partly yellow to light brown in posterior half; lateral lobes of the mesoscutum with dark brown patch anteriorly; axilla, anterior scutellum medially, and metanotum dark brown; propodeum brown to dark brown. Legs including coxae pale yellow to light brown. Gaster in basal half or so pale yellow, rest dark brown. 40 genus 'EICjmm'ELVS Antenna (Fig. 36) with all funicular segments longer than wide; F4 usually without longitudinal sensilla (rarely with 1 longitudinal sensillum: Triaptsyn, 2003); F6 usually with 1 (but sometimes with 2 longitudinal sensillae: Triaptsyn, 2003); clava with 4 longitudinal sensillae (5 longitudinal sensellae: Triapitsyn, 2003). Fore wing (Fig. 37) about 5x as long as wide, with apical part of disc (about one-third) more or less evenly setose, and remainder of disc with few setae. Hind wing (Fig. 38) 14-15x as long as wide. Ovipositor (Fig. 39) as long as gaster, barely exserted. Relative measurements at 400x (from slide): head width, 75; head height, 57; mesosoma length, 70; fore wing length:width, 183:11; marginal fringe length, 65; hind wing length:width, 182:9; marginal fringe length, 52; fore tibia length, 35; mid tibia length. 54; mid basitarsus length, 11; hind tibia length, 26; gaster length, 57; petiole length. 17; ovipositor length, 30. Male. Unlcnown. Material examined. INDIA: UTTARAKHAND: Tehri Garhwal, Byasi, 1 female (on slide under 3 coverslips. Slide No. MYM. 46), 17.xi.2011, Coll. P.T. Anwar. UTTAR PRADESH: Aligarh, 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips. Slide No. MYM. 47), 25.xii.2011, Coll. P.T. Anwar & S.U. Usman. (ZDAMU). Hosts. Empoasca devastans (Subba Rao, 1966). Elsewhere: Pilophorus perplexus, Polymerus cognatus, Heterocordylus tibialis and Asciodema obsoleta (Miridae) (Triapitsyn, 2003). Distribution. India: Delhi, Puducherry, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh. (Nearly Cosmopolitan). Comments. The diagnosis of the species is based on the two females collected from Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. These agree fairly well with diagnosis recently given by Triapitsyn (2003), hence considered here conspecific with E. flavovarius Walker. 41 genus 'E(S However, this species resembles very closely E. lygivorus, but differs from the later in having mid lobe of mesoscutum bark brown in anterior half and pale yellow to light brown in distal half, and in the distribution of setae in fore wing. 2. Erythmelus {Erythmelus) lygivorus Viggiani & Jesu (Figs. 40-44) Erythmelus {Erythmelellus) lygivorus Viggiani & Jesu, 1985: 487. Female. Holotype female, Papiano, Perugia, Italy. Erythmelus {Erythmelellus) lygivorus Viggiani & Jesu: Manickavasagam et al, 2011: 397, Kerala record. Anwar & Zeya, 2012: 52, Uttar Pradesh record. Erythmelus (Erythmelus) lygivorus Viggiani & Jesu: Triapitsyn, 2003: 29. Diagnosis Female. Length 0.76 mm. Head dark brown. Antenna with scape and pedicel pale yellow; radicle and funicular segments brown; clava dark brown. Mesosoma dark brown; mid lobe of mesoscutum with a light brown, narrow and transverse, median band. Head rectangular in frontal view (Fig. 40). Antenna (Fig. 41) with all funicular segments distinctly longer than broad; F1-F5 without longitudinal sensilla; F6 longest with 2 longitudinal sensillae; clava slightly more than 3x as long as broad and with 5 longitudinal sensillae. Forewing (Fig. 42) about 4.2 x as long as wide, with apical part of disc (about one-fourth to one-third) more or less evenly setose, remainder of disc almost bare, only with a complete row of setae along anterior margin and a few microtrichia along posterior margin in distal half. Hind wing (Fig. 43) 17x as long as wide. Ovipositor slightly exserted (Fig. 44), about l.lx as long as gaster, and about 2.2x as long as mid tibia. Relative measurements at lOOx (from slide): head width, 26; head height, 28; mesosoma length, 45; fore wing length:width, 70:18; marginal fringe length. 13; hind wing 42 genus 'E'Rnmm'ELVS 'Enoci length:width, 70:4; marginal fringe length, 12; 11; hind tibia length, 28; gaster length, 47; ovipositor length, 12. Male. Unknown. Material examined. INDIA: UTTAR PRADESH: Aligarh, Panjipur, 1 female (on slide under 4 coverslips, Slide No. MYM. 40), 23.ix.2011, Coll. P.T. Anwar & S.U. Usman. (ZDAMU). Hosts. Lygus pratensis Linnaeus and L. rugulipennis Poppius (Miridae) (Viggiani & Jesu, 1985). Distribution. India:Kerala, Uttar Pradesh. (France, Hungary, Italy, Spain) Comments. This is very distinctive species and differs from all the Indian species in having dark brown mesoscutum with a light narrow and transverse median band. The specimen from Aligarh agrees well with the diagnosis provided by Triapitsyn (2003). 3. Erythmelus(Erythmelus) helopeltidis Gahan Erythmelus helopeltidis Gahan, 1949: 75. Female, Male. Holotype female. Malaysia (USNM). Erythmelus helopeltidis Gahan: Subba Rao, 1970: 662. Subba Rao & Hayat, 1983: 134. Subba Rao & Hayat, 1986: 184. Diagnosis Female. Length 1.00 mm. Body brown with base of the gaster pale yellow. Antennal scape and pedicel yellowish brown; flagellum dark brown to black. Legs with femora dark brown; tibiae and tarsi pale yellow. Antenna with scape more than 4x as long as broad; all funicular segmems longer than broad; F2-F5 subequal and 1.5x as long as broad individually; F6 longest and more than 2x as long as broad with one longitudinal sensilla. Fore wing 4.5-5x as long as broad; 43 genus 'E'Rnmm'ELVS "Enoci disc almost bare except few setae at wing apex. Metasoma slightly longer than mesosoma and head combined; ovipositor long, with a large basal loop. Male. Length 1.0 mm. Briefly described by Gahan (1949). Similar to female except antenna with scape 2x as long as broad; flagellar segments subequal and 3-4x as long as broad individually. Fore wing with numerous discal setae extending from near its middle to apex. Host. Ophiomyia lantanae (Diptera). Distribution. India: Andhra Pradesh, Kamataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand. Comments. This species was described by Gahan (1949) from eggs of Helopeltis cinchonae from Malaysia. It was recorded by Subba Rao (1970) from India (Kathgodam), from 3 females reared from eggs of Ophiomyia lantanae. 4. Erythmelus (Parallelaptera) panis (Enock) Parallelaptera panis Enock, 1909: 454. Female. Holotype, female, England, Woking (BMNH). Parallelaptera foucarti Mathot in Demaire, 1973: 30. Female. Holotype, female, Rwanda, ?Rubona, (Musee Royal d'Afrique Centrale, Tervueren, Belgium). Synonymy by Triapitsyn, 2003:39. Parallelaptera panchama Subba Rao, 1989: 165. Female. Holotype, female. India. Coimbatore (BMNH). Erythmelus (Parallelaptera) panis (Enock): Manickavasagam et ai, 2011: 397, Kerala record. Diagnosis Female. Length 0.6 mm. Head dark brown. Antenna testaceous. Mesosoma and metasoma lighter. genus 'BRCfBiM'EL'VS 'Lnock^ Antenna with scape slender, about 4x as long as broad; pedicle slightly longer than F1-F2 combined; Fl and F2 subequal, distinctly shorter than rest of the funicular segments; F5 longest, subequal to F1-F3 combined, with a pair of longitudinal sensillae; clava 4x as long as broad, slightly longer than F4-F5 combined with [?] 4 longitudinal sensillae. Fore wing 6.63-6.6x as long as broad, with marginal fringe slightly more than 3x as long as wing width. Male. Similar to female except for antenna and genitalia. Funicle six segmented (Triapitsyn, 2003). Hosts. Corythucha ciliate, Stephanitis pyri, Habrochila ghesquierei, Tingis ampliata (Tingidae) (Triapitsyn, 2003). Distribution. India: Kerala, Tamil Nadu. Comments. The above diagnosis is based on the original description by Enock (1909) and redescription by Triapitsyn (2003). Triapitsyn (2003) commented that this species is close to E. rex and showing variability in the dimentions of the funicular segments in the female antenna and such variability may be due to polyphagy, body size or geographical factors. 5. Erythmelus (Parallelaptera) teleonemiae (Subba Rao) Parallelaptera teleonemiae Subba Rao, 1984: 253. Female, male. Holotype female, India, Bangalore (BMNH). Parallelaptera polyphaga Livingstone & Yacoob, 1990: 631. Female, male. Holotype female, India, Kamataka, Chamundi Hills (Type?). Synonymmy by Hayat, 1992: 88. Diagnosis Female. Length 0.40-0.45 mm. Body brown. Antenna pale brown. Tarsi pale brown. genus 'E Head in transversal view 1.25x as broad as long (50:54). Funicle 5- segmented; F1-F4 very short, subequal; F5 longest, much broader than preceding funicular segments. Fore wing slightly infumate; longest marginal fringe slightly more than 3.3x as long as wing width. Male. Similar to female except for antenna and genitalia. Host. Stephanitis pyri (Tingidae). Distribution. India: Tamil Nadu. Comments. The diagnosis of the species is based on the original description (Subba Rao. 1984) and notes provided by Triapitsyn (2003). This species is close to E. panis Knock as Triapitsyn (2003), commented that this species may eventually has to be a synonym Enock's species. 36 38 39 Figs 36-39. Erythmelus flavovarius (Walker), female: 36, antenna; 37, fore wing; 38, hind wing; 39, gaster showing hypopygium 47 41 Figs 40-44. Erythmelus lygivorus Viggiani, female: 40, head; 41, antenna; 42, fore wing; 43, hind wing; 44, mesosoma & metasoma. 48 IV. GENUS UTUS HALIDAY genus LITVS JMiday Genus LITUS Haliday (Figs 45-55) Litus Haliday, 1833: 269, 345. Type species Litus cynipseus Haliday, by monotypy. Neolitus Ogloblin, 1935: 60. Type species Neolitus argentinus Ogloblin, by original designation. Synonymy by Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy, 2004: 3. Diagnosis Female. Body length, 0.35-0.60 mm. Body robust highly scelotized. Head (Fig. 45) and mesosoma strongly reticulated. Mandible uni or bidentate. Funicle 6- segmented without longitudinal sensilla; clava unsegmented with 2-^ longitudinal sensillae (Figs 46. 52). Mesoscutum (Figs 49, 55) usually with distinct notauli; scutellum with distinct anterior and posterior parts. Mesophragma projecting into gaster and usually with apex rounded (Figs 50, 55). Fore (Figs 47, 53) and hind wings (Figs 48, 54) long and narrow, with very long marginal fringe. Metasoma (Figs 50, 55) with petiole broader than long. Gaster with first tergite long. Legs with coxae (Fig. 55) strongly reticulate; fore tibia with anterior apical tooth or curved projection; tarsi 5- segmented. Host. Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) (Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy, 2004). Distribution: Worldwide. Species: World, 18. India, 03 (including 1 new species). Indian species 1. Litus huberi Rehmat & Anis (Figs 45-50) Litus huberi Rehmat & Anis, in Rehmat et al, 2009: 370. Female. Hoiotype femak India: Assam (NPC). genus LITVS JfaCiday Diagnosis Female. Length, 0.41 mm. Body dark brown to black, shiny, except distal three tergites of gaster brownish-yellow. Mandibles pale yellow. Antennae dark brown. Fore wing lightly infuscate, hyaline in apical third. Hind wing subhyaline. Legs with coxae black; femora and tibiae brown to dark brown; tarsi brownish. Ovipositor sheaths dark brown. Mandible unidentate, longer than malar space. Antenna with radicle very short and broader than long; scape cylindrical (Fig. 46), about 3x as long as pedicel; F1-F4 slightly longer than broad; F5 and F6 subquadrate; clava 2.3x as long as broad. Mesosoma. Mesoscutum (Fig. 49) distinctly shorter than scutellum, without notaular lines; posterior scutellum with raised reticulate sculpture compare to sculpture of anterior scutellum. Fore wing (Fig. 47) narrow, apically pointed and about 22x as long as broad; disc almost bare except for 2-3 setae distal to venation. Hind wing (Fig. 48) 24.5x as long as broad. Legs with coxae strongly sclerotized. Metasoma. Metasoma (Fig. 50) distinctly longer than mesosoma; first tergite of gaster long and occupying nearly three-fourths of gaster length; ovipositor (Fig. 50) slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster. Male. Unknown. Relative measurements at lOOx (paratype slide): Head width, 13; head height, 10; mesosoma length, 15; fore wing length:width, 45:2; marginal fringe length, 16; hind wing length:width, 43:1.5; marginal fringe length, 20; mid tibia length, 10; mid basitarsus length, 2; hind tibia length, 9; metasoma length, 20; ovipositor length, 19. Material examined. Paratype: Female (on slide under 3 coverslips): INDIA: ASSAM. Guwahati, Borkusi, 28.X.2008, Coll. F.R. Khan. (ZDAMU, Reg. No. HYM/CH. 577). Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Assam. genus CITUS J{a[iday Comments. Diagnosis of the species is based on the original description and study of the paratype. This species appears to be very close to Litus sutil Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy (2004) in having narrow wings but it differs from L. sutil in many characters (Rehmat et al, 2009). 2. Litus shivalika sp. nov. (Figs 51-55) Description Female. Length 0.37 mm. Body completely dark brown. Antenna dark brown. Wings subhyaline, anterior and posterior wing margins yellowish brown. Fore wing below venation with yellowish brown infuscation. Legs with coxae brown except tarsi yellowish brown. Head (Fig. 51) strongly reticulated, 1.1 Ox as broad as high; frontovertex 0.64x head width; torulus touching eye margin; vertex and temple with polygonal reticulation; areas between toruli and above clypeus transversely reticulated; Mandible unidentate with pointed apex. Antenna (Fig. 52) with scape 6x as long as broad, and slightly less than 3x as long as pedicel; F1-F4 longer than broad; F5 and F6 subquardate; F2 longest and slightly longer than F3; clava 2.5x as long as broad, as long as F4-F6 combined and with two longitudinal sensillae. Mesosoma. Mesosoma strongly sculptured with polygonal reticulation; mesoscutum with complete notaular lines; coxae strongly sclerotized (Fig. 55) with reticulate sculpture. Metasoma. Metasoma (Fig. 55) slightly longer than mesosoma; ovipositor (Fig. 55) originates slightly distal to basal half of gaster, barely exserted at the apex, 0.8x length of gaster and 0.8x mid tibial lengths. Male. Unknown. genus wrVS^faMay Relative measurements at 400x (holotype slide): Head width, 70; head height, 64; thorax length, 70; fore wing length:width, 280:17; marginal fringe length, 110; hind wing length:width, 280:9; marginal fringe length, 120; fore tibia length, 50; mid tibia lerngth. 75; mid basitarsus length, 12; hind tibia length, 93; gaster length, 75; ovipositor length, 60. Material examined. Holotype, female (on slide under 4 coverslips. Slide No. MYM. 26): INDIA: UTTARAKHAND: Garhwal, Khirsu, 17.xi.2011, Coll. P.T. Anwar. (ZDAMU). Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Uttarakhand. Etymology. The name of the species is derived from Shivalik range of Himalayan belt, as the holotype was collected from Garhwal region of Uttarakhand. Comments. This new species appears close to L. cynipseus Haliday in having body and antennal colour more or less similar, and also in having fore wing slightly wider near the apex. But it differs by following characters: body length 0.37 mm; antenna with all funicular segments longer than broad; scape subequal to clava, and propodeum evenly reticulated. In L. cynipseus: by size is greater, varies from 0.50-0.60 mm; antenna with FI very short, F2-F5 longer than broad individually; scape distinctly longer than clava; propodeum reticulated but smooth posteriorly (Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy, 2004). 2. Litus triapitsyni Rehmat and Hayat Litus triapitsyni Rehmat & Hayat, in Rehmat et ai, 2009: 373. Female. Holotype female. India: Assam (NPC). Diagnosis Female. Length 0.44mm. This is very similar to L. huberi in body colour; but differs in the following characters: Anterior margin of frons biconvex with a row of large denticles. genus LITVS TfaMay Scape more than 3x as long as pedicle; all funicular segments longer than broad. Ovipositor arised from nearly base of gaster, strongly exerted at apex, the exerted part 0.39x as long as gaster. Male. Unknown. Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Assam. Comments. This species was described from a single specimen. Therefore, the above diagnosis is based on the original description and figures (Rehmat et al., 2009). However this species appears to be very distinctive and differs from the other species in having a row of denticles on the frons. 46 45 49 48 50 Figs 45-50. Litus huberi Rehmat & Anis, paratype female: 45, head dorsal view; 46, antenna; 47, fore wing; 48, hind wing; 49, mesosoma; 50, metasoma. 54 i . 51 53 54 55 Figs 51-55. Litus shivalika sp. nov. holotype female: 51, head front view; 52, antenna; 53, fore wing; 54, hind wing; 55, mesosoma & metasoma. 55 V. GENUS MYMAR CURTIS genus 9^'y'9dJ^ Genus MYMAR Curtis (Fig. 56-66) Mymar Curtis, 1829: 112. Type species Mymar pulchellus Curtis, by designation of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) Opinion 729. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 22 (2): 82-83. Pterolinononyktera Malac, 1943: 51. Type species Pterolinononyktera obenbergeri Malac, by original designation. Synonymy by Annecke & Doutt, 1961: 26. Diagnosis Female. Body length, 0.58-1.02 mm. Antenna with 6-segmented funicle (Fig. 59); scape (Figs 56, 60, 63, 64) longer than width of head and constricted medially. Fore wing stalked with expanded membranous apex; expanded membranous apex dark brown in about apical half beyond venation (Fig. 57, 61, 65); hind wing filamentous beyond hamuli, usually without membrane (Figs 58, 62, 66). Tarsi 4-segmented. Petiole long and slender (Fig. 59). Male. Flagellum 11-segmented (Fig. 63). Hosts. Delphacidae and Cicadellidae (Hemiptera). Distribution. Worldwide. Species. World species, 11. India, 3. Indian species 1. Mymar roopum Hayat & F.R. Khan (Fig. 56-59) Mymar roopum Hayat & F.R. Khan, 2008: 330. Female. Holotype female, India: Uttar Pradesh (NPC). Mymar roopum Hayat & F.R. Khan: Manickavasagam et. a/., 2011: 396. genus 'M'Y'MJAIlCunis Diagnosis Female. Length 0.65-0.70 mm. Head pale brown to yellow; head trabeculae dark brown. Antenna pale yellow; scape brown along dorsal margin, Fl and F2 pale brown; clava dark brown. Thoracic sutures brown; mesoscutum brown; axillae and mesopleuron posteriorly washed with brown; scutellum medially and posterior half or so brownish; propodeum pale brown. Gaster, except basal half, dark brown. Fore wing infuscate. Legs pale yellow; tibiae and tarsal segments 1-3 pale brown; last tarsal segment of all legs brown. Head (Fig. 59) 1.27x as broad as long; pedicel slightly longer than Fl; F3-F6 each at least 3x as long as broad; clava about 3x as long as broad and subequal to combined length of F4-F6 (Fig. 56). Mesosoma. Mesosoma (Fig. 59) slightly shorter than gaster. Metasoma. Ovipositor (Fig. 59) slightly exerted and 0.76x as long as gaster. Relative measurements at lOOx (paratype slide): head width, 17; head heigth. 15; mesosoma length, 27; fore wing width, 9; marginal fringe length, 35; hind wing length:width, 57:1; fore tibia length, 23; mid tibia length, 34; mid basitarsus length, 12; hind tibia length, 41; gaster length, 23; petiole, 15; ovipositor length, 24. Male. Unknown Material examined. Paratype: female (on slide under 2 coverslips, left fore wing missing): INDIA: UTTAR PRADESH: Pilibhit, Roop Pur Kirpa, 24.ix.2006. Coll. S.M.A. Badmddin & F.R. Khan. (ZDAMU). Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. India: Uttar Pradesh. Comments. This species comes close to M taprobanicum Ward in the keys to Mymar species provided by Annecke (1961) and Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy (2001). But, differs genus 9A'fMj\'iiCums from that cosmopolitan species in relative dimensions of various structures. For detail comments see Hayat & Khan (2008). 2. Mymar schwanni Girault (Figs 60-62) Mymar schwanni Girault, 1912: 166. Female, Australia ,Victoria (QMB) Mymar schwanni Girauh: Subba Rao & Hayat, 1986: 188 catalogue. Hayat, 1992: 87. Hayat et al, 2008: 328; Manickavasagam et ai, 2011: 396. Rameshkumar ei al., 2011: 772. Anwar & Zeya, 2012: 52. Diagnosis Female. Length, 0.72 mm. Body brownish yellow; head yellowish brown; transverse trabecula dark brown; antenna with brown, radicle and scape basally slightly pale white, rest brown; mesosoma brown except pronotum pale brown; fore wing apical ly with brown infuscation, covering more than half length of the expansion (Fig. 61); hind wing abbreviated just beyond the hamuli (Fig. 62). Head 1.25x as broad as long; antenna (Fig. 60) with pedicel distinctly longer than Fl; clava 4x as long as broad, and as long as F3-F6 combined; mesosoma distinctly shorter than metasoma but subequal to gaster; ovipositor slightly exerted beyond the apex of gaster and about 0.70-0.90x as long as gaster. Relative measurements at lOOx (from slide): head width, 18; head heigth, 13; mesosoma length, 24; fore wing length:width, 90:11; marginal fringe, 30; hind wing length:width, 15:1; fore tibia length, 28; mid tibia length, 36; mid basitarsus, 10; hind tibia length. 35; gaster length, 26; petiole, 14; ovipositor length, 23. Male. Similar to female except sexual characters and antenna. Material examined. INDIA: UTTAR PRADESH: Saharanpur, Gagalhedi, 1 female, 16.xi.2011, Varanasi, Napura Kalan, 1 female, 21.iii.2012, Coll. P.T. Anwar. genus M'YiMJ^QlCMms Hosts. Unknown Distribution. India: Andhra Pradesh, Kamataka, Kerala, Odisha, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh. Comments. The species is apparently close to M pulchellum Curtis. But differs in having dark spot in the fore wing occupies much more than half length of the blade. In M. pulchellum dark spot on the fore wing occupies less than that of half length of blade. 3. Mymar taprobanicum Ward (Figs. 63-66) Mymar taprobanicus Ward, 1875: 197. Female, Sri Lanka (?). Mymar indica Mani, 1942: 160. Holotype male, India, Delhi (NPC) [For extralimital synonymy Annecke (1961) and Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy (2001) may be consulted] Diagnosis Female. Length, 0.74-0.95 mm. Body brown to dark brown; head with transverse trabecula dark brown, area around the mouth pale brown; antenna with radicle, scape and pedicel pale brown, flagellum brown to dark brown; mesosoma brown except yellowish brown pronotum; fore wings (Fig. 65) hyaline except rather less than the apical half of the disc with brown infuscation; hind wing (Fig. 66) filamentous beyond the hamuli, without apparent membrane and with one long apical seta; legs with coxae pale brown except mid and hind tibiae brown; petiole pale brown; gaster in basal two-third brown rest dark brown. Head 1.5x as broad as high. Antenna (Fig. 64) with pedicel subequal to Fl; F3 less than 3x as long as broad and slightly shorter than F6; clava slightly more than 5x as long as broad, slightly longer than F3-F6 combined. Mesosoma slightly shorter than gaster. Ovipositor slightly exerted, and 0.85x as long as gaster. genus CMnnMJiliCurtis Relative measurements at 400x (from slide): head width, 85; head heigth, 68; mesosoma length, 98; fore wing length;width, 365:35; marginal fringe length, 140; hind wing length:width, 250:4; fore tibia length, 97; mid tibia length, 125; mid basitarsus length, 36: hind tibia length, 145; gaster length, 100; petiole, 50; ovipositor length, 95. Male. Similar to female except antenna and genitalia. Antenna slender, filiform with eleven flagellar segments (Fig. 63). Material examined. INDIA: UTTAR PRADESH: Aligarh, 1 female (on slide), 1 female, 23.xi.2011; 1 female (on slide), 23.xi.2011; Aligarh, Panjipur, 1 female, 23.ix.20Il; 1 female, 28.X.2011; 1 female (on slide), 28.X.2011, Coll. P.T. Anwar & S.U. Usman. UTTARAKHAND: Dehra Dun, Sahaspur, 1 female, ll.xi.201l; 1 female (on slide). 1 l.xi.2011, Coll. P.T. Anwar. (ZDAMU). Hosts. Not known from India. Laodelphax striatella Fallen (Delphacidae), Nephotettix cincticeps (Uhler) (Cicadellidae), and Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Delphacidae) (Hemiptera). Distribution. India: Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Kamataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Pudhucherry, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand. (Cosmopolitan). Comments. This species is nearly cosmopolitan in distribution but is restricted mainly to warmer climates. Figs 56-59. Mymar roopum Hayat & F.R. Khan, paratype female: 56, antenna; 57, fore wing; 58, hind wing; 59, head with mesosoms &. metasoma. 61 62 Figs 60-66. 60-62 Mymar schwanni Girault, female: 60, antenna ; 61, fore wing; 62, hind wing. 63-66 Mymar taprobanicum Ward: 63, male antenna; 64, female antenna; 65, female fore wing; 66, female hind wing. 62 VI. GENUS STEPHANODES ENOCK genus S'FE'PTfAl^CyiyES 'Enoci Genus STEPHANODES Enock (Figs. 67-74) Stephanodes Enock, 1909: 457. Type species Stephanodes elegans Enock, by monotypy. Eustephanodes Ogloblin, 1967: 194. Type species Eustephanodes missionicus Ogloblin, by original designation. Synonymy by Yoshimoto, 1990: 72. Masonana Yoshimoto, 1990: 63. Type species Masonana polynemoides Yoshimoto, by original designation. Synonymy by Huber & Fidalgo, 1997: 34. Stephanodes Enock: Subba Rao &. Hayat, 1983: 140; 1986: 190 catalogue. Diagnosis Female. Body length. 0.80-1.05 mm. Stephanodes belongs to the Polynema group of genera. Antenna with 6 segmented funicle; scape (Fig.69) with inner surface rasp like, with imbricated sculpture; vertex (Fig.67) with large, shallow depressions outside each ocellus; mesosoma (Fig.72) smooth, shiny, somewhat higher than wide, and in lateral view fairly convex dorsally; prothoracic spiracle advanced forward of posterolateral margin of pronotum and flush with surface. Tarsi 4- segmented (Fig.74). Male. Flagellum 11-segmented (Fig.68). Distribution. Worldwide. Host. Nabidae (Heteroptera). Indian species 1. Stephanoides reduvioli (Perkins) (Figs. 67-74) Polynema reduvioli Perkins, 1905: 196. Female. Lectotype female, Hawaiian Islands (BMNH). 63 genus S'TE(P}[JH'H(yUES 'Enoc^ Stephanodes reduvioli (Perkins): Girault, 1913: 12. New, 1976: 1. Huber & Fidalgo. 1997: 37, 41. Hayat & Anis, 1999c: 325. Beardsley & Huber, 2000: 17. Triapitsyn & Huber, 2000: 614. Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy, 2002: 7. Manickavasagam et. al., 2011:397. Diagnosis Female. Body yellowish brown to brown; antenna with scape, pedicle and F1-F3 yellowish brown, F4-F6 and clava brown to dark brown. Head (Fig.67) 1.08x as broad as long; antenna (Fig. 69) scape 3x as long as broad, subequal to Fl; pedicel 1.5x as long as broad; all funicular segments longer than broad. F2 longest; clava slightly more than 3x as long as broad, longer than F5-F6 (Fig. 69); mesosoma (Fig.72) longer than gaster; ovipositor slightly exerted beyond the apex of gaster about 0.66x as long as gaster (Fig.73). Male. Similar to female except for sexual characters; subequal funicular segmenta with longitudinal sensillae (Fig.68). Relative measurements at 63x (from slide): Head length, 12; head width, 13; thorax length, 11; fore wing length:width, 76:19; hind wing length:width, 25:2.5; fore tibia length, 20; mid tibia length, 20; mid basitarsus length, 10; hind tibia length, 23; gaster length, 24; petiole, 8; ovipositor length, 16. Specimens examined. INDIA: UTTAR PRADESH: Aligarh, 2 females (on slide), 21.v. 1977; 1 female (on slide), iii.1981. Coll. M. Hayat; Aligarh, 1 female (on slide). 03.iv.l979; 1 female (on slide), 07.ix.l979; Bareilly, 1 female (on slide), 07.x. 1978. Coll. M. Verma. UTTARAKHAND: Dehra Dun, 1 female (on slide), 10.iv.l978; Mussoorie 1 female (on slide), 1 l.iv.l978. Coll. M. Verma. 64 genus ST^VHyil^OCiyES 'Enoci Hosts. Unknown Distribution. INDIA: Bihar, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Kamataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand. Comments. This is the only species reported so far from India. Hayat (1992) recorded this species under the name S. imbricatus. Later on this was synonymised under S. reduvioli (Huber & Fidalgo, 1997). Hayat & Anis (1992c) recorded this species from several Indian states. 65 •,v--.•••"-•*.•;• v-^.-- • • -^-v-.i • ^-.VVv^\\^^\\\V:^\•.• '^^^\\Y\ • •• 70 •"- ^^'^''/M///'^'' 1\ Figs 67-71. Stephanodes reduvioli Perkins: 67, head dorsal view; 68, male antenna showing imbricated scape; 69, female antenna showing imbricated scape; 70, female fore wing; 71, female hind wing. 66 72 73 Figs 12-1 A. Stephanodes reduvioli Perkins, female: 72, mesosoma; 73, metasoma with petiole; 74, leg showing 4 segmented tarsus. 67 9. CONCLUSION C0'NCLVS10U< CONCLUSION The preliminary study on some genera of mymarids leads the author to draw the following conclusions on the Systematics of the Indian Mymaridae. > The mymarids are exclusively oophagous, parasitizing the first developmental stage (eggs) in the ontogeny of other insects, their hosts. The host eggs attacked by mymarids belong to several orders, such as Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Orthoptera and Psocoptera, of agricultural and horticultural crops (Huber, 1986). > The best example of a mymarid species for successful control of a pest species is that of Anaphes nitens (Girault) for the control of Gonipterus scutellatus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a pest of Eucalyptus in South Africa (De Bach & Rosen, 1991). > The mymarid fauna is represented by 98 genera and more than 1400 species across the world (Noyes, 2012). But, the Indian fauna of mymarids consists of 26 genera and 113 species. 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Acmopolynema Og\ob\'m. \946 2. Alaptus Westwood, 1839 3. Anagroidea Girau\i,\9\5 4. /l«agrM5 Haliday, 1833 5. AnaphesV{a\\day,]S33 6. Arescon Walker, 1846 7. Australomymar Givaull, \929 8. Camptoptera FoQTster, \S56 9. D/co/?oworp/7a Ogloblin, 1955 10. Dico/?w5 Enock, 1909 11. Eofoersteria Mathot, 1966 12. Eryihmelus Enock, \9()9 13. Eubroncus Yoshimoto, Kozlov & Trjapitzin, 1972 14. Gono/ocerw5 Nees, 1834 75. Himopolynema Taguchi, 1971 16. I/Yw^Haliday, 1833 17. Mymar Curtis, 1829 18. Narayanella Subba Rao, 1976 19. Ooc/ortW5 Haliday, 1833 20. Palaeoneura Waterhouse, 1915 21. Po/ywewa Haliday, 1833 22. Pseudanaphes Noyes & Valentine, 1989 23. Ptilomymar Annecke & Doutt, 1961 24. Schizophragma Ogloblin, 1949 25. Stephanodes Enock, \909 26. S'/e^w'ww Enock, 1909 80 12. PUBLICATION 52 BIONOTES Vol. 14 (2), June 2012 Record of Some Species of Mymaridae from Different States of India (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) p. TARIQUE ANWAR and SHAHID BIN ZEYA Department of Zoology, AUgarh Muslim University, Aligarh — 202 002 (U.P.). E-mail: [email protected] The mymarids, commonly called 'fairyflies' are Kstribution: Bihar, Kamataka, Uttar Pradesh, West oophagus insects, parasitizing eggs, mainly of Hemiptera Bengal (new record). (Auchcnorrhyncha), but also attack eggs of Coleoptera, 6. Gonatocerus longicornis Nees Psocoptera, Diptera and Orthoptera (Ruber, 1986). The Specimens examined: Jharidiand: Hazaribag, Hesla, 1 mymarid fauna of India is currently represented by 113 spe female, 06.ix.2011 (P.T. Anwar). Uttar Pradesh: cies in 26 genera (Noyes, 2012). Bulandshahar, Narora, 1 female, 02.X.2011 (RT. Anwar & This paper deals with 14 mymarid species in 5 gen S.U. Usman); Etah, PatnaPanchi Vihar, 2 females, 27.xi.2011 era, collected during 2011-2012. Unless noted otherwise, the (S.B. Zeya, P.T. Anwar & S.U. Usman). Uttarakhand: specimens v/ae mounted on rectangular cards. All the speci Dehradun, Vikash Nagar, 1 female, 14.xi.2011 (P.T.Anwar). mens have been deposited in the 'Insect Collection, Depart Distribution: Assam, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, ment of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh' Jharkhand (new record), Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, (ZDAMU). Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal. 1. Camptoptera matcheta Subba Rao 7. Gonatocerus munnarus Mani & Saraswat Specimens examined: Uttarakhand: Dehradun, Specimens examined: Jharkhand: Hazaribag, Huagh, Sahaspur, 1 female (on slide), ll.xi.2011; Dehradun, 4 females. 07.ix.2011 (RT. Anwar). Uttar Pradesh: Rampur, Harbatpur. 1 female (on slide), 14.xi.2011 (P.T.Anwar). Kakrawwa, 3 females, 02.ix.2011; 1 female (on slide), Distribution: Kamataka, Uttarakhand (new record). 02.ix.2011 (S.U. Usman). Aligarh, Panjipur, 12 females, 2. Erythmelus (Erythmelus)Jlavovarius (Walker) 23.ix.2011 (P.T. Anwar & S.U. Usman); Bulandshahar, Specimens examined: Uttarakhand: Tehri Garhwal, Narora, 7 females, 02.X.2011 (P.T. Anwar & S.U. Usman). Byasi, 1 female (on slide), 17.xi.2011 (RT. Anwar). Uttar Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Pradesh, Aligarh, 1 female (on slide), 25.xii.2011, (P.T. Anwar Jharkhand (new record), Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, & S.U. Usman). Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Distribution: Delhi, Puducherry, Uttar Pradesh (new Bengal, record), Uttarakhand (new record). 8. Gonatocerus sahadevani (Subba Rao & Kaur) 3. Erythmelus (Erythmelus) lygivorus Viggiani & Jesu Specimens examined: Uttar Pradesh: Aligarh, 1 female, Specimens examined: Uttar Pradesh: Aligarh, Panjipur, 13.viii.2011 (P.T. Anwar & S.U. Usman). Uttarakhand: I female (on slide), 23.ix 2011 (RT. Anwar & S.U. Usman). Dehradun, Shankarpur, 1 female, 1 l.xi.2011 (P.T. Anwar). Distribution; Kerala, Uttar Fradcsii (new record). Distribution: Bihar, Delhi, Kerala, Punjab, Uttar 4. Gonatocerus aler Foerstcr Pradesh, Uttarakhand (new record), West Bengal. Specimens examined: Uttar Pradesh: Aligarh, Panjipur, 9. Gonatocerus shamimi Subba Rao & Hayat 1 female 23.ix.2011 (RT. Anwar & S.U. Usman); Rampur, Specimens examined: Jharkhand: Hazaribag, Hesla, 1 Kakrawwa, 1 female (on slide), 02.ix.2011 (S.U. Usman). female, 06.ix.2011 (P.T. Anwar). Uttar Pradesh: Aligarh, 2 Uttarakhand: Dehradun, Kalsi, 1 female, 15.xi.2011 (P.T. females, 13.viii.2011; 1 female, 20.ix.2011; 1 female, Anwar). 22.ix.2011 (RT Anwar & S.U. Usman). Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Distribution: Bihar, Jharkhand (new record), Odisha, Kerala, Punjab. Odisha, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, West Bengal. id. Gonatocerus tarae (Narayanan & Subba Rao) 5. Gonatocerus bicoloriventris Zeya Specimens examined: Uttar Pradesh: Rampur, Specimens examined: Uttar Pradesh: Qayamganj, Kakrawwa, 2 females, 02.ix.2011 (S. U. Usman); Aligarh. 7 Baryala, I female (on slidcj, 7.ix.2007 (F.R. Khan). West females, 20.ix.2011; 3 females, 22.ix.2011 (P.T. Anwar & Bengal: Darjeeling,Sirobari, 1 female, 15.vi.2008(F.R.Khan). S.U. Usman); Bulandshahar, Narora, 3 females, 02.X.2011 VoL 14 (2), June 2012 BIONOTES 53 (P.T. Anwar & S.U. Usman). Uttarakhand: Dehradun, Odisha, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh. Shankarpur, 1 female, n.xi.2011 (P.T.Anwar). 14. Polynema mendeU Girault Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Specimens examined: Odisha: Puri.MatiaPada, 1 fe Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karaataka, Kerala, male (on slide), 29.xi.2007 (F.R. Khan). Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Odisha, Puduchetry, Punjab, Tknil Distribution: Assam, Bihar, Kerala, Puducherry, Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal. Odisha (new record). West Bengal. 11. Gonatocerus trialbifuniatUaus Subba Rao Acknowledgments: Authors thank Dr. Mohammad Specimens examined: Uttarakhand: Dehradun, Hayat, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Shankarpur, 1 female, U.xi.2011 (P.T.Anwar). Aligarh, for critically reviewing the paper. They are grateful Distribution: Kamataka, Uttarakhand (new record). to Prof. Irfan Ahmad, Chairman, Department of Zoology, West Bengal. Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh for providing research 12. Mymar taprobankum Ward facilities. Thanks are due to the Indian Council of Agricui- Specimens examined: Uttar Pradesh: Aligarh, 1 female, njral Research, New Delhi and Dr. V. V. Ramamurthy (Indian 23.xi.2011; 1 female (on slide), 23.xi.2011; Aligaih, Panjipur, Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi), the National 1 female, 23.ix.2011; 1 female, 28.X.2011; 1 female (on Co-ordinator of Network Project on Insect Biosystematics slide), 28.X.2011 (P.T. Anwar & S.U. Usman). Uttarakhand: for financial assistance. The University Grant Commission, Dehradun, Sahaspur, 1 female, ll,xi.2011; 1 female (on New Delhi is also acknowledged for providing financial slide), 11 .xi.2011 (P.T. Anwar). assistance. Distribution: Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Kamataka, References Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Puducheny, Rajasthan, Huber, J. T., 1986. Systematics, biology, and hosts of the Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand. Mymaridae and Mymarommatidae (Insecta: Hy- 13. Mymar schwanni Girault mraioptera): 1758-1984. En»omo«rap/iy. 4:185-243. Specimens examined: Uttar Pradesh: Saharanpur, Gagalhedi, 1 female, 16.xi.2011 (P.T. Anwar). Varanasi, Noyes, J. S. 2012. Universal Chalcidoidea Database. Avail Napura Kalan, 1 female, 21 .iii.2012 (P.T. Anwar). able at: http7/www.nhm.ac.uk/entomology/chalcidoids/ Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Kamataka, Kerala, index.html (accessed on 1" February 2012). IS Superstition T\inneric crop affected by menstruating women in Andhra The scent of turmeric wafts across the emerald green turmeric is gold here; and Nizamabad has produced bumper fields of Pipri village in Andhra Pradesh's Nizamabad dis crops for the last two years. Not just that, turmeric—used in trict as woman labourers, humming softly, kneel on the damp pujas, temples, food, medicines, festivals and marriages— is ground and pluck out weeds with a skill only experience can also invested with notions of "purity". No wonder then that bring. Barely has one soaked in this picture-perfect scene there is hardly a voice in turmeric country willing to speak out when one of the women, Saiamma, rushes out of the fields, against this medieval practice. yelling out, "I'll be back in five days." "My calculations went Defending it, fanner G. Gangareddy says, "The women wrong." she explains breathlessly. 'It's that time of the month practise this self-imposed restrictionbecaus e they don't want to and I'm not supposed to work in the fields. If the seth (con harm the crop." Kalavathi, a labourer on his farm, does believe tractor) finds out, he'll be angry." that if a woman toudies turmeric plants during "those days", the And off goes Saiamma, convinced that she might have crop may be infested with pests, decay or lose its quality. Has she contaminated seven acres of "sacred" turmeric crop with hw seen it herself? Kalavathi shakes her head, saying the women are "carelessness". In Nizamabad district, where high-quality too disciplined to woik during then- period. turmeric is grown across 14,(X)0 hectares, it's a tradition Evoi Kotapati Narasimham Naidu of the Swadeshi Jaganan followed blindly by farmers and labourers alike: a menstruat Manch, fig^iting for a minimum support price for turemeric, sees ing woman is not allowed to step into the fields lest she the ban as a sacred issue, not to be meddled with. "While it may violate the sanctity of the crop. just be a sentiment, it is part of our culture as well," he says. Commanding a price of Rs 13,000-18,000 a quintal. —Madhavi Tlata