METZPROJECTS Portfolio 2018

METZPROJECTS

EXAMPLES OF WORK

Our team specialises in the research, scripting, design, production, packag- ing and promotion of meaningful engagements in the form of interpretation centres, heritage trails, exhibitions, films and interactive audio-visual experiences, and particularly for local and international visitors and tour- ists. We have successfully pioneered an approach and methodology which enables communities, as well as public and corporate entities to leverage their associated institutional memory so as to better advance their social, economic and business imperatives. INTERACTIVE KNOWLEDGE & INTERPRETATION CENTRE AT THE METROPOLITAN CENTRE

Braamfontein, Johannesburg May 2017 – April 2018 The City of Johannesburg

Brief The City of Johannesburg’s lnnovation and Knowledge Management Unit identified the establishment of an Interactive Knowledge Centre as a key mechanism for widening its reach among internal and external stakeholders and ensuring effective dissemination of information about what the city is currently doing and what its strategic objectives, priorities and key initiatives are. The brief was to create a technology- based centre to this end to be housed in a purpose-built space in the reception area of the Metropolitan Centre in Braamfontein, which is home to the City’s administration.

Execution MONEY WALKS BUT PEOPLE TALK 1991 - 2000 Research, design, curate and install an interactive exhibition on cutting-edge digital displays telling the story of Johannesburg past, present and future. These consisted of the following:

• Joburg Past: a touchscreen table with an interactive, illustrated timeline narrating the rich and contested history of Johannesburg. • Joburg Present: an interactive map table profiling key contempo- 10 APRIL 1993 28 MARCH 1994 27 APRIL 1994 1990s rary projects within the City of Joburg using video and text. CHRIS HANI ASSASSINATED SHELL HOUSE EVERYBODY VOTE NOW KWAITO MK veteran and leader of the South African Communist Originally home to the Batswana people who smelted iron With great elation, the country’s first democratic elections As always, there is a South African soundtrack to accom- • Joburg Future: eight interactive thematic kiosks consisting of text, Party (SACP), Chris Hani, is gunned down in the driveway and copper, and occupied areas in the west and south of are held on 27 April. Nelson Mandela becomes the first pany the changes brought about with the release of Man- of his Boksburg home by Janusz Walus, a far-right, what would become the Witwatersrand, the area attracts president of the carefully negotiated Government of dela and the transition to democracy. This is “kwaito”, a anti-communist Polish immigrant. Hani’s death sends the interest of white settlers when gold is discovered here National Unity. sound produced in the townships and made popular in image and city soundscapes casting forward to the future of the shock waves through the country, and violence threatens in 1886. From its almost overnight expansion from a the nightclubs of Johannesburg’s inner city by artists to erupt and destroy any hopes of a negotiated settle- mining camp of 3 000 people a year after the discovery of such as Oskido, Arthur Mofakate, Boom Shaka, Mdu Ma- ment. Nelson Mandela appears on television and suc- gold, to its official recognition as a city in 1928, early silela and later, Mandoza, whose hit "Nkalakatha" Johannesburg using the City of Joburg’s strategic 2040 plan as a cessfully appeals for calm. Johannesburg was a place where people from all over the becomes the first crossover kwaito anthem. country and the world came, hoping to make their for- launching pad. tunes in the City of Gold. • Joburg Life Wall: a lively and epic 6.5-metre-wide video wall show- VIEW casing Johannesburg through the eyes of its residents, using stories VIEW IMAGE VIEW IMAGE VIEW IMAGE VIEW IMAGE gathered on the streets of Johannesburg, and footage curated by

five different cinematographers on a quest to depict their Joburg on INTERNATIONAL SOUTH AFRICA HOME 1600 – 1928 1929 – 1948 1948 – 1990 1991 – 2000 2001 – PRESENT FULL TIMELINE this multiscreen display. JOHANNESBURG CULTURE Joburg Past Joburg Present

10 Joburg Future 30px px 30px

30 px A WELL-GOVERNED & TRANSPARENT CITY 30 px

The City of Johannesburg is committed to making Johannesburg a pre-eminent, globally connected city – an outstanding place to live, work and play. Achieving this requires an honest, transparent and responsive local government administration dedicated to service excellence, sound financial management and innovative urban planning.

The City administration regards residents – the ultimate beneficiaries of our development initiatives – as joint custodi- ans in making Johannesburg a thriving and prosperous city. Strengthening our relationship with residents while building intergovernmental partnerships for effective service delivery 1236 x 700 will enable us to deliver on this mandate. To achieve the support and participation of diverse governmental and non-governmental stakeholders, including the private sector and global partners, demands that we pursue exemplary administrative practices that inspire confidence in the City’s management of all its resources – natural, financial, human and infrastructural.

Located at the heart of South Africa’s economy, one of the major economic centres on the African continent, the City of Johannesburg has the potential to benefit the people of South Africa and the continent in the lead-up to 2040 and beyond.

Futuristic impression of Johannesburg by artist Name Surname.

BACK NEXT + IMAGE DISPLAY & FILM TO COMMEMORATE Execution THE 20TH ANNIVERSARY OF SOUTH Research, script and produce a 30-minute documentary AFRICA’S DEMOCRATIC CONSTITUTION telling the story of the making of South Africa’s democratic constitution, including: Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, • Filmed interviews with key role-players as well as 1910 – 1990 1910 – 1990 Cape Town SILWA NEZIKHUNGO SILWA NEZIKHUNGO representatives of all political parties in Parliament; ZENGCINDEZELO NOBANDLULULO ZENGCINDEZELO NOBANDLULULO May 2017 – July 2017 • Archival research for relevant film material, images Parliament of the Republic of South Africa and documents; • Brief Editing for presentation in Parliament

To produce: Research, script, design, manufacture & install a • A broadcast-quality film to commemorate the 20th permanent & virtual (touchscreen & website) exhibition anniversary of South Africa’s democratic Constitution consisting of: • An exhibition describing the key milestones in the • A timeline, with framing texts and captions, 1902 1910 1914 1948 1952 1955 1956 1961 1973 1983 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1996 2016 1902 1910 1914 1948 1952 1955 1956 1961 1973 1983 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1996 2016 making of South Africa’s democratic Constitution describing key historical epochs, people and events in • the making of the Constitution; 31 KUNHLABA 1910 NHLANGULANA 1914 The design of the exhibition, translated into all of INingizimu Afrika iba umbuso ozimele/owodwa Abendulela i-ANC bakhalazela ukungenelela kwamazwe ehlukene

I-Union of South Afrika ihlanganisa ama-Colonies of the Cape angawamaBrithani, iNatali, iTransvaal kanye Amanxusa avela ku-South African Native National Congress (emva kwesikhathi aqanjwa kabusha kwaba ne-Orange River, ibafake ngaphansi komthethosisekelo owodwa ozoba mkhulu kunephalamende elikhulu. i-African National Congress) bahamba eNgilandi, beyofuna ukuthi iBrithani ingenelele eMthethweni woMhlaba South Africa’s official languages, for placement on • Ku-Cape Colony endala, ivoti elinomkhawulo lezinhlanga ezihlanganisile (yabase-Afrika namaKhaladi acebile) we-1913. UMthetho uvimbela abalimi abamnyama ukuthi bathenge noma baqashe umhlaba emhlabeni Printing and installation of the exhibition in the ekugcineni azonyamalala/azophela. Okwamanje, iGazette kaHulumeni yokuqala yeNyunyana imemezela ongama-93% eNingizimu Afrika – kodwa iBrithani yangenza lutho ngalokhu kwenza okungenabulungiswa. isikhathi esisha – kodwa sedlanzana labamhlophe. Phakathi nendawo ngumongameli wokuqala we-Congress, uMfu. Hohn Dube. Parliament’s touchscreens Parliament Precinct; © Museum Africa © Drum Social Histories / Baileys African History Archive / Africa Media Online • The design of the exhibition, translated into all of • Translation, design and installation of the exhibition South Africa’s official languages, for placement on on the Parliament touchscreens, as well as website. INDLELA EYA KUMTHETHOSISEKELO WENTANDO YENINGI INDLELA EYA KUMTHETHOSISEKELO WENTANDO YENINGI Parliament’s website

1910–1990 RESISTING COLONIAL & APARTHEID CONSTITUTIONS

South Africa became a single state in 1910, In 1961, and again in 1983, new Apartheid state eight years after the end of the Anglo-Boer constitutions further eroded the legal status of War. The British colonies of the Cape and the disenfranchised. Offsetting these pseudo- Natal, and the former Afrikaner territories democratic constitutions was an “alternative of the Transvaal and Orange Free State, came constitution” that bypassed the state: the together as the Union of South Africa. The Freedom Charter, adopted in Kliptown on Union’s first constitution came into force 26 June 1955 by the Congress of the People – on 31 May 1910. Both the British and the a vast gathering of progressive democrats from Afrikaners had centuries-old legal codes that across the country. Characterised by pledges put fundamental rights above the arbitrary like “All Shall Enjoy Equal Human Rights!”, the powers of kings or dictators. Hypocritically, Freedom Charter endured into the early 1990s however, the 1910 constitution stripped South as a rallying point for anti-Apartheid resistance. Africa’s black majority of its last remaining It informed our modern Constitution, and voting rights, and opened the white minority remains an enduring reference point in today’s government’s path to seizing black-owned land. democratic debates.

MAy 1902 31 MAy 1910 JUNE 1914 26 MAy 1948 JUNE 1952 26 JUNE 1955 9 AUGUST 1956 26 MARCH 1961 DECEMBER 1973 AUGUST 1983 24 JULy 1985 MARCH 1986 21 AUGUST 1989 2 FEBRUARy 1990 11 FEBRUARy 1990 Peace conference foreshadows colonial unification South Africa becomes a single state ANC forerunner appeals for international intervention Victory for Apartheid’s architects Apartheid defied by a people’s campaign The Freedom Charter takes root Women march on Parliament Mandela calls for a non-racial, democratic “Homeland” leaders attend their first summit United Democratic Front challenges new Tutu mourns a death-dealing International pressure on Frontline States commit to ending Government unbans the liberation movements Nelson Mandela walks free

The Conference of Vereeniging ends the Second Anglo-Boer War, and sets the stage for the The Union of South Africa amalgamates the British-occupied A delegation from the South African Native National Congress (later renamed the The whites-only election is won by DF Malan’s Reunited National Party, As Apartheid legislation tightens around disenfranchised communities, the African National Congress At Kliptown near Johannesburg, the massed delegates of the Congress of the Some 20,000 women, led by (L to R) Rahima Moosa, Lilian Ngoyi, Helen Joseph and constitution A pillar of Apartheid strategy is to exaggerate tribal divisions within the African majority. Apartheid constitution State of Emergency Apartheid is mounting conflict in South Africa Within the government’s Afrikaner hierarchy, the mounting comprehension that Amid massive global press coverage, ANC leader Nelson Mandela – here celebrating the unification of the South African colonies under a single, settler-biased constitution. Seated Colonies of the Cape, Natal, Transvaal and Orange River, and African National Congress) departs for England, to seek British intervention against through a campaign that accuses the incumbent Prime Minister Jan Smuts and South African Indian Congress together embark on the Defiance Campaign. The Campaign’s People adopt the Freedom Charter – a proto-constitution compiled through months Sophie Williams, march on the Union Buildings in Pretoria, to hand in a petition to Africans are to become citizens, no longer of South Africa, but of “independent tribal Apartheid is not sustainable sees President PW Botha replaced by FW de Klerk. moment with his wife Winnie Mandela – walks free from Victor Verster Prison, Cape Town. Addressing the All-In African Conference in Pietermaritzburg, Nelson Mandela 1983 sees the Apartheid state introduce South Africa’s third constitution, As mass protests against Apartheid intensify, President PW Botha declares In countries across the globe, anti-Apartheid movements work to isolate In 1989, ANC President Oliver Tambo garners support across (L to R) are the defeated Afrikaner generals Christiaan de Wet and Louis Botha, and their British brings them under one constitution that gives supremacy to the 1913 Land Act. The Act prohibits black farmers from buying or hiring land in 93% of pandering to racial integration and communism. Clinging to power for leading volunteers, including Nelson Mandela, yusuf Dadoo and Walter Sisulu, openly defy Apartheid of discussion and correspondence with oppressed communities nationwide. Some the Prime Minister with the title “The demand of the women of South Africa for the homelands” like the Xhosa-populated Ciskei – whose self-proclaimed President for Life, Favouring negotiations with the ANC and other banned liberation movements, de Klerk’s He has been a political prisoner for 27 years, yet has mastered his captors; becoming the (at centre) expresses the ANC’s disgust that, “The Nationalist Government, after centred on “reforms” that create subservient Coloured and Indian chambers a State of Emergency; a legal condition whereby governments can suspend South Africa’s white-minority state from economic investment, trading Africa for negotiating an end to Apartheid. The Harare imperial counterparts Horatio Kitchener and Ian Hamilton. General Botha will later become first a central parliament. In the former Cape Colony, the limited of South Africa – but Britain will take no action against this breath-taking injustice. the next four decades, the National Party will refine and uphold Apartheid laws in major city centres. Their example catalyses a nationwide movement; and while over 8,000 of the Charter’s constitutional ideals, including the rights to decent housing and an withdrawal of passes for women and the repeal of the Pass Laws”. Lennox Sebe, stands at centre. Prince Mangosuthu Buthelezi (at far left) will later become administration takes the unprecedented step of legalising its underground opponents. central figure in negotiations that may, for all sides, avert South Africa’s predicted descent holding a fraudulent referendum among only one-fifth of the population, has of the so-called Tricameral Parliament. In the same year, the United ordinary constitutional rights. Just four days after Botha’s declaration, the opportunities and sports and cultural events. This 1986 protest in Toronto Declaration is adopted by Frontline leaders including prime minister of the Union of South Africa. multi-racial vote (for wealthier Africans and Coloureds) At centre is the Congress’s first president, the Rev John Dube. (“Apartness”), an ideology expressed in new laws that carry racial campaigners are arrested, ANC membership swells by tens of thousands. equal education, are reflected in the delegates’ upraised posters. the chief proponent of the provincial power-bases guaranteed by the 1996 Constitution. Mass jubilation follows – expressed here by brandishing aloft the historic headline. into economic chaos and full-scale civil war. © Jürgen Schadeberg decided to proclaim a white Republic on May 31st, and the all-white Parliament is Democratic Front (UDF) is launched at Mitchell’s Plain, Cape Town Bishop of Johannesburg Desmond Tutu (soon to become Archbishop of underpins the Canadian government’s cancellation of export aid to (R to L) Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere, Zambian will eventually disappear. Meanwhile, the Union’s first oppression to still greater extremes. © Cory Library / Africa Media Online © Drum Social Histories / Baileys African History Archive / Africa Media Online © UWC-Robben Island Museum Mayibuye Archives / Eli Weinberg © UWC-Robben Island Museum Mayibuye Archives / Eli Weinberg presently discussing a Constitution.” The budding Apartheid Republic will reject © Drum Social Histories / Baileys African History Archive / Africa Media Online (with speaker Frances Baard here rallying the crowd). The UDF is a vast Cape Town) finds himself addressing a funeral in KwaThema township – South Africa, and its tightening of an arms embargo. Calls for the release President Kenneth Kaunda, and future Namibian President © Paul Grendon / South Photos / Africa Media Online © Graeme Williams / South Photos / Africa Media Online Government Gazette heralds a bold new era – but only © Jürgen Schadeberg the Conference’s demand for a democratic constitution. coalition of religious, community and labour organisations, and its one of the many funerals that follow police shootings “permitted” by the of political prisoners – epitomised in the cry “Free Nelson Mandela!” – Sam Nujoma (with Tambo on the far left). The Harare for the white minority. © Drum Social Histories / Baileys African History Archive / Africa Media Online successful call for a boycott largely derail the sham parliamentary reforms. State of Emergency. accompany calls for sanctions. Declaration’s commitments to peace and justice predict © Museum Africa © Paul Weinberg / South Photos / Africa Media Online © Gille de Vlieg / South Photos / Africa Media Online © Paul Weinberg / South Photos / Africa Media Online South Africa’s modern Constitution. © AP Photo THE ROAD TO DEMOCRATIC CONSTITUTIONALISM Indoor exhibition Documentary

1910–1990 RESISTING COLONIAL & APARTHEID CONSTITUTIONS

UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE CENTENARY 1916 - 2016 UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE CENTENARY 1916 - 2016 UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE CENTENARY 1916 - 2016 UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE CENTENARY 1916 - 2016

1916 -1948 1948 -1969 1900 -1915 A Crucible of The Indian Passive Resistance Campaign against 1950 1949-1951 1951 racial discrimination and the historic strike of 1913 Mangosuthu Buthelezi is expelled from Fort In 1949 the Rhodes University Private African Leadership 80 000 African miners make a deep impact on the Apartheid and Deﬁance Robert Mugabe is Roots of a Renaissance Hare for pouring water on the bed of Act makes Rhodes University College Natives Land Act is passed, making it 1935 Youth League. The League adopts new strategies W.M. Chirwa, who, despite advocating a student independent of the University of South awarded a Bachelor illegal for Africans to own or rent land that empower and mobilise ‘ordinary’ people on Professor D.D.T. Jabavu founds boycott of the Governor General’s visit to Africa (Unisa). Under the terms of the same of Arts degree outside designated reserves. The act the ground. They depart from the ANC’s earlier Fort Hare had always stood in contradiction to aspirations. The Bantu Education Act of 1953 inicted More than any other single educational institution, the mission-related emergence of an African middle the All African Convention campus, attended the meeting anyway. Despite Act, Fort Hare ailiates to Rhodes University set aside just seven percent of the With the formation of the Union of South Africa a new type of leadership: negotiators versed tactic of petitions cra ed by a few educated men. to protest the attack on the colonial taboos against the mingling of races. second-rate syllabi on black children, and the so- his expulsion, Buthelezi, in a letter to Principal in 1951. The relationship between the two the University of Fort Hare was to dene the political class that was forging its own intellectual and political country’s land for Africans. in 1910, the Cape, Natal, Transvaal and Orange in Western thought, yet opposed to Western African franchise. But aer the 1948 election victory of D.F. Malan’s called “Extension of University Education Act” of landscape of South and Southern Africa across the identity. These two movements, coexisting in a state Cliord Dent, refuses to regret his actions. universities is, however, confined mostly River colonies were melded into a single country. dominance. From 1916 onward, this leadership National Party (NP), the University’s non-racial 1959 enforced the segregation of universities. Fort to cooperation in maintaining academic 20th Century, and to carry in embryo the post- of dynamic tension, provided the momentum that 1914-1918 Similarly, across Sub-Saharan Africa, large- would be supplied by the University College of ideals faced extreme challenges. The NP began to Hare’s students and sta responded to it all with standards. colonial rebirth of the region. The University’s roots would in 1916 see the South African Native College 1944 scale national borders had been imposed over Fort Hare, through alumni ranging from ANC legislate into action its ideology of racial “apartness” courage and creativity – best exemplied, perhaps, lay in two historic movements, both independent of (later renamed the University of Fort Hare) open its World War I sees the mechanised slaughter of patchworks of colonial and indigenous African President O.R. Tambo to Sir Seretse Khama, the The ANC Youth League – apartheid. Apartheid involved not only the by Professor Z.K. Matthews’ mooting of the Freedom direct government control: Scottish missionary work, doors to all races. millions. South Africa participates under the British is formed and Anton banner, but many Afrikaners – still aected by the territory. Africa’s edgling nation states, their First President of Botswana, and Zimbabwe’s geographical separation imposed by the Group Charter, a proto-constitution that collected the real with its emphasis on education and industry; and Lembede is elected its South African War – support Germany. people still under the colonial yoke, would require President Robert Mugabe. The Representation of Natives first President. Areas Act, but also the separation of young people’s wishes of beleaguered communities. Act removes Africans from Mandela, who Cape voters’ roll. completed his Kaiser Matanzima Z.K. Matthews is appointed degree externally, is awarded a lecturer in anthropology and is awarded a degree of Bachelor Bantu Law and Administration. Bachelor of The Industrial of Arts in Politics 1949 Arts in Native 1903 -1905 and Commercial and Roman Law. Sobukwe is elected Students’ Representative Administration Following the decision of the Prime Minister General Workers’ Union Council (SRC) president. Louis Botha o icially and Politics. Native Aairs Commission to is formed. support an African college, opens the South African Sobukwe’s speech at the Completer’s Social on the Inter-State Native Native College with behalf of graduating students urges Fort Hareans College Scheme quickly and Alexander Kerr as its first to build a new Africa. principal. Kerr and Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi powerfully overshadows the and Robert Sobukwe meet on a D.D.T. Jabavu are pavement in the Johannesburg more radical Queen Victoria A view of Christian Union city centre, 14 July 1973. Hall, University College of “Only we can build it,” he says. Fort Hare’s first lecturers. © BENJAMIN POGRUND / HISTORICAL PAPERS RESEARCH ARCHIVE / UNIVERSITY OF THE Memorial programme. Fort Hare, circa 1930. WITWATERSRAND / JOHANNESBURG

© W.E.B. DU BOIS PAPERS / SPECIAL COLLECTIONS AND UNIVERSITY ARCHIVES / UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST LIBRARIES The Youth League’s Programme of Action laid the platform for the Defiance Campaign against ‘unjust laws’. Here, a group of defiers fly the ANC flag, During World War I, King George visited the British Armed Forces’ South African Native Corps in the war zone Dr. Monty Naicker of the Natal Indian Congress addresses a protest meeting at the beginning of the Passive Resistance Campaign, 13 June 1946. D.F. Malan (front row, centre) with members of his Cabinet, 1948. Z.K. Matthews. The inaugural Inter-State Native College Committee, including John Tengo Jabavu (fifth from left) Kaiser Matanzima. Young Nelson Mandela, circa 1937. © UWC-ROBBEN ISLAND MUSEUM MAYIBUYE ARCHIVES A student studies at the remains of the old Fort Hare, undated. in France. © IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM D.D.T. Jabavu © UWC-ROBBEN ISLAND MUSEUM MAYIBUYE ARCHIVES © UNISA Germiston, 1952. © UWC-ROBBEN ISLAND MUSEUM MAYIBUYE ARCHIVES / ELI WEINBERG Delegates to the first Inter-State Native College Convention, Lovedale College, December 1905. © CORY LIBRARY / RHODES UNIVERSITY / AFRICA MEDIA ONLINE © UWC-ROBBEN ISLAND MUSEUM MAYIBUYE ARCHIVES / ELI WEINBERG © UWC-ROBBEN ISLAND MUSEUM MAYIBUYE ARCHIVES © HISTORICAL PAPERS RESEARCH ARCHIVE / UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND / JOHANNESBURG © CORY LIBRARY / RHODES UNIVERSITY / AFRICA MEDIA ONLINE and John Knox Bokwe (kneeling), Lovedale College, 1905. © CORY LIBRARY / RHODES UNIVERSITY / AFRICA MEDIA ONLINE 1900 1901 1903 1905 1906 1908 1912 1914 1915 1916 1919 1923 1927 1933 1935 1936 1937 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1948 1949 1950 1951 1951 1952

Advocates of the Inter-State Native College Scheme, 1st row: Rev. James Henderson, J.W. Sauer, J.T. Jabavu, A. Cowan; 2nd: Rev. John Lennox, Alexander Kerr. © CORY LIBRARY / RHODES UNIVERSITY / AFRICA MEDIA ONLINE O.R. Tambo on the day of his graduation, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Anton Lembede, founding president of the ANC Youth League, with A.P. Mda, who The Group Areas Act relied on the pass laws, which required that non-whites carry a pass. Here, a Fort Hare students discuss an amusing point with their lecturer Z.K. Matthews. © HISTORICAL PAPERS RESEARCH ARCHIVE / UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND / JOHANNESBURG Fort Hare students (from left) O.R. Tambo, Congress Mbata and Lancelot Gama, Fort Hare, 1940. O.R. Tambo (ﬁrst on the right, back row), with fellow students, University of Fort Hare, 1940. © DR LANCELOT GAMA, COURTESY OF LULI CALLINICOS Mass meeting called by the ANC to protest forced removals from Sophiatown, 1953. © UWC-ROBBEN ISLAND MUSEUM MAYIBUYE ARCHIVES / ELI WEINBERG © DR LANCELOT GAMA, COURTESY OF LULI CALLINICOS Sir Philipson Stow, K.A. Hobart Houghton; 3rd: Dr. Neil MacVicar, 1908. © DR LANCELOT GAMA, COURTESY LULI CALLINICOS Eastern Cape, 1942. would become its second president. © HOWARD PIM LIBRARY / JOE KHOZA woman is arrested for a pass violation, Johannesburg, 1950s. © UWC-ROBBEN ISLAND MUSEUM MAYIBUYE ARCHIVES / ELI WEINBERG

© CORY LIBRARY / RHODES UNIVERSITY / AFRICA MEDIA ONLINE South Africa is in the throes of Planning Edward Roux arrives 1939 -1945 1941 The National Party comes Z.K. Matthews is elected The constituent colleges of Unisa Fort Hare students, led by ANC Youth League the South African War 1916-1923 at Fort Hare with his to power with its apartheid are granted autonomy and under leader Frank Mdlalose participate in the begins in King The Second World War Nelson Mandela leaves Fort Hare on Vice-Chairman of (the Second Anglo-Boer War). donkey and pitches a platform. the Rhodes University Private nationwide Defiance Campaign by ignoring Imperial Britain will receive the William’s Town As the South African Native tent on Sandile’s Kop. provides the spark for many principle a er a disagreement with Senate, Fort Hare. Act of 1949, Fort Hare ailiates to curfew laws and segregated benches in Alice. oicial Boer surrender in 1902, for developing a College, Fort Hare is engaged He subsequently o ers campus debates and has Principal Kerr over his involvement Rhodes and its name changes to Following arrests, Mdlalose leads a delegation Alexander Kerr retires and Cliord Dent of the but the consequences of the in secondary school work, political education a tremendous eect on in a boycott against the quality Among others, Joseph Matthews and the University College of Fort Hare. to the magistrate’s court, singing freedom tertiary education Chemistry Department becomes Fort Hare’s War will include, ultimately, preparing students for the to the students, politicising the student body. of the food. Mandela was serving Mangosuthu Buthelezi participate in a songs. The group is attacked by police who had second principal. the fierce rise of Afrikaner institution matriculation exams. influencing such people on the Students’ Representative boycott of the visit of Governor General been called in from King William’s Town. D.F. Malan’s government starts Nationalism and apartheid. This for Africans. as Govan Mbeki. Council at the time. Van Zyl and his wife to campus, charging Afrikaner resurgence will weigh A.P. Mda and Godfrey Pitje establish a branch of that the Governor General is “a living to plan for “tribal homelands” in against a no less determined the ANC Youth League at Fort Hare, according embodiment of British Imperialism.” (“Bantustans” to their critics), The Fort Hare student body African Nationalism, whose to one version of events. It is prohibited by the with a view to creating compliant votes to disaffiliate from the An early view of Fort Hare. university authorities, but gains prominence black satellite states around an leadership includes many © CORY LIBRARY / RHODES UNIVERSITY / AFRICA MEDIA ONLINE nevertheless as the Victoria East Branch of the exclusively white South Africa. white-dominated National alumni of Fort Hare. Following the South African Congress Youth League. Union of South African War, British rulers in Natal In 1914, a South African Native National Congress (SANNC, later the ANC) delegation consisting of (left to right) H. Isaiah Bud-Mbelle, a leader of Dr. W. Rubusana, T. Mapikela, Rev. J.L. Dube, Sol Plaatjie and S. Msane, visit Britain to protest the passing of the imposed steep taxes on Zulu 1913 Natives Land Act. Students (NUSAS). Kimberley’s Mfengu community, © DRUM SOCIAL HISTORIES / BAILEY’S AFRICAN HISTORY ARCHIVE / AFRICA MEDIA ONLINE Mangosuthu Buthelezi begins his studies at Fort households. In response to Z.K. Matthews (left) pictured with Edwin Ncwana on the occasion of their graduation, 1923. Hare and joins the ANC Youth League. proposes the Queen Victoria Memorial this a group of Zulu warriors © UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA Residents of the Anglican Hostel, fundraising campaign to establish a led by Bambatha kaMancinza Beda Hall, protest against the Building of the South African Robert Sobukwe speaks at the Completer’s Social rebel against British rule. The university rule of prohibiting sporting South Africa’s Parliament passes the Group Areas university for Africans. 1923 on behalf of continuing students, providing the Bambatha Rebellion – Native College, on land donated activities on Sundays. The Beda Hall Act, which splits cities and towns into racially first glimpse of his political acumen. Young Robert Mugabe, date unknown. The South African Native College is Tennis Court Dispute, as it came to be segregated areas, and breaks apart historic mixed-race © NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF ZIMBABWE In Alice, Lovedale College celebrates its 60th anniversary. Opened as it became known – is 1912 by Lovedale College, is almost The University College of Fort renamed The University College of known, resulted in the expulsion of neighbourhoods. “Non-whites” living in “the wrong by Scottish missionaries in 1841, with eleven black and nine white brutally crushed. South African Native National completed. The first Principal of the Hare, whose students are Fort Hare, and incorporated as 1927 future ANC President, O.R. Tambo. area” are subjected to forced removals. pupils, Lovedale in 1901 remains a non-racial school renowned for Congress formed, with Rev. J.L. new College, Alexander Kerr, arrives a declared institution for higher registered as external students its educational excellence. Many of its pupils will go on to attend the Gertrude Nontwana O.R. Tambo is awarded a Bachelor Dube as its first president. from Scotland at the end of 1915. education under the Higher Education of Unisa, gains the right to draft South African Native College (later renamed the University of Fort Act 30 of 1923. Fort Hare’s students are Ntlabathi becomes the first of Science degree. Hare) just across the Tyume River. its own syllabi. registered as external students of the woman to obtain a BA from

University of South Africa (Unisa), and Gertrude Nontwana Ntlabathi, 1928. © HOWARD PIM AFRICANA LIBRARY / AFRICA MEDIA ONLINE write Unisa examinations. the University of Fort Hare. UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE CENTENARY HERITAGE TRAIL

Freedom Square Freedom Square is the University’s original quadrangle, bordered by the historic Stewart, Livingstone and Henderson halls. The memoirist Dr Jongikhaya Klaas recalls how, as a young man from the rural areas spellbound by university life, he “would sit at Freedom Square wondering whether [he] was in a real world or dreaming”. The Square’s name was coined by students even before the repressive 1960s and it has witnessed many poignant protests. Visit the historic square and its landmark sundial, which served as a podium for protest leaders.

FORT HARE ALICE CAMPUS British Graves ELUKHANYISWENI SPORTS GROUNDS Beda Hall At first a simple bungalow, Beda Hall opened as a men’s residence in 1920 to house Fort Hare’s Sports Grounds Anglican and other students. It was named after Saint Bede, the seventh-century STUDENT CENTRE English monk and scholar. Beda Hall’s present structure, with its iconic arches, was Fort Hare’s greatest influence on national sport was through alumni who led completed in 1935. It had a refreshingly multi-racial student body in the pre-apartheid international boycotts of apartheid-state teams. But Fort Hare also has a robust days and its residents were affectionately nicknamed “Philistines” by their fellow sporting history beyond politics. Its earliest pitches were laid out by enthusiastic students. This expansive building also housed many residents who would later students around 1920. The formal sports grounds date back to 1945, when an area ANTON LEMBEDE HOUSE become famous, including ZK Matthews, Oliver Tambo and Robert Mugabe. of farmland was donated by the agriculture lecturer. The rugby, soccer and cricket teams enjoyed fervent staff and student support, but sport at Fort Hare was male- STEWART HALL LIBRARY dominated. Since the advent of democracy, the University has produced some Hogsbury Rd LIVINGSTONE HALL The Christian Union Hall excellent sportswomen and facilitated local sports development. FREEDOM SQUARE SOBUKWE WALK HENDERSON HALL Parking TAMBO WALK CHRISTIAN UNION HALL BEDA HALL

OLD FORT IONA HOUSE

CENTENARY EXHIBITION DE BEERS GALLERY FIRST DINING HALL The University of Fort Hare opened its doors in the town of Alice in 1916 – NAHECS Hogsbury Rd 60 years after the town’s founding, 76 years after neighbouring Lovedale R345 College came into existence, and 80 years after East London was established. It was the first higher education institution in the country for black South Africans, but it was open to all races and genders. Together, ENTRANCE Wesley House Fort Hare and Lovedale earned the Eastern Cape its reputation as “the FORT HARE FARMS Nelson Mandela had many memories of Wesley House, which was his home during cradle of intellectual freedom” in South Africa. WESLEY HOUSE his time at Fort Hare. He remembered the political debates and huddling around an Experience 100 momentous years of history. Visit our Centenary old radio listening to Winston Churchill’s speeches during the Second World War. The original Wesley House opened in 1921 as a residence mainly for Methodist students. Exhibition in the De Beers Gallery on the Alice campus and follow our And although its current structure is not the “pleasant two-storey building” which Heritage Trail through Fort Hare’s campuses in East London, Bhisho and Fort Hare’s Farms Anton Lembede House Mandela described in Long Walk to Freedom, it still carries the spirit of the generation the town of Alice. Explore sites of significance in a landscape that has Agriculture today faces the explosive question: how are displaced communities to The headquarters of Fort Hare’s ANC of Mandela and its other famous residents, including Robert Sobukwe. borne witness to some of the most dramatic chapters of our past. Discover regain and sustain their share in the land’s prosperity? Fort Hare has begun to unearth Youth League (ANCYL) is named after a story of intellectual advancement, ideological uprising, struggles for real-life solutions to this problem through its agricultural programmes. These include Anton Lembede, the League’s founding freedom and the making of great minds – and still greater leaders. Honeydale Farm, the Amadlelo Fort Hare Dairy Trust and the Nguni Cattle Project, president and one of its leading thinkers. which has encouraged the reintroduction of indigenous, ultra-hardy Nguni beef In 1944, together with comrades Walter cattle into struggling farming communities. This site allows visitors to witness these Sisulu, Oliver Tambo, Nelson Mandela and FORT HARE ALICE CAMPUS programmes first-hand. others, Lembede rejected the cautiousness of the ANC’s elders and initiated a radical The Christian Union Hall programme of strikes and demonstrations The NAHECS Centre that would set the ANC and South Africa on The Christian Union Hall, with its distinctive tower, became Fort Hare’s most iconic The National Heritage and Cultural a new path. After a long period of decline, building after it was completed in 1930. It was non-denominational and served the Studies Centre (NAHECS) houses the the ANCYL was relaunched in 1991. Today campus as both a formal assembly hall and a common room, hosting Christianity- archives of the ANC, the Pan Africanist it contributes to a robust world of student infused assemblies every morning and a formal Sunday evening church service. Its Congress, the Black Consciousness politics at Fort Hare from these headquarters. common room was a meeting place for students – here they drank coffee, smoked, cut Movement and other richly their teeth in political debate and organised upheavals against missionary discipline. documented liberation organisations. Today, the Christian Union Hall houses Fort Hare’s Department of Theology. With the arrival of democracy, these organisations agreed to host their The First Dining Hall archives at Fort Hare. A specialised The Oliver Tambo Walk The De Beers Centenary Art Gallery building was constructed, and so The Oliver Tambo Walk runs along the upper section of Fort Hare’s historic Freedom The foundation stone for Fort Hare’s NAHECS was born. The Centre’s Prof Sibusiso Bengu, Fort Hare’s first black vice-chancellor, called Fort Hare’s Square. It commemorates the walk made by Tambo in 1991 as the University’s first black first dining hall was laid in 1925. history dates back to Fort Hare’s exceptional art collection “a reflection of what is most authentically human”. The chancellor. “He walked up, leading the graduation ceremony procession… You could see Today this building houses the Xhosa Literature Centre, an archival collection, which was declared a National Cultural Treasure in 1998, was started in how the stroke he had suffered while in exile… had ravaged his body and how he had Department of Human Movement institution hampered by the “Xhosa 1964. It features works by over 170 outstanding black artists, including Gerard Sekoto, overcome this through sheer willpower,” recalled an onlooker. Tambo himself graduated Science, but then, students of diverse only” dictates of the 1980s. Today, George Pemba and Gladys Mgudlandlu. Mining corporation De Beers donated funds from Fort Hare in 1941 and went on to become the ANC’s president-in-exile, walking many nationalities from across Africa would NAHECS is a vibrant academic unit for the construction of a dedicated building to house the collection in 1988, and the De momentous paths in a life spanning more than seven decades. share meals together in this historic and provides mentorship to Africa’s Beers Centenary Gallery opened in 1989 amid the teargas and unrest of that period. building. The food served here was a future archivists and historians. constant source of student discontent – not surprisingly, the Hall’s watery porridge and boiled sausages weren’t Iona House popular with students. But the Hall did not only serve as a venue for Iona House became the third male residence at Fort Hare when it opened in 1923. meals – in 1959, it hosted the final, Its original 1920s structure remains intact, even though the building had to undergo defiant assembly before the seizure of dramatic repairs after a fire in 2006. Iona House was a Presbyterian residence in its Fort Hare by the apartheid state. earlier days and the students who lived here were nicknamed “Porcupines”. In those days, Iona usually housed international students and South African students from beyond the Eastern Cape. Famous residents have included Njoroge Mungai of Kenya, The Robert Orton Chirwa of Malawi and South Africa’s Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi. Sobukwe Walk The Robert Sobukwe Walk, running The Old Fort between the upper and lower sections of Freedom Square, honours one Fort Hare was established as a British of Fort Hare’s most history-defining military fort on Xhosa land in 1846 – a move alumni. Noted for his astounding which contributed to the outbreak of the intellect and oratory power, Robert The Library War of the Axe, or the Seventh Frontier War. Livingstone Hall Sobukwe became SRC president in Stewart Hall This single, reconstructed guardhouse is 1949. He was also a leader in Fort The current university library was opened in 1970 and was designed to bear one of the few remnants of the much larger Built in the mid-1930s, Livingstone Hall was designed to complement Stewart Hare’s fledgling ANC Youth League “As we continued with our studies in our meagre, ill-equipped classrooms, we the weight of towering stacks of textbooks. But Fort Hare students had helped fort which eventually gave the University Hall next door. It was named after David Livingstone, the Scottish explorer, doctor branch, although he later broke away watched [Stewart Hall] go up…” recalled Prof ZK Matthews. Stewart Hall opened in to articulate the philosophies of intellectual and political movements like Black its name. The Old Fort symbolises not only and missionary. Two engraved stones set in Livingstone Hall’s main entrance from the ANC to form the Pan Africanist Congress. Sobukwe did not live to see 1919 and was named after Scottish missionary and physician Rev Dr James Stewart, Consciousness and Liberation Theology, and they hungered for far more than British colonial conquest, but also bold commemorate its dedication in 1936 and opening in 1937. The dedication reads “To democracy in South Africa, but the Lovedale’s second principal. It would house Fort Hare’s library and central lecture textbooks. Even when apartheid regulations barred access to “subversive” Xhosa resistance to it – and the African the study of science”, a promise which Livingstone Hall has honoured. Today, it houses Sobukwe Walk preserves his name and rooms for decades. Here, Prof Matthews studied to become the University’s first contemporary literature, the older classics inflamed students against tyranny. Today intellectual advancement that would follow the departments of mathematics, geology, physics and other scientific disciplines. legacy, and contributes to the timely graduate, and later served as its most senior academic. It was – and still is – home to the library has shed the apartheid legacy and holds an impressive catalogue of books on this site where the University of Fort Livingstone Hall has witnessed the tides of history at Fort Hare – and some of these resurgence of interest in his life. the Faculty of Social Science and Humanities. and several remarkable personal collections. Hare was later built. moments are recorded in additional engraved stones at the entrance to the Hall. For picture credits and supplementary information please go to: www.ufh100yrs.co.za UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE | CENTENARY HERITAGE TRAIL Sandile’s Kop UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE | CENTENARY HERITAGE TRAIL Beda Hall

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JK BOKWE’S GRAVE

British Graves ZK MATTHEWS’ HOUSE ELUKHANYISWENI SPORTS GROUND Landmark for an iron-willed chief: ALICE CAMPUS STEWART MEMORIAL AND GRAVES

British Graves ELUKHANYISWENI Y R SPORTS GROUND SANDILE’S KOP

LIVINGSTONE HALL ry Rd STUDENT CENTRE LIBRA STUDENT CENTRE sbu STEWART HALL Hog FREEDOM SQUARE ANTON LEMBEDE HOUSE SOBUKWE WALK CHRISTIAN UNION HALL TAMBO WALK HENDERSON HALL BEDA HALL LOVEDALE PRESS CENTENARY EXHIBITION IONA HOUSE DE BEERS GALLERY OLD FORT VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL NAHECS ANTON LEMBEDE HOUSE NKONKOBE GARDEN OF REMEMBRANCE Entrance WESLEY HOUSE Sandile’s Kop R3 STEWART HALL 45 LIBRARY Hogsbury Rd A tradition of comradeship: R 3 LIVINGSTONE HALL 45 FREEDOM SQUARE ALICE STATION FORT HARE FARMS SOBUKWE WALK HENDERSON HALL Parking This hill, with its commanding views of the Mbeki, who later became a leading communist UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE - ALICE CAMPUS TAMBO WALK CHRISTIAN UNION HALL BEDA HALL Tyume Valley and Amathole Mountains, takes its intellectual in the ANC. Sandile’s Kop also name from Chief Mgolombane Sandile Ngqika. witnessed the “bush meetings” of the 1950s, OLD FORT IONA HOUSE On these slopes, in 1846, Sandile, Maqoma where Fort Hare student cells would organise This colonial depiction by painter Henry Martens, fi rst published in 1852, documents CENTENARY EXHIBITION the talks between Chief Sandile and Lieutenant Governor Colonel Hare at Block Drift on DE BEERS GALLERY FIRST DINING HALL and other resistance leaders held peace talks their responses to both national and university Hogsbury Rd 30 January 1846, “before the commencement of hostilities” (according to the original Beda Hall NAHECS with British military representatives. The chiefs issues under a certain cypress tree. inscription). Though based on a sketch by Captain Carey of the Cape Mounted Rifl es, R345 were told to surrender their guns and submit one of the regiments present at the scene, the colonial audacity of the British demand themselves – and their lands as far as the The Kop has several gravesites, including those for submission and the understandable defi ance of the Xhosa response are perhaps not R345 evident in this “eye-witness account”. Nor is the bloody bitterness of the confl ict that Entrance Kei River – to the Queen of England. “These of James Stewart and James Henderson, the would follow in the Seventh Frontier War (1846–1847). conditions,” recorded one colonial historian, Scottish missionary-educators who helped found © HUGH SOLOMON PICTORIAL AFRICANA COLLECTION WESLEY HOUSE “they rejected without hesitation.” Sandile kept the University of Fort Hare. Sandile himself, “At Beda Hall lived Africans, Coloureds and Indians, in close Oliver Tambo, who was later the ANC’s president-in-exile, lived fighting, on and o , for over 30 years. however, does not lie here: he found no peaceful comradeship… The Beda Hall Tradition became to a large here from 1939. Besides being a talented scholar and notable UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE - ALICE CAMPUS rest. A bullet pierced his abdomen during a Sandile’s Kop has since hosted other moments skirmish in the Isidenge Forest in 1878. He died a extent the tradition of Fort Hare itself.” These were the words student leader, Tambo sang in the Beda Hall Double-Quartet, of struggle. In 1933 a donkey-riding teacher few days later, and was buried by British troops which Prof ZK Matthews, Fort Hare’s first graduate and an eight-man choir whose spirituals were sometimes broadcast of communism, Edward Roux, pitched camp at Isidenge, 16km west of the Stutterheim village. The residents of Beda Hall, who were here and provided lectures to curious Fort Hare quintessential academic, used to describe the refreshingly by the radio station in Grahamstown. affectionately nicknamed “Philistines” by their students in his tent. His audience included Govan multi-racial character of Beda Hall. Matthews himself had been fellow students, pose for a photo in front of among its earliest residents. At first a simple bungalow, Beda Along with Wesley and Iona houses, Beda Hall has been joined Beda’s iconic arches in 1957. A youthful Andrew Masondo is in the third row from the back, fi rst Xhosa Chief Sandile as a young man, posing for Hall opened in 1920 to house Anglican and other male students. by a number of other men’s residences over the years. These on the left. Masondo completed his BSc at Fort a portrait by photographer T.C. Henderson in th King William’s Town, date unknown. Sandile’s It was named a er Saint Bede, the 7 Century English monk include Jabavu (named a er Fort Hare founder JT Jabavu); Hare this same year. In 1958, he became one of legs are crossed, apparently to minimise the the fi rst two black students ever to complete a contrast between his two limbs – the right one and scholar. Jolobe (a er the Xhosa literary legend Rev JJR Jolobe); Tiyo healthy and the left one withered, leaving the BSc (Honours) in Applied Mathematics at the chief with a distinct limp. When Sandile’s grave Soga (in honour of the formidable intellectual Rev Soga); Tyali was excavated in 2005 to confi rm the identity University of the Witwatersrand. By 1960, he was of the body buried there, the left lower leg of Beda Hall’s present structure was completed in 1935, with (a er the chief who donated the land on which Fort Hare is lecturing pure and applied mathematics at Fort the exhumed skeleton showed abnormalities. This confi rmed that it was likely the body of Hare. He would go on to join the ANC’s military assistance from the Anglican Church. Its second block was built); and Selwyn Taunyane (named a er a student who was Chief Sandile, buried 127 years earlier between wing, uMkhonto weSizwe (MK), and after the graves of two British soldiers. © CORY LIBRARY / RHODES UNIVERSITY / AFRICA MEDIA ONLINE finished in a similar style in 1948. It is an expansive building killed in the cross-fire during clashes between students and the 13 years of political imprisonment on Robben which would house many liberation struggle luminaries. Ciskei police on the Alice campus in 1992). Island, he was released and escaped into exile. He was appointed MK commissar twice, and served as a general in the South African National Defence Force after the advent of democracy.

This photograph depicts the famous stained glass window which the apartheid authorities removed from Beda Hall in the 1960s as part of their efforts to secularise the University. The window had been commissioned for Beda’s chapel by Bishop William Edmund Smyth, ﬁ rst warden of Beda Hall from 1920 to 1932. It is an adaptation of a 1902 painting by James Doyle Penrose, showing St Bede dictating his commentary on St John’s Gospel to a disciple. It features Bishop Smyth (left) as St Bede, and his disciple was modelled by a somewhat embarrassed Prof ZK Matthews (right). The fate of the window after its removal is unknown.

ZK Matthews’ House DECLARED A NATIONAL HERITAGE SITE 2016 UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE | CENTENARY HERITAGE TRAIL

The Matthews family poses for a photograph in the garden of their Alice home, 1959. A young Naledi Pandor, who is the granddaughter of ZK Matthews and has served South Africa in various ministerial capacities, stands to the left in a grey jersey. Her sister Keitumetsi poses to her right, and Frieda Bokwe Matthews is seated next to her. Behind her, from left to right, are ZK’s son, struggle icon Joe Matthews; Joe’s wife Fikile Matthews; ZK himself; and Frieda’s nephew, Mr Radebe. Cousins Zoli and Sipho tumble on the ground and their sister Nobusi rests her arm on Frieda’s lap. This photograph was taken soon after the apartheid state’s decision to take control of Fort Hare, and Prof Matthews had recently resigned his post at the College in protest. “A man made of less stern stuff would have stayed on. But not Matthews,” observes the article accompanying this photo in Drum Magazine, December 1959. Home of a modest icon: © BAILEY’S AFRICAN HISTORY ARCHIVE / AFRICA MEDIA ONLINE ZK Matthews’ House

“It was a privilege for those of us who walked across the Matthews’ BA, which he earned through Fort Hare in 1924, LOVEDALE COLLEGE Tyume River to consult him about how we might conduct made him South Africa’s first home-grown black graduate.

VICTORIA HOSPITAL ourselves in a very small skirmish against an enemy that He served Fort Hare as an academic, and eventually as acting considered itself to be right and invincible. A million of principal, from 1936 through to 1959. He was also a guiding JK BOKWE’S GRAVE these little skirmishes, waged across the globe, won us the figure in the ANC, and he conceived the Freedom Charter, the democratic victory built on the refusal of ZK Matthews many grassroots manifesto that underpins South Africa’s democratic ZK MATTHEWS’ HOUSE decades earlier to submit to mental enslavement.” This is how constitution. ALICE CAMPUS STEWART MEMORIAL AND GRAVES then-President Thabo Mbeki described Matthews’ influence British Graves ELUKHANYISWENI SPORTS GROUND SANDILE’S KOP LIVINGSTONE HALL Rd LIBRARY ury STUDENT CENTRE gsb on generations of anti-apartheid activists. He was speaking While the annual ZK Matthews Memorial Lecture STEWART HALL Ho FREEDOM SQUARE ANTON LEMBEDE HOUSE SOBUKWE WALK CHRISTIAN UNION HALL at Fort Hare’s inaugural ZK Matthews Memorial Lecture in commemorates Matthews’ intellect, his house reveals his TAMBO WALK HENDERSON HALL BEDA HALL LOVEDALE PRESS CENTENARY EXHIBITION IONA HOUSE 2001. Mbeki had been awed to find himself in covert ANC modest family life. Frieda Bokwe Matthews, daughter of Fort DE BEERS GALLERY OLD FORT VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL NAHECS NKONKOBE GARDEN Youth League meetings with the famous Professor Zachariah Hare co-founder John Knox Bokwe, was another of Fort Hare’s OF REMEMBRANCE Entrance WESLEY HOUSE R345 Keodirelang Matthews during his schooldays at neighbouring earliest graduates. She and ZK married in 1928. The couple R345 Lovedale. had five children and a lifelong meeting of erudite minds in

ALICE STATION FORT HARE FARMS this historic Alice home.

UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE - ALICE TOWN

Lovedale Press UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE | CENTENARY HERITAGE TRAIL

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JK BOKWE’S GRAVE

ZK MATTHEWS’ HOUSE Publishing pioneers: ALICE CAMPUS STEWART MEMORIAL AND GRAVES

British Graves ELUKHANYISWENI SPORTS GROUND SANDILE’S KOP LIVINGSTONE HALL LIBRARY STUDENT CENTRE STEWART HALL Hogsbury Rd FREEDOM SQUARE ANTON LEMBEDE HOUSE SOBUKWE WALK CHRISTIAN UNION HALL TAMBO WALK HENDERSON HALL BEDA HALL LOVEDALE PRESS CENTENARY EXHIBITION IONA HOUSE DE BEERS GALLERY OLD FORT VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL NAHECS NKONKOBE GARDEN OF REMEMBRANCE Entrance The Lovedale Press WESLEY HOUSE R345

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ALICE STATION FORT HARE FARMS

UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE - ALICE TOWN “The earliest record of anything written by any and in this era published novels by ANC-aligned Bantu-speaking African in his own language in writers like Sol Plaatje and Prof Jordan himself, even Southern Africa was made at the small printing press though the established market for African novelists at Old Lovedale,” wrote Dr AC Jordan, one of Fort was then small. The Press also became an industrial Hare’s most eminent literary alumni. The Lovedale powerhouse; by 1953 it was able to print over half- Press dates back to 1823, when the founders of a-million textbooks a year. However, the apartheid the Lovedale Missionary Institution brought in “a policy of the day now excluded black printing small Ruthven printing press with a supply of type, apprentices from state qualifications and training paper and ink” by wagon. The earliest publications subsidies, and the Press’s capacity began to decline. were religious tracts and community periodicals. By the 1860s, these were giving voice to contributors In recent decades, fluctuations in textbook orders like Rev Tiyo Soga, the pioneering intellectual who have forced the Lovedale Press to downsize further. translated The Pilgrim’s Progress into its vastly Remarkably, however, the Press has survived as influential Xhosa version. an employee-owned company – bought with the Early interior view of the printing savings of its dedicated workers – and it still houses press at Lovedale, circa 1890. The origins of the Press lay in The Lovedale Press grew into an institution. In 1936 the beautifully unwieldy machines of an era before missionary ideas of the value it held the first African writers’ conference in history, digital printing. of literature in the Christian upliftment of the African soul. But in practice, it became a voice for a much more complex array of ideologies, including the vanguard of African liberation thought in South Africa. In addition to Soga, Plaatje and Jordan, the Press published works by many other signiﬁ cant black writers and thinkers including HIE Dhlomo, DDT Jabavu, JJR Jolobe, Victoria Swaartbooi, SEK Mqhayi, HM Ndawo, AZ Ngani and GB Sinxo.

Heritage trail outdoor panels UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE | CENTENARY HERITAGE TRAIL Stewart Memorial UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE | CENTENARY HERITAGE TRAIL Sobukwe Walk

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British Graves ELUKHANYISWENI SPORTS GROUND VICTORIA HOSPITAL

STUDENT CENTRE

JK BOKWE’S GRAVE

ANTON LEMBEDE HOUSE Surveying souls: ZK MATTHEWS’ HOUSE A parallel path to liberation: STEWART HALL LIBRARY Hogsbury Rd ALICE CAMPUS LIVINGSTONE HALL STEWART MEMORIAL AND GRAVES FREEDOM SQUARE British Graves ELUKHANYISWENI RY SPORTS GROUND SANDILE’S KOP SOBUKWE WALK HENDERSON HALL RA LIVINGSTONE HALL P LIB STUDENT CENTRE arking CHRISTIAN UNION HALL Hogsbury Rd TAMBO WALK STEWART HALL BEDA HALL FREEDOM SQUARE ANTON LEMBEDE HOUSE SOBUKWE WALK CHRISTIAN UNION HALL TAMBO WALK HENDERSON HALL BEDA HALL OLD FORT IONA HOUSE LOVEDALE PRESS IONA HOUSE d CENTENARY EXHIBITION R DE BEERS GALLERY OLD FORT The Robert Sobukwe Walk CENTENARY EXHIBITION FIRST DINING HALL The Stewart Memorial VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL NAHECS DE BEERS GALLERY NKONKOBE GARDEN Hogsbury OF REMEMBRANCE Entrance NAHECS WESLEY HOUSE R345 R345

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ALICE STATION FORT HARE FARMS The Robert Sobukwe Walk runs between the upper and lower sections the geography of these walks on the Alice campus. Tambo embraced a WESLEY HOUSE and Graves UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE - ALICE CAMPUS of Freedom Square, parallel to the Oliver Tambo Walk at the top of the global, non-racial approach to the ANC’s struggle (as did his fellow Fort UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE - ALICE CAMPUS Square. Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe, like Tambo, stands among Fort Hareans Govan Mbeki and Nelson Mandela). Sobukwe, still favouring Hare’s most history-defining alumni. Noted for his piercing intellect a more hardline Africanism, became leader of the breakaway Pan and his astounding oratory power, Sobukwe became SRC president in Africanist Congress, which steered its own determined course. The Stewart Memorial Tower was erected in The University of Fort Hare remembers Rev Dr James But Stewart was di erent: “To him men’s souls were honour of Rev Dr James Stewart. This photo from 1949. He was also a leader in Fort Hare’s branch of the fledgling ANC Stewart as one of its founding proponents. However, gems of worth untold.” The 24-metre high Stewart Sir George Cory’s Glass Lantern Slide Collection Youth League. The League was forging an Africanism that rejected any Tragically Sobukwe, like Tambo, did not live to vote for his party in at the time of his death in 1905, Stewart was best Memorial Tower, mounted on top of Sandile’s Kop, shows the Memorial during its construction, circa patronage from “Europeans” (a term used to describe white South South Africa’s first democratic elections. He died from lung cancer 1910. Work on the structure started in June 1909 known as principal of the Lovedale Missionary is reminiscent not of a colonial fortification but of a and the Memorial was unveiled on 1 April 1910. Africans at the time), whether liberal or communist, and Sobukwe was in 1978, while under house arrest. His walk at Fort Hare not only Institution, which had become a world-famous lighthouse; a symbol for evangelical rescue. © CORY LIBRARY / RHODES UNIVERSITY / RHODES DIGITAL COMMONS this philosophy’s most eloquent student proponent. preserves his name, but contributes to the timely resurgence of centre of education and rural industry under his academic and popular interest in his life. The seeds of Fort Hare’s creation were contained A decade later, however, Sobukwe and Tambo took separate – though Portrait of Mina Stewart, wife of Studio portrait of Rev Dr James Stewart leadership. Stewart was also a force in Cape colonial Stewart’s wife Mina (née Stephen) was later buried in the death of Rev Dr James Stewart and the Rev Dr James Stewart. Mina’s life was less in academic robes. This photograph parallel – paths towards liberation; paths mirrored coincidentally in politics. He was fluent in Xhosa and fervent in arguing beside him. The daughter of a Scottish shipbuilder, events surrounding it. On 28 December 1905, well-documented than that of her husband. was taken by John Horsburgh & Son, that British “Native Policy” should be “gentle, true she was a dauntless missionary in her own right. At a week after his death and three days after his The two married in November 1866 and Edinburgh, Scotland, probably around funeral, a delegation of 132 members held a left Scotland for Lovedale not long after, 1893. and just”. He was considered progressive in his time Fort Hare’s 1916 opening, she expressed her wish memorial service at Stewart’s grave, as pictured arriving on 2 January 1867. Mrs Stewart was © NATIONAL LIBRARY OF SOUTH AFRICA (CAPE TOWN) and o en served on well-intentioned government that “this College may never become a secular here. They had gathered in Alice for the ‘Lovedale once described as “the grand chatelaine of commissions. College” – a hope ultimately dashed by the apartheid Native Convention’, to discuss the establishment Lovedale”, playing hostess to famous and of an Inter-State Native College which would familial visitors from home and abroad. She state takeover of the institution in 1960. provide higher education to black South Africans. was also responsible for teaching JK Bokwe In his poem At Stewart’s Grave, Lovedale-educated That college would become Fort Hare. Though this to play the piano in her Lovedale home. As the poet Francis Carey Slater contrasts Stewart with convention took place after Stewart’s death, it had daughter of Alexander Stephen, the wealthy been long in the making and he had a close hand Glasgow shipbuilder, Mina’s family wealth mining magnates like Cecil John Rhodes. Like in it. He had reportedly made arrangements for and social standing gave the Stewarts access Rhodes’ grave in the granite hills of Matobo, “the comfort of the delegates” from his death-bed. to a class of moneyed Scottish industrialists Zimbabwe, Stewart’s grave follows imperial tradition: © CORY LIBRARY / RHODES UNIVERSITY / AFRICA MEDIA ONLINE who made considerable contributions to the development of Lovedale. cut into rock, it surveys a “conquered” landscape. © WELLS, J. STEWART OF LOVEDALE: THE LIFE OF JAMES STEWART. HODDER AND STOUGHTON: LONDON, 1908 Rhodes and those like him “With force or with ignoble stealth… prey upon [Africa’s] hidden wealth,” wrote Slater.

Robert Sobukwe (the tall fi gure in the foreground) leads his Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) comrades in an anti- pass march on 21 March 1960. The apartheid pass laws controlled the movement of black South Africans by requiring that they carry passes at all times. In protest, the PAC had called on its supporters to leave their passes at home on this pre-arranged date and gather at police stations around the country, offering themselves for arrest. Here, Sobukwe and other PAC members are en route to Orlando Police Station in Soweto. On this same day, in Sharpeville, south of Soweto, police would open fi re on unarmed protestors, many of them fl eeing. Sixty-nine people were killed and 180 were wounded in what became known as the Sharpeville Massacre.

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VICTORIA HOSPITAL UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE | CENTENARY HERITAGE TRAIL Fort Hare’s Farms UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE | CENTENARY HERITAGE TRAIL De Beers Centenary Art Gallery JK BOKWE’S GRAVE

ZK MATTHEWS’ HOUSE British Graves ELUKHANYISWENI SPORTS GROUND

ALICE CAMPUS STEWART MEMORIAL AND GRAVES STUDENT CENTRE

British Graves ELUKHANYISWENI SPORTS GROUND SANDILE’S KOP LIVINGSTONE HALL LIBRARY STUDENT CENTRE ANTON LEMBEDE HOUSE STEWART HALL Hogsbury Rd Rd STEWART HALL FREEDOM SQUARE ANTON LEMBEDE HOUSE LIBRARY Hogsbury LIVINGSTONE HALL SOBUKWE WALK CHRISTIAN UNION HALL FREEDOM SQUARE Pursuing prosperity: TAMBO WALK HENDERSON HALL BEDA HALL SOBUKWE WALK HENDERSON HALL Parking LOVEDALE PRESS CHRISTIAN UNION HALL CENTENARY EXHIBITION IONA HOUSE Reﬂ ecting humanity: TAMBO WALK BEDA HALL DE BEERS GALLERY OLD FORT VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL NAHECS OLD FORT IONA HOUSE Entrance CENTENARY EXHIBITION FIRST DINING HALL NKONKOBE GARDEN WESLEY HOUSE DE BEERS GALLERY Hogsbury Rd OF REMEMBRANCE NAHECS R345

R345 R345 Fort Hare’s Farms The De Beers Centenary Art Gallery Entrance

ALICE STATION FORT HARE FARMS WESLEY HOUSE

UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE - ALICE CAMPUS “It is one of the main aims of this college to develop through other agriculture-oriented universities, UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE - ALICE CAMPUS a strong school of agriculture,” reads a report from into most of South Africa’s provinces. Founded in Fort Hare’s 1916 opening. “All prosperity rests on the 2004, the acclaimed Amadlelo Fort Hare Dairy Trust Nguni cattle such as those bred by Fort Hare’s Nguni Cattle Project were originally believed land…” Fort Hare acquired its first farm, Honeydale, in o ers emergent dairy farmers both mentorship and to have arrived in southern Africa with the Nguni-speaking people who migrated southward “It is we the living, the survivors, that on daily doses of grief into the region. However, recent research has revealed that Nguni cattle were probably and remembrance are dying constantly until our final death,” 1926, and o ered an Advanced Diploma in Agriculture breeding stock through a network of commercial introduced into southern Africa by the Khoisan much earlier than originally thought. This to students from across Southern and Central Africa in farms. Through these and other projects, Fort Hare robust species of cattle is beautifully represented in this San rock painting, which was commented Dan Rakgoathe on one of his linocuts, a meditation the pre-apartheid decades. creates both practical internships for students and discovered near the town of Wepener in the Free State province of South Africa. on mourning and reincarnation. His reflections hint at the © THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, BLOEMFONTEIN, SOUTH AFRICA / WWW.SARADA.CO.ZA potent hubs for research. transcendent quality of Fort Hare’s art collection. Housed in the Agriculture today faces the explosive question: how De Beers Centenary Gallery, the collection was declared a National are displaced communities to regain, and sustain, Another historic report from Alice speaks of “the Cultural Treasure in 1998, and features works by over 170 significant their share in the land’s prosperity? As Fort Hare arose uncertain rainfall, denuded soils, and various hard black artists, including Gerard Sekoto, George Pemba, Gladys from apartheid-era stasis, it began to unearth real-life conditions of South African farming life”, and calls for Mgudlandlu, Dumile Feni and other global names. Not least among solutions. The University’s Nguni Cattle Project has agriculture to “be made the study of the best minds”. them is Rakgoathe, who became Fort Hare’s first BA Fine Arts been reintroducing indigenous, ultra-hardy Nguni The Fort Hare of today is injecting new life into this graduate in 1978. beef cattle into disadvantaged farming communities still-fertile call. since the mid-1990s. This project now extends, The collection was started in 1964, a time when the boundaries between ethnographic and contemporary African art were still blurred. Newly acquired artworks entered the FS Malan Museum of ethnographic artefacts, curated then by Vincent Gitywa, a Fort Hare alumnus who had majored in Social Anthropology.

When mining corporation De Beers celebrated its centenary in 1988, it donated funds for the construction of a dedicated building to house the collection. The De Beers Centenary Gallery opened in 1989 amid wisps of teargas and unrest. The opening’s presiding dignitary, Lennox Sebe, was the object of student discontent. As “President for Life” of the Ciskei, Sebe was a symbol of the Nguni cattle can be found across the African continent, in climactically harsh areas which their hardiness allows them to withstand. They are known to have been present apartheid state’s much-despised Bantustan policy. on the continent since at least 8,000 years ago. This is a fragment of an ancient Egyptian painting from the tomb of Nebamun in Dra’ Abu el-Naga, West Thebes, Egypt. Dating By 1992, however, democratic changes were reviving Fort Hare. back to around 1390 BC, the painting shows cattle, probably of the Nguni variety, being brought for inspection before Nebamun, a wealthy, middle-ranking Egyptian ofﬁ cial. Prof Sibusiso Bengu, South Africa’s first black vice-chancellor, © WERNER FORMAN / UNIVERSAL IMAGES GROUP / GETTY IMAGES highlighted the nation-building opportunities represented by this exceptional art collection, which he called “a reflection of what is most authentically human”.

George Milwa Mnyaluza Pemba is one of those distinguished artists whose works are held in the De Beers Centenary Art Gallery collection. A son of the Eastern Cape, Pemba was born in Port Elizabeth in 1912. He became a professional artist in the late 1940s, and despite his own uncertainty about his ability to survive as an artist, and the racial discrimination of the day, he went on to enjoy a proliﬁ c career over ﬁ ve decades. While Fort Hare awarded Pemba an honorary degree for his contribution to South African art in This vibrant 1977 oil painting by George Pemba titled Street in New Brighton, PE is one of a number of Pemba’s works in the De Beers Centenary Art Gallery collection. It documents life in the 1979, it was only in the last few years of his life that he received recognition more widely.

township of New Brighton in the Eastern Cape city of Port Elizabeth, a few hours from the Fort Hare Alice campus and its De Beers Gallery.© GEORGE PEMBA Pemba passed away in 2001. Here, legendary Sophiatown singer and actress Dolly

Rathebe sits for a portrait by Pemba. © BAILEY’S AFRICAN HISTORY ARCHIVE Ms vUYIswa NoKwe Ms gerTrUDe NTlaBaThI Mr roBerT soBUKwe Ms JANe GOOL-TABATA Mr olIver TaMBo 1929 – 2008 1901 – 1990 1924 – 1978 1902 – 1996 1917 – 1993 Fort Hare alumnus | teacHer | political activist Fort Hare alumnus | teacHer Fort Hare alumnus and Honorary doctor | lawyer | political activist fort hAre student | politicAl Activist Fort Hare alumnus, cHancellor and Honorary doctor | aFrican statesman Vuyiswa Malangabi (later Nokwe) completed two degrees at Fort Hare; Gertrude Ntlabathi completed her BA at Fort Hare in 1928, and so became the first Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe completed his BA at Fort Hare in 1949. In 1998 the Janub (“Jane”) Gool studied at Fort Hare from 1922 to 1926. Oliver Reginald Kaizana Tambo completed his BSc at Fort Hare in 1941. He her BSc in 1951, and her BEd in 1952. black woman to graduate from a South African university. University honoured him posthumously with a Doctorate in Law. received an Honorary Doctorate in Law from Fort Hare in 1991, and in the same “We are soon to face a new historic period: that of socialism. Class differences will come year became the University’s Chancellor. “Why does Fort Hare give scholarships only to men to pursue postgraduate “We breathe, we dream, we live Africa; because Africa and humanity are inseparable. to the fore under this new government. It will be rich against poor – a stark maturing of “From an early age Vuyiswa “Tiny” Nokwe showed a keenness for knowledge, first in studies overseas or elsewhere? ... I am not satisfied with the Bachelor of Arts Degree, On the liberation of the African depends the liberation of the whole world.” conflict will take place and workers and peasants will eventually be rewarded.” “We who fight for freedom fight also for peace that our children may grow up in a world (Jane Gool-Tabata, 1994) the fables told to children before bed and later in reading children’s books.” I never was…” (Robert Sobukwe addressing Fort Hare as SRC President, 1949) of prosperity and international friendship.” (From Vuyiswa Nokwe’s obituary in The Sowetan) (Gertrude Ntlabathi in a letter to Fort Hare rector Alexander Kerr in 1943) Jane Gool was a founding member of the Non-European Unity Movement (NEUM) of the 1940s (Oliver Tambo, 1955) Born into a working-class family in Graaff-Reinet, Robert Sobukwe became one of South Africa’s and ’50s, and a key mobiliser of boycotts against apartheid “Coloured Affairs” councils, which Oliver Tambo was born in the rural Eastern Cape to a father who, though a traditionalist, was Vuyiswa “Tiny” Nokwe is celebrated as one of those remarkable women who held together the Gertrude Ntlabathi taught Nelson Mandela at Clarkebury High School, and he would later recall his most dazzling revolutionary thinkers. He attended missionary schools, and in 1947 came to sought to exclude the coloured community from mainstream politics. She was born in Cape Town determined his son should have the best possible education. The young Tambo attended ANC community-in-exile. She was raised in Langa, Cape Town, in a home where she helped her hopes of winning a BA “just like clever Gertrude Ntlabathi”. Mandela also fondly recounted being Fort Hare on a bursary. Here Sobukwe took Xhosa, English and “Native Administration” – the to a devoutly Muslim Capetonian mother and an Indian immigrant father who had once housed Methodist and Anglican schools, and in 1936 became, with another black student, the first mother to cook and sell “smileys” – sheep heads – to make ends meet. Tiny was an outstanding told by a classmate that Ntlabathi was too intelligent to let them fail their school examinations. course that first focused him on the injustices of the colonial system. In 1948 he and three friends Mahatma Gandhi. Gool was raised in a home where strict Muslim observance went alongside a “African” to win a first-class Junior Certificate. Supported by scholarships, Tambo initiated his matriculant, and won scholarships to Lovedale College and then Fort Hare. Here, she co-led a Although mainstream history offers few other insights into the life of the pioneering Ntlabathi, produced Beware, a daily political paper for their fellow students. He also joined Fort Hare’s family love of English literature, classical music and diverse ideas. Her connection with Fort Hare studies at Fort Hare in 1939. Here began his famous friendship with Nelson Mandela. memorable campaign against a curfew – doors locked at 7pm – imposed on the women’s hostel. research by Fort Hare’s Professor Luvuyo Wotshela has yielded some rich biographical insights. fledgling ANC Youth League. Sobukwe had been fascinated by literature since childhood, and began after she attended a Cape Town performance by the College choir, and asked her parents On completing his BSc, Tambo embarked on a Higher Diploma in Education, but was expelled She also met her husband, Dumalisile Nokwe, who would later become a leading advocate and Born into a land-owning Eastern Cape family, Ntlabathi attended Emgwali, the noted Presbyterian his wealth of reading informed his gifts as an orator. Addressing Fort Hare as its SRC President, to invite the entire choir – including the eminent Professor Davidson Jabavu – home for tea. She after leading a dispute against the University authorities, who had banned tennis on Sundays. ANC luminary. Tiny and Duma were both students of science, and they brought their scientific school near Stutterheim. She enrolled at Fort Hare in 1918, and became the College’s first female Sobukwe called on the University to become “the barometer of African thought”. He would go was already a fledgling socialist and the teatime discussion confirmed her desire to go to Fort Hare. He later qualified as a lawyer through Unisa, and opened South Africa’s first black law practice progressiveness to the liberation struggle. They encouraged young ANC cadres to question matriculant in 1921. She also completed her teacher’s diploma here. After a spell of school- on to lead the Pan Africanist Congress, the staunchly Africanist breakaway from the ANC. His Although her time here did not coincide with NEUM leader IB Tabata’s, she would later become with Mandela. Tambo was also a key founder of the ANC Youth League, and later, as the ANC’s “even what might be universally accepted as established truths”, as former president Thabo teaching, Ntlabathi returned to Fort Hare to begin her BA. In 1928, she became South Africa’s first political activities resulted in his imprisonment on Robben Island, where the state considered Tabata’s lifelong ideological comrade, partner-in-exile and wife. The couple eventually settled in President-in-Exile, he swayed the international community against apartheid through rhetoric Mbeki recalled in 2011. The Nokwes were eventually forced into exile in Zambia. Duma died in home-grown black female graduate. Though later frustrated at being denied the postgraduate him so dangerous that he was held apart from other political prisoners. He established his own Harare, in a house purchased by the Unity Movement of South Africa (as NEUM was later known) that blended heartfelt passion with Fort Harean erudition. Although he did not live to see Lusaka after a short illness, and Tiny returned to the Cape in the early 1990s, and passed away opportunities afforded to men, Ntlabathi remained throughout her life the inspiring educator law firm in 1975 but died tragically of under-treated lung cancer two years later, while under as its Zimbabwean headquarters. Gool returned to South Africa for good in 1992, two years after democracy in South Africa (he died a year before the 1994 elections), Tambo’s democratic in Johannesburg at age 79. remembered by Mandela. confinement by the apartheid authorities. Tabata’s death, and four years before her own. legacy endures.

Mr erNesT MaNCoBa PresIDeNT NelsoN MaNDela Ms ThANDi OrLeYN 1904 – 2002 1918 - 2013 1956 – Fort Hare student | artist Fort Hare alumnus and Honorary doctor | world statesman fort hAre Alumnus | lAwyer | business leAder Ernest Methuen Mancoba studied for his BA at Fort Hare from 1933 to 1936. In Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela began his BA at Fort Hare, but left after the principal Noluthando (“Thandi”) Dorian Bahedile Orleyn graduated with a BJuris from Fort 1996 he received an Honorary Doctorate in Philosophy from the University. Hare in 1979. She is the current chairperson of the University’s Council. tried to coerce him into re-joining the Students’ Representative Council – a “rubber stamp for the administration” from which Mandela had resigned. In 1991 Fort Hare “The object of African art is not to please the eye or the senses but… to discover new “These terms ‘black empowerment’, ‘women empowerment’, are bandied around concepts by which to regard the world for the salvation of man.” awarded Mandela an Honorary Doctorate in Law. in our country and the question I have been asking myself is: what is our expectation (Ernest Mancoba) “For young black South Africans like myself, Fort Hare was Oxford and Cambridge, as women? Who do we expect to empower us?” (Thandi Orleyn, 2000) Ernest Mancoba ranks among the great Modernist sculptors and painters, though it has been Harvard and Yale, all rolled into one.” (Nelson Mandela) argued that his legacy has been erased from art history scholarship by racism and ethnocentrism. Thandi Orleyn was born in Port Elizabeth, and matriculated from Inanda Seminary near Durban Works like his 1929 wood-carved “Bantu Madonna” scandalised the colonial establishment – Democratic South Africa’s first president, Nelson Mandela, was born into the Thembu royal family of in the same year that her mother, a nurse and dedicated adult learner, matriculated from and gave every perceptive onlooker a daring new grasp of African spirituality. Mancoba was born the then-Transkei. He arrived at Fort Hare in 1939 and was inducted into student life by his nephew Lovedale College. After completing her BJuris at Fort Hare, Orleyn continued studying towards in Johannesburg, but his early career revolved around the Diocesan Training College near Kaiser Matanzima. Matanzima’s later political path was to be the polar opposite of Mandela’s; but an LLB at the University, but was expelled in 1980 – her final year – for her role in co-ordinating Pietersburg (now Polokwane). While training as a teacher at the College, he learned carving and another college mate, Oliver Tambo, became Mandela’s lifelong comrade. Mandela participated a student protest. She completed her LLB through Unisa, and spent her first ten years in legal produced his formative sculptures. Requiring a BA to qualify for a bursary to study art abroad, energetically in the world of Fort Hare, and his autobiography recalls at length his dilemma about practice at the Johannesburg office of the Legal Resources Centre, a law clinic that earned high Mancoba came to Fort Hare in 1933. Here he chaired the Literary and Debating Societies, explored leaving on a matter of principle. He had set his heart on getting a degree: “As a BA, I would finally be regard for its human rights work from its establishment in 1979. Here she became an expert in Marxism, and altogether deepened his humanitarian vision. He left just before attaining his able to restore to my mother the wealth and prestige that she had lost after my father’s death… This the defence of human rights and in litigation against the apartheid state. A few years after the degree, which he completed through Unisa. A “Bantu Welfare Trust” bursary took him to Paris was my dream and it seemed within reach.” Mandela continued his BA through Unisa (which at the advent of democracy, in 1997, Orleyn was invited to head the Commission for Conciliation, in 1938. Swept up by personal and political events in Europe, Mancoba was only to return to time set Fort Hare’s examinations), and returned to Fort Hare for his first graduation ceremony in Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA), a body devoted to ensuring sound labour practices in the South Africa in 1994, for a retrospective exhibition of his work, which had by then moved away 1943. The biographical details of Mandela’s journey from BA graduate to ANC Youth League radical, South African economy. An admired business leader, she went on to hold senior positions from sculpture. people’s lawyer, apartheid prisoner and global icon are well-known. in several major companies and continues to expand the interface between business and responsible social development. Portraits of a defining century O.R. TAMBO NARRATIVE CENTRE PERMANENT EXHIBITION

O.R Tambo Narrative Centre, Wattville, Benoni 2014 - 2015 Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality

Brief Commissioned to conceptualise, design and install the permanent exhibition for the Oliver Tambo Narrative Centre for the Sport Recreation Arts and Culture - Division: Arts, Culture and Heritage of the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality.

Audience/ Users The Exhibition offers an opportunity to take the viewer through an educational, emotive and physical experiential journey through time and space using authentic artefacts, documents, images and interactive audio-visual technologies.

Execution The exhibition concept is designed to provide the viewer with an immersive, interactive experience of the life and times of OR Tambo. This will be achieved through the creative integration of the following display elements/platforms:

• A fully illustrated Timeline will describe the key events in the life of OR Tambo in the context of relevant events in South Africa, Africa and internationally • Interior spaces of reflection and introspection where visitors will be able to sit in a quit, enclosed space and view intimate filmed interviewswith the key people who knew OR Tambo, reflecting on his life, the influences, and how he came to inspire the loyalty, dedication and commitment of some of South Africa’s most renowned personalities. • Interactive touchscreens embedded in the exterior walls of each themed narrative pods will enable visitors to explore further detailed information and content (including music, songs, photographs, films, etc.), related to the particular epoch. O.R. TAMBO NARRATIVE CENTRE PERMANENT EXHIBITION UNISA HISTORY PERMANENT EXHIBITION

Kgorong Building, UNISA, Pretoria 2014 - 2015 University of South Africa (Unisa)

Brief Research, design and produce a permanent exhibition, an interactive virtual exhibition, and a broadcast quality documentary for the Univer- sity of South Africa (Unisa) on the 140 year history of the institution.

Audience / Users The permanent exhibition is located in the signature Kgorong Building at the entrance to the campus. The interactive virtual exhibition has been designed and produced so as to be accessible on the internet to the over 350 000 students who do courses through Unisa annually, as well as other stakeholders including the staff, alumni, government, funders, and the public. UNISA HISTORY PERMANENT EXHIBITION FREEDOM PARK ARCHIVAL FILMS

//Hapo Interpretation Centre, Freedom Execution Park, Pretoria Extensive thematic and archival research was 2012 to the present conducted using a wealth of local and interna- Freedom Park tional sources to identify the pool of archival material from which the 12 films would be Brief constructed. A rigorous process of storyboard- Twelve short films were commissioned for the ing then took place in careful consultation multimedia permanent exhibition at the Free- with Freedom Park. The stories were then dom Park heritage precinct in Pretoria. These crafted from the selected archival material films were to be composed purely of archival (some iconic, some rare) in edit. material. They were to realise the Freedom Park ethos of “liberating the African voice”, Careful consideration was given to the creation embracing indigenous knowledge and democ- of rich, living stories that were academically ratising the content and narration of history. rigorous, nuanced, and narratively and visually These films cover a range of topics, including: compelling.

• Post-conflict healing in Rwanda; Pride of place was given to key South African • The mass struggle for liberation in South Africa and African figures – often those voices that in the 1960s, ‘70s and ‘80s; were eschewed by apartheid South Africa. These films give the viewer (who may well not • The creation of Afrikaner nationalism; have lived through the events depicted) imme- • Life in the MK and APLA training camps in the diate and poignant Frontline States; audio-visual access to the times they reflect. • International support for the South African struggle; • Representations to the UN condemning Apartheid; • Cross-border raids undertaken by the Apartheid government to destabilise the ANC in exile and to discourage support by host countries; • The turbulent negotiations that resulted in South Africa’s first democratic elections; • A photo-essay depicting South African rock paintings and engravings. MATOLA RAID EXHIBITION AND DOCUMENTARY

Matola Raid Interpretation Centre, Matola, Mozambique 2012 - 2014 Department of Arts & Culture, South Africa

Brief Commissioned to conceptualise, research, design, fabricate, and install a permanent interactive exhibition, and to produce a broadcast-quality documentary, on the 1981 attack by the South African Defence Force on African National Congress (ANC), South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU) and Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) activists and opera- tives in Matola, Mozambique.

Audience / Users The exhibition and documentary are intended to make visitors (including educators and learners) to the Matola Raid Monument and Inter- pretation Centre, as well as the general South African and Mozambican public, aware of the historical and political context of the event, with the ultimate aim of documenting and commemorating this period of South African history, and enhancing relations between the people of South Africa and Mozambique.

Execution The exhibition makes extensive use of archival photographs to illustrate the graphic texts, printed and mounted onto fabricated infrastructure.

• Extensive interviews were conducted in order to reconstruct the event; edited interviews together with archival footage is located on interactive touchscreens embedded in the exhibition panels • A film in the exhibition describes the event, the activists killed in the Raid, and the events that followed • A broadcast-quality 24 minute documentary (in production) describes the event • An interactive digital archive of the entire exhibition and film material will be located in the Interpretation Centre for research purposes. MATOLA RAID EXHIBITION AND DOCUMENTARY

10 7 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 Memorial Portrait Timeline Panel Cinema Screen Panel 5.3 Frontline Leaders Panel 5.2 Soweto 76 Panel 5.1 Rock Art/ Panels MK Logo SOUTH AFRICAN NUCLEAR ENERGY CORPORATION (NECSA) VISITOR CENTRE EXHIBITION

NECSA Visitor Centre, Pelindaba, Gauteng 2010 to 2011 South African Nuclear Energy Corporation

Brief Commissioned by NECSA to conceptualise, design and to construct the NECSA Visitor Centre building, and research, design and install the NECSA Visitor Centre interactive exhibition.

Audience / User The aim of the exhibition is to educate visitors to the NECSA Visitor Centre, and especially educators and learners, about the origin, science and benefits of nuclear energy, in an entertaining, interactive and com- NECSA VISITOR CENTRE pelling way.

Execution NECSA VISITOR CENTRE: THEMATIC LAYOUT The exhibition, conceptualised as an experiential journey unravelling the wonder and mystery of nuclear science along the way, is made up of the following elements: RADIATION AUDITORIUM NUCLEAR & TEMPORARY and SCIENCE RADIOACTIVITY Orientation EXHIBITION • A walkthrough, interactive timeline describing the history of nuclear SPACE energy • A series of enclosed display “pods” where large, illustrated graphic texts and various interactive displays describe specific aspects of nuclear science and nuclear energy production • Wire-frame figures, with embedded interactive touchscreens, with a quiz 1 2 6 designed to test the knowledge that visitors have gained in the exhibition 3 4 7 8 5

NECSA main entrance and NUCLEAR ENERGY REACTORS RECEPTION WASTE

Scheme design and exhibition document

NECSA document planning June 09.indd 2 6/26/09 7:11:02 PM SOUTH AFRICAN NUCLEAR ENERGY CORPORATION (NECSA) VISITOR CENTRE EXHIBITION

7 6 8 9 11 5 3 2 1 4

SOLVING THE PUZZLE Somewere, something incredible is waiting to be known. The universe is full of magical things, Carl Sagan November 9, 1934- December 20, 1996 patiently waiting for our wits to grow sharper an American astronomer, astrophysicist, author, cosmologist

Only 30 years ago, nuclear energy was an exotic, futuristic technology, of atoms and how they combine in a million different ways to form atom. They just need to use their mind, and maybe write down some the subject of experimentation and far-fetched ideas. Today, nuclear molecules. Nuclear scientists try to understand what happens in the calculations while they think of solutions. Other researchers use energy is one of the world’s largest source of electric power after heart or centre - known as the nucleus - within each atom. Extraordinary extraordinarily sophisticated equipment to detect the chemical signatures coal. As of 2004, nuclear power provided 6.5% of the world's energy things happen within the nucleus, scientists have discovered. Solving of elements that may be trapped in diamonds, shining from a far off “ The universe is full of magical things, and 15.7% of the world's electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan these mysteries has required amazing detective work, because you can’t star, or floating in our air and water. Every day, nuclear scientists patiently waiting for our wits to grow sharper” together accounting for 57% of nuclear generated electricity. So what take apart an atom the way you can dismantle a car engine or watch continue to uncover more fascinating facts about the atom. Discovery exactly is nuclear science? Well besides sounding really impressive it work in the way that you can see the insides of a clock moving.Some never ends. its also quite useful. Nuclear science deals with decoding the mysteries researchers don't even need fancy equipment in order to work on the

ATOMS AND ENERGY. UNWRAPPING THE The universe is full of magical FROM WHY TO HOW POWER OF THE ATOM

things, patiently waiting for Early scientists wanted to explain how changes in nature, such as water, Scientists discovered that an atom can be divided into two working parts: a very scintillations B movable A fluorescent could transform when heated from a liquid into steam, which energy could screen dense core - known as the nucleus - surrounded by a cloud of extremely small, our wits to grow sharper beam of C alpha be used to drive an engine. In the early 1800s, English chemist John particles very light electrons. Without this knowledge, there would be no television. Why? gold foil Dalton argued that atoms could not be created, divided or destroyed - Because your television set works because of the energy of electrons being stripped C two out of three is not bad, seeing as we can't create atoms, and we viewing from an atom. Think of an atom as having its own internal magnet - and the force microscope can't destroy them and it's very, very difficult to divide an atom. Dalton holding an atom together is an unimaginably strong one! What would happen if you lead screen with slit said atoms of one pure chemical or element, such as oxygen or hydrogen, A liberated that force? Among the many researchers in the international race to lead radioactive shield source B could combine with other atoms in a chemical reaction. He was correct. alpha split the atom was Austria-born physicist Lise Meitner, who was on holiday in particles A Transmitted beams B If you have two atoms of hydrogen linked with one atom of oxygen, you (little or no deflection) C the 1930s when she worked out one way to split an atom, using an unstable element B Scattered beam (small deflection) A have a molecule called H2O: water. So every time you boil a kettle for C Scattered beam gold like uranium, a metal which occurs naturally in soil, rock and water. Meitner (large deflection) nucleus foil gold atom tea or coffee, you are experimenting with the elements! called this process of ripping open the atom ‘nuclear fission’. She did the THE FAT MAN BOMB- COPY STILL TO BE WRITTEN TO PLACE HERE COPY STILL TO BE WRITTEN TO PLACE HERE COPY STILL TO BE WRITTEN mathematics to work out the energy that would be released by fission and was 1911 PHYSICIST ERNEST RUTHERFORD DISPROVED WILLIAM THOMSON’S MODEL OF THE ATOM AS A UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED SUBSTANCE. BECAUSE A FEW OF In the 1860s, Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleyev noticed patterns and THE ALPHA PARTICLES IN HIS BEAM WERE SCATTERED BY LARGE ANGLES AFTER STRIKING THE GOLD FOIL, RUTHERFORD KNEW THAT THE GOLD ATOM’S MASS flabbergasted by the answer. MUST BE CONCENTRATED IN A TINY, DENSE NUCLEUS. rearranged these pure chemicals according to their properties. Mendeleyev

even left spaces for the elements that he knew would be discovered in The energy that could be produced by forcing a uranium atom apart could have many PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS the future! Today this is called the Periodic Table, and without it, many beneficial aspects. But nuclear fission could also trigger a massive explosion.

modern technological discoveries would only be daydreams. But at the time, In 1939, German leader Adolf Hitler invaded neighbouring Poland, triggering a

the discoveries of Mendeleyev and others raised more questions than it war which would dramatically affect the entire world, including South Africa.

gave answers. Fast-forward to the early 1900s. A New Zealand-born scientist, During this volatile time the positive consequences of atomic knowledge were not

Ernest Rutherford, fired a narrow beam of particles from a naturally- a priority. The race to make a bomb was underway by both the Nazis in Europe and

occurring glowing metal called radium at a very thin sheet of gold foil, an international collaboration in the USA, where renowned physicist Albert Einstein

surrounded by a pale yellow chemical which would light up when hit. The had warned the American government of the military implications of nuclear fission.

results were unexpected. Some of the particles bounced right back at him! His warning fell on deaf ears as the American government was well underway with Manhattan Project physicists at Los Alamos, from left to right: Kenneth Bainbridge, Joseph Hoffman, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Louis Hempelman, Robert Bacher, Victor Weisskopf, Richard Dodson. The Rutherford said it was like shooting a cannon ball at a piece of tissue its undercover project to develop an atomic bomb, under the code name - the Manhattan Project was established during the Second World War STANDARD PERIODIC TABLE, COLOUR CODED FOR ELEMENT TYPES. ORIGINALLY to develop the atomic bomb. paper, only to have it bounce back. There was something strong inside CONCEIVED BY DIMITRY IVANOVICH MEDELEYEV IN 1869. “Manhattan Project”

the atom.

5 SOUTH AFRICA PAVILION, WORLD EXPO 2008

Zaragoza, Spain 14 June 14 – 14 September, 2008 Department of Water Affairs and Forestry

Brief Commissioned to conceptualise, design, fabricate and install an interactive exhibition for the South African Pavilion for World Expo 2008 in Zaragoza, Spain. The theme of the expo was “Water and Sustainable De- velopment” and the brief was to present new technologies for water use and conservation in South Africa and Africa. The relationship between humanity, culture and nature in an African context was also explored.

Audience / Users Over 5.5 million people, youth and adults, from all over the world visited Word Expo 2008 in its four-month duration. As the majority of visitors were Spanish speaking, all English texts in the exhibition and interactive CD ROM were translated and made accessible in Spanish. Over 3 million people visited the South African Pavilion.

Execution The exhibition was made up of the following elements:

• Graphic panels depicting various aspects of “Water and Sustainable Development” in South Africa • Glass display cabinets with water and culture related artefacts • A curved Imax-type panoramic screen with a purpose-made film describing the relationship of people and water in South Africa • Interactive touchscreens (in English and Spanish) with supplementary information on water and culture in South Africa. SOUTH AFRICA PAVILION, WORLD EXPO 2005 Aichi Prefecture, Nagoya, Japan 25 March – 25 September, 2005 Department of Trade and Industry (Dti)

Brief Commissioned to conceptualise, design, fabricate and install an interactive exhibition for the South African Pavilion for World Expo 2005 in Aichi, Japan. The theme of the Expo was “Nature’s Wisdom,” with national and corporate pavilions expressing themes of ecological co-existence, renewable technology, and the wonders of nature. The brief was to present South Africa’s unique history and heritage and to project the country as an attractive tourism and investment destination.

Audience / Users Over 20 million people, youth and adults, from all over the world visited Word Expo 2005 in its six-month duration. As the majority of visitors were Japanese speaking, all English texts in the exhibition and interactive CD ROM’s were translated and made accessible in Japanese. Over 9 million people visited the South African Pavilion during the Expo.

Execution The exhibition was made up of the following elements:

Durban International Convention Centre 3 July – 13 July 2005 Department of Arts, Culture, Science & Technology (DST)

Brief Commissioned to conceptualise, curate, design, fabricate and install an interactive exhibition, to coincide with the prestigious UNESCO World Heritage Committee meeting in South Africa. The meeting brought together heritage experts and officials from Africa and internationally to discuss the identification and promotion of Africa’s World Heritage Sites. The brief was to present South Africa’s nominated and declared World heritage Sites to the international gathering and to design and interactive CD ROM (in English and French) where the exhibition could be accessed in an interactive way by heritage practitioners globally who were not able to attend the event, and to provide information and promotional material to delegates which would enable them to further advance South Africa’s objectives for hosting the event.

Audience / Users Over 300 South African and international delegates attended the event. The exhibition was made accessible to the public after the official meeting ended. The interactive CD-ROM was also widely distributed by the DST to stakeholders and interested members of the public.

Execution The exhibition was made up of the following elements: • A circular timeline describing South Africa’s various World Heritage Sites, arranged in a chronological sequence • Graphic panels depicting each World Heritage Site, together with an associated set of artefacts • Illustrated graphic text panels describing international heritage conservation best-practice • Interactive touchscreens where the interactive CD ROM of the exhibition was accessed.