A Method and Results of Studying the Geomagnetic Field of Khiva from the Middle of the Sixteenth Century

Izvestiya, Earth Physics Vol. 14, No. 11, 1978 UDe 550.384.32 A Method and Results of Studying the Geomagnetic Field of Khiva from the Middle of the Sixteenth Century K. S. BURAKOVANDI. YEo NACHASOVA The collection gathered at Khiva is represented ;v C = --====::.' by 250 bricks from 32 dated architectural monuments il.'+I; [1]. For the purpose of obtaining information about IlC 1 [ (/xlll.x+/,Il/,)/.' ] the old geomagnetic field in this region, the collection -=- 1M + . was treated by two methods-Tellier's method [2] and C M' •• 1.'+1.' the method of thermal curves. The method of thermal curves, proposed earlier [3], was tested in this study In measuring the magnetization of a sample during on an extensive collection. heating, the sample is mounted in a holder with its y- From the bricks we sawed off cubic samples axis downward, i. e., only the projection of the I mag- xz oriented along the faces of the brick-with an edge of netization vector on the xz plane is measured, and the 24 mm for work according to Tellier's method and with coefficient C shows how many times greater the total an edge of 10 mm for work by the method of thermal moment is than its projection on this plane. curves. Before the measurement the samples were IT there is a secondary magnetization in the sample, carefully washed under a stream of water, in order arising from the time of the laying of the brick in the to remove from the faces and from the pores of the building and, as a rule, not parallel to the primary sample the clay remaining after sawing and polish- magnetization, then the vector in the xz plane will ro- ing the sample. During work by the method of ther- tate during heating. The heating of such samples was mal curves the experiments were carried out on a carried out until the rotation of the vector stopped. thermomagnetometer, the design of which is described After this, the sample was cooled to room temperature in [4]. In determining the magnetization of a sample without a field, and the components of the magnetiza- along its axes, use is made of the property of the de- tion, which was taken to be the primary one, were vice's phase detector to carry out an operation of measured again. The values of M, J, C, and C/C in multiplication of the signal from the sample which is this case were determined over again. Further heating proportional to the projection of the magnetization of the sample was carried out from the temperature vector onto the horizontal plane, onto the cosine of at which cleaning of the sample was terminated. the reference voltage angle-this angle is read off A typical temperature dependence of the rotation of from the limb of the reference voltage generator. the magnetization vector q> in the xz plane is shown Therefore, by setting the limb of the generator on xz o or 180·, we can measure the magnetization com- in Fig. 1. The bulk of the samples are cleaned to temperatures of 100-120·C. The small values of <'>q> ponent along the sample holder; at 270 or 90· the xz component perpendicular to the axis of the sample (0-5·) and the low cleaning temperatures enable us to holder is measured. With three methods of fastening assume the presence of an isothermal viscous mag- the sample in the holder each magnetization com- netization in these samples. Only isolated samples ponent will be measured twice; from the results ob- with a secondary firing at high temperatures are en- tained we can calculate the mean value of the com- countered in the collection. ponents and the error: The magnetization of the sample was measured at 20· intervals from 40 to 700·C. In order to create an artificialthermal magnetization in the sample, it was cooled from 700·C to room temperature in the field of We took as the z-axis of the sample the axis along the magnetizing coils of the device. The field strength which the magnetization is maximum, assuming that was determined from the current i in the coils, the con- during the firing of the brick one of its sides was stant of which e= 17.55 Oe/amp, and usually amounted horizontal (but from early works [5] it is known that to about 0.5 Oe. The field direction-horizontal, was the field inclination in adjacent regions (Samarkand, usually given from the direction of the prOjection of the Bukhara) during the investigated time interval was natural magnetization. After cooling the sample to greater than 50·); we took as the y-axis the direction room temperature, the sample was heated and a meas- with minimum magnetization. urement of the remanent magnetization Ir was carried From the data obtained we calculated the modulus of the remanent magnetization vector M, the old in- out at the same temperatures as in the case of In. The clination J, and the coefficient C with a relative error values of (I ). and (I ). obtained at each j-th temper- f.C/C: xz J rt J ature were plotted on a graph in the coordinates I , 111= 'i1.'+/.'+1;, xz I t. A straight line I = Kl was drawn by the method /, r xz rt 1= arcsin- M of least squares through the pOints obtained (Fig. 1). 0001-4354/80/1411-0011$09.00/1 833 834 K. S. BURAKOVANDI. YEo NACHASOVA Ai/i amounts to -0.2-0.3%, while Ilb/b during the 200[IZ r time required to measure a single sample amounts to 0.3-0.5%. It should be noted that if no changes occur in the sample during heating, all the experimental points lie on a straight line passing through the origin. The 1 2 variance a K in this case characterizes the accuracy of the measurements. IT, on the other hand, changes have occurred in the sample, and the typical sign of such "Of changes is a shift of the blocking temperatures (as a I rule, into the low-temperature range), then the points will lie either on a curved line or (and this often happens) I on a straight line which does not pass through the origin. ITthere are two or more types of ferromagnetics in the sample, differing in their heat resistance, the pOints will again not lie on a single straight line. In such cases a K2 is no longer actually a mathematical quantity-the variance, but is a quantity reflecting the degree of changes which have occurred in the sample both during heating and during the time of existence of the sample (the loss of primary magnetization). Naturally, the greater these changes, the greater a will be. There- Fig. 1. Graph for determining the coefficient K. K fore, in averaging the data over an object, F is calcu- The line is drawn through the origin and the lated as a weighted mean: significant-points 1; points 2 are discarded during cleaning. Below-rotation of the In vector in the xz plane as a function of temperature; tcl is the cleaning temperature. [1=--- In the calculation of the value of K we incorporated all the significant points, except the ones discarded during cleaning. Assuming that the weight of a point is proportional to the magnetization, we determine K as: I:(/.,);(/,,); ; K=------ IlP OF =-====, I:(ld);' im-1 j -4 2 where P. = 10 leaF)' and m is the number of deter- 1 1 minations for the given object. ."..V ~[K",,),-(I,,),], From the obtained values of F, /!; F we determined the confidence interval corresponding to 3 /!; F; determina- (n-i) I:(/,,)J' tions lying out§ide of .J;P.isinterval were discarded, and the values of F and /!; F were calculated over again with- J out the discarded determinations. The quantity :!: Pi is an important parameter, reflec- The strength of the old field is determined as F = 2 ting the quantity and quality of the measurements. We = KCie, while the variance a is estimated from the F considered the measurements to be reliable if :!:P.> 10; 1 expression: if this value was not reached, the collection was supple- mented with new samples from the given object, and on these additional measurements were carried out. A characteristic feature of the Khiva collection is the fact that it is represented by two types of bricks- The term in brackets, which takes into account the red and white. These bricks also differ with respect error in determining the magnetization current i and to a number of other properties. For example, red the instability (slow drift) of the amplification factor bricks contain a larger quantity of soluble salts than b of the thermomagnetometer, was taken to be the white ones, which obviously causes them to disintegrate same for all the samples, equal to - 0.55%, since faster in structures. Red bricks are also more RESULTS OF STUDYINGTHE GEOMAGNETICFIELD 835 1,0 a --0-- f -x-2 I 10j d ....';tI,1" i..... 1,0 1,1 c ___K'~1,0~ ?L_ • 10 X "')(-)(-x.-.)(_~I(-I(-)(-~ 0,9 ! ! !. 0 LJ. x2C! I\.,\~ o 200 1100 500 t,'C 0,1 0,0 f ~g to 0 /K I K Fig. 2. Magnetic properties of white (1) and red (2) bricks: a) curves of thermal demagnetization of total thermal magnetization, b) curves of normal magnetization of the samples before heating (solid line) and after heating to 700·C (broken line), c) change in the saturation magnetization and initial magnetic susceptibility after heating the sample to a temperature of t·C, d) histograms of the distribu- tion of the relative errors of the determination of K by the method of thermal curves, 0K/K is expressed in percents.

Load more