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Identification of Wee1 As a Novel Therapeutic Target for Mutant RAS

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Identification of Wee1 As a Novel Therapeutic Target for Mutant RAS Leukemia (2015) 29, 27–37 & 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0887-6924/15 www.nature.com/leu ORIGINAL ARTICLE Identification of Wee1 as a novel therapeutic target for mutant RAS-driven acute leukemia and other malignancies E Weisberg1,4, A Nonami1,4, Z Chen1, F Liu2, J Zhang3, M Sattler1, E Nelson1, K Cowens1, AL Christie1, C Mitsiades1, K-K Wong1, Q Liu2, N Gray3 and JD Griffin1 Direct targeting of rat sarcoma (RAS), which is frequently mutated, has proven to be challenging, and inhibition of individual downstream RAS mediators has resulted in limited clinical efficacy. We designed a chemical screen to identify compounds capable of potentiating mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition in mutant RAS-positive leukemia, and identified a Wee1 inhibitor. Synergy was observed in both mutant neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS)- and mutant kirsten RAS viral oncogene homolog (KRAS)-positive acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cell lines and primary patient samples. The observed synergy enhanced dephosphorylation of AKT, 4E-binding protein 1 and s6 kinase, and correlated with increased apoptosis. The specificity of Wee1 as the target of MK-1775 was validated by Wee1 knockdown, as well as partial reversal of drug combination-induced apoptosis by a cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) inhibitor. Importantly, we also extended our findings to other mutant RAS- expressing malignancies, including mutant NRAS-positive melanoma, and mutant KRAS-positive colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer and lung cancer. We observed favorable responses with combined Wee1/mTOR inhibition in human cancer cell lines from multiple malignancies, and inhibition of tumor growth in in vivo models of mutant KRAS lung cancer and leukemia. The present study introduces for the first time Wee1 inhibition combined with mTOR inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy for the selective treatment of mutant RAS-positive leukemia and other mutant RAS-expressing malignancies. Leukemia (2015) 29, 27–37; doi:10.1038/leu.2014.149 INTRODUCTION developing individual targeted therapies a challenge. There is Point mutations in the rat sarcoma (RAS) family, which is thus potential clinical benefit to be gained from the use of a multi- comprised of neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS), targeted therapy approach as opposed to a more narrowly kirsten RAS viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) and V-Ha-ras Harvey focused strategy to enhance efficacy and circumvent the RAS viral oncogene homolog, are the most frequently occurring emergence of drug resistance. mutation in human proto-oncogenes, with around 20–30% of all One promising approach to improving the clinical efficacy of human malignancies characterized by constitutively activated inhibitors of RAS-mediated transformation is the identification of RAS.1 The incidence of mutations in NRAS and KRAS in acute combinations of drugs that target either multiple RAS-driven myelogenous leukemia (AML) has been reported to be pathways, or block bypass or resistance pathways. As mTOR is an approximately 10–11% and 5%, respectively, and around 12% established and important downstream effector of RAS in for myelodysplastic syndromes.2,3 The incidence of NRAS leukemia and mTOR inhibitors are under clinical investigation mutations has been reported to be approximately 10% in for the treatment of mutant RAS-associated malignancies childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).4 (reviewed in McCubrey et al.7), we developed a chemical screen Despite its prevalence and significance with respect to to identify agents capable of enhancing the activity of an mTOR transformation, direct molecular inhibition of mutant RAS has inhibitor, Torin 1.8 As anticipated, this screen identified inhibitors thus far been difficult because of its biochemistry and structure, of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and MAPK (mitogen- although KRAS (G12C) mutant-specific inhibitors, which depend activated protein kinase)/ERK kinase (MEK), but unexpectedly on mutant cysteine for their selective inactivation of this mutant, also identified MK-1775, an inhibitor of Wee1, which has not have recently been reported and are in early stages of previously been linked to RAS signaling. development.5,6 The potential to interrupt mutant RAS signaling Wee1 is a protein kinase and inhibitory regulator of the G2/M by inhibiting the major signaling pathways of RAS, PI3K/PTEN checkpoint that prevents cells from going through mitosis by (phosphatase and tensin homolog)/AKT/mammalian target of inhibiting the activity of cell division cycle 2 (cdc2; also known as rapamycin (mTOR) and Raf/MEK/ERK (extracellular signal- cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1)).9–11 In response to DNA regulated kinases), has prompted the development of selective damage, such as that induced in tumor cells by cytotoxic inhibitors of these pathways. However, the redundant nature and agents, Wee1 inactivates cdc2 through phosphorylation of its cross-talk of the highly complex signaling cascades associated Tyr15 residue, thus leading to G2 arrest; this allows transformed with RAS can lead to drug resistance and therefore make cells the time needed for repair of damaged DNA and thus confers 1Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; 2High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, People’s Republic of China and 3Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Correspondence: Dr E Weisberg or Professor JD Griffin, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-FarberCancerInstitute,450Brookline Avenue, Mailstop Mayer 540, Boston, MA 022150, USA. E-mail: [email protected] or james_griffi[email protected] 4These authors contributed equally to this work. Received 15 January 2014; revised 21 April 2014; accepted 28 April 2014; accepted article preview online 5 May 2014; advance online publication, 6 June 2014 Wee1: novel target for mutant RAS-positive cancer E Weisberg et al 28 a survival advantage.9–11 Inhibition of Wee1 by MK-1775 results in AML patient cells the removal of cdc2 Tyr15 phosphorylation, activation of cdc2 and Mononuclear cells were isolated from samples from AML patients the entrance of cells into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle.12 identified as harboring mutant NRAS. Cells were tested in liquid culture Wee1 inhibition has been thought to potentiate the effects of (Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium, supplemented with 20% fetal chemotherapy by causing transformed cells with damaged DNA bovine serum) in the presence of different concentrations of single and to go through an untimely mitosis and undergo apoptosis.13 combined agents. All blood and bone marrow samples from AML patients In fact, MK-1775 has been shown to enhance the activity of were obtained under approval of the Dana Farber Cancer Institute 14,15 Institutional Review Board. chemotherapy agents against a variety of malignancies. Mutant NRAS-positive AML5 cells were derived from a 46-year-old patient However, little has been reported on the ability of MK-1775 to with AML, with maturation, harboring NRAS-G13D, with 49% bone marrow potentiate the effects of targeted and selective small-molecule blasts. Mutant NRAS-positive AML6 cells were derived from a 69–year-old inhibitors that offer the potential benefit of less adverse effects patient with AML, harboring NRAS-G13D, with 43% bone marrow blasts. and better tolerability as compared with standard cytotoxic agents. The present study is the first report of the ability of Knockdown of Wee1 by small hairpin RNA (shRNA) Wee1 inhibition to increase the effectiveness of targeted pLKO.1puro lentiviral shRNA vector particles against Wee1 were purchased inhibition of RAS signaling against mutant RAS-positive AML. We from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Cells were incubated with the viral also demonstrate the ability of MK-1775 to potentiate mTOR particles in the presence of 8 mg/ml polybrene for 24 h, and the cells were inhibition in the broader context of additional mutant RAS- selected with 1–2 mg/ml puromycin for 72 h. Following selection, cells were expressing malignancies, including ALL, melanoma, colorectal used for the studies described. cancer, pancreatic cancer and lung cancer. The sequence of shRNA are follows: GFP: 50-ACAACAGCCACAACGTCTATA-30 Wee1: 50-CTAGAAAGAGTGCAGAACAAT-30. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mouse studies Large scale production of perturbagen-induced cellular signatures (LINCS) library chemical screen In vivo model of inducible mutant KRAS-positive lung cancer. A well- established inducible mutant KRAS lung cancer mouse model has The Kinase Inhibitor Focused Library, LINCS, was utilized for a chemical 21 been described previously. Additional details are provided in the screen designed to identify selective kinase inhibitors capable of Supplementary Information. synergizing with the mTOR inhibitor, Torin1,16 against mutant NRAS- driven cells (see schematic, Figure 1a). The LINCS library is available from In vivo model of mutant KRAS-positive leukemia. NB4 cells were Harvard Medical School/NIH LINCS program (https://lincs.hms.harvard.edu/) transduced with a retrovirus encoding firefly luciferase (MSCV-Luc), and and contains 202 known selective and potent kinase inhibitors. selected with neomycin (NB4-luc þ ). Six-week-old female NSG mice (Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, ME, USA) were administered 1 Â 106 þ Cell lines and cell culture NB4-luc cells via tail vein injection, followed 4 days later by imaging and quantification of total
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